from inel a stic to resilient vanish of water origin
by Ching Hsien,Lin Kuan Yu,Yao
2/ / From inelastic to resilient
CY Landscape Architecture 2016-17 Study Report Chung Yuan Christian University Department of Landscape Architecture Taoyuan,TW
Director Shu Yuan,Wu Submitted by Ching Hsien,Lin Kuan Yu,Yao
CY Landscape Architecture / / 3
Abstract
在台灣獨特的山坡地地形特徵以及氣候變 遷的影響之下，台灣的坡地面臨越來越高 風險的可能性，包含土砂災情、土砂汙染 民生的用水等等。 然而原住民卻是面臨坡地風險首當其衝的 族群，因原住民保留區大多被劃設於山坡 地範圍之內，牠們的生命安全以及居住的 基本權利都逐漸暴露於風險之中；另外台 灣相關坡地法規對於原住民族的限制使得 他們開始懷疑自身的土地價值，開始拋售 土地轉租、拍賣給平地人來開發山林開發 出時下熱門的觀光休閒產業；然而這樣的 行為轉移模式導致的是台灣山林的裸露， 再加上氣候變遷加劇的影響，台灣的坡地 逐漸面對越來越險峻的危機。 故我們希望能夠透過規劃設計有效的處理 坡地保水的機能，以及減緩坡地土砂災害 的可能性，達到永續坡地社區的願景。
4/ / From inelastic to resilient
Fig 1 . Slope ecosystem
CY Landscape Architecture / / 5
Index
Basic Introduction
Nature Factors
Graduated Design
Landform Strategy
Design Strategy
6/ / From inelastic to resilient
Local cultural environment
Geographical research
[ chapter 1 ]
Global Climate
Water Issues
[ chapter 2 ]
Mud disasters
Calculation & GIS analysis
Prototype development
[ chapter 3 ] Prototype placing
Before & after comparison
Plants & Crops planting
Camping & Path planning
[ chapter 4 ]
Design presents
CY Landscape Architecture / / 7
Content
1.0 Base Introduction 1.1
Local cultural environment
1.2
Geographical research
2.0 Nature Factors
8/ / From inelastic to resilient
2.1
Global Climate
2.2
Water Issues
2.3
Mud disasters
3.0 Landform Strategy
Basin Q(Quantity) 0
0.533596 m3 /sec
Drainage divide Cam psite
3.1
Calculation & GIS analysis
3.2
Prototype development
3.3
Prototype placing in
3.4
Before & after comparison
02
12.5
Fa rmland
Pa tch
55
0 Meters
4.0 Design Strategy 4.1
Plants & Crops planting
4.2
Camping & Path planning
4.3
Design presents
CY Landscape Architecture / / 9
[ 1.0 ] Basic Introduction 1.1 1.2
10/ / From inelastic to resilient
Local cultural environment Geographical research
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
Fig 2 . Base located at Hsinchu Slaq's viallage
CY Landscape Architecture / / 11
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
1.1 ｜
Local cultural environment
1895
HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY IN SLAQ VILLAGE
1896 1897 1898 JAPANESE OCCUPATION :
STARTED DEVELOPING NATURE RESOURCES Mainly engaged in mining forestry development and camphor collection
18 99
1957 1958 1959 1960
19 61
REPUBLIC OF CHINA :
THE COAL INDUSTRY REACHED ITS PEAK Focus on nature resources Coal mining development
1987 1988 1989 1990 INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION :
TOURISM INDUSTRY With the natural disasters hit mining, and the fallowing policy and other effect s, population outflow
12/ / From inelastic to resilient
19 91
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
Industrial Transformation
Construction Agriculture Landform Forestry
Forestry
J A P A N
Forest
Forestry
Forest
Wetland Paddy
Hotels +restaurants
Roads
Forest
Mining
Forest
Camping
Forest
Local agricultural products
Landform NATURAL RESOURCES
Colonial
Construction
Construction Forestry Mining
T A I W A N
1960’S
$ INDUSTRY
Mining
Economic Rise
Tourism
Agriculture Fisheries Forestry Tourism
T A I W A N
1990’S
Agriculture
SERVICE SECTOR
Policies Factors
Industry profile 產業地景的形成，第一階段日治時期在經管理時首先開闢 了部落內的自然資源，以林業開發為主另外也創造出特殊 的”水梯田”景觀。第二時其餘光復後經濟起飛，注重礦業 開發以及部落建設；到了近代因為政策轉變，開始產業轉 型朝休閒觀光及在地特色產品推廣為主。
CY Landscape Architecture / / 13
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
1.1 ď˝œ
Local cultural environment
The situation of Aboriginal people in Taiwan society
14/ / From inelastic to resilient
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
Fig 3 .
