ﺠﻤﻌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ
ﻤﺤـــﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻤﻴﺔ ﻭﺒﺤﺙ ،ﻋﻥ :
" ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸـــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــﺎﻩ "
ﺍﻝﻤﺤـــﺎﻀﺭ:
ﺃ.ﺩ /ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺸــﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺴــــــﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــــﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺨﻁﻴـﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﻜﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴــﺔ ـــ ﺠـﺎﻤﻌــﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻫـﺭ
ﺍﻝﻘـــﺎﻫــــﺭﺓ ١٣ﺩﻴﺴــﻤﺒﺭ ١٩٩٨
1
ﺠﻤﻌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ
ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸـــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــــﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـــﺎﻀﺭ :ﺃ.ﺩ /ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻋﺜﻤﺎﻥ ﺸــﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﺴــﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــﺎﺭﺓ ﻭﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﻜﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴــﺔ ـــ ﺠـﺎﻤﻌــﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﻫـﺭ ﻭﻋﻀﻭ ﻤﺠﻠﺱ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻤﻘﺩﻤــــــﺔ : ﻤﻨﺫ ﻗﺭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺯﻤــــﺎﻥ ﺘﻀــــــﺎﺀل ﺩﻭﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺇﺫ ﺤﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺇﺫ ﺼﻔﺕ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺇﺴـﺘﺠﺎﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﺭﻭﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ "ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ "! ،ﻓﺎﻝﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺠﺫﺒﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻫﺩ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺓ ،ﻻﻴﺴﺘﻁﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻤﻴﺯﻭﺍ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻻ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ! ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﺨﻼﻑ ﺼﻌﻭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻰ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ " ﺭﺍﺤـــــــﺔ " ﻭ " ﻴﺴــــــــﺭ" ...ﻓﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﻝﺘﻠﺒﻴــﺔ ﺇﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴــﺔ ﺴــﻴﺭًﹶﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗــﺩﺍﻡ ... ﻭﺒﺩﺃﺕ ﺭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﻌل ﻀﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ،ﺒﺎﻷﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻷﺴــﺎﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸـــﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻨﻼﺤﻅﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﻏﻴﺎﺏ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺘﺴﺘﻨﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺼﻴﻠﻴــﺔ ﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﻭﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻵﻝﻴــﺎﺕ ﻜﺄﺴــﺎﺱ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺇﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺎﻵﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ .ﻭﺇﺫ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻻﺘﺨﻠﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺜﺔ ﻷﻴﺔ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ــ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻨﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ــ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﺤﺭﺓ ﺁﻤﻨــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﻝﻠﻤﺸﺎﺓ ...ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﻴﺽ ﺒﻌﻴﻨﻪ ﻨﻠﺤﻅﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺘﻤﺎﻤًﹰﺎ ، !...ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺤﻭﻝﺕ ﺸـﻭﺍﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺨﻁـﺭ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﺩﺍﻫﻡ ﻭﻤﻨﺫﺭ ﺒﺄﺒﺸــﻊ ﺍﻝﻨﺘﺎﺌﺞ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ .!.... ﻭﻴﺤﻀﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻷﻥ ﻗﻭل) }} ) :... ( ١ﻴﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎ {{ }} ...ﻴﺎﺭﺏ ﺃﺴﺘﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻌﺎﻨﺎ {{ ... ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻔﺕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻴﻤﻴﻨﻰ ﻭﺃﻨﺎ ﺃﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻴﻑ ،ﺇﺴﺘﻌﺩﺍﺩًﹰﺍ ﻝﻌﺒﻭﺭﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﺒﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ .ﻷﺠﺩ ﺸـﻴﺨًﹶﺎ ﻜﺒﻴﺭًﹶﺍ ﻴﺴــﺘﻌﺩ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﻝﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸـــﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻜﺎﺩ ﻴﻨﺘﻔﺽ ﻫﻠﻌًﹶﺎ ﻭﺨﻭﻓًﹶﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ " ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺓ " ! .ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺠل ﻤﻌﻪ ﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﻕ ﻼ ﻤﻐﺎﻤﺭﺓ ..ﻓﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻵﻥ ــ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻘــﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺠـــﻴﺯﺓ ــ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻓﻌ ًﹶ ﻭﻤﺠﺎﺯﻓﺔ ﻻﺃﻤﺎﻥ ﻝﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀــﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﺒﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺎﺓ ﻻﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺸــﻴﺌًﹰﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴـﺒﺔ ﻝﻘﺎﺌﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺴـﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩﻨﺎ ، ﻤــﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻤﻌﻨـﺎﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﺍﻝـﺩﻭل ﺍﻥ ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻝﺴــــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻀﻊ ﺃﻯ ﻋﺎﺒﺭ ﻗﺩﻤﻪ ﻓﻭﻗﻬﺎ _____________________ . ) (١ﻓﺅﺍﺩ ﺴـــﻌﺩ " ،ﺃﻨﻔﺎﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻭﻴﺔ " ) ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ،ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻫــﺭﺍﻡ ،ﺍﻝﺴــﻨﺔ ، ١٢٣ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ، ٤٠٩٠٠ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫــﺭﺓ ، ( ١٩٩٨ / ١١ / ٢٩ :ﺹ .١١
2
ﺇﻥ ﻭﺯﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴــﺔ ﺘﺴﺘﻌــــﺩ ﺍﻷﻥ ﻹﻋـــﺩﺍﺩ ﻗﺎﻨﻭﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻴﺴﺘﻬﺩﻑ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﻀﺒﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ،ﻭﺘﻐﻠﻴﻅ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻭﺒﺎﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺎﻝﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻤﺸﻜﻭﺭ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻬﻤﻨﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻫﻭ ﺴــﻼﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺎﻥ ﻭﺇﻁﻤﺌﻨﺎﻥ ..ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻤـﺭ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﺴـــﻴﺭًﹰﺍ. ( . ﻭﻓﻰ ﻗـﻭل ﺁﺨــﺭ) ) : ... ( ٢ﺍﻵﻥ ،ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺭﺘﺒﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺘﻤﺎﻤَﹶﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺴﻔﻨﻜﺱ ، ﻭﺃﺨﺘﻨﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﻀﻴﻕ ،ﻭﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﺼﻐﺎﺭًﹶﺍ ﻭﻜﺒﺎﺭًﹶﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ، ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـــﺌﻭﻝﻭﻥ ﻓﺸـــل ﻤﺸــﺭﻭﻋﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭﻯ ،ﻫل ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻤل ﻓﻰ ﺇﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ؟ ﺃﻡ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺩ ﻭﻜﺒﺭﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺭﻭﻗﺭﺍﻁﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺩﺭﻙ ﻭﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻤﺼﺎﻝﺢ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﻌﺭﻓﻭﻥ ﺴﺘﺤﻭل ﺩﻭﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ؟ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺸﻬﻭﺭ ﻭﻻﺤﺼﺎﺩ ﻝﻬﺎ ﺴﻭﻯ ﻋﺫﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ ﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﻜﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﺃﻭ ﺭﻜﺎﺏ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ .ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺒــﺎﻗﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﺼـﻭﺭﻭﺍ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ }} ﺩﻭﺨﻴﻨﻰ ﻴﺎﻝﻤﻭﻨﺔ {{ ﺃﻭ }} ﻭﺩﻨﻙ ﻤﻨﻴﻥ ﻴﺎﺠﺤﺎ ؟ {{ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻷﻤﺜل ﻹﻨﺴــﻴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤــــــــﺭﻭﺭ ﻫﺎﻫﻡ ﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺒﺄﻋﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﻨﺴﺎﺏ ﺒﺸـﻜل ﺃﻓﻀـل ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺭﻴﺒــــﻪ . ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﺎﻗﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻋﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ،ﺴﻴﺤل ﻤﺸــﻜﻠﺔ ﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺒﻭﺭ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ،ﻭﻝﺴﺕ ﺃﺩﺭﻯ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻓﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺭﺍﻜﺒﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻝﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻔﻭﺍ ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺠﻨﺩﻯ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺇﺸــﺎﺭﺓ ﺤﻤﺭﺍﺀ ؟ ﻭﻜﻴﻑ ﻓﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻝﻥ ﺘﺴــــﺎﻋﺩ ﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﹶﺎًﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ؟ ﻭﻤﻊ ﻜل ﺇﺤﺘﺭﺍﻤﻨﺎ ﻝﻌﺒﻘﺭﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﻘﺩﻴﺭﻨﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻫل ﻴﺤﻕ ﻝﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻨﻁﺎﻝﺒﻬﻡ ﺒﺈﺼﻼﺡ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺄ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻭﻗﻌﻭﺍ ﻓﻴﻪ ؟ ﻭﻫل ﻴﻌﻠﻡ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺃﻥ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ؟ ﻭﺇﻨﻪ ﻭﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻥ ﻨﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﻴﺒﺔ ﻓﺈﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺴــﻨﺔ ﻗﺩ ﺩﺤﻀﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺇﺴــﺘﻤﺭﺕ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻔﻰ ﻝﻴﺘﺄﻜﺩﻭﺍ ﺃﻨﻬﻡ ﺃﻀﺭﻭﺍ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺃﺴﻬﻤﻭﺍ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻀﺎﻋﻔﺔ ﻋﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺒﺸــﺭ ؟ ( . ﻭﻴﺘﻀﺢ ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ "ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ" ﻝﻪ ﺩﻻﻝﺘﻪ ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ "ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ" ،ﻭ"ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ" ،ﻭﺃﻴﻀًﹰﺎ ﻝﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻎ ﺍﻷﺜﺭﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻁﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﺨــﺭ ،ﻓﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺭﻭﻑ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺃﻥ "ﺜﻠــــﺙ" ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺤﻀــﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻫﻰ ﺭﺤــﻼﺕ ﺘﺘﻡ ﺴــﻴﺭًﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗــﺩﺍﻡ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻥ ﻭﺍﻷﻁﻔــﺎل ﻴﺸــﻜﻠﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺴــﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﻜﺒﺭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻫﻡ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻋﺭﻀــﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ،ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﺒــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﺒﻬﻡ ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﺒﺎﻹﻴﻀﺎﺡ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﺤــــﺙ " :ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸـــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــــﺎﺓ ".
