From Inelastic To Resilient - vanish of water origin

from inel a stic to resilient vanish of water origin

by Ching Hsien,Lin Kuan Yu,Yao

2/ / From inelastic to resilient

CY Landscape Architecture 2016-17 Study Report Chung Yuan Christian University Department of Landscape Architecture Taoyuan,TW

Director Shu Yuan,Wu Submitted by Ching Hsien,Lin Kuan Yu,Yao

CY Landscape Architecture / / 3

Abstract

在台灣獨特的山坡地地形特徵以及氣候變 遷的影響之下，台灣的坡地面臨越來越高 風險的可能性，包含土砂災情、土砂汙染 民生的用水等等。 然而原住民卻是面臨坡地風險首當其衝的 族群，因原住民保留區大多被劃設於山坡 地範圍之內，牠們的生命安全以及居住的 基本權利都逐漸暴露於風險之中；另外台 灣相關坡地法規對於原住民族的限制使得 他們開始懷疑自身的土地價值，開始拋售 土地轉租、拍賣給平地人來開發山林開發 出時下熱門的觀光休閒產業；然而這樣的 行為轉移模式導致的是台灣山林的裸露， 再加上氣候變遷加劇的影響，台灣的坡地 逐漸面對越來越險峻的危機。 故我們希望能夠透過規劃設計有效的處理 坡地保水的機能，以及減緩坡地土砂災害 的可能性，達到永續坡地社區的願景。

4/ / From inelastic to resilient

Fig 1 . Slope ecosystem

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Index

Basic Introduction

Nature Factors

Graduated Design

Landform Strategy

Design Strategy

6/ / From inelastic to resilient

Local cultural environment

Geographical research

[ chapter 1 ]

Global Climate

Water Issues

[ chapter 2 ]

Mud disasters

Calculation & GIS analysis

Prototype development

[ chapter 3 ] Prototype placing

Before & after comparison

Plants & Crops planting

Camping & Path planning

[ chapter 4 ]

Design presents

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Content

1.0 Base Introduction 1.1

Local cultural environment

1.2

Geographical research

2.0 Nature Factors

8/ / From inelastic to resilient

2.1

Global Climate

2.2

Water Issues

2.3

Mud disasters

3.0 Landform Strategy

Basin Q(Quantity) 0

0.533596 m3 /sec

Drainage divide Cam psite

3.1

Calculation & GIS analysis

3.2

Prototype development

3.3

Prototype placing in

3.4

Before & after comparison

02

12.5

Fa rmland

Pa tch

55

0 Meters

4.0 Design Strategy 4.1

Plants & Crops planting

4.2

Camping & Path planning

4.3

Design presents

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[ 1.0 ] Basic Introduction 1.1 1.2

10/ / From inelastic to resilient

Local cultural environment Geographical research

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

Fig 2 . Base located at Hsinchu Slaq's viallage

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Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

1.1 ｜

Local cultural environment

1895

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE INDUSTRY IN SLAQ VILLAGE

1896 1897 1898 JAPANESE OCCUPATION :

STARTED DEVELOPING NATURE RESOURCES Mainly engaged in mining forestry development and camphor collection

18 99

1957 1958 1959 1960

19 61

REPUBLIC OF CHINA :

THE COAL INDUSTRY REACHED ITS PEAK Focus on nature resources Coal mining development

1987 1988 1989 1990 INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMATION :

TOURISM INDUSTRY With the natural disasters hit mining, and the fallowing policy and other effect s, population outflow

12/ / From inelastic to resilient

19 91

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

Industrial Transformation

Construction Agriculture Landform Forestry

Forestry

J A P A N

Forest

Forestry

Forest

Wetland Paddy

Hotels +restaurants

Roads

Forest

Mining

Forest

Camping

Forest

Local agricultural products

Landform NATURAL RESOURCES

Colonial

Construction

Construction Forestry Mining

T A I W A N

1960’S

$ INDUSTRY

Mining

Economic Rise

Tourism

Agriculture Fisheries Forestry Tourism

T A I W A N

1990’S

Agriculture

SERVICE SECTOR

Policies Factors

Industry profile 產業地景的形成，第一階段日治時期在經管理時首先開闢 了部落內的自然資源，以林業開發為主另外也創造出特殊 的”水梯田”景觀。第二時其餘光復後經濟起飛，注重礦業 開發以及部落建設；到了近代因為政策轉變，開始產業轉 型朝休閒觀光及在地特色產品推廣為主。

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Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

1.1 ď˝œ

Local cultural environment

The situation of Aboriginal people in Taiwan society

14/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

Fig 3 .