Inelastic 由於現今法律限制坡地農耕、狩獵的可能性，原住民開始 懷疑土地的價值，並有了賤價拋售土地的意識形態產生。 然而這也是間接影響山林生態的關鍵要素，當轉租給平地 商人以開山整地的行為模式來達到商業行為，也間接地破 壞山林原有的生態樣貌。 Aborigines are selling lands
Camping development
CY Landscape Architecture / / 15
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
1.1 ｜
Local cultural environment
2006 /02/01
2010 /01/14
Over the years surface exposed situation 水田部落自從 2006~2010 開始地表裸露面積逐漸擴大，主要原因是農地種植薑、高 麗菜等經濟作物；而至 2013 年開始地表裸露狀態逐漸減緩，其主因是因為當地民 眾向政府舉報即及新聞媒體的報導使不肖業者減緩經濟作物的種植，但卻在 2015 年開始地表裸露狀態又開始惡化。
16/ / From inelastic to resilient
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
2013 /06/02
2015 /09/18
Fig 4 . Naked surface
Fig 5 . Deforestation
CY Landscape Architecture / / 17
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
1.2 ｜
Geographical research
Slaq’s Village 新樂村水田部落，位處尖石鄉西北方，北與新竹縣關西鎮錦山里馬 武督部落相接，東與桃園縣復興鄉高義部落為鄰，西邊為嘉樂村， 南邊則是新樂村的煤源、八五山一帶部落。Slaq 在泰雅語中，既有 水田，也有混濁、泥濘的意思，反映出水田部落由尖石鄉不同部落 混居的特色。
18/ / From inelastic to resilient
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
0
0.375 0.75
1.5 kilometers
PHYSIOGRAPHIC
Landslide area
Tributary
Geologically
Township
sensitive area
sector
Watercourse
Slope degree (0°~90°)
從這張新樂村水田部落大範圍的 GIS 地理疊圖分析可以 看到新樂村附近的地理狀況，上圖是以土壤崩塌潛勢 區、地質敏感區、溪流分布狀況以及新樂村周遭的坡度 狀況。從上圖可以得知到新樂村位於土砂災害高風險 區，另外當災情發生時可能會影響到當地居民的用水狀 況。
CY Landscape Architecture / / 19
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
1.2 ｜
Geographical research
0
0.375 0.75
1.5 kilometers
LAND ZONING
Watercourse
Tributary
Township sector Forests
上圖示透過土地使用狀況 ( 森林用地、公園綠地 )、等高 線、鄉鎮界、道路用地、道路節點、溪流支流等圖資進行 疊圖，能透清楚的看到基地範圍土地使用的情形以及基礎 道路設施間的關係。
Contour (200m)
Land use
Main node Sub-node
Roads
20/ / From inelastic to resilient
Parks
Node out of Land use area Node in Land use area
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
0
0.375 0.75
1.5 kilometers
HYDROLOGIC
Watercourse
Tributary
accumulation
流量的多寡，在與基地上的坡度圖進行疊圖比對，得以知道基
sector Slope degree
地上基礎的地理水文資訊。
(0°~90°) >1,000 <1,000
Watershed Flow
利用 GIS 分析得出基地放的分水嶺、溪流分支的位置以及溪流
Township
Main confluence
confluence
CY Landscape Architecture / / 21
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
1.2 ｜
Geographical research
0
0. 3 75
0. 7 5
1.5 Kilometers
HYDROLOGIC
Base
Base
buildings
boundary
Aboriginal
Landslides
reserve area
sensitive areas
Catchment area
22/ / From inelastic to resilient
將基地範圍放大比例顯示可以得知基地上的建物位置、溪 流位置、集水區範圍、原住民保留地以及土石流敏感區 塊，得以了解基地上水文與基礎設施之間的關係。
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
0
0.25
0.5
1 Kilometers
HYDROLOGIC
Base
Base
buildings
boundary
Aboriginal
Landslides
reserve area
sensitive areas
Catchment
Flow accumulation
area
(100~8,000)
我們利用 GIS 軟體分析得出基地上的水流方向以及各溪流 大致的流量狀況，將這些資訊與基地範圍、建物相比對， 將會影響我們在規劃設計時的設計方向。
CY Landscape Architecture / / 23
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
1.2 ｜
Geographical research
0
0.25
0.5
1 Kilometers
Land use situation
Farm
Base
land
boundary
Water
Aboriginal
terraces
reserve area
Camping area
Tribe
Base
Base
buildings
water system
24/ / From inelastic to resilient
基地上主要的三個元素為 : 農業使用、露營休閒旅遊、以 及休根的水梯田地，在接下來的各章節會在去講解如何於 設計之中去解決目前基地上所面臨的問題 ...
Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction
Water terraces Area
Agricultural Area
Camping Area
Prevailing Winds(all year) Wind Frequency (Hrs)
Psychrometric Chart
Location: Hsingchu
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h
50 km/h
hrs 566+ 509 452 396 339 283 226 169 113 <56
45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0
40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h
10 km/h
10 km/h
Wind Frequency (Hrs)
50 km/h
% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5
40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h
AH
Location: Hsingchu
30
10 km/h
Average Wind Temperatures
25
Average Relative Humidity
Prevailing Winds(each month) Wind Frequency (Hrs) Location: Hsingchu
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
20 hrs 56+ 50 44 39 33 28 22 16 11 <5
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
hrs 37+ 33 29 25 22 18 14 11 7 <3
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
hrs 58+ 52 46 40 34 29 23 17 11 <5
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
hrs 54+ 48 43 37 32 27 21 16 10 <5
15 January
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
February
hrs 47+ 42 37 32 28 23 18 14 9 <4
May
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
September
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
March
hrs 58+ 52 46 40 34 29 23 17 11 <5
June
hrs 89+ 80 71 62 53 44 35 26 17 <8
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
October
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
April
hrs 67+ 60 53 46 40 33 26 20 13 <6
July
hrs 47+ 42 37 32 28 23 18 14 9 <4
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
November
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
hrs 73+ 65 58 51 43 36 29 21 14 <7
10
August
hrs 100+ 89 80 69 60 50 40 30 20 <10
50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h
December
5
Comfort
hrs 55+ 49 44 38 33 27 22 16 11 <5
DBT
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
CY Landscape Architecture / / 25
[ 2.0 ] Nature Factors 2.1
26/ / From inelastic to resilient
Global Climate
2.2
Water Issues
2.3
Mud disasters
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
Fig 6 . Climate change has intensiďŹ ed in recent years to form the typhoon in the southeast coast
CY Landscape Architecture / / 27
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
2.1 ｜
Global climate
3700
2500
1300 (mm) 1949
1953
1957
1955
1961
1965
1965
1969
1977
1973
1975
Gradually severe weather on Taiwan 隨著近年氣候變遷，東南沿海海平面溫度逐漸上升，隨之而來的是強 度越強的颱風以及降雨強度，將會對台灣坡地以及環境氣候造成很大 的影響。另外綜觀台灣近 70 年的總雨量，氣候出現極端值不但澇旱災 頻率上升且嚴重程度也呈現越來越極端的現象。
28/ / From inelastic to resilient
1981
1985
1985
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
Flood
Drought
1989
1993
1997
1995
2001
2005
2005
2009
2011
2015
(year)
2015 GLOBAL TEMPERATURE GROWTHING
CY Landscape Architecture / / 29
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
2.1 ｜
Global climate The Izu-Oshima Debris flows in Japan / OCTOBER 19, 2013
Rainy season in southwestern Japan arouses volcanic mud flow fears / JUNE 02, 2015
Japan
Environmental study in Japan 近年常因極端氣候導致複合
陡峭的山脈及複雜的地質結
型災害崩塌或土石流同時發
構， 極易 受到土砂災害的侵
生。日本國土涵蓋只有地球
襲。平均每年有 26 個颱風接
陸 域 面 積的 0.25%， 但全 球
近日本，特別是在 2004 有 10
震 度 6 級 以 上 地 震 有 20% 發
個 颱風登陸 日本，曾造成嚴
生在日本。
重損害。
30/ / From inelastic to resilient
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
Volcanic Mud Causing Disasters / MARCH 09, 2011
Indonesia Indonesia Mudflow
Environmental study in Indonesia 印尼是一個易受自然災害影響的國家，
印尼在治土災害的經驗，社區抗災
海嘯、地震、火山等等。
能力是一個有價值的因素，藉以衡 量該社區本身在緊急情況下，利用 可的、可持續性的資源來承受災害， 並從逆境中恢復的能力。
CY Landscape Architecture / / 31
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
2.1 ｜
Global climate
Fig 7 . Flooded Street
Impact of Climate Change on Taiwan 8
6
4 100 years 100 years average 100 years trend
2
40 years trend 100 Years Average : 3~4
0
Per/Year
time 1917
1922
1927
1932
1937
1942
1947
1952
1957
1962
1967
1972
1977
1982
1987
1992
1997
2002
2007
years
Numbers Of Typhoons Affect Taiwan In Recent 100 years
100 80
受到氣候變遷的影響下，侵襲台灣的颱
60
40 Typhoon 20
Floods Earthquakes
0
% 1997
2000
2003
2006
2009
2012
2015
Road’s Damage Costs Due To Nature Disasters
32/ / From inelastic to resilient
year
風次數呈現逐漸上升的趨勢；且在自然 災害中以颱風所造成的道路損害比列最 為嚴重。故侵襲台灣的自然災害威力與 頻率會逐漸上升。
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0 (Per/year)
1970 - 1979 1980 -1989
1990 - 1999
2000 - 2009
2010 - 2016
Numbers Of Typhoons Affect Taiwan In Recent 100 years
(Years)
13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 days 1951
1956
1961
1966
1971
1976
1981
1986
1991
1996
2001
2006
2011 years
Trends of Heavy Rain in Taiwan in the Past 60 Years ( ≧ 200 mm )
未來颱風所造成台灣強降雨趨勢逐漸上 升；及近年來侵襲颱風頻率及次數也呈 正向發展
Fig 8 ~ Fig 12 . Climate impacts on living environment
CY Landscape Architecture / / 33
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
2.2 ď˝&#x153;
Water issue
Water Resources Utilization in Taiwan 100% 21%
Evaporation 5%
74%
Runoff
Ocean
Groundwater infiltration
Dam
River
Groundwater pumping
24%
56%
20%
19%
Real water consumption
19.6% Livelihood water use
71% Agricultural water use
Water Resources in Taiwan
34/ / From inelastic to resilient
9.4% Industrial water use
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
台灣水資源相當豐富，然而 74% 的 水資源都在地表逕流的部分流失浪 費掉相當龐大的用水資源；真實能 夠使用的水資源大約只剩下 19%。我 們能否翻轉這一現象，使地表逕流 首當其衝的發生處 - 山坡地區成 為最關鍵的保水關鍵 ?