_____________________ ) (١ﻋﺒﺩﻩ ﻤﺒﺎﺸــﺭ " ،ﻤﻴـــﺩﺍﻥ ﺴﻔﻨﻜـﺱ " ) ﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻨﻅﺭ ،ﺠﺭﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻫــﺭﺍﻡ ،ﺍﻝﺴــﻨﺔ ، ١٢٣ﺍﻝﻌﺩﺩ ، ٤٠٨٩٦ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫــﺭﺓ ، ( ١٩٩٨ / ١١ / ٢٩ :ﺹ .١١
3
ﻭﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﻴﻠﻰ ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻤﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﺩﺭﺍﺴــﻴﺔ ﺃﺴــﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﻫﺎﻤﺔ ) ، (١ﺘﻠﻘﻰ ﺒﻤﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ "ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ" .ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻷﻭل ؛ ﻭﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل " :ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﻜﻠﺔ" ؛ ﻭﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻰ :ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻁﺎﺕ ،ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ،ﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﻜﺔ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ . ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ؛ ﻭﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل "ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤــﻭﺍﻗﻊ" ؛ ﻭﻴﺒﺤﺙ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ :ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ، ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ،ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ ، ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻝﺙ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ "ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ" ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ :ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴـﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ،ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﺤﺼـﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ،ﺍﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ،ﻭﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻌﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ .ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺒﻊ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻭﻴﺘﺴﻌــﺭﺽ :ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ".
-١ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ؛ ﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــــﻜﻠﺔ : ﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻨﻴـــــﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺤــــﺩﺍﺙ ﺜﻭﺭﺓ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴـــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜــﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـــــﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺒﻘﻴــﺕ ﺘﺘﻌـــﺎﻗﺏ ﻤﻨﺫ ﺍﻝﻌﺼــــﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤـــﺔ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺃﻨﺸﻁــــﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘـــــﺎﺝ ــ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻯ ــ ﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺤﻴﻭﻴــــــــﺔ ﻭﻤﺎﺴــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻝﻜﻰ ﺘﻨﺘﻘل ﻤﻥ "ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻓﺔ" ﺍﻝﻰ "ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ" ،ﻭﺒﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺃﻴﻀًﹶﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـــﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺭﺨﻴﺼــﺔ ﺍﻝﺜﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺴــﻬل ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺴــﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻨﻘل "ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺩﻴﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴــﺔ" ﻭﻤﻥ ﺜﻡ "ﺍﻝﻁـﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺒﺭﻴـﺔ" ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺈﻗﺎﻤﺔ "ﺴــﻼﺴــل" ﻤﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﻑ ،ﺒﺄﺴﻌﺎﺭ ﺘﺘﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻓﺴــﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﺘﺎﺤﺕ ﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻨﻘل ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺼﺔ ﻝﻸﻫﺎﻝﻰ ﻝﻠﻬﺭﻭﺏ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ، ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻫﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻷﺤﻭﺍل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺼﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺎﺒﻌﺔ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺃﺴﻭﺍﺭﻫﺎ ﺒﻐﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﺱ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﺘﻤﺘﺎﻉ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻘﻭل ﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻏﻡ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﺠــــﻭﻩ ﺍﻹﻴﺠﺎﺒﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩﺓ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻅﻬﻭﺭ ) ﺃﻭ ﻭﻻﺩﺓ ( ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻰ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻷﺼﺢ ﺍﻝﻰ "ﻭﻻﺩﺓ" ﺍﻝﻀﺎﺤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ؛ ﻭﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭﺤﺩﺙ ﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺇﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺘﺴــﺎﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻝﻠﻌﻭﺍﺼﻡ ﻭﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــــﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ .
١-١ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺎﺕ : ﺘﺭﻜﺕ "ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻜﻤﺔ" ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﺘﺤﺘل ﻤﻜﺎﻨﹶﺎ ﻝﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻰ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﻝــ "ﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﺱــﻠﻁﺎﺕ" ﻫﺫﺍ ﺁﺜﺎﺭ ﻤﻭﻓﻘﺔ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺸﻙ ﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺘــﺎﺠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻀﺤﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤــﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴـﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ﻜﻜل ،ﻗﺩ ﺴﻤﺤﺢ ﺒﺘﺩﻋﻴﻡ ﻭﺴــﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻭﺍﻹﺨﺘﺭﺍﻉ ،ﻭﺴــﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﺨﻔﻴﺽ ﺃﺴــﻌﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺘﺠﺎﺕ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺴــﻤﺢ ﺒﺎﻹﺴــﺘﻬﻼﻙ ﺍﻝﺠﻤــﺎﻫﻴﺭﻯ ﻭﺒﺈﻨﺘﺸــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺜﻘــﺎﻓﺔ .ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻜﻴﺯ ﻗﺩ ﺭﺍﻓﻘﻪ "ﺇﺨﺘﻨﺎﻕ" ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺴــﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻅﻤــﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﺸﻜﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓل ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴــﺔ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ــ ﺃﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ، ﻭﻜﺎﻨﺕ "ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﻴـــــــــﺎﺕ" ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﺴــﻴﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺃﺼﻴﺒﺕ
4
ﺇﺼــﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻐــﺔ ! ،ﻷﻥ ﺍﻀﻌﺎﻓﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﺤﻭ ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺌﻭل ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻁﺎﻕ ﻭﺍﺴــﻊ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺩﻯ ﻨﻭﻋﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ !. ﻭﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺴــﻊ ﻋﺸــﺭ ،ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﻘﻼل ﺯﺍﺘﻰ ﻭﺇﺸــﺭﺍﻑ ﺩﻗﻴﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴــﺔ ،ﻭﻜﺎﻥ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﻭﻥ ﻴﻭﺯﻋﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺴــﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻷﻋﻅﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﻓﻰ "ﻤﺼﺎﺌﺭﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﻴـــــﺔ" ،ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻌﻭﻥ ﺍﻤــﻼﻜﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸــﻜل "ﻗﺴــﺎﺌﻡ ] ﻗﻁﻊ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ [ ﻤﺠـﺯﺃﺓ" ﻝﺘﻤﻜﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻀــﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺴــﻊ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻜﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻝﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺇﺠﺘﻤـﺎﻋﻰ ﺒﺎﺭﺯ ﺠﺩًﹶﺍ ،ﻭﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻭﻁﺄﺓ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﻜﻤﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﺩﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ ،ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﻭﻯ ،ﺜﻡ ﺃﺨﺫﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺌــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸــﻌﺒﻴﺔ ﺘﺤل ﺸــﻴﺌًﹶﺎ ﻓﺸــﻴﺌًﹶﺎ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ "ﺍﻝﺒﺭﺠــﻭﺍﺯﻴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺒـــﺎﺭ" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﻴـــﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻻﺨﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﺒﺈﺘﺤﺎﺩﻫﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺭﺠﺎل ﺍﻷﻋﻤــﺎل ،ﻭﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻤﻨﻬﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻀﺨﻴﻡ ﻤﺸــﺎﺭﻴﻌﻬﻡ ﻭﺒﺈﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺴــﻜﻨﺎﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﻗﻴــﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ ،ﻨﻘﻠﻭﺍ ﻤﻌﻬﻡ " ﺠﻭﻫــﺭ ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺔ " ! ،ﻤﻘﻠﺼﻴﻥ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺃﻭﺸﻜﺕ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ " ﻗﺸـــﺭﺓ ﻓـــﺎﺭﻏـــﺔ " !.
٢-١ﺘﺩﻫــﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴــﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤـــﻠﻴﺔ : ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﻀﻌﻔﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻼﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــــﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺒﻌﻴﺩ ،ﻓﻤﻨﺫ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﺴﻠﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩ ﺭﺍﺘﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ ﺃﻭ ﻨﻴﻭﺭﻙ ﺍﻭﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫــﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻴـﺔ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﻁﻨﻴــﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻤﺎﺩﺍﻡ ﻴﺴﻌﻰ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻓﻴﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻨﻔﺴــﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺴــﻭﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻀﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﻓﻼ ﺒﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﻘﺩ ﺇﻫﺘﻤﺎﻤﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴــﺔ ! ...ﺇﻥ ﻝﻠﻘﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺨﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻘﻠﻬﺎ ﻝﻨﺎ ﻭﺴــﺎﺌل " ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﺎ " ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻔﺯﻴﻭﻥ ﻭﺼﺤﻑ ﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ،ﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﻗﻌﹶﺎًﺍﻜﺒﺭﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺘﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴـﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺭﺍﺭﺍﺕ "ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴــﺔ" ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺫﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺼﺤـﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴــﺔ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﺤﻴﺎﻨﹶﺎً ،ﻭﺤﺘﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ "ﺍﻝﺤـﺯﺏ ﺍﻝﻨﺸـﻁ" ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺒل ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺄﺨﺫ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻭﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﻻﻴﺒﻕ ﺒﻌــﺩﻩ ﺸﻰﺀ ﻴﺅﺒﻪ ﻝﻪ ﻴﺴــﺘﻁﻴﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺸﺩ ﺇﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺒﺒﻴﺌﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻴﺤﺜﻬﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻔﺎﻅ ﺒﺼﻼﺘﻬﻡ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺠــــﻭﺍﺭ، ﻓﺨﻠﻴﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴــﺔ ﺍﻷﺴــﺎﺴــﻴﺔ "ﺍﻝﺤﻘـــﺔ" ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ﺒﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋـﺔ .
٣-١ﺘﺩﻫــﻭﺭ ﺇﻁـــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـﺎﺓ ﺍﻹﻨﺴــﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ : ﺍﺩﻯ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ ﻭﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻰ ﺍﻝﻰ "ﺇﺤﺘﻀﺎﺭ" ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻘــﺎﻫﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻀﻌﻔﺕ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﻅﺭًﹶﺍ ﻹﻨﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻠﻁﺔ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻹﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺘﻘﺩﻡ ﺒﺸﻜل ﺃﻓﻀل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﻴﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻷﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﻓﻴﻬﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﺩﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻘﺩﻤﻬﺎ ﻭﺴــﺎﺌل ﺍﻷﻋـــﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺘﻠﻔـﺯﻴـﻭﻥ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ ...ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﺤــﺎل ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻭﻀﺢ !...ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻌﺎﺼﻤﺔ ـــ ﻭﺍﺠﻬـــﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴـــﺔ ــ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺩﻋﻭﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻫﺩﺍﻓﻬـــﺎ ،ﻓﻘﺩ ﻏﺩﺕ ﺍﻷﻥ ﻓﻰ “ﺇﺴﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﺍﻝﻔﺌــﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴــﺔ ،ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻘــــﺭًﹶﺍ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺴــﻤﻴﻪ ﺒﺎﻝــ: ] ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻭل ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻜﻭﺍﺥ ﺍﻝﺒﺅﺱ [ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻔﺌــﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﻏﻨﻰ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﺩﻋﻰ “ Taudification ﺍﻹﻜﺘﺴــﺎﺏ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻻ ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺘﺤﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺤﻁـﺔ ﺃﺴــﺘﻘﺒﺎل ﻤﻘﺘﺼــﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ
5
ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺤﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺨﻤــﺔ ﻓﻘﻁ ....ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﺍﻷﻋﻼﻨﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺘﻔﺤﺹ ....: "ﺍﻝﻤ ﹺﻭُﻝــﺫ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴـﺔ" ﻭ"ﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ" ــ ﺍﻝﺨﻴﺎﻝﻴﺔ ،....ﺍﻝﺦ !.