Inelastic 由於現今法律限制坡地農耕、狩獵的可能性，原住民開始 懷疑土地的價值，並有了賤價拋售土地的意識形態產生。 然而這也是間接影響山林生態的關鍵要素，當轉租給平地 商人以開山整地的行為模式來達到商業行為，也間接地破 壞山林原有的生態樣貌。 Aborigines are selling lands

Camping development

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Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

1.1 ｜

Local cultural environment

2006 /02/01

2010 /01/14

Over the years surface exposed situation 水田部落自從 2006~2010 開始地表裸露面積逐漸擴大，主要原因是農地種植薑、高 麗菜等經濟作物；而至 2013 年開始地表裸露狀態逐漸減緩，其主因是因為當地民 眾向政府舉報即及新聞媒體的報導使不肖業者減緩經濟作物的種植，但卻在 2015 年開始地表裸露狀態又開始惡化。

16/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

2013 /06/02

2015 /09/18

Fig 4 . Naked surface

Fig 5 . Deforestation

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Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

1.2 ｜

Geographical research

Slaq’s Village 新樂村水田部落，位處尖石鄉西北方，北與新竹縣關西鎮錦山里馬 武督部落相接，東與桃園縣復興鄉高義部落為鄰，西邊為嘉樂村， 南邊則是新樂村的煤源、八五山一帶部落。Slaq 在泰雅語中，既有 水田，也有混濁、泥濘的意思，反映出水田部落由尖石鄉不同部落 混居的特色。

18/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

0

0.375 0.75

1.5 kilometers

PHYSIOGRAPHIC

Landslide area

Tributary

Geologically

Township

sensitive area

sector

Watercourse

Slope degree (0°~90°)

從這張新樂村水田部落大範圍的 GIS 地理疊圖分析可以 看到新樂村附近的地理狀況，上圖是以土壤崩塌潛勢 區、地質敏感區、溪流分布狀況以及新樂村周遭的坡度 狀況。從上圖可以得知到新樂村位於土砂災害高風險 區，另外當災情發生時可能會影響到當地居民的用水狀 況。

CY Landscape Architecture / / 19

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

1.2 ｜

Geographical research

0

0.375 0.75

1.5 kilometers

LAND ZONING

Watercourse

Tributary

Township sector Forests

上圖示透過土地使用狀況 ( 森林用地、公園綠地 )、等高 線、鄉鎮界、道路用地、道路節點、溪流支流等圖資進行 疊圖，能透清楚的看到基地範圍土地使用的情形以及基礎 道路設施間的關係。

Contour (200m)

Land use

Main node Sub-node

Roads

20/ / From inelastic to resilient

Parks

Node out of Land use area Node in Land use area

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

0

0.375 0.75

1.5 kilometers

HYDROLOGIC

Watercourse

Tributary

accumulation

流量的多寡，在與基地上的坡度圖進行疊圖比對，得以知道基

sector Slope degree

地上基礎的地理水文資訊。

(0°~90°) >1,000 <1,000

Watershed Flow

利用 GIS 分析得出基地放的分水嶺、溪流分支的位置以及溪流

Township

Main confluence

confluence

CY Landscape Architecture / / 21

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

1.2 ｜

Geographical research

0

0. 3 75

0. 7 5

1.5 Kilometers

HYDROLOGIC

Base

Base

buildings

boundary

Aboriginal

Landslides

reserve area

sensitive areas

Catchment area

22/ / From inelastic to resilient

將基地範圍放大比例顯示可以得知基地上的建物位置、溪 流位置、集水區範圍、原住民保留地以及土石流敏感區 塊，得以了解基地上水文與基礎設施之間的關係。

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

0

0.25

0.5

1 Kilometers

HYDROLOGIC

Base

Base

buildings

boundary

Aboriginal

Landslides

reserve area

sensitive areas

Catchment

Flow accumulation

area

(100~8,000)

我們利用 GIS 軟體分析得出基地上的水流方向以及各溪流 大致的流量狀況，將這些資訊與基地範圍、建物相比對， 將會影響我們在規劃設計時的設計方向。

CY Landscape Architecture / / 23

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

1.2 ｜

Geographical research

0

0.25

0.5

1 Kilometers

Land use situation

Farm

Base

land

boundary

Water

Aboriginal

terraces

reserve area

Camping area

Tribe

Base

Base

buildings

water system

24/ / From inelastic to resilient

基地上主要的三個元素為 : 農業使用、露營休閒旅遊、以 及休根的水梯田地，在接下來的各章節會在去講解如何於 設計之中去解決目前基地上所面臨的問題 ...

Chapter 1.0 Base Introduction

Water terraces Area

Agricultural Area

Camping Area

Prevailing Winds(all year) Wind Frequency (Hrs)

Psychrometric Chart

Location: Hsingchu

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

50 km/h

hrs 566+ 509 452 396 339 283 226 169 113 <56

45+ 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 <0

40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

10 km/h

10 km/h

Wind Frequency (Hrs)

50 km/h

% 95+ 85 75 65 55 45 35 25 15 <5

40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h

AH

Location: Hsingchu

30

10 km/h

Average Wind Temperatures

25

Average Relative Humidity

Prevailing Winds(each month) Wind Frequency (Hrs) Location: Hsingchu

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

20 hrs 56+ 50 44 39 33 28 22 16 11 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

hrs 37+ 33 29 25 22 18 14 11 7 <3

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

hrs 58+ 52 46 40 34 29 23 17 11 <5

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

hrs 54+ 48 43 37 32 27 21 16 10 <5

15 January

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

February

hrs 47+ 42 37 32 28 23 18 14 9 <4

May

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

September

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

March

hrs 58+ 52 46 40 34 29 23 17 11 <5

June

hrs 89+ 80 71 62 53 44 35 26 17 <8

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

October

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

April

hrs 67+ 60 53 46 40 33 26 20 13 <6

July

hrs 47+ 42 37 32 28 23 18 14 9 <4

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

November

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

hrs 73+ 65 58 51 43 36 29 21 14 <7

10

August

hrs 100+ 89 80 69 60 50 40 30 20 <10

50 km/h 40 km/h 30 km/h 20 km/h 10 km/h

December

5

Comfort

hrs 55+ 49 44 38 33 27 22 16 11 <5

DBT

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

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[ 2.0 ] Nature Factors 2.1

26/ / From inelastic to resilient

Global Climate

2.2

Water Issues

2.3

Mud disasters

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

Fig 6 . Climate change has intensiďŹ ed in recent years to form the typhoon in the southeast coast