Fig 13 . Slope runoff's new opportunity
CY Landscape Architecture / / 35
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
2.2 ｜
Water issue
Surface storage
Dam Irrigated fields
Soil
Storage
Water resource processing
Fig 14 ~ 15 . Slope runoff
地表逕流是台灣水資源流失最大的因 Terrain water infiltration
素，主要因素為現今的排水策略是加 速地表逕流排入都市排水系統最後流 向大海，希望減少都市洪災的發生； 且近代人為開發以倍速成長不透水面
Plants water infiltration
36/ / From inelastic to resilient
積增加使地表逕流流失速度加快，並 沒有保水的觀念。
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
Now
Vision
Poor efficiency of dam water bar
High efficient water system
台灣擁有地形陡峭水資源豐沛的優勢，然而台 灣河川窄小以現今的水壩形式攔水成效相對不 佳；故我們認為能否翻轉這一現象，在坡地上 做好保水的系統網絡，將龐大的水資源保存下 來使坡地做好關鍵的水土保持腳色。 Fig 16 .
Fig 16 ~ 17 . Pond landscape
Fig 18 . Resevoir
CY Landscape Architecture / / 37
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
2.3 ｜
Mud disasters
Flood Disasters & Mudslides
Flood Disasters
200
400
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
(Rivers)
432
1986 1999
600
732
(921 Earthquake)
230% 1420
2001
88 - 104 year Mudslide streams growing rate
1552
2010
1687
2015 (Years)
Trends of potential streams of soil and rock flow
土石流致災比例
颱風佔土石流成因比例
62%
75%
土石流損害佔自然災害中比例
76%
78%
3%
Building collapse
Death toll
Injuries
Fig 19 . Damage infrastructure
土 砂 災害 在自 然災害 中常扮演著 破壞 性 強 且 較少 逃 難 時 間的 災害， 且 自從 九二一大地震後造成台灣地質鬆動，土 石流高潛勢溪流成長數量暴增。故如何 做好坡地上的水土保持是我們後幾頁操 作設計的重要課題之一。
Fig 20 . Let life exposed to risk
38/ / From inelastic to resilient
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
Fig 21 . Mudslide
CY Landscape Architecture / / 39
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
2.3 ｜
Mud disasters
Soil composition
Fig 22 . Velocity Meterial
Low Water Content 1cm/Year
High Water Content 1km/Hour
High Air Content 5km/Hour or More
Slow
Moderate
Rapid
Nature of Motion Topple
Fall
Rock
Rockfall
Slide
Block slide
Flow Rotational landslide
Loose Material
Creep
Earthflow
Translational landslide
Debris flow
Slide Flow Debris avalanche
Soil sand disaster type
Fig 22 ~ 23 . Mud disasters
土砂災害組成性質主要為水分過多 造成土壤崩塌滑落。另外以現今的 土砂防治工程，雖能暫時抵擋小規 模的土砂災情，然而破壞坡地生態 Mudslide flowing diagram
40/ / From inelastic to resilient
景觀且終究會有崩塌潰堤的一天。
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0(times)
0(times)20
40
60
80
100
120
Debris flow
Slides
Erosion
Flood
Collapse
Mudslide frequency
坡度
30°
集水面積 Interactiom
流速
流深
流量
流距
Mudslide components
土砂災情除了地表成分的組成之外還有地質 的特性，包含： 地表坡度、土壤粗糙程度 以及集水面積的大小，綜合基地上的土砂組 成、地質特性等等才能去初步的檢視災情的 各種變因。 Fig 24 . Soil roughness
往後設計發展的部分開始去將這些變因整理 出來，根據不同的變因去做設計上的操作， 達到坡地保水減少土砂災害的可能性。 Fig 25 . Surface slope
CY Landscape Architecture / / 41
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
2.3 ｜
Mud disasters
Hillside program
宜農用地
一級地
二級地
一級坡 二級坡
宜林用地
三級地
四級地
三級坡
四級坡
五級坡
六級坡
15%
30%
40%
55%
五級地
坡度 0%
5%
甚淺層
100%
淺層
深層
甚深層
20cm
50cm
90cm
有效深度
輕
中
嚴重
極嚴重
土壤流失 25%
中
50% 表層土壤
75%
嚴重
極嚴重
20%
40%
25% 底層土壤
50%
75%
礫石含量
軟質母岩
硬質母岩
母岩性質
The relationship between land use and slope in hillside
42/ / From inelastic to resilient
Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors
A
B
C
A
B
C
Sparse Plants
Hold Earthwork
Rainwater Drain
Dense Plants
Source Area 15°<θ<30°
Issues
Main Pathway
Rainwater Permeate
Now Solutions
Earthwork Drop
6°<θ<15°
Fast Speed Drop
Earthwork Increase
Water Excessive
Grade Elimination
Block The Mud
Increase Dynamical Friction
Cause Damage
Big Rocks In Front
Form temporary Dam
Diverse The Mudslide
Control Accumulation
Block Constructions
Depositional Area 3°<θ<6°
Three aspects in mudslide
Fixed surface soil
Increase soil lateral pressure
Slope stabilization works
Fig 26 .