ﻭﻨﻅﺭًﹰﺍ ﻝﻌﺩﻡ ﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺃﻯ ﺸـﺨﺹ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻔﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺔ ﻝﻀﺒﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ، ﻓﻘﺩ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺴــﻴﺠًﹶﺎ ﻋﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴًﹶﺎ ﻫﻼﻤﻴــًﹶﺎ ﺸﺒﻴﻬًﹶﺎ ﺒﻠﻭﺤــﺔ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺩﻴــﺔ ﻓﺴـﻔﺴـــﺎﺌﻴـﺔ ﻭﻀــــــﻌﺕ ﻗﻁﻌﻬــــــﺎ ﺠﻨﺒـــًﹶﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺠﻨــﺏ ﺩﻭﻥ ﺇﻨﺘﻅــــﺎﻡ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ "ﺍﻝﻨﺯﻋـــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺩﻴـــﺔ" ــ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺒﺸﻊ ﺼﻭﺭﻫــﺎ ـــ ﻤﺅﻜﺩﺓ ﺇﺴــﺘﻘﻼﻝﻴﺔ ﻜل ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺠﺎﺭﺘﻬﺎ .ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ،ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺒﺎﻝﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻝﻰ ﺒﺈﻜﺘﺴﺎﺏ ﻗﻁﻌﺔ ﺃﺭﺽ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﻏﻠﻘﻬﺎ ﻝﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺃﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﻔﺎﺩﻯ ﻜل ﻤﺸـﻜﻠﺔ ﺘﻌﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﻼﻁ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻵﺨﺭﻴﻥ ! ....؛ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻴﻘﻭﻡ ﺒﻪ ﻜل ﺴﺎﻜﻥ ]ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﻜﻨﻪ[ ،ﻭﻜل ﺭﺠل ﺃﻋﻤﺎل ]ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻓﻨﺩﻗﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺸﺭﻜﺘﻪ[ ،ﻭﻜل ﻫﻴﺌﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺅﺴﺴﺔ ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺤﻜﻭﻤﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻫﻠﻴــﺔ ]ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻘﺭﻫﺎ[ ،ﻭﺃﻨﺘﻘل ﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﻬﺎﻭﻯ ﻭﺃﻜﺸــﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﺼﺤﻑ ]ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺭﺼﻔــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺃﻤﺎﻤﻬﺎ[ .ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎل ﻜﺫﻝﻙ ،ﻤﺎﺫﺍ ﻴﻔﻌل ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺘﺠﻠﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ـــ ﺃﻨﻅـﺭ ﻭﺘﻔﺤﺹ ﺇﺸﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺒﺩﻭﺍﺨــل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ . ﻓﺎﻝﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻝﺴــﺎﺤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻡ ﻭﺃﺸﻤل ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻗﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﻭﻯ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺸﻜل ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺇﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻁﻠﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻗﺩ ﺇﺨﺘﻔﺕ ﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــــﺎﻩ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺃﻯ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﺘﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ]ﻭﺍﻝﺘــــﻨـﺯﻩ[ ــ ﺘﻔﺤﺹ ﻤﻜـــــﺎﻥ "ﺤﺩﻴﻘـــــﺔ ﺍﻷﺯﺒﻜﻴــﺔ" ﻭ "ﻤﻴﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﺭﻴﺭ" ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﻝﻠﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ، ﻭﺘﺫﻜــﺭ ﻜﻴﻑ ﻜﺎﻥ ﺤﺎﻝﻬﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺇﻥ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺴﻌﻔﻙ ﺍﻝﺫﺍﻜﺭﺓ ،ﺭﺍﺠﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺴﺠـــﻼﺕ ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺠﻼﺕ ﺠﻤﻌﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﺤﺎﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀﻰ ـــ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻗﺩ ﺇﺴــﺘﺤﻭﺯﺕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻜﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤــﺔ ﻭﻷﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻜﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ "ﻤﺤﻅﻭﺭﹶﺍ"! .....ﻭﻗﺩ ﺤﺩﺙ ﻜل ﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺼــﻭﺭﺓ ﺘﺩﺭﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﺍﻜﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻰ ]ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ[ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻻﻴﻁﺎﻕ ﺍﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺎﻜﺜﺭ ﻷﻥ ﺍﻵﻝﻴـــﺔ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼــﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻫﻰ ﻨﻔﺴﻬﺎ ﺘﻌﺭﻀﺕ ﻝﻠﺘﻭﻗﻑ ،ﻭﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻤل ﻼ ﺴﻴﺌًﹶﺎ ﻭﻀﻌـــﻪ ﻜﺈﻨﺴــــﺎﻥ ﻤﺠﺭﺩ ﻤﻨﻔﺭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻴﺌـــ ٍﹰﺔ ﻝﻡ ﻴﻌﺩ ﻴﻔﻬﻤﻬﺎ !. ﺘﺤﻤ ًﹶ
٤-١ﺍﻝﺴــــﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻰ : ﺍﻥ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺴﻜﻨﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻏﺎﻤﻀﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﻑ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻪ ﻭﺍﺘﻴﻨﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭﺼﻔﻪ ،ﻓﻜﻠﻬﻡ ﻴﺸﻌــــﺭ ﺒﻌﻤﻕ ﻤﺴــﺎﻭﻯﺀ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻤﻌﻴﺸﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﺘﻨﻘﺎﻝﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ،ﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺩﺭﻜﻭﺍ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺒﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ .ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ : ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻷﻜﺜﺭ ﺸـﻴﻭﻋًﹰﺎ ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻠﺨﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺨﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﺭﺴــﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌــﺔ 1. ، ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻬﺭﻭﺏ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻹﺴﺒﻭﻉ ﻨﺤﻭ "ﻤﻨﺘﺠﻊ ﺁﻤﻥ" ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻨﺴــﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻴﺎﻡ ﺍﻷﺴــﺒﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌﺒــﺔ ،ﺍﺴــﺒﻭﻉ ﻴﺤﺎﻭل ﻓﻴــﻪ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺠﻌﻠﻪ ﺃﻗﺼــﺭ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ 6
،ﻭﺠﻌل ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺘﻪ ﺘﻁﻭل ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﺄﻜﺜﺭ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﻤﺴﻜﻥ ﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝﻭﻥ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺘﻨﻤﻴــﺔ ﻨﺸــﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻴﺩﻭﻴﺔ ﻜﺎﻋﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ....ﻫﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻭﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺄﻜﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﺝ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺠﺢ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻘﻀﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘـﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌل ﻭﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ ﺒﺭﻤﺘﻪ ،ﻝﻜﻥ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻨﺎ ﻤﻬﺩﺌﻴﻥ ﻴﺴــﺎﻋﺩﺍﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤل ﺩﺍﺀ ُﻴﻨﻅـﺭ ﺍﻝﻴﻪ ﻭﻜﺄﻨﻪ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻗﺎﺒل ﻝﻠﺸــﻔﺎﺀ !. ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺴﻠﻭﻙ ﺃﻜﺜ ﺭُﻋﻤﻘًﹰﺎ ﻭﻨﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻨﻤﺎ ﺼﺩﺍﻩ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺒﺎﻝﺼﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻫﻤــﺎﻝﻪ ،ﻭﻫﻭ ﻴﻘﻭﻡ 2. ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻗﺭﻴــﺔ ﻤﻨﺴــﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ]ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺒﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﻝﻤﺯﺍﺭﻉ ﺃﻭ ﺤﺭﻓﻰ ﺒﺴﻴﻁ[ ،ﺍﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﻤل ﻓﻬﻭ ﺼﻌﺏ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﺎﺩﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻘﻠﻴــﺎﺕ ﺭﺒﻤﺎ ﺃﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺠﻴل ﺒﺘﺩﻤﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻴﺘﻤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﺵ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﺤﻭﻴل ﺍﻝﺭﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋــﺔ ﻤﺘﻼﺼﻘﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﺎﺀ ،ﻴﺘﻭﺍﺼﻠﻭﻥ ﻋﺒﺭ ﻭﺴــﺎﺌل ﺍﻹﻋﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ، ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺃﺴﻬﺎ ﻤﺴﻠﺴﻼﺕ ﺃﻓﻼﻡ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻫﻰ ﻏﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺒﻘﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ! ....ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻁﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﺒﻨﻴــﺔ ،ﺒﻔﻀل ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺍﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﻀﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ،ﻓﺴﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻤﺩﻋﺎﺓ ﻝﻸﻤل ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺘﺭﻯ ﻫل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﻯ ﺍﻹﻨﻁﻼﻕ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﻘﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻻﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ . ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻭﻫﺫﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻔﺎﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻁﺭﻭﺤﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺼــﻤﺔ ،ﻓﺘﺯﻴﺩ ُﻤﻌﻨﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ 3. ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻘل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻕ ﺘﻠﺒﻴﺔ ﻹﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴــﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﻠﻭﺠﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺤﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﻋﺠﺯ ﺍﻷﺴــﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺘﻤﻀﻴﺔ ﻋﻁﻠﺔ ﻨﻬﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺒــﻭﻉ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ ...ﻓﺘﺘﻭﺘﺭ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﺘﺘﺩﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴــﺎﻨﻴﺔ !. ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﺭﻴﻥ ﻴﺭﻭﻥ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺯﻝﺔ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻝﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﻝﻠﺩﺍﺀ ،ﻭﻴﺤﺎﻭﻝﻭﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﻝﺠﺘﻪ ﺒﺴــﻠﻭﻙ ﻨﺎﺸـــﻁ ،ﺭﻏﻡ ﺍﻥ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﻫﻡ ﺍﻗﻠﻴــﺔ ،ﺇﻻ ﺍﻨﻬﺎ ﺃﻗﻠﻴــﺔ ﻨﺸــﻁﺔ ﻭﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ،ﺘﺒﻐﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺨﻠﻕ ﺼــﻼﺕ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻴﺸــﺔ ﻭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺘﺼﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻘـل ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ ،ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻥ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺤـــــﺎل ﺤﻴـﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﻴــــــﺎﺕ ﻭﻤﻘـــــﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻤـــــﻭﺭ ﻴﻘــــﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌﺎﻝﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺴــﻠﻭﻜﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺠﺩ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻨﻔﺴﻪ ﺠﺯﺀﹰﺍًﺒﺴﻴﻁًﹰﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻉ ﺒﺎﻜﻤﻠﺔ !.