CY Landscape Architecture / / 27

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

2.1 ｜

Global climate

3700

2500

1300 (mm) 1949

1953

1957

1955

1961

1965

1965

1969

1977

1973

1975

Gradually severe weather on Taiwan 隨著近年氣候變遷，東南沿海海平面溫度逐漸上升，隨之而來的是強 度越強的颱風以及降雨強度，將會對台灣坡地以及環境氣候造成很大 的影響。另外綜觀台灣近 70 年的總雨量，氣候出現極端值不但澇旱災 頻率上升且嚴重程度也呈現越來越極端的現象。

28/ / From inelastic to resilient

1981

1985

1985

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

Flood

Drought

1989

1993

1997

1995

2001

2005

2005

2009

2011

2015

(year)

2015 GLOBAL TEMPERATURE GROWTHING

CY Landscape Architecture / / 29

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

2.1 ｜

Global climate The Izu-Oshima Debris flows in Japan / OCTOBER 19, 2013

Rainy season in southwestern Japan arouses volcanic mud flow fears / JUNE 02, 2015

Japan

Environmental study in Japan 近年常因極端氣候導致複合

陡峭的山脈及複雜的地質結

型災害崩塌或土石流同時發

構， 極易 受到土砂災害的侵

生。日本國土涵蓋只有地球

襲。平均每年有 26 個颱風接

陸 域 面 積的 0.25%， 但全 球

近日本，特別是在 2004 有 10

震 度 6 級 以 上 地 震 有 20% 發

個 颱風登陸 日本，曾造成嚴

生在日本。

重損害。

30/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

Volcanic Mud Causing Disasters / MARCH 09, 2011

Indonesia Indonesia Mudflow

Environmental study in Indonesia 印尼是一個易受自然災害影響的國家，

印尼在治土災害的經驗，社區抗災

海嘯、地震、火山等等。

能力是一個有價值的因素，藉以衡 量該社區本身在緊急情況下，利用 可的、可持續性的資源來承受災害， 並從逆境中恢復的能力。

CY Landscape Architecture / / 31

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

2.1 ｜

Global climate

Fig 7 . Flooded Street

Impact of Climate Change on Taiwan 8

6

4 100 years 100 years average 100 years trend

2

40 years trend 100 Years Average : 3~4

0

Per/Year

time 1917

1922

1927

1932

1937

1942

1947

1952

1957

1962

1967

1972

1977

1982

1987

1992

1997

2002

2007

years

Numbers Of Typhoons Affect Taiwan In Recent 100 years

100 80

受到氣候變遷的影響下，侵襲台灣的颱

60

40 Typhoon 20

Floods Earthquakes

0

% 1997

2000

2003

2006

2009

2012

2015

Road’s Damage Costs Due To Nature Disasters

32/ / From inelastic to resilient

year

風次數呈現逐漸上升的趨勢；且在自然 災害中以颱風所造成的道路損害比列最 為嚴重。故侵襲台灣的自然災害威力與 頻率會逐漸上升。

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0 (Per/year)

1970 - 1979 1980 -1989

1990 - 1999

2000 - 2009

2010 - 2016

Numbers Of Typhoons Affect Taiwan In Recent 100 years

(Years)

13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 days 1951

1956

1961

1966

1971

1976

1981

1986

1991

1996

2001

2006

2011 years

Trends of Heavy Rain in Taiwan in the Past 60 Years ( ≧ 200 mm )

未來颱風所造成台灣強降雨趨勢逐漸上 升；及近年來侵襲颱風頻率及次數也呈 正向發展

Fig 8 ~ Fig 12 . Climate impacts on living environment

CY Landscape Architecture / / 33

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

2.2 ď˝&#x153;

Water issue

Water Resources Utilization in Taiwan 100% 21%

Evaporation 5%

74%

Runoff

Ocean

Groundwater infiltration

Dam

River

Groundwater pumping

24%

56%

20%

19%

Real water consumption

19.6% Livelihood water use

71% Agricultural water use

Water Resources in Taiwan

34/ / From inelastic to resilient

9.4% Industrial water use

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

台灣水資源相當豐富，然而 74% 的 水資源都在地表逕流的部分流失浪 費掉相當龐大的用水資源；真實能 夠使用的水資源大約只剩下 19%。我 們能否翻轉這一現象，使地表逕流 首當其衝的發生處 - 山坡地區成 為最關鍵的保水關鍵 ?