Drain the water , Stop big rocks Reduce kinetic energy , Filter sand and gravel Reduce the scouring energy
Mudslide constructions
現今的土石流防治工法大多是以生硬的土木工法噴 漿於坡地土方崩落的區段，並以攔沙壩的方式去攔阻 地表砂石，既破壞批地上的生態發展也無法確保土砂 災害再次發生的可能性。 Fig 26 ~ 27 . Mudslide constructure
CY Landscape Architecture / / 43
[ 3.0 ] Landform Strategy 3.1
Strategy & Calculation & GIS analysis 3.2 3.3 3.4
44/ / From inelastic to resilient
Prototype development Prototype placing in Before & after comparison
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
Fig 28 . Design landform
CY Landscape Architecture / / 45
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
3.1 ｜
Strategy & Calculation & GIS analysis
$ Law factors
Sale lands
Flo
Lose faith
Development Aboriginal Agriculture Rain
Heavy Rain
Plain people
Slope landscape Naked faces
Development
Agritourism
當一場豪大雨下在正常的生態坡地景觀，雨水降臨表面形成地表逕流經 過蒸散下滲等作用形成自然的循環現象。然而當坡地受到人為的開發天 然的山林開始受到破壞，形成商人們想要的觀光休閒產業地表逐漸裸露， 假使再加上氣候變遷下加劇的氣候條件，恐怕會面臨更嚴重的土砂災情 也可能會使坡地居民的民生用水受到汙染，這些都是日趨嚴重的現象。
46/ / From inelastic to resilient
Camping
Drou
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
Increase runoff length
Changing Landform
ood
Grade elimination
Too much water
Boundary
Planting strategy Lack of water
Core
Our vision
Slope’s water conservation
Contain water
Increase runoff infiltration
ught
我們的策略是將基地上的三個面向綜合考量 : 露營、農業、滯洪池，希 我們的策略是將基地上的三個面向綜合考量，希望於坡地上建立一個新形態 望於坡地上建立一個新形態的保水過濾系統，將過濾水能讓當地民眾以 的保水過濾系統，將過濾水能讓當地民眾、農業灌溉使用；另外再搭配在地 及農業灌溉的使用；另外再搭配在地農作物、原生且良好的水土保持植 農作物、原生且良好的水土保持植物來根據他們的根部體積大小來配置在設 物來根據他們的根部體積大小來配置在設計當中，以達到坡地水土保持 計當中，以達到坡地水土保持的 的最好效果
CY Landscape Architecture / / 47
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
3.1 ď˝&#x153;
Strategy & Calculation & GIS analysis
Q
V
Quantity of storm water
Average flow velocity
Q = CIA/360
V=(1/n)R2/3S1/2 , R=A/P
C
I
A
n
R
S
Watershed Lowest point of boundary
Boundary layer
Land use interpretation
Satellite imagery
Average flow velocity Safe flow velocity
Runoff Water Needs
V Q C n R
Hydraulic radius Slope
48/ / From inelastic to resilient
S
Sampling cell
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
Land use interpretation
C
Runoff Coefficient
t
Time of concentration
n
0.52
0.62
0.85
R
I
Rainfall intensity
0
Hsinchu city(I)=1806.7 / (t + 37)
A
0.07
0.9
0
0.42 m
Hydraulic radius
171.06 min
S
Design intensity 10 years recurrence interval rainfall intensity
Manningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Roughness Coefficient
Slope
0.67791
Catchment area
48.45
156.23 mm/hr
0-5%
Level 1
Safe V
Q
Maximum safe flow velocity
0.84
2.5
Quantity of storm water
6.1 m/s
Over V
0
157.16 Ha
0
3 42.97m/s
Ave V
5-15% 15-30% 30-40% 40-55% 55-100%
2
3
4
5
6
Average flow velocity
0
13.45 m/s
Over maximum safe flow velocity
0
12 m/s
CY Landscape Architecture / / 49
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
3.2 ď˝&#x153;
Prototype development
Type development(XY control)
LOGIC
a.
b.
c.
d.
1. Create a grid
ya
2. Measure distance between grid intersections and spread points.
3. Split points into those within the radial distance and those outside.
4. Move points inside to their closest point outside
50/ / From inelastic to resilient
xa
yb
xb
yc
xc
yd
xd
x
xa
<
xb
<
xc
<
xd
y
ya
=
yb
=
yc
=
yd
s=y/x
sa
>
sb
>
sc
>
sd
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
Type development(Z control)
Distance
Converted into Z depth
CY Landscape Architecture / / 51
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
3.3 ď˝&#x153;
Prototype placing in Type import process
Farmland
Slope
5-15%
A
15-30%
B
Campsite
Runoff
Over safe rate
Level
0-2
2-4
4-6
6-8
8-10
10-12
1
2
3
4
5
6
Grassed Banks Planted Banks
m/s
Q>20m3/s
Detention pool r=6m r=3m
52/ / From inelastic to resilient
Unsuitable for activities
Streets & Drives Ramps Walkways Approach and Entrances Service Area and Collector Walks Terrace and Sitting Area Lawn Area and Playgrounds Swales
Detention
Life Patch
Farmland A
Suitable for activities
r=8m r=4m
Campsite A
r=8m r=4m
Farmland B
r=8m r=4m
Campsite B
r=8m
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
3.4 ď˝&#x153;
Before & after comparison
[Input]
[Instruction]
[Output]
Before land relevelling
Land relevelling peocess
After land relevelling
Topography
Elevation
787.8m
865.4m
787.8m
865.4m
Slope
0%
36%
0%
36%
Runoff simulate
Runoff time
Runoff time
Hydrology
Flow line
Q(Quantity)
0
0.67656 m3/sec
00
.533596 m3/sec
CY Landscape Architecture / / 53
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
54/ / From inelastic to resilient
Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy
Basin Q(Quantity) 0
0.533596 m3/sec
Drainage divide Campsite
02
12.5
Farmland
Patch
55
0 Meters
CY Landscape Architecture / / 55
[ 4.0 ] Design Strategy 4.1 4.2
Plants & Crops planting Camping & Path planning 4.3
56/ / From inelastic to resilient
Design presents
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
Fig 29 . Design process
CY Landscape Architecture / / 57
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
4.1 ď˝&#x153;
Plants & Crops planting
Fig 30 . Atmosphere
Twig Interception Loss & Eva potranspiration Precipitation
Evaporation
C r o w n
Overland Flow
Branch
Limb
Trunk
Subsurface Flow
Groundwater Flow
R o o t s Stream Flow
Tree in Water cycle System
58/ / From inelastic to resilient
Twig
S l o p e F u n c t i o n s
Reduce Rainfall Intensity Roots
Increase Soil Grip
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
Fig 31 .