٥-١ﺍﻝﺸـــــــــــﺭﺍﻜﺔ ؛ ﻭﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ : ﺍﻝﺸــﺭﺍﻜﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــــﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻁﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴـﺔ ﺃﻤﺭ ﻤﻁﻠﻭﺏ ..ﻝﻴﺘﻔﺠــﺭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻤــﺎﺀ ..ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻭﻜﻴﺎﺕ ..ﻓﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺃﺴــﺎﻝﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻓﻅﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺒﻬﺞ ﺼـﻭﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ..ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻜﺜﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴــﺔ ﻭﻻﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺇﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺭﻫﺎﻥ ...ﻭﺇﻥ ﻝﻡ ﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﻜﺔ ﻓﻘﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻰ ﺒﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ "ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻕ" ﻭ "ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻨﺔ" ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻅﻬــﺭﻯ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﻪ ﺃﻫﻤﻴــﺔ ﻜﺒﺭﻯ ، ﻭﻴﻅﻬــﺭ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﺠــﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺨﺒﻁ ﻭﺘﺘﻨــــﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻜل ﻭﺘﺘﺸــﺎﺒﻙ ...ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬـﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﻤﺴــــﻙ ﺒﺤﻠﻭل ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻴـﺔ ﻭﺃﺸﻜـﺎل ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴــﺔ "ﻤﻌﻴﻨــــﺔ
7
،ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻹﺨﺘﻴــــﺎﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﺘﺒﻌًﹰﺎ ﻝﻠــــﺫﻭﻕ ) ( for its own sakeﻤﻘﺼــﻭﺩﺓ ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ " ( fermalistic ) ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀــﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘــﺄﺜﻴﺭ .ﻭﻜﻠﻬﺎ "ﻤﻅﺎﻫــﺭ ﺸــﻜﻠﻴــــﺔ" ،ﻻﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﻴﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺃﺴﺒﺎﺏ ﻭﻤﺒﺭﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻌﻘﻭﻝﺔ " ( superficial ) ،ﺴـــﻁﺤﻴــﺔ" ( whims ) ! .ﺒل ﺘﻤﺜل "ﺃﻫــﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﺒﺘﺩﻋﻴﻬﺎ"
ﻭﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻐــــــﺭﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــــل ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻰ ﺒﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﺼﻭﺭﻩ ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺴــﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺼــﺎﺩﻕ" ) " ( scientific research essenceﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻰ" ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــــــﺎﺕ ﺇﺩﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫـــﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ( trust interpretation )، ( notional ) ،ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜـــﺔ ﻭﻤﺭﻭﺭﻫــــﺎ ﻭﺍﻝﻘــﻭﺍﻨﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻅﻤﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ "ﺨﻴﺎﻝﻴـﺔ ﻭﻫﻤﻴـﺔ" ﺒﻌﻴــــﺩﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ " ، ( uprooted )،ﻤﻨﺯﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺫﻭﺭ" ) "( idelﻋﺩﻴﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻭﻯ" ﺍﻝﺒﻴــﺌﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﻴــﺔ ﻭﺃﺴــﻠﻭﺏ ﻤﻌﻴﺸﺔ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺼﻤــﺔ ،ﻻﻴﻌﻁﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺠﻭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺼﻼﺡ ) ،( oervers modeﻭﻤﺜل ﻫﺫﺍ "ﺍﻷﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﻁﻰﺀ" ) ( depressedﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻓىﺎﻝﻘﺎﻫــﺭﺓ ﺒل "ﻴﻨﻘﺼﻬﺎ" ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﻫـــﻭ.... “ ......ﺍﻹﻓــــــــــــﻼﺱ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـــــــﺭﺍﻨﻰ URBAN BANKRUPTCY “ !. ﻭﻝﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻷﻤــﺭ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻗﺎﻤـــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗــﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻭﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺼﻁﻨﻊ ،ﺍﺫ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺼﺭ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ،ﻭﻤﻊ ﻤﺸﺎﺭﻑ ﻗﺭﻥ ﺠﺩﻴﺩ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﻭﺴــﺎﺌل ﻋﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻻﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ،ﺇﻨﻤﺎ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻭﺴﻴﻠﺔ ﺍﻜﻤل ﻭﺃﺒﺴﻁ ﻤﻥ ﻤﻜــﺎﻥ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻯ ﻴﻀﺎﻋﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﻴﺴــﻬل ﺍﻝﻠﻘﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌـﺔ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌــﺔ ! ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺤﻪ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (١ﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺘﻭﺠﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺠﻬــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺯﺠﺎﺠﻴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺤــﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺅﺴﺴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻫﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻁﺎﻋﻡ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺘﺤﺩﺙ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (٢ﻭﺤﻴﺜﻤﺎ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ "ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻫﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺅﻯ ﺍﻝﺒﺼــﺭﻴﺔ" ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻭﻏﻨﻴــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻨﻭﻋﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺍﻷﻫــﺎﻝﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠل ﺃﻋﻤﺎﻝﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﺸﺘﺭﻴﺎﺘﻬﻡ ﻭﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺘﻬﻡ ﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻅﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻨﻭﻋـﺔ ،ﻓﻌﻨﺩﻫﺎ ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺀ "ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠل" ﻤﺸـﺎﺭ ً ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﺠﻴﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺌﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﺭﺩﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻔﻌــل ﺇﺫﺍﺀ ﺍﻷﺤﺩﺍﺙ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ . ﻭﻴﺒﻠﻎ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻫﻤﻴــﺔ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻓﺭﺍﺩ ﻴﺫﻫﺒﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﻝﻘﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﻴﺽ ﺍﻭ ﻝﻠﺘﺯﻭﺩ ﺒﺎﻷﺨﺒــﺎﺭ ﺍﻭ ﻝﻴﻠﺘﻘﻰ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻡ ﺒﻌﻀﹰﺎً ،ﻓﻼ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﻭﺴﺎﺌل ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﻋﻥ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺘﺤل ﻤﻜﺎﻥ " ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ " ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴــﺔ ﻻﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺇﻻ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ "ﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺒﻕ" ،ﻓﺘﻔﺘﻘـﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺒﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎﺌﻴﺔ ؛ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻜﺱ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﻭﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﺘﺤﺎﻓﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻻﺘﺼﺎل ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻜﺒﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺩﻴﻨﺎﻤﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﺠﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ . ﻭﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻝﺩﻭﺭ ﻜﻬﺫﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻗﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴــﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﺠﺩ ﻤﺎﻝﻡ ﻴﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺸـــﻜﻴﻠﺔ ﻭﺍﺴــﻌﺔ ﺒﻤﺎ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻜﻔﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼــــﺎﻝﺢ ﻝﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺎﻓﺯًﹰﺍ ﻻﻗﺒﺎل ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻊ ، ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨﺸــﺎﻫﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (٣ﻭﻤﺎﻝﻡ ﻴﺴــﻬل ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ " ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜـــــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ " ﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﻭﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻠﻘﺎﺀ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ !. 8
ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ " :ﺴـــﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ" ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﻭﺍ ﺍﻝﻴـﻭﻡ ﻴﻌﺎﻨﻭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﻗﺴــﻭﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﻴــﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﺩﻫﻭﺭﻫـﺎ ؛ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺍﻝﺴــﺎﺤﺎﺕ ، ﻻ ﺍﻝﻰ "ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻯ" ،ﺃﻭ ﻭﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤــﺔ ،ﻭﺼﻭ ًﹰ "ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴـــل" ،ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺠﻤــﺔ ﺘﻨﺴــﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ،ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺫﻭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺃﻯ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ . ﻭﻴﻜﻔﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻨﻨﻅﺭ ﺒﺎﻤﻌﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﺸﻐﻠﻪ "ﻋﺼﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ" ﻭﺇﺘﺼﺎﻝﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻷﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺴﻠﻭﺏ ﺘﻘﺩﻴﻡ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺽ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻷﺴﺨﺎﺹ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻨﻤــﺭ ﺒﻬﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻨﺘﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻫﻤﻴــﺔ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ.
-٢ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗــــﻊ : ﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺒﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺸــﺄﺕ ﻭﺃﻤــﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﺸــﺎﻁ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺘﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﻤﻨﺴــﻕ ﺫﻭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﻴﻔﻰ ﺒﺄﻏﺭﺍﺽ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﺴـﻠﻔًﹰﺎ .ﻭﺇﺫﺍ ﻨﻅﺭﻨﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻴﺔ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺒﻨﻅﺭﺓ ﺃﻋﻤﻕ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﺃﻜﺜﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺅﻴﺘﻨــﺎ ﻝﻪ ﻜﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻨﻪ ﺘﺸــﻜﻴل ﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﻤﺠﺴــﻡ ﻭﻤﺘﻜـــــﺎﻤل ﻤﻥ " ﺍﻝﻜﺘل ﺍﻝﻌﻤــﺭﺍﻨﻴــﺔ " ﻭ " ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ " ؛ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺃﻴﻀَﹶﺎ ﺘﺸــﻜﻴل ﻝﺨﺼــﺎﺌﺹ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ ﻓﻰ " ﺘﻨﺴــﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏــﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻨﺘﺒﻴﻨﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (٤ﻤﺸﺘﻤــــــﻼ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺍﺴــــــﺎﺕ ﻋﻤــﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺘﺨﺹ " :ﺍﻷﺸــﻜﺎل " " ،ﺍﻷﺤﺠــﺎﻡ " " ،ﺍﻝﻨﺴــﺏ " " ،ﺍﻝﻜﺜـــــﺎﻓﺎﺕ " " ،ﺍﻷﺘﺼــﺎﻻﺕ " ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌـﻼﻗﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ،ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻀﺤﺔ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﻝﻪ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘــﺎﻡ ــ ﻜل ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ ﺴــﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ . ﻤﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﺔ ــ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻝﻭ ﺘﻐــﻴﺭ ﻭﻀــﻊ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻔــﺎﺕ ﺍﻯ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﻓﻴﻪ ،ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﺜﺭ ﻋﻅﻴﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ . ﻓﺎﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺒﻜل ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺼــــــﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴــﻡ ،ﺴــﻭﺍﺀ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻓﺭﺽ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل " :ﻁﻭﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴــﺔ " " ،ﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴــﺔ " ،ﺃﻭ " ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴــﺔ " ﺘﻘﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ .ﺃﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨــﺭﻯ ﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩ " ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﻁﺒﻴــﻌﻴــﺔ " ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﺴــﺘﻐﻼﻝﻬﺎ ﻝﻤﺼﻠﺤــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴــــــﻡ ،ﻤﺜل : " ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅــﺭ ﺍﻝﺨــﻼﺒﺔ ــ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴــﻠﺔ " ،ﻭ " ﺘﺸــﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺒﻴـﺌــﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴــﺔ " . ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻴــﺔ ﻤﻭﻗــﻊ ﻴﺸــﺘﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺜﻼﺙ :ﺍﻷﻭل ،ﻭﻴﺤﻭﻯ " ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ " ﺴــﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻭﺠﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﻐﻁــﺎﻩ ] ﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ [ ﺃﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﻜﺸــﻭﻓﺔ ؛ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﻴﺸﻤل " ﺍﻝﻤـــﺭﻭﺭ " ﺒﻘﺼﺩ ﺍﻹﺘﺼــﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﻀــﻭﻯ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﻴﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻷﻫــﺎﻝﻰ ] ﻤﺸـــــﺎﻩ /ﺭﻜـــﺎﺏ [ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻀــﺎﺌﻊ ؛ ﺃﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺜـــﺎﻝﺙ ﻓﻴﺸــﻤل " ﺍﻝﺘﺸـــﻜﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻤــــﺎﺭﻯ " ] ﺃﻭ " ﺍﻝﺒﺼــﺭﻯ " [ ،ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ 9
ﻓﻰ ) (٥) ( Precptionﺍﻝﻔـﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻯ ،ﻤﻭﻀﺤًﹰﺎ ﻋﻭﻤل ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻹﺩﺭﺍﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻯ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﺔ ﺒﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻴﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺘﺭﺠﻤــﺔ ﺘﻨﺴــﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﺤﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺫﻭ ﺜﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﺒﻌﺎﺩ ،ﺃﻯ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺴﺏ ﺇﻴﻘﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺘﻨﺎﻭل ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ) (٦ﺩﺭﺍﺴــﺎﺕ ﺘﻐﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺨﻼل ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ .
ﺇﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺩﺭﺍﺴــﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺼــﺎﻻﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏــﺎﺕ ﺍﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺎﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﻤــﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺇﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺒﺼــﺭﻴﺔ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻅﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺇﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻨﺎﻅـﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﺒﺔ ــ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﻴﻠﺔ .ﺃﻭ ﺘﺘﻌﻠﻕ ﺒﺎﻝﺭﺍﺤــﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ،ﻤﺜل ﺇﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺒﻤﻼﻋﺏ ﻭﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺴــﺎﻝﺒﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺇﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺒﺎﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺒﻬﺎ ﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺜﻘﻴل ﻼ. ﻜﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ ﻤﺜ َﹶ
١-٢ﻗــــــﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺘﺼـــﺎل : ﻭﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻹﺘﺼــﺎل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻫــﺎﻤﺔ ،ﺘﺨﺘﺹ ﺒـــ: " ﻜﻤﻴــﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ " ﻤﻥ ﻭﻅﻴﻔــﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ؛ﻼ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻜﻥ " ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻹﺘﺼــﺎﻻﺕ " ﻓﻰ " ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴــﺔ " ــ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ــ ﻤﺜ ًﹶﻭﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺴﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ " ﻴﻭﻤﻴًﹰﺎ " ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻜﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺠـﺎﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻗﺩ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ " ﺃﺴﺒﻭﻋﻴًﹶﺎ ". " ﺍﻝﻜﻔـــﺎﺀﺓ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ " .ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﻌــــﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺫﺍﺕﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ،ﻭﺇﻻ ﻅﻬﺭﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﻝﻴﻑ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺸﺩﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻓﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﻤﺎﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻁــﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺠـــﺔ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻭﻅــــﺎﺌﻑ ﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗـــﺔ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ،ﻤﺜل ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﻨـــﺔ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴــــﺔ ﺃﻭﻤﺜل ﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺎﺯﻥ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﺠــﺎﺭﻴﺔ . ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ .ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﻫﻰ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ .ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺇﺤﺩﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻵﺨﺭ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻹﺘﺼـﺎل ﺍﻝﺒﺼـﺭﻯ .ﺃﻭ ﻗﺩ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﻌًﹶﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻭﺒﻌﻴﺩﹶﺍًﻋﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﻓﺼﻠﻬﻤﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ .ﻤﺜل ﺇﺘﺼﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺒﻤﻼﻋﺏ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻔﺭﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻗﺭﺏ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻋﻥ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺃﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ 10
ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻹﺴــﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ] ﺇﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺎل [ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ،ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺩﺭﺍﺴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻓﻭﺍﺌﺩﻫﺎ ﻭﻤﻼﺌﻤﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ .ﻭﻋﺭﺽ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻷﻤﺜــﻠﺔ ﻝﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﻪ ﻓﺭﺽ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ﻤﻘﺼﻭﺩ ﺒﺫﺍﺘﻪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺇﺘﺼــﺎﻻﺘﻪ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺘﻭﺴــﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻠﻭﻤﺎﺕ ،ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﺘﻘﻴﺩ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ " ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ﺍﻝﻌﻤـــﺭﺍﻨﻰ " . ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻥ ﻜل ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻝﻪ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﻨﻤﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻴﺯ ، ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺘﻬــﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩﺓ ،ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ " : ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﻨــﺔ " ﺃﻭ " ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻤـﻭ " " ،ﻤﻼﺀﻤﺔ ﻭﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻹﺘﺼــﺎل " " ،ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﻜل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ " .ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻔﺭﻗﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﻭﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻠﻴل ﺃﻯ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺇﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻷﺘﻴﺔ " :ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ " " ،ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ " " ،ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ" ﻭ" ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓــﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺨﻠﻁ " .ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻪ ﻝﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺒﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻤﻌﻴﻥ ،ﺍﻥ ﺇﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺴــﻭﻑ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ــ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺼﺭ ــ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻰ " :ﺍﻝﻌــﻼﻗــﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻴــﺔ " " ، ﺍﻝﺼــﺩﺍﻗــﺔ " " ،ﺍﻝﺠــﻴﺭﺓ " ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺴــﻬﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴــﻁﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻤﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺸــﺘﺭﻜﺔ ] ﻤﻨﺩﻤﺠـــﺔ /ﻤﻭﺤــﺩﺓ [ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤــﺭﻭﺭ ، ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻝﻺﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻫــﺎﻝﻰ ] ﻤـﻼﻋﺏ /ﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ [ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ] ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ [ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻁل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋــﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ .
٢-٢ﺍﻝﺸــﺭﻭﻁ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ : ﻴﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺃﻯ ﺸـﻰﺀ ﻤﺘﺤــﺭﻙ ﻴﻨﺘﻘل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ ،ﻤﺜل :ﻤﺭﻭﺭ " ﺍﻷﻫــﺎﻝﻰ " " ،ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﺎﺕ " ،ﻭ" ﺍﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ " .ﻭﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺸــﺭﻭﻁ ﺤﺘﻤﻴــﺔ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ،ﻨﻭﺠﺯﻫﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺘﻰ : " ﺴــﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل " ؛ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﺩﻡ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ ﻤﺒﺎﺸــﺭﺓ ﻭﺃﻥﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺎﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻭﻗﻊ . ﻼ" " ﺍﻝﻭﻀــﻭﺡ " ؛ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﻁــــــــﺭﻕ " ﺴـــــﻬ ﹶ " ،ﺒﺴـــــــــﻴﻁًﹶﺎ " ،ﻭ" ﻤﺴــﺎﻋﺩًﹶﺍ " ﻓﻰ ﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺍﻝﻬﻴﻜل ﺍﻝﻌــﺎﻡ ﻝﻠﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻜﻜل . " ﺍﻷﺴــﺎﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻯ " ؛ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻴﻭﻀﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﻀﻊ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻝﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎ ﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺸــﻜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﺼــﺭﻯ . " ﺍﻝﻤــــﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻵﻤـــــﻥ " ؛ ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻋﺭﻭﺽ ﻝﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﺘﺘﻔﻕﻭﺍﻝﺴــﺭﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺒﺄﻨﻤﺎﻁ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﺘﺴﻤﺢ ﺒﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ " ﺴــﻠﺴــﺔ " ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻷﺨﺭﻯ ﺍﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ " :ﺍﻹﺨﻁــــــﺎﺭ" ﺃﻭ " ﺍﻹﺯﻋـــــﺎﺝ " .ﻭﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺒﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﺴــﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻓﺈﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﻌﻨﻰ ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ :
11
ﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﻠﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻭﻓﺼﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻝﻴــﺎﺕ ﻜﻠﻤﺎ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺩﺍﻋﻴﺎ •1 ﻝﻸﻤــﺎﻥ ﻭﻝﻘﻠﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﻝﺘﺘﺨﻔﻴﻑ ﺍﻹﺯﻋﺎﺝ ] ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻀﺎﻴﻘﺔ [ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻬﺎ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻷﻝﻴــﺎﺕ . ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﺤــــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﻁﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﻤﺜل " •2 ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠــﺎﺕ " ،ﻭﺨﻼﻓﻪ . ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻜل ﻓﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻪ ﻓﻰ " ﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﻫﺭﻤﻰ " ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ •3 ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ " ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺒﻊ " ﻭ " ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺏ " . ﺘﺨﺼﻴﺹ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻝﻨﻘل ﺍﻝﺒﻀﺎﺌﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻜﻭﻥ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ •4 ﻴﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺇﺯﺩﺤﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ . " ﺘﻨﻤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗــﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴــﺔ " ،ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﻁ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﺭﺘﻴﺏ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﺸﺒﻜــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻁــــﺭﻕ ﺒﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺫﻜﺭﻫﺎ ،ﻭﺘﺭﺍﺒﻁﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﺒﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻏﺎﺕ ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻕ ﻝﻠﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻜﻜل . " ﺍﻝﺘﺤــــﻜﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻰ " ،ﺒﺈﺩﺨﺎل " ﻝﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ" " ،ﺍﻷﺜﺎﺙ " " ،ﺍﻝﻤﻜﻭﻨﺎﺕﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴــﺔ " ﻭ" ﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ " ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺭﺼﻔـــﺔ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ .ﻝﻠﺤﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ .ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺄﺘﻰ ﺫﻜﺭﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﻀﻌﻪ .
٣-٢ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴـــﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ : ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﺌل ﻓﻰ ﻤﻠﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﻋﻨﺼﺭًﹶﺍ ﻝﻪ ﺩﻻﻝﺘﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺒل ﻋﻨﺼﺭﹶﺍًﻫﺎﻤًﹶﺎ ﻤﺅﺜﺭًﹶﺍ ﻭﻤﺴﻴﻁﺭًﹶﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻌﻬﺎ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺃﻗﺎﻝﻴــــﻡ ﺍﻝﻤــــﺩﻥ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭﻫـــﺎ .ﻭﻻﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻏﻔــﺎل ﺃﻫﻤﻴـــﺔ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ " :ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ " " ،ﺍﻝﻨﻘل " " ،ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ " " ،ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺤــﺔ " ،ﻭ" ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌـــﺔ " ﺃﻴﻀﹶﺎً؛ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﻠﻪ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴــﺎﺏ ﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺤﺭﻜــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ ﻭﻤﺘﻌﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺃﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﺃﻭ ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴـﺎﺏ ﺤﺭﻴﺔ : ــ ﺍﻷﻫـــﺎﻝﻰ " ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠﻠﻴﻥ " ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻘل ﺍﻵﻤﻥ ﺒﻌﻴﺩًﹶﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻵﻝﻴــﺎﺕ ؛ ــ ﺍﻷﻁﻔــــﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ــ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺩﻭﻝﻴﺔ ــ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺭﺴـﺔ ﺴــﻴﺭﹶﺍًﻋﻠىﺎﻷﻗﺩﺍﻡ ؛ ــ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻨﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ " ﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﺭﻴﺎﻀﻴﺔ " ﻴﻌﻘﺒﻬﺎ " ﺠﻠﺴـﺔ ﻫﺎﺩﺌـﺔ " ﺒﻌﻴﺩَﹶﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻀﻭﻀـــﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻠــﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺴــﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻹﻓﺭﺍﻁ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ؛ ﻭﻨﻀﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ،ﺤﺭﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺸــﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺴــﻭﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﺠـــﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـﺔ ﺒﻌﻴﺩﹶﺍًﻋﻥ ﺃﺨﻁــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ...،ﺍﻝﺦ .