Fig 13 . Slope runoff's new opportunity

CY Landscape Architecture / / 35

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

2.2 ｜

Water issue

Surface storage

Dam Irrigated fields

Soil

Storage

Water resource processing

Fig 14 ~ 15 . Slope runoff

地表逕流是台灣水資源流失最大的因 Terrain water infiltration

素，主要因素為現今的排水策略是加 速地表逕流排入都市排水系統最後流 向大海，希望減少都市洪災的發生； 且近代人為開發以倍速成長不透水面

Plants water infiltration

36/ / From inelastic to resilient

積增加使地表逕流流失速度加快，並 沒有保水的觀念。

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

Now

Vision

Poor efficiency of dam water bar

High efficient water system

台灣擁有地形陡峭水資源豐沛的優勢，然而台 灣河川窄小以現今的水壩形式攔水成效相對不 佳；故我們認為能否翻轉這一現象，在坡地上 做好保水的系統網絡，將龐大的水資源保存下 來使坡地做好關鍵的水土保持腳色。 Fig 16 .

Fig 16 ~ 17 . Pond landscape

Fig 18 . Resevoir

CY Landscape Architecture / / 37

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

2.3 ｜

Mud disasters

Flood Disasters & Mudslides

Flood Disasters

200

400

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

(Rivers)

432

1986 1999

600

732

(921 Earthquake)

230% 1420

2001

88 - 104 year Mudslide streams growing rate

1552

2010

1687

2015 (Years)

Trends of potential streams of soil and rock flow

土石流致災比例

颱風佔土石流成因比例

62%

75%

土石流損害佔自然災害中比例

76%

78%

3%

Building collapse

Death toll

Injuries

Fig 19 . Damage infrastructure

土 砂 災害 在自 然災害 中常扮演著 破壞 性 強 且 較少 逃 難 時 間的 災害， 且 自從 九二一大地震後造成台灣地質鬆動，土 石流高潛勢溪流成長數量暴增。故如何 做好坡地上的水土保持是我們後幾頁操 作設計的重要課題之一。

Fig 20 . Let life exposed to risk

38/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

Fig 21 . Mudslide

CY Landscape Architecture / / 39

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

2.3 ｜

Mud disasters

Soil composition

Fig 22 .

Velocity Meterial

Low Water Content 1cm/Year

High Water Content 1km/Hour

High Air Content 5km/Hour or More

Slow

Moderate

Rapid

Nature of Motion Topple

Fall

Rock

Rockfall

Slide

Block slide

Flow Rotational landslide

Loose Material

Creep

Earthflow

Translational landslide

Debris flow

Slide Flow Debris avalanche

Soil sand disaster type

Fig 22 ~ 23 . Mud disasters

土砂災害組成性質主要為水分過多 造成土壤崩塌滑落。另外以現今的 土砂防治工程，雖能暫時抵擋小規 模的土砂災情，然而破壞坡地生態 Mudslide flowing diagram

40/ / From inelastic to resilient

景觀且終究會有崩塌潰堤的一天。

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

180

160

140

120

100

80

60

40

20

0(times)

0(times)20

40

60

80

100

120

Debris flow

Slides

Erosion

Flood

Collapse

Mudslide frequency

坡度

30°

集水面積 Interactiom

流速

流深

流量

流距

Mudslide components

土砂災情除了地表成分的組成之外還有地質 的特性，包含： 地表坡度、土壤粗糙程度 以及集水面積的大小，綜合基地上的土砂組 成、地質特性等等才能去初步的檢視災情的 各種變因。 Fig 24 . Soil roughness

往後設計發展的部分開始去將這些變因整理 出來，根據不同的變因去做設計上的操作， 達到坡地保水減少土砂災害的可能性。 Fig 25 . Surface slope

CY Landscape Architecture / / 41

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

2.3 ｜

Mud disasters

Hillside program

宜農用地

一級地

二級地

一級坡 二級坡

宜林用地

三級地

四級地

三級坡

四級坡

五級坡

六級坡

15%

30%

40%

55%

五級地

坡度 0%

5%

甚淺層

100%

淺層

深層

甚深層

20cm

50cm

90cm

有效深度

輕

中

嚴重

極嚴重

土壤流失 25%

中

50% 表層土壤

75%

嚴重

極嚴重

20%

40%

25% 底層土壤

50%

75%

礫石含量

軟質母岩

硬質母岩

母岩性質

The relationship between land use and slope in hillside

42/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 2.0 Nature Factors

A

B

C

A

B

C

Sparse Plants

Hold Earthwork

Rainwater Drain

Dense Plants

Source Area 15°<θ<30°

Issues

Main Pathway

Rainwater Permeate

Now Solutions

Earthwork Drop

6°<θ<15°

Fast Speed Drop

Earthwork Increase

Water Excessive

Grade Elimination

Block The Mud

Increase Dynamical Friction

Cause Damage

Big Rocks In Front

Form temporary Dam

Diverse The Mudslide

Control Accumulation

Block Constructions

Depositional Area 3°<θ<6°

Three aspects in mudslide

Fixed surface soil

Increase soil lateral pressure

Slope stabilization works

Fig 26 .