樹的結構能在大自然中屹立不搖 的存在千年以上，故我們去研究 樹木的結構從樹冠、樹幹再到樹 根的結構，了解到樹冠在承受降 雨時能有效減緩對地表的沖蝕； 樹幹則是支撐的結構本體；最後 在樹根的部分則負責穩固土讓防 止土砂流動。藉由上述的仿生學 研究，將會是我們在往後規劃設 計時會參考學對象。
Leaf Structure
CY Landscape Architecture / / 59
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
4.1 ď˝&#x153;
Plants & Crops planting
Crops
Water need
Pattern
Irrigation technique
Winter Soil
Mushrooms
drip
Humus
Fruit Trees
drip
Well - drained
Rice
surface
Loam Humus
Radish
drip
Well - drained
Taro
drip
Clay loam Sandy loam
Cabbage
surf - drip
Sandy loam Well - drained
Mustard
surf - drip
Sandy loam Well - drained
Millet
surface
Well - drained
Green pepper
surf - drip
Well - drained
Sweet potato
surf - sprink
Clay loam Sandy loam
Beans
surf - drip
Well - drained
Ginger
drip
Clay loam Sandy loam
Potato
surf - sprink
Clay loam Sandy loam
Shallot
surf - sprink Well - drained
Garlic
surf - sprink
Clay loam Sandy loam
Chinese cabbage
surf - drip
Sandy loam Well - drained
Celery
surf - sprink
Clay
Pumpkin
drip
Well - drained
Eggplant
drip
Well - drained
Pea
surf - sprink Well - drained
XII
Sun
Spring
I
III
II
IV
S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P
=100mm
Consumption of land nutrients 0
H M L
60/ / From inelastic to resilient
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
Summer V
VI
VII
Autumn VIII
IX
X
XI
Basic information on crops 依照左表可以看到水田部落內 所種植的農作物狀況，包含作 物的用水量、日照程度、澆灌 的方式以及作物的播種、收成 的季節月份，從做農作物的收 成狀況來看作物生成狀況主要 分布於夏、秋、冬三季。 然而農作物種植會消耗土壤裡 的養分以及有機物質，我們將 農作物以消耗土地程度分高、 中、低，再去就其土讓需要恢 復時間做比較，發現有的作物 需要恢復土地養分時間長達 4 年以上，故這段時間我們在想 能否以一種新的土地使用型態 來填補這段時間的空缺，並防 止水田部落裸露地表面積增加 的可能性。
Soil nutrient recovery 25%
85%
100%
CY Landscape Architecture / / 61
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
4.1 ｜
Plants & Crops planting
Tree
Shrub
Tree
Tree
Tree
Shrub
Shrub
Filtration plants
+
+
+
Ground cover plants
Filtration plants
Ground cover plants
Tree
Shrub
Ground cover plants
Ground cover plants
+
+
Boundary
Agricluture
Camping sigle family
Camping multiple families
Agricluture + camping
+
Core
Filtration plants
Agricluture
Camping sigle family
Camping multiple families
Filtration plants
(5% ~15%)
(5% ~ 10%)
(5% ~ 10%)
(15% ~ 20%)
(5% ~15%)
(5% ~15%)
(5% ~ 10%)
(5% ~ 10%)
(5% ~15%)
(15% ~ 25%)
(10%~ 15%)
(10%~ 15%)
(20% ~ 25%)
(15% ~ 25%)
(15% ~ 25%)
(10%~ 15%)
(10%~ 15%)
(15% ~ 25%)
(25% ~ 30%)
(25% ~ 30%)
(25% ~ 30%)
(25% ~ 30%)
Plants planting idea 在我們的設計單元之中，分為邊緣及核心兩個層面且分別會有不同的空間穿 越性，包含人的活動、動物的廊道，我們將這兩個層次搭配上基地上的活動 使用，包含農業、露營 ( 小家庭 )、露營 ( 大家庭 )、農業露營混和以及滯洪 池等，因此這些因素都會決定我們搭配植栽的種類，不同的種類配置在 " 邊 緣 " 以及 " 核心 " 會有不同的植栽效果，來達到水土保持的最佳效益。
62/ / From inelastic to resilient
(25% ~ 30%)
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
鐵
橘 月
線 草
樟 樹
鐵
TYPE J
TYPE K
櫟
尾 草
剛
Ability to filter sewage
狼
光
樹
Ability to filter sewage
青
狼
香 楓
樟
烏 心
稜
水
野
Ability to filter sewage
臘 樹
Multilevel
Ability to filter sewage
尾 草
Multilevel
石
Multilevel
果 榕
Concealment
Multilevel
茄 苳
Soil and Water Conservation
Concealment
薑 花
Soil and Water Conservation
Concealment
草
Soil and Water Conservation