12
ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﻭﺹ ،ﻋﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻪ ﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴــﺄﻝﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﺭﻀﺘﻴﻥ : ﺍﻷﻭﻝــﻰ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻭﻗــﻊ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﻭﺼﻭل ﺒﺎﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﻜﻥ ﺃﻭﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــــل ؛ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﻰ ﻤﺴﺄﻝﺔ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﺴﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﺁﻤﻨﺔ ﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﺴـــــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﻌﺯﻝـــــﺔ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﹶﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﻰﺀ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻵﻝﻴـــﺎﺕ . ﻭﻗﺩ ﻭﺍﺼل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁﻭﻥ ﺠﻬﻭﺩﻫﻡ ﻝﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﻁﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻹﺴــﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻨﻌﺯﻝﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻵﻝﻴــﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﻜﺜﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺘﺭﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﻭﻴﻪ ﻤﻥ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺃﺴـــﺎﺴــﻴﺔ ﻤﺜل " : ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ " " ،ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻴﺔ " ] ﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ــ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻑ ــ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﺘﺏ [ " ،ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ " ] ﺍﻹﺴــﺘﺠﻤﺎﻡ ﻭﺃﻭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻍ [ " ،ﺍﻝﺘﻌﻠﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺄﻫﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺘﻤﺭ " ،ﻭ" ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ ". ﻓﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻀل ﻝﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﻋﺸــﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻷﻝﻭﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ،ﻝﻜﻰ ﺘﺘﺄﻤﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻤﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺒﻴﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻰ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻁﻨﻴﻥ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﺴﻭﻑ ﻨﺘﻨﺎﻭﻝﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﺭﺡ ﻓﻰ ﺤﻴﻨﻪ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﻭﻀﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﻴﺯﻴﺎﺌﻰ ــ " ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ "ــ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻭﺠﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻭ ﻫﻴﻜل ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴـــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ــ " ﺍﻝﺘﻴـــﺎﺭﺍﺕ " ــ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ.
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﻘﻭل ،ﺒﺄﻥ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻝﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ،ﻗﺩ ﻻﻗﺕ ﺤًﹶﺎ ﻓﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﻤــﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝــﻡ ،ﻭﻨﺨﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺫﻜﺭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅـﻴــﻡ ﺍﻝﻌـــﺎﻡ ﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ " ﻨﺠﺎ )(١ }} ﺠﺯﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﺭﻨﺴـــــﺎ {{ ــ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺇﺼﻁﻼﺡ Ile-de-Franceﺇﻴﻔﺭﻯ " ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝـ : ﻴﻁﻠﻘﻪ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻨﺴﻴﻭﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺒﺎﺭﻴﺱ ﻭﻀﻭﺍﺤﻴﻬــﺎ ــ ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸـﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ٥ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) " ( ٦ﻤﺤﻴﻁ "Ile-de-Franceﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗــﻊ" ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻠﻴﻠﻰ ﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ" ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ"ﻭ"ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ" .ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﺠﻤﻴﻌﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺩﻓﻌﺔ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﺎﺩﺓ ﻤﺭﻜﺯﻫﺎ ،ﺘﺘﺯﻭﺩ ﺒﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ،ﻤﺘﺤﻤﻠﺔ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻀﺤﻴﺎﺕ ﻜﺒﻴﺭﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺇﻨﺠﺎﺯ ﻤﺭﺍﻓﻕ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺭﺘﺒﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﻘل ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻑ ﻝﻠﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺃﻡ ﻝﻠﻨﻘل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺘﺭﻙ . ﻓﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ،ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻠﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴﺔ .ﻓﺎﻝﺘﻨﻘﻼﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺴﺘﻭﺠﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻋﻤـﺎل ؛ ﺘﻤﺎﻤﺎ ﻤﺜل "ﺘﺴﻜﻌﺎﺕ" ﺃﻫل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ،ﻻﺘﺘﻔﻕ ﺃﺒﺩًﹰﺍ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻹﻨﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﻭﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻷﻋﺼﺎﺏ ﻭﻜل ﻤﺎﺘﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ﻀﺭﺭ ،ﻝﺫﺍ ﻓﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻨﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺩﺩﻩ ﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻨﺘﻘﺎل ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻀﻤﻥ ﺤﺩﻭﺩ ﻻﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻋﺸـﺭﺓ ﺩﻗﺎﺌﻕ ] ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻗﺩ ﻻﻴﻀﺭ ﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺌﻕ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻭﻻ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺸﻌﺭ ﺒﺭﻏﺒﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺴﻴﺎﺭﺘﻪ ﻝﻜﻰ ﻴﻨﺠﺯ ﺸﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﻘــﻼﺘﻪ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺘﻭﻗﻔـﻪ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻑ ﺨﺎﺹ ﺒﺎﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ [ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻜﻥ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﻻ ،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ُﻴﺠﻌل ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻫﻭ ﺴﺒﺏ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍ ﻜﺯ ﻤﻔﻬﻭﻤًﹰﺎ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺎ . ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺩ ﻤﻘﺒﻭ ًﹰ ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺸــﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ٧ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻨﺤﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﺒﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺍﻷﺤﻴﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﻴﻤﺔ . 13
ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺌﻊ ﻝﻬﻴﻜل ﺸــﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺴــﻭﻑ ﻨﻼﺤﻅﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺸﻜﺎل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻯ " ﺇﻴﻔﺭﻯ " ﻨﺒﻊ ﺃﺴــﺎﺴًﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺒﺭﻨﺎﻤﺞ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺢ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (٨ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻋﻀﻭﻯ ؛ ﻴﺤﺩﺩ ﻫﺩﻓﹰﺎًﻭﺍﺤﺩﹰﺍً ،ﻭﺜﻼﺙ ﺃﻫﺩﺍﻑ ﻓﺭﻋﻴﺔ ؛ ﻤﻨﻬﺎﺝ ﻤﺘﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ؛ ﻭﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﻴﻨﻡ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴـﺔ ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ "ﻝﻠﺘﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ" ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ" ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀــﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (٩ﻭﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﺃﻭﺍﻻﻝﺘﻘﺎﺀ ﻤﻊ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ] ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻗﺎﺕ [ ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) . (١٠ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (١١ﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ . ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻹﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻤﻭﺭﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﻨﺠﺩﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻡ ــ ﻝﻸﺴﻑ ﻻﻨﺠﺩ ﻤﺜﻠﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻯ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ! ــ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺘﻤﺘﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺒﻴــﺔ ﺒﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ﺤــــﺭﺓ ﺁﻤﻨــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺘﻼﻗﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ ،ﺴــﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻷﺠﺎﻨﺏ .ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (١٢ﻨﻤﺎﺯﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﺸﺭﻴﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻋﺎﻝﻤﻴــﺔ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (١٣ﺘﻨﺴــــﻴﻕ ﻭﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺒﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻴﻭﻨﺦ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺎﻨﻴﺎ .ﻭﻨﻼﺤﻅ ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁــﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﺃﻭﺩﻉ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﺓ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻜل ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ: " ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻤﻴل " ﻭ" ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺴـــﻴﻕ " ﻭ" ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻌــﺔ " ،ﻭ" ﺍﻹﺒﺩﺍﻉ ". ﻭﻓﻰ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻬﺎ ،ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘـــﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺜﻘــﺎﻓﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻀــــــﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﺴـــﻜﺎﻥ .ﺃﻨﻅﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺘـــﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )" : (١٤ﺃﺴـــــﺎﺱ ﻤﻭﻨﺘﺭﻴـــﺎل ﺍﻝﻌﻤــــﺭﺍﻨﻰ "؛ ﻭﺘﻔﺤﺹ ﺴــﺎﺤﺔ " ﺸـــﻭ-ﺩﻭ-ﻤﺎﺭﺱ " ﺍﺤﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ؛ ﻭﺘﺄﻤل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺫﻜﺎﺭﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻴﻑ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (١٥؟...؛ ﻭﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭﺇﻴﺠﺎﺩ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﻭﺤل ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ؛ ﻭﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻹﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﻝﻌﻤﻠﻴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ...ﻜﻴﻑ ﺃﺼﺒﺤﺕ ؟...؛ ﻻﺤــــﻅ ﻜل ﻤﻥ :ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻏــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤـــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻀﺤﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ )، (١٦ ﻭﺍﻝﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴــــــﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (١٧ﻭﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺠﺎل ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ). (١٨ )(١
ﻭﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻝــ " :ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺔ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺼﺩﻕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻤل" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻝﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻤﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻁﺒﻴﻘﻰ ؛ ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻐﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺸﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺘﺼﺎل ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﻪ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎ ﻨﻼﺤﻅﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺸﻜﻴل ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﻝﻘﻠﺏ ﻤﻭﻨﺘﺭﻴﺎل ﺒﻘﻁﺎﻋﻴﻪ " ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻰ " ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺤﺩﻴﺙ " ،ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (١٩ﻭﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺤﺠﻡ ﻻ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺘﺩﻓﻘﺎﺘــــﻪ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ، (٢٠ﻭﺼﻭ ًﹰ ﻝﻠﻤﺸـــﺎﺓ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬﺎ ﺒﻁﺒﻭﻏﺭﺍﻓﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) . (٢١ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺘﻅﻬـﺭ ﺤﻠﻭل ﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻜل ﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘــﺔ ﺒﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻭﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸﺒﻜـــﺔ ﺤﺭﻜـــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ ﻭﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻌــــﺎﻡ ﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴـــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻜــــﺎﻥ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﺩﻝﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻜﺎﻤﻠﻴــﺔ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻅــــــﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴــــﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻴـــﻭﻯ ،ﻭﺘﻨﻡ ﻋﻥ
14