Drain the water , Stop big rocks Reduce kinetic energy , Filter sand and gravel Reduce the scouring energy

Mudslide constructions

現今的土石流防治工法大多是以生硬的土木工法噴 漿於坡地土方崩落的區段，並以攔沙壩的方式去攔阻 地表砂石，既破壞批地上的生態發展也無法確保土砂 災害再次發生的可能性。 Fig 26 ~ 27 . Mudslide constructure

CY Landscape Architecture / / 43

[ 3.0 ] Landform Strategy 3.1

Strategy & Calculation & GIS analysis 3.2 3.3 3.4

44/ / From inelastic to resilient

Prototype development Prototype placing in Before & after comparison

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

Fig 28 . Design landform

CY Landscape Architecture / / 45

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

3.1 ｜

Strategy & Calculation & GIS analysis

$ Law factors

Sale lands

Flo

Lose faith

Development Aboriginal Agriculture Rain

Heavy Rain

Plain people

Slope landscape Naked faces

Development

Agritourism

當一場豪大雨下在正常的生態坡地景觀，雨水降臨表面形成地表逕流經 過蒸散下滲等作用形成自然的循環現象。然而當坡地受到人為的開發天 然的山林開始受到破壞，形成商人們想要的觀光休閒產業地表逐漸裸露， 假使再加上氣候變遷下加劇的氣候條件，恐怕會面臨更嚴重的土砂災情 也可能會使坡地居民的民生用水受到汙染，這些都是日趨嚴重的現象。

46/ / From inelastic to resilient

Camping

Drou

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

Increase runoff length

Changing Landform

ood

Grade elimination

Too much water

Boundary

Planting strategy Lack of water

Core

Our vision

Slope’s water conservation

Contain water

Increase runoff infiltration

ught

我們的策略是將基地上的三個面向綜合考量 : 露營、農業、滯洪池，希 我們的策略是將基地上的三個面向綜合考量，希望於坡地上建立一個新形態 望於坡地上建立一個新形態的保水過濾系統，將過濾水能讓當地民眾以 的保水過濾系統，將過濾水能讓當地民眾、農業灌溉使用；另外再搭配在地 及農業灌溉的使用；另外再搭配在地農作物、原生且良好的水土保持植 農作物、原生且良好的水土保持植物來根據他們的根部體積大小來配置在設 物來根據他們的根部體積大小來配置在設計當中，以達到坡地水土保持 計當中，以達到坡地水土保持的 的最好效果

CY Landscape Architecture / / 47

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

3.1 ď˝&#x153;

Strategy & Calculation & GIS analysis

Q

V

Quantity of storm water

Average flow velocity

Q = CIA/360

V=(1/n)R2/3S1/2 , R=A/P

C

I

A

n

R

S

Watershed Lowest point of boundary

Boundary layer

Land use interpretation

Satellite imagery

Average flow velocity Safe flow velocity

Runoff Water Needs

V Q C n R

Hydraulic radius Slope

48/ / From inelastic to resilient

S

Sampling cell

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

Land use interpretation

C

Runoff Coefficient

t

Time of concentration

n

0.52

0.62

0.85

R

I

Rainfall intensity

0

Hsinchu city(I)=1806.7 / (t + 37)

A

0.07

0.9

0

0.42 m

Hydraulic radius

171.06 min

S

Design intensity 10 years recurrence interval rainfall intensity

Manningâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Roughness Coefficient

Slope

0.67791

Catchment area

48.45

156.23 mm/hr

0-5%

Level 1

Safe V

Q

Maximum safe flow velocity

0.84

2.5

Quantity of storm water

6.1 m/s

Over V

0

157.16 Ha

0

3 42.97m/s

Ave V

5-15% 15-30% 30-40% 40-55% 55-100%

2

3

4

5

6

Average flow velocity

0

13.45 m/s

Over maximum safe flow velocity

0

12 m/s

CY Landscape Architecture / / 49

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

3.2 ď˝&#x153;

Prototype development

Type development(XY control)

LOGIC

a.

b.

c.

d.

1. Create a grid

ya

2. Measure distance between grid intersections and spread points.

3. Split points into those within the radial distance and those outside.

4. Move points inside to their closest point outside

50/ / From inelastic to resilient

xa

yb

xb

yc

xc

yd

xd

x

xa

<

xb

<

xc

<

xd

y

ya

=

yb

=

yc

=

yd

s=y/x

sa

>

sb

>

sc

>

sd

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

Type development(Z control)

Distance

Converted into Z depth

CY Landscape Architecture / / 51

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

3.3 ď˝&#x153;

Prototype placing in Type import process

Farmland

Slope

5-15%

A

15-30%

B

Campsite

Runoff

Over safe rate

Level

0-2

2-4

4-6

6-8

8-10

10-12

1

2

3

4

5

6

Grassed Banks Planted Banks

m/s

Q>20m3/s

Detention pool r=6m r=3m

52/ / From inelastic to resilient

Unsuitable for activities

Streets & Drives Ramps Walkways Approach and Entrances Service Area and Collector Walks Terrace and Sitting Area Lawn Area and Playgrounds Swales

Detention

Life Patch

Farmland A

Suitable for activities

r=8m r=4m

Campsite A

r=8m r=4m

Farmland B

r=8m r=4m

Campsite B

r=8m

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

3.4 ď˝&#x153;

Before & after comparison

[Input]

[Instruction]

[Output]

Before land relevelling

Land relevelling peocess

After land relevelling

Topography

Elevation

787.8m

865.4m

787.8m

865.4m

Slope

0%

36%

0%

36%

Runoff simulate

Runoff time

Runoff time

Hydrology

Flow line

Q(Quantity)

0

0.67656 m3/sec

00

.533596 m3/sec

CY Landscape Architecture / / 53

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

54/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 3.0 Landform Strategy

Basin Q(Quantity) 0

0.533596 m3/sec

Drainage divide Campsite

02

12.5

Farmland

Patch

55

0 Meters

CY Landscape Architecture / / 55

[ 4.0 ] Design Strategy 4.1 4.2

Plants & Crops planting Camping & Path planning 4.3

56/ / From inelastic to resilient

Design presents

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

Fig 29 . Design process

CY Landscape Architecture / / 57

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

4.1 ď˝&#x153;

Plants & Crops planting

Fig 30 .