Concealment
TYPE L
Multilevel
Multilevel
Multilevel
蘆
葦
花
心
物
毛 水
香
Ability to filter sewage
燈
果
Ability to filter sewage
農 作
灣 台
Ability to filter sewage
草
Concealment
Multilevel
蒲
Soil and Water Conservation
Concealment
樹
Soil and Water Conservation
Concealment
杉
Soil and Water Conservation
Concealment
槿
Soil and Water Conservation
朱
楠 肖
Ability to filter sewage
Soil and Water Conservation
巴 拉
苳 茄
杜 英
芙 蓉
橘 桃
剛 櫟
Ability to filter sewage
TYPE I
TYPE F
青
竹
Ability to filter sewage
TYPE D
木
月
芒 草 草
木
Ability to filter sewage
線 草
Concealment
Multilevel
厚 葉 石 斑 木 光 臘 樹
Soil and Water Conservation
Concealment
草
Soil and Water Conservation
Concealment
槿
Soil and Water Conservation
TYPE E
芒
TYPE H
Concealment
TYPE C
夾
TYPE G
Soil and Water Conservation
鐵 線
楝
香 楓
苦
橘
TYPE B
台 灣 赤 楊
月
鐵
線 草
TYPE A
Ability to filter sewage
CY Landscape Architecture / / 63
Beans of
th dep 1.4
Co nsu lan mp d nu tio trie n nts
o t de Ro
Celery
ot
of
pth
Co n lan sum pti dn utr on ien ts
1.4
Ro
ot de
pth 1.4
Ginger
Ro
Co of lan nsu mp d nu tion tr ien ts
1.2
Ro
ot de
pth
Tomato of
Co n lan sum pti dn utr on ien
ot de Ro
Co o f lan n sum d nu pti trie on nts
pth 1.4
ts
1.4
H
H
H
1.0 0.8
M
M
L
7 00
60 0
5 00
Irrig wat er ation volum e
70 0
600
500
400 4
7 00
Irriga wat er tion volum e
0
600
50
400
Irriga wat er tion volum e
400 40
300
mm
200
100
700
600
500
e
Irrig wate at ion r volum
700
600
500
400
300
Irrig water ation volum
20 0
100mm
6
6
hine Suns
10%
1 0%
e
25%
25%
20% 2
20%%
15%
155%
Sunsh
1 5° 25°
s hour
rs 2hrs 2h 6
10°
s ine hour
4
15°
Sunsh
6
Sunsh
10°
ine hour
s
4
s ine hour Sunsh
15%
s ine hour
64/ / From inelastic to resilient Taro 10% 20% 25° 3 0°
25% 30°
Pea
Slope°
Slope° ot
Garlic Co of lan nsu mp d nu tio trie n nts
th dep 1.4
ot Ro
dep
Slope° Co of lan nsu mp d nu tio tr ien n ts
th 1.4
Slope°
Mustard
Ro
of
th ot dep 4 1. Ro
Slope°
Pumpkin
Co n lan sum d nu pti on trie nts
ot Ro
d ep
of
th 1.4
Cabbage
Co n lan sum d n pti on utr ien ts
ot Ro
of
th dep 1.4
Co n lan sum d nu pti on trie nts
1.2 H
H
H
1.0 0.8
M
M
L 2hr s 700
600
500
400
Irrig wate at ion r volum
700
600
500
400
Irriga water tion v olume
700
600
500
e
Irriga water tion volum e
700
ot
of
th dep 1.4
Co nsu lan mp d nu tion tri en ts
ot d Ro
ept
Co of lan nsu d nu mp tio tr ien n ts
h 1.4
1.2
H
600
Ro
1.2
500
400
1.4
Irriga water tion volum e
Co ns lan um d nu ptio tr ien n ts
of
p th
700
ot de Ro
600
Co ns lan um pti d nu on trie nts
H
500
of
12 1.2
40 0
Slope° 1.4
30 0
S lope°
pth
Irrig wa ter ation volum e
15 %
Eggplants ot de
00 200 2
2 0%
15%
Potato
Ro
00m 10 mm
6
25% 25
20% %
ine hour
1 0%
25%
25 °
Sweet potato
Sunsh
6
hours hine
10%
Suns
6
10 ° 15 ° 30°
Slope°
Slope°
Millet
s
4
2 5°
hine hour
10 ° 1 5° 30 °
20%
Suns
6
ine hour
s
s
4
15%
Sunsh
s ine hour Sunsh
10% 25%
Slope°
Shallot
1.0
o t de Ro
of
pth 1.4
H
Co nsu lan mp d n tio utr n ien ts H
M M
L
0
7 00
60 0
50
Irrig wat ation er volum e
7 00
60 0
50 0
400
700
600
Irrig wate at ion r volum e
e
of
th dep
700
ot
600
Ro
H
1.0
500
2 1.