Atmosphere

Twig Interception Loss & Eva potranspiration Precipitation

Evaporation

C r o w n

Overland Flow

Branch

Limb

Trunk

Subsurface Flow

Groundwater Flow

R o o t s Stream Flow

Tree in Water cycle System

58/ / From inelastic to resilient

Twig

S l o p e F u n c t i o n s

Reduce Rainfall Intensity Roots

Increase Soil Grip

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

Fig 31 .

樹的結構能在大自然中屹立不搖 的存在千年以上，故我們去研究 樹木的結構從樹冠、樹幹再到樹 根的結構，了解到樹冠在承受降 雨時能有效減緩對地表的沖蝕； 樹幹則是支撐的結構本體；最後 在樹根的部分則負責穩固土讓防 止土砂流動。藉由上述的仿生學 研究，將會是我們在往後規劃設 計時會參考學對象。

Leaf Structure

CY Landscape Architecture / / 59

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

4.1 ď˝&#x153;

Plants & Crops planting

Crops

Water need

Pattern

Irrigation technique

Winter Soil

Mushrooms

drip

Humus

Fruit Trees

drip

Well - drained

Rice

surface

Loam Humus

Radish

drip

Well - drained

Taro

drip

Clay loam Sandy loam

Cabbage

surf - drip

Sandy loam Well - drained

Mustard

surf - drip

Sandy loam Well - drained

Millet

surface

Well - drained

Green pepper

surf - drip

Well - drained

Sweet potato

surf - sprink

Clay loam Sandy loam

Beans

surf - drip

Well - drained

Ginger

drip

Clay loam Sandy loam

Potato

surf - sprink

Clay loam Sandy loam

Shallot

surf - sprink Well - drained

Garlic

surf - sprink

Clay loam Sandy loam

Chinese cabbage

surf - drip

Sandy loam Well - drained

Celery

surf - sprink

Clay

Pumpkin

drip

Well - drained

Eggplant

drip

Well - drained

Pea

surf - sprink Well - drained

XII

Sun

Spring

I

III

II

IV

S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P S H P

=100mm

Consumption of land nutrients 0

H M L

60/ / From inelastic to resilient

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

5

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

Summer V

VI

VII

Autumn VIII

IX

X

XI

Basic information on crops 依照左表可以看到水田部落內 所種植的農作物狀況，包含作 物的用水量、日照程度、澆灌 的方式以及作物的播種、收成 的季節月份，從做農作物的收 成狀況來看作物生成狀況主要 分布於夏、秋、冬三季。 然而農作物種植會消耗土壤裡 的養分以及有機物質，我們將 農作物以消耗土地程度分高、 中、低，再去就其土讓需要恢 復時間做比較，發現有的作物 需要恢復土地養分時間長達 4 年以上，故這段時間我們在想 能否以一種新的土地使用型態 來填補這段時間的空缺，並防 止水田部落裸露地表面積增加 的可能性。

Soil nutrient recovery 25%

85%

100%

CY Landscape Architecture / / 61

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

4.1 ｜

Plants & Crops planting

Tree

Shrub

Tree

Tree

Tree

Shrub

Shrub

Filtration plants

+

+

+

Ground cover plants

Filtration plants

Ground cover plants

Tree

Shrub

Ground cover plants

Ground cover plants

+

+

Boundary

Agricluture

Camping sigle family

Camping multiple families

Agricluture + camping

+

Core

Filtration plants

Agricluture

Camping sigle family

Camping multiple families

Filtration plants

(5% ~15%)

(5% ~ 10%)

(5% ~ 10%)

(15% ~ 20%)

(5% ~15%)

(5% ~15%)

(5% ~ 10%)

(5% ~ 10%)

(5% ~15%)

(15% ~ 25%)

(10%~ 15%)

(10%~ 15%)

(20% ~ 25%)

(15% ~ 25%)

(15% ~ 25%)

(10%~ 15%)

(10%~ 15%)

(15% ~ 25%)

(25% ~ 30%)

(25% ~ 30%)

(25% ~ 30%)

(25% ~ 30%)

Plants planting idea 在我們的設計單元之中，分為邊緣及核心兩個層面且分別會有不同的空間穿 越性，包含人的活動、動物的廊道，我們將這兩個層次搭配上基地上的活動 使用，包含農業、露營 ( 小家庭 )、露營 ( 大家庭 )、農業露營混和以及滯洪 池等，因此這些因素都會決定我們搭配植栽的種類，不同的種類配置在 " 邊 緣 " 以及 " 核心 " 會有不同的植栽效果，來達到水土保持的最佳效益。

62/ / From inelastic to resilient

(25% ~ 30%)

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

Multilevel

Multilevel

Multilevel

鐵

橘 月

線 草

樟 樹

鐵

TYPE J

TYPE K

櫟

尾 草

剛

Ability to filter sewage

狼

光

樹

Ability to filter sewage

青

狼

香 楓

樟

烏 心

稜

水

野

Ability to filter sewage

臘 樹

Multilevel

Ability to filter sewage

尾 草

Multilevel

石

Multilevel

果 榕

Concealment

Multilevel

茄 苳

Soil and Water Conservation

Concealment

薑 花

Soil and Water Conservation

Concealment

草

Soil and Water Conservation

Concealment

TYPE L

Multilevel

Multilevel

Multilevel

蘆

葦

花

心

物

毛 水

香

Ability to filter sewage

燈

果

Ability to filter sewage

農 作

灣 台

Ability to filter sewage

草

Concealment

Multilevel

蒲

Soil and Water Conservation

Concealment

樹

Soil and Water Conservation

Concealment

杉

Soil and Water Conservation

Concealment

槿

Soil and Water Conservation

朱

楠 肖

Ability to filter sewage

Soil and Water Conservation

巴 拉

苳 茄

杜 英

芙 蓉

橘 桃

剛 櫟

Ability to filter sewage

TYPE I

TYPE F

青

竹

Ability to filter sewage

TYPE D

木

月

芒 草 草

木

Ability to filter sewage

線 草

Concealment

Multilevel

厚 葉 石 斑 木 光 臘 樹

Soil and Water Conservation

Concealment

草

Soil and Water Conservation

Concealment

槿

Soil and Water Conservation

TYPE E

芒

TYPE H

Concealment

TYPE C

夾

TYPE G

Soil and Water Conservation

鐵 線

楝

香 楓

苦

橘

TYPE B

台 灣 赤 楊

月

鐵

線 草

TYPE A

Ability to filter sewage

CY Landscape Architecture / / 63

Beans of

th dep 1.4

Co nsu lan mp d nu tio trie n nts

o t de Ro

Celery

ot

of

pth

Co n lan sum pti dn utr on ien ts

1.4

Ro

ot de

pth 1.4

Ginger

Ro

Co of lan nsu mp d nu tion tr ien ts

1.2

Ro

ot de

pth

Tomato of

Co n lan sum pti dn utr on ien

ot de Ro

Co o f lan n sum d nu pti trie on nts

pth 1.4

ts

1.4

H

H

H

1.0 0.8

M

M

L

7 00

60 0

5 00

Irrig wat er ation volum e

70 0

600

500

400 4

7 00

Irriga wat er tion volum e

0

600

50

400

Irriga wat er tion volum e

400 40

300

mm

200

100

700

600

500

e

Irrig wate at ion r volum

700

600

500

400

300

Irrig water ation volum

20 0

100mm

6

6

hine Suns

10%

1 0%

e

25%

25%

20% 2

20%%

15%

155%

Sunsh

1 5° 25°

s hour

rs 2hrs 2h 6

10°

s ine hour

4

15°

Sunsh

6

Sunsh

10°

ine hour

s

4

s ine hour Sunsh

15%

s ine hour

64/ / From inelastic to resilient Taro 10% 20% 25° 3 0°

25% 30°

Pea

Slope°

Slope° ot

Garlic Co of lan nsu mp d nu tio trie n nts

th dep 1.4

ot Ro

dep

Slope° Co of lan nsu mp d nu tio tr ien n ts

th 1.4

Slope°

Mustard

Ro

of

th ot dep 4 1.

Ro

Slope°

Pumpkin

Co n lan sum d nu pti on trie nts

ot Ro

d ep

of

th 1.4

Cabbage

Co n lan sum d n pti on utr ien ts

ot Ro

of

th dep 1.4

Co n lan sum d nu pti on trie nts

1.2 H

H

H

1.0 0.8

M

M

L 2hr s 700

600

500

400

Irrig wate at ion r volum

700

600

500

400

Irriga water tion v olume

700

600

500

e

Irriga water tion volum e

700

ot

of

th dep 1.4

Co nsu lan mp d nu tion tri en ts

ot d Ro

ept

Co of lan nsu d nu mp tio tr ien n ts

h 1.4

1.2

H

600

Ro

1.2

500

400

1.4

Irriga water tion volum e

Co ns lan um d nu ptio tr ien n ts

of

p th

700

ot de Ro

600

Co ns lan um pti d nu on trie nts

H

500

of

12 1.2

40 0

Slope° 1.4

30 0

S lope°

pth

Irrig wa ter ation volum e

15 %

Eggplants ot de

00 200 2

2 0%

15%

Potato

Ro

00m 10 mm

6

25% 25

20% %

ine hour

1 0%

25%

25 °

Sweet potato

Sunsh

6

hours hine

10%

Suns

6

10 ° 15 ° 30°

Slope°

Slope°

Millet

s

4

2 5°

hine hour

10 ° 1 5° 30 °

20%

Suns

6

ine hour

s

s

4

15%

Sunsh

s ine hour Sunsh

10% 25%

Slope°

Shallot

1.0

o t de Ro

of

pth 1.4

H

Co nsu lan mp d n tio utr n ien ts H

M M

L

0

7 00

60 0

50

Irrig wat ation er volum e

7 00

60 0

50 0

400

700

600

Irrig wate at ion r volum e

e

of

th dep

700

ot

600

Ro

H

1.0

500

2 1.