Irriga water tion volum
1.4
1.4
Co nsu lan mp d nu tio trie n n ts
ot Ro
e
Co of lan nsu mp d nu tio tr ien n ts
pth
700
de
ot Ro
1.2
600
1.4
500
Co nsu lan mp d nu tion trie nts
of
pth
400
Slope°
Green pepper de
300
15 %
S lope°
Fruits tree
Radish
ot
Irrig wate at ion r volum
2 5%
2 0%
15%
25° 30°
Slope°
Slope°
Chinese cabbage
Ro
2 00
Irriga wat er tion volum e
6
25%
20 0%
s ine hour
6
hine
100 00 mm
15°
Suns
6
10°
Sunsh
hours
2hrs 4
s
15% 20%
Suns
10% 25%
20%
hine hour
4 6
hours hine Suns
hours hine Suns
10 % 15% 25 %
Slope°
Rice
of
th dep 1.4
Co nsu lan mp d nut tion r ien ts
ot Ro
of
th dep 1.4
Co n lan sum pti d n utr on ien ts
1.2
H
H
H
1.0
M
0.8 M
L
700
600
500
e
Irriga water tion volum e
700
600
500 5
40 0
700
600
500
700
600
50 00
e
Irriga water t ion volum
Irriga water t ion volum
700
6 00
5 00
400 40
300 3 00
e
Irrig wat ation er volum e
Irrig wa ter ation v olum
6
hours
6
15%
hine
2 200
15 °
Suns
10 00m mm
25 °
1 5%
Sunsh
s ine hour
6
30 °
20 %
Sunsh
10 °
25 %
20 %
15%
s ine hour
s 2hrr 2h 4
4
s
6
hour hine
1 0%
Suns
s hine hour Suns
10 % 25%
15 °
20% 20 25% 25°
Slope° Slope°
S lop e°
Slope°
Slope°
5%~10%
10%~15%
15%~20%
20%~25%
25%~30%
Slope degree
TYPE K d ot Ro
C of onsu la m n d n ptio utr n ien ts
th ep 1.4 1.2
H
1.0 0.8 M
0.6 0.4 0.2
m
L
100m m
300
20 0
50 00 0
400
700
600
Irrig wate ation r volu me
6
hine Suns
s hour
4
2hrs
5° 10° 15° 25° 30°
Slope°
4.1 ｜
Plants & Crops planting
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
Ro Spa cinw g
ng Planti nce Dista
Width
Depth
Crops Planting Density
Root’s Depth & Width(m)
Unit Area
100m
Root’s Volume (m )
m 100
Number of planted per unit area
3
0%
21%
42%
A~G
E~G Suitable slope for agricultural areas
G A
B
F C
D
E
Total Crops Root Volume
crops planting idea 另外我們根據水田部落內正在種植的農作物做了根 系體積、農作物種植密度的調查，將農作物根系體 積做出劃分，未來我們將會按照基地上坡度大小與 這些作物根系體積做搭配，例如坡度大搭配根系體 積大的作物，來達到坡地固坡的效果。 Total Crops Root Volume
Underground root growing condition
A
0~6 m3
B
6~9 m3
A
G
C
9~11 m3
D
11~70 m
E
70~176 m3
F
B
3
F
176~333 m
G
333~1885 m3
3
E
C
D
CY Landscape Architecture / / 65
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
4.2 ｜
Camping & Path planning
5%~15%
TYPE A
TYPE C
Sleeping Tent
Camping sigle family Camping for sigle family
Boundary Trees
TYPE A
Boundary Trees
Camping for multiple family
Boundary Trees
TYPE B
Boundary Trees
Ground Cover Plants + Shrubbery
Boundary Trees
Camping
Boundary Trees
Single fam ily Cam ping Group
Multiple fam ilies Cam ping Group
Living Tent
TYPE C
Camping multiple families Cooking Fly
Com bination Cam ping Group
Camping
15%~30%
Open Spaces
Air camping
Path
Water
Space
Local People Outsiders
Path
Wildlife
Cross
在我們的設計單元之中，分為邊緣及核心兩個層面且分別會有不同的空間穿 越性，包含人的活動、動物的廊道，因此這些因素都會決定我們搭配植栽的 種類來達到我們的設計期望。
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TYPE A
Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy
Network development Medium Camping Group
Medium Camping Group
Medium Camping Group
Medium Camping Group
A Medium Camping Group
0.1m
0.9m
Medium Camping Group
2.5m
A
B
3m
C
D
B
Medium Camping Group
Medium Camping Group
C
Medium Camping Group
1.5m
D
2m
3m 0.9m
0.9m
2.5m
Network development
Extract network
Betweenness Centrality
Shortest Path
Combine
Finds out how many times a link is likely to be on a shortest path between every possible pair of orign-destination
Finds shortest path(s) between origins and destinations
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4.3 ď˝&#x153;
Design presents
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4.3 ď˝&#x153;
Design presents
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4.3 ď˝&#x153;
Design presents
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CY Landscape Architecture 2016-17 Chung Yuan Christian University Department of Landscape Architecture Taoyuan,TW