Irriga water tion volum

1.4

1.4

Co nsu lan mp d nu tio trie n n ts

ot Ro

e

Co of lan nsu mp d nu tio tr ien n ts

pth

700

de

ot Ro

1.2

600

1.4

500

Co nsu lan mp d nu tion trie nts

of

pth

400

Slope°

Green pepper de

300

15 %

S lope°

Fruits tree

Radish

ot

Irrig wate at ion r volum

2 5%

2 0%

15%

25° 30°

Slope°

Slope°

Chinese cabbage

Ro

2 00

Irriga wat er tion volum e

6

25%

20 0%

s ine hour

6

hine

100 00 mm

15°

Suns

6

10°

Sunsh

hours

2hrs 4

s

15% 20%

Suns

10% 25%

20%

hine hour

4 6

hours hine Suns

hours hine Suns

10 % 15% 25 %

Slope°

Rice

of

th dep 1.4

Co nsu lan mp d nut tion r ien ts

ot Ro

of

th dep 1.4

Co n lan sum pti d n utr on ien ts

1.2

H

H

H

1.0

M

0.8 M

L

700

600

500

e

Irriga water tion volum e

700

600

500 5

40 0

700

600

500

700

600

50 00

e

Irriga water t ion volum

Irriga water t ion volum

700

6 00

5 00

400 40

300 3 00

e

Irrig wat ation er volum e

Irrig wa ter ation v olum

6

hours

6

15%

hine

2 200

15 °

Suns

10 00m mm

25 °

1 5%

Sunsh

s ine hour

6

30 °

20 %

Sunsh

10 °

25 %

20 %

15%

s ine hour

s 2hrr 2h 4

4

s

6

hour hine

1 0%

Suns

s hine hour Suns

10 % 25%

15 °

20% 20 25% 25°

Slope° Slope°

S lop e°

Slope°

Slope°

5%~10%

10%~15%

15%~20%

20%~25%

25%~30%

Slope degree

TYPE K d ot Ro

C of onsu la m n d n ptio utr n ien ts

th ep 1.4 1.2

H

1.0 0.8 M

0.6 0.4 0.2

m

L

100m m

300

20 0

50 00 0

400

700

600

Irrig wate ation r volu me

6

hine Suns

s hour

4

2hrs

5° 10° 15° 25° 30°

Slope°

4.1 ｜

Plants & Crops planting

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

Ro Spa cinw g

ng Planti nce Dista

Width

Depth

Crops Planting Density

Root’s Depth & Width(m)

Unit Area

100m

Root’s Volume (m )

m 100

Number of planted per unit area

3

0%

21%

42%

A~G

E~G Suitable slope for agricultural areas

G A

B

F C

D

E

Total Crops Root Volume

crops planting idea 另外我們根據水田部落內正在種植的農作物做了根 系體積、農作物種植密度的調查，將農作物根系體 積做出劃分，未來我們將會按照基地上坡度大小與 這些作物根系體積做搭配，例如坡度大搭配根系體 積大的作物，來達到坡地固坡的效果。 Total Crops Root Volume

Underground root growing condition

A

0~6 m3

B

6~9 m3

A

G

C

9~11 m3

D

11~70 m

E

70~176 m3

F

B

3

F

176~333 m

G

333~1885 m3

3

E

C

D

CY Landscape Architecture / / 65

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

4.2 ｜

Camping & Path planning

5%~15%

TYPE A

TYPE C

Sleeping Tent

Camping sigle family Camping for sigle family

Boundary Trees

TYPE A

Boundary Trees

Camping for multiple family

Boundary Trees

TYPE B

Boundary Trees

Ground Cover Plants + Shrubbery

Boundary Trees

Camping

Boundary Trees

Single fam ily Cam ping Group

Multiple fam ilies Cam ping Group

Living Tent

TYPE C

Camping multiple families Cooking Fly

Com bination Cam ping Group

Camping

15%~30%

Open Spaces

Air camping

Path

Water

Space

Local People Outsiders

Path

Wildlife

Cross

在我們的設計單元之中，分為邊緣及核心兩個層面且分別會有不同的空間穿 越性，包含人的活動、動物的廊道，因此這些因素都會決定我們搭配植栽的 種類來達到我們的設計期望。

66/ / From inelastic to resilient

TYPE A

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

Network development Medium Camping Group

Medium Camping Group

Medium Camping Group

Medium Camping Group

A Medium Camping Group

0.1m

0.9m

Medium Camping Group

2.5m

A

B

3m

C

D

B

Medium Camping Group

Medium Camping Group

C

Medium Camping Group

1.5m

D

2m

3m 0.9m

0.9m

2.5m

Network development

Extract network

Betweenness Centrality

Shortest Path

Combine

Finds out how many times a link is likely to be on a shortest path between every possible pair of orign-destination

Finds shortest path(s) between origins and destinations

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Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

4.3 ď˝&#x153;

Design presents

68/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

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Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

4.3 ď˝&#x153;

Design presents

70/ / From inelastic to resilient

Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

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Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

4.3 ď˝&#x153;

Design presents

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Chapter 4.0 Design Strategy

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CY Landscape Architecture 2016-17 Chung Yuan Christian University Department of Landscape Architecture Taoyuan,TW