ﺤﺴــﻥ ﻭﺠـــﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴــــﻊ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﻰ ﻝﻠﻨﺸـــﺎﻁﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻭﻋﻼﻗﺘﻬـــﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ،ﻭﺇﻅﻬﺎﺭ: " ﺍﻝﺘـــــــﻼﺀﻡ " ﻭ" ﺍﻝﺘﻜـــــــﻭﻴﻥ " ﻭ" ﺍﻝﺭﻤــــــﺯﻴﺔ ".... ﻭﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻝﻭ ﺘﻭﺍﻓـــﺭﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗـــﻊ ﻷﻀﺎﻓﺕ " ﻝﻤﺴـﺎﺕ ﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴﺔ " ﻤﻥ ﻤﺜل ﺍﻷﺒﺭﺍﺝ ” “ LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTUREﻋﻨﺎﺼــــﺭﺘﻨﺴﻴــــﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﻗــﻊ ﺍﻷﺴﻘﻑ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﺍﻏﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻜﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ ﺇﺭﺸﺎﺩﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻓﻰ ":ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ""، [ " ،ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﻭﺃﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ Baseﺍﻝﺴﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ " "،ﺍﻷﺭﻀﻴـﺔ " ] ﻴﻁﻠﻕ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻋـﺩﺓ ﻭﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺭﺼﻔﻬــﺎ " ] ﺍﻝﺘﺒﺎﻝﻴﻁﺎﺕ [ " ﺃﻝﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ" "،ﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ ﻭﻓﺭﺍﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ " ]ﺍﻝﺘﺸﺠﻴﺭ- ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺘﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﺤﻭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﻭﺭ[ " ،ﺃﺜـــﺎﺙ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ " ] ﺃﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻹﻀـــﺎﺀﺓ -ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺭﺸـــﺎﺩﻴﺔ -ﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻋﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﺠﻠﺴــﺎﺕ -ﺍﻝﻅﻼﺕ ﺒﺄﻨﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ -ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻓﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺌﻴــﺔ - ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺠﺯﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻘﻌﺩﻴﻥ -ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﺭﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل -ﺍﻝﺘﺸﻜﻴﻼﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺠﺴــﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺼﺏ ﺍﻝﺘﺫﻜﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻭﺍﺠﺯ ﻭﺼﻨﺎﺩﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﻤﺎﻤﺔ ....ﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ. ﻭﻴﺠﺘﻬﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻀــﺭﻯ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﺎﺴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﻉ ﻝﻠﺩﻤﺞ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﺯﻜﺭﻫﺎ ،ﺒﻌﻴﺩﹶﺍًﻋﻥ ﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭﺍﻝﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﻴﺔ ﺍﻵﻝﻴــﺔ ﻭﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺒﺩﻭﺍﺨل ﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﻭﻤﺎ ﺘﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺨﻁﺎﺭ ﺒﻴﺌﻴــﺔ ﺴــﻭﺍﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺼﻐـﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺩ ﺴـﻭﺍﺀ ،ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﺘﺴﺒﺒﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺨﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﻓﺎﺩﺤﺔ ﺘﺼﻴﺏ " ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁ ( Delict Environment ).ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻰ " _______________________________ ) (١ﺭﺒﻴﺢ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺴﺘﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺁﺨﺭﻭﻥ ،ﺍﺒﺘﻜﺎﺭ ﻤﺭﻜﺯ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻴﻔﺭﻯ ) ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ،ﺒﻴﺭﻭﺕ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﻗﺎﺒﺱ (١٩٨٦ ، ﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ .١٠٣ ،٦٧ ،٦٤ ) (١ﺃﺸﺘﺭﻙ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﺤﺙ ﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﻝﻰ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻯ ﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﻤﻭﻨﺘﺭﻴﺎل :ﻤﺎﻴﻭ .١٩٩٠
ﻭﻴﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁﻭﻥ ﻨﺼﺏ ﺃﻋﻴﻨﻬﻡ ﺩﺍﺌﻤﺎ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻝﺔ ﺘﻭﺴــﻴﻊ ﻫﺫﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻭﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻼﺀﻡ ﻭﺘﻁﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ ،ﺴــﻭﺍﺀ ﺒﺈﻤﺘﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘـﺔ ﺫﺍﺘﻬﺎ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻓﻘﻁ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ .ﻭﺇﺫ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻻﺘﺨﻠﻭ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺃﻭﺭﻭﺒﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻜﻨﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ،ﻓﺈﻨﻬﺎ ﻻﺘﻜﺎﺩ ﺘﻠﺤﻅ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﻭﻝﺕ ﺸـﻭﺍﺭﻋﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺨﻁﺭ ﻤﺭﻭﺭﻯ ﻭﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺒﻴﺌﻰ ،ﺇﻻ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻴل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺩﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺒﺫﻝﻬﺎ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸــﺄﻥ . )(١
٤-٢ﺍﻝﻔﺼـــل ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺴــــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــﺎﻩ
:
ﺇﺸــﻜﺎﻝﻴــــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺴــــﺎﺭﻉ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻠﻜﻴـــــﺔ ﺍﻝﺴـــــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺠﺘﺎﺡ ﺒﻼﺩﻨﺎ ﻻﺘﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﻹﺜﺒﺎﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺒﺭﻫــﺎﻥ ﻓﻘﺩ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺭﺍﺀ ﺍﻹﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ "ﺍﻝﻀﺨﻡ" ﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺇﻤﺘﻼﻙ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ،ﻭﻨﻤﻭﻩ ﻭﺘﺯﺍﻴﺩﻩ ﻋﺎﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ ﻋﺎﻡ ،ﺃﻥ ﺇﺤﺘﻠﺕ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻫﻤﻴــــــﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻐﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺭﻯ ،ﻨﻅﺭًﹶﺍ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ "ﻤﺤـــﺎﻭﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ" ﻤﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺤﺴــﺏ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺘﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎ ﺘﺘﻁﻠﺒﻪ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ "ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻝﻠﺘﺨﺯﻴﻥ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ" ﺇﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﻝﻤﺎ ﺘﺤﺘﺎﺠﻪ ﻤﻥ "ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻝﻠﺼﻴﺎﻨﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﺼﻼﺡ" ، ...ﺍﻝﺦ .
15
ﻭﻝﻘـــــﺩ ﺘﺄﺜﺭ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺒﺴــﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺤﺩ ﻤﺎ ﻭﻓﻕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ، ﻭﻓﻰ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺎﻥ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﻁﺭﺓ ﺘﺘﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺴﺎﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـﺎﻩ ،ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﺴــــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻤﻨــﺔ ﻝﻠﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻴﺼﺎل ﺒﻜﺎﻓﺔ ﻭﻅﺎﺌﻑ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ،ﺒﻌﻴﺩًﹶﺍ ﻋﻥ ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻵﻝﻴــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﺒﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﺯﻋﺎﺝ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺼــﻭﺭﻩ . ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﺤل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗــﺔ ] ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺭﺓ [ ﺸــﺎﺌﻜﹶﺎً ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻨﺒﺜﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﺴـﺅل :ﻝﻤﻥ ﺘﻜـﻭﻥ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻭﻴــــﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﻋﺘﺒــــﺎﺭ ﺍﻷﻫــــﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺴــﺘﺨـﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ" ....ﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺎﺭﺓ"....ﺃﻡ"....ﺍﻹﻨﺴــﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠل" ؟ .ﻓﻤﺴﺘﻌﻤل ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﺴﻌﻴًﹶﺎ ﻤﻨﻪ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻴﺭﻴﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺼل ﺒﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﻗﺭﺏ ﻨﻘﻁــﺔ ،ﻝﻴﺱ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﻜﻨﻪ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ﺒل ﻤﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﻩ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﺨﻠﻴﻪ ــ ﻤﻥ ﻏﺭﻓﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﺸــﺘﻪ ﻭﻤﻁﺒﺨﻪ ! .ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﺍﻷﺨﺭ ﻴﺘﻁﻠﺏ ﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺍﺭﺱ ﻓﻰ ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴـﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺭﺤﻠﺘﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴﺔ ــ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺩﻭﻝﻴــﺔ ــ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﺍﺭﺴﻬﻡ ﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺁﻤﻨﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻥ ُﺃﻤﻬــﺎﺕ ﻭﺃﻭﻝﻴـــﺎﺀ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﻫﺅﻻﺀ ﺍﻝﺘﻼﻤﻴﺫ ،ﻭﺃﻴﻀﺎ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻁﻠﺏ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻥ ﻭﻏﻴﺭﻫﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﺎﺒﺭﻴﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ . ﻭﺒﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠـــﺔ ﻤﻠﺤـــﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﺤــــــﺙ ﻋﻥ ﺤﻠــــﻭل ﺠــﺫﺭﻴــــــﺔ ﻭﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴـــﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴـــــــﺔ ﺨﻼﻗـــــﺔ ﺘﻬــــﺩﻑ )ﺍﻝﻰ "ﺍﻝﻔﺼــــــل ﻤﺎﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜـﺘﻰ ﺍﻝﺴـــــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــــﺎﻩ" ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﻔﻌل ﺃﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ــ Circulations ( Segregation of Motor ways & Pedestrian ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻪ ــ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻭﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ،ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻔﺎﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁــــﻊ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺭ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﺤﻘﻴـــــﻕ ﻼ ﺠﺯﺌﻴﹶﺎًﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ) ( Full Segregationsﻤﺎﻴﺴــﻤﻰ ﺒــ" :ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻡ" ﺃﻭ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻓﺼ ًﹶ ﺍﻝﻌﻠﻴﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻤﻊ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺩﻨﻰ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﺒــ": ــ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﻴﺄﺘﻰ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻪ ﻓﻴﻤﺎ ﺒﻌﺩ .ﻭﺃﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﺫﺍ ) ( Semi-segregationﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺠﺯﺌﻰ" ﺍﻝﻔﺼـــــل ﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴــــًﺎ ﻝﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁـــﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻝﻘﺩ ﺘﻤﺕ ﻤﺤﺎﻭﻻﺕ ﻨﺎﺠﺤﺔ . _____________________________ ) (١ﺃ.ﺩ /.ﺃﺤﻤﺩ ﻜﻤﺎل ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻰ ،ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ) ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻌﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ،ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ :ﺠﺎﻤﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ، ﻜﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴﺔ ، ( ١٩٨٨ ،ﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ .٣١٨-٣١٣
ﻭﺃﺼﺒــﺢ ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫـــــﺩﺍﻑ ﺘﺨﻁﻴــﻁ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜـــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺼـــــل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻫــﺎﻝﻰ ﻭﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻵﻝﻴﺎﺕ ﻼ ﺘﺎﻤًﹶﺎ ﻼ ﺠﺯﺌﻴـــًﹶﺎ ) ( Full Segregationﻓﺼــــــــ ًﹶ ، ( Semiﺃﻭ ﻓﺼــــــ ًﹶﻻ ﻤﺘﺒﺎﻴﻨﺔ ﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺭﺽ ،ﻝﻴﺱ ) segregation .ﻭﻗﺩ ﻗﺩﻤﺕ ﻜﺜﻴﺭ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻅﺭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﺤﻠﻭ ًﹶ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ،ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘــــﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻷﺤﻴــــﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴــــﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﻜـــﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻔﻬـــﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻲ ﻓﻰ ﻨﻴـــﻭﺠﻴﺭﺴﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻭﻻﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﻴﻜﻴﺔ ( Radburn ) .ﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ "ﺭﺍﺩﺒﻭﻥ" ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (٢١ﻨﻤﻭﺯﺝ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ "ﺭﺍﺩﺒﺭﻥ" ،ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﻭﺯﺝ ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﻼ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻭﻤﺴـــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺎﻫﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻓﻌ ًﹶ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ .
16
ﻭﻤﻊ ﺃﻥ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻓﺼـل ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﺘﻤﺕ ﺒﺼﻭﺭﺓ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺏ ،ﻭ"ﻜﻼﺭﻨﺱ LOWIS MUMFORDﺍﻝﻌﺎﻝﻤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻴﺩ ﻜل ﻤﻥ " :ﻝﻭﻴﺱ ﻤﻤﻔﻭﺭﺩ" ؛ ﺇﻻ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭ ﻫﻭ ﺃﻭل ﻤﻥ ﻭﻀﻌﻬﺎ ﺒﺼــﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻌــﺎﻝﺔ ﻓﻰ CLARENCE STEINﺴﺘﺎﻴﻥ" .ﻭﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺃﺘﺒﻊ ﺫﺍﺕ “ “ Radburnﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺫﻜﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻋﺭﻑ ﺒﺈﺴﻡ : ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺴــﻭﻴﺩ ،ﻭﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ "ﻜﻤﺒﺭﻨﻭﻝﺩ" ) (Vallingsbyﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ "ﻓﺎﻝﻨﺞ ﺴــﺒﺎﻯ" ﻓﻰ ﺃﺴﻜﻭﺘﻼﻨﺩﺓ .ﻭﻴﻅﻬﺭ ﺍﻝﺸــﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ٢٢ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺯﺝ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺌﻌﺔ ) ( Combernauld ﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩ ﺘﺤﻘـــــــــــﻕ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺃﻭ ) ( Cul-de-sacﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺨﻁﻴــــــﻁ "ﺸـــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻨﻬﺎﻴـــﺎﺕ ﻤﻘﻔﻠــﺔ" ﻤﺎﻴﻌﺭﻑ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﺒﻴﺔ ﺒﺈﺴﻡ " :ﺍﻝﺯﻗﺎﻕ ﺍﻷﻋﻤﻰ" ،ﻭﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼﻝﻪ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻭ ﺁﻤﻨــﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭﺍﻵﻝﻰ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻨﺘﻬﻰ ) . ( Parking pointsﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻋﻨﺩ "ﻨﻘــــﺎﻁ ﻤﺨﺼﺼﺔ ﻝﻺﻨﺘﻅـــﺎﺭ" ﻭﻴﺸﻤل ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻭﻀﻊ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻻﺯﻤﺔ ﻭﺴﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺍﻵﻤﻨــﺔ ،ﺒﻤﺎ ﻴﺤﻘﻕ ﻝﻠﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ﻋﺩﻡ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻘــﺎل ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﺒﺎﻝﺘﺎﻝﻰ ﺘﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻭﻜﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺒﻭﺭ ﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺁﻝﻰ .
-٣ﻤﻤــــﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــــﺎﻩ : ﻴﻅﻬــﺭ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ٢٣ﻨﻤﻁ ﻓﺼل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻰ ) ( Traffic Segregation ( A Contemporary Refinementﺍﻷﺤﻴــﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ،ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﻴﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﻜـ ":ﺘﺤﺴﻴﻥ ﻤﻌﺎﺼﺭ" ﻝﻤﺒﺎﺩﻯﺀ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ "ﺭﺍﺩﺒــــﺭﻥ " ــ ﺍﻝﺴﺎﻝﻑ ﺸﺭﺤﻬﺎ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻁﺒﻘﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺤﺩﻯ ) ) .(١ﻭﻴﻼﺤﻅ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺃﻭ ) ( Basildonﺍﻝﻤـــــﺩﻥ ﺍﻝﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺘﺠﻠﺘﺭﺍ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻭﻓﺭ "ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻤﺄﻤﻭﻨﺔ" ﻭ"ﻤﺭﻴﺤﺔ" ،ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺼﻐﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﻴــﺔ ﺒﺒﻌﻀﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺒﻌﺽ ﺴــﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ":ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻨﻴﺔ" ،ﺃﻭ "ﺘﻌﻠﻴﻤﻴﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﺘﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ" ....ﺃﻭ ﻏﻴﺭﻫﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺇﺴــﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ .ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻤــﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺫﻫﺏ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﺎﻥ ﺴــﻴﺭًﹰﺍ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻷﻗﺩﺍﻡ . ﻭﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻓﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﻋﺎﺓ ﺇﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺼﻭﻓﺔ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﺍﻷﻁﻔﺎل ﻓﻰ ﺃﻨﺸﻁﺘﻬﻡ ﺃﻭ ﻜﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻤﻼﻋﺏ ) ( Roller Skateﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺜل ﺭﻜﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ "ﺍﻝِﻤﺯﻝﺠــﺔ" ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻤﺒﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺸــﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) (٢٤؛ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﻼﺤﻅﺔ ــ ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺍﺴﻠﻔﻨﺎ ــ ﺍﻥ ﺇﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺍﻷﺭﺽ ﺴــﻭﻑ ﻴﺅﺜﺭ ــ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻭﻝﻴﺱ ﺍﻝﺤﺼــﺭ ــ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺎﻴﻠﻰ " :ﺍﻝﻌــﻼﻗــﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﺠﺘﻤــﺎﻋﻴــﺔ " " ،ﺍﻝﺼــﺩﺍﻗــﺔ " " ، ﺍﻝﺠــﻴﺭﺓ " ؛ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺃﻤﻭﺭ ﺜﻼﺙ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻨﻤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺘﺴــﻬﻴﻠﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴــﻁﺔ ﻋﻤل ﻤﺩﺍﺨل 17
ﻤﺸــﺘﺭﻜﺔ ] ﻤﻨﺩﻤﺠـــﺔ /ﻤﻭﺤــﺩﺓ [ ﻝﻠﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺃﻭ ﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤــﺭﻭﺭ ،ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺃﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻝﻺﺠﺘﻤﺎﻉ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻷﻫــﺎﻝﻰ ] ﻤـﻼﻋﺏ /ﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ [ ،ﺃﻭ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ] ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ [ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻁل ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋــﺎﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﻨﻴﺔ ..ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻁ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭﺓ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴـــﻴﺔ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ ﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺨﺩﻤﺔ .ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺘﺨﻁﻴــﻁ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﺫ ﺒﺈﺴــﻠﻭﺏ "ﺍﻝﻨﻤــﺎﺯﺝ ﺍﻝﻘﻴــﺎﺴــﻴﺔ" ﺍﻝﺫﻯ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ،ﻭﺘﺘﺤﺩﺩ ﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﻤﺎﺯﺝ ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺔ ﻜل ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ،ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻰ : ﻤﻤﺎﺸــﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﺍﺨل :ﻭﻫﻰ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺓ ﻋﻥ ﻭﺼﻼﺕ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺩﺨل ﻝﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ 1. ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﺃﻭﺍﻝﻰ ﻤﺩﺍﺨل ﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﺴﺘﻘﻠﺔ ؛ ﻤﻤﺎﺸـــﻰ ﺨﺩﻤــﺔ :ﻭﻫﻰ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺩﺍﺨل ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻤﻥ 2. ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﻜﻥ؛ ﻤﻤﺎﺸـﻰ ﺭﺌﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ؛ ﺘﺭﺒﻁ ﻤﺒﺎﺸﺭﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻜل ﻤﻥ " :ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻭﺤـﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴـﺔ" 3. ]ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴـــــﺔ[ " ،ﺩﻭﺨل ﻤﺭﻜــﺯ ﺍﻝﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻴﻭﻤﻴــﺔ" " ،ﻭﺴــﺎﺌل ﺍﻝﻨﻘل ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻡ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻭﺤــﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴــﺔ . ﻭﻴﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ﺍﻝﺩﻴﺠﺭﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﻰ ﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﻭﺹ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺃﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻁ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻤﺎﺸﻰ ﻝﺘﺸﺠﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺘﺴﺎﻋﺩﻫﻡ ﺃﻭ ﺘﺠﺒﺭﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺁﻤﻨــﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ ﻭﻤﻨﺘﻅﻤـﺔ . ﻭﻓﻰ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ"ﺍﻝﻜﺜﻴﻔﺔ" ،ﻨﻭﺼﻰ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌـﻠﻭﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ،ﻓﻬﻰ ﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ ﻭﺘﻅﻬﺭﺍﻝﺤﺎﺠﺔ ﺍﻝﻴﻬﺎ .
________________________ ( New york : Reinhold
(١) RICHARD P. DOBER , AIR ., ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN Boock Corporation , 1969 ) , p. 244.
١-٣ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﻴﻑ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﺎﺤـــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴـــــــﺔ : ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﻁﻁ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺼﻤﻡ ﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﻬﺘﻡ ﺒﺩﺭﺍﺴـــﺔ " ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ" ﻭﻋﻠﻰ "ﺃﻨﻤــــﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﺴـــﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻜـــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ" ،ﻭﻗﺒل ﺃﻥ ﻴﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ "ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ" ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ ﺒﺩﺍﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﻁﻠﺤــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻔﻨﻴــﺔ ﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤﻴــﺔ ،ﻭﺃﻫﻤﻬﺎ ):(١
18
ـــ ﺒﻨﻴـــــــﺔ ﻤﺴــــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــﺎﻩ :ﻭﺘﺸﻤل ،ﺍﻷﺭﺼﻔــــﺔ ﻭﺸـــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ،ﻤﻤـــــﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺒــــﻭﺭ ] ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌـﺎﺕ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻤـــــﺘﺩﺓ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌــــﺎﺕ [ ،ﺃﻨﻔــــــﺎﻕ ﻭﻜﺒــــﺎﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻭﻴــﺔ ،ﻭﺍﻝﺴـــﻼﻝﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺤــﺭﻜﺔ . ...ﻴﻤﺜل ﻋﺩﺩ “ “ Level of Useـــ ﺤﺠـــــــﻡ ﺍﻹﺴــــﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ...: ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــــﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ "ﻤﻌﻴﻨــــﺔ" . ...ﺘﻤﺜل ﺴﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﻰ “ “ Accessibilityـــ ﺴـــﻬﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻭﺼـــــﻭل ...: ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ . “Continuity
,...........
ـــ ﺇﺴــﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴـــﺎﺭ " ...:ﺍﻝﻁﻭﻝﻴـــﺔ" : ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻀــﻴﺔ" “.
“ Ped Delay “.ـــ ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺨﻴﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺯﻤﻥ ﺤﺭﻜــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــــﺎﻩ ...: “ Level of Ped Hazard “.ـــ ﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺨﻁــﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻠﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ...: “ Degree of Conflict “.ـــ ﺩﺭﺠـــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻌــــﺎﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒـــﺎﺕ ...: “ـــ ﻭﻀـــــــﻭﺡ ﺇﺘﺠـــــﺎﻫﺎﺕ ﺤﺭﻜـــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــــﺎﺓ ...: Clarity “. “ Directress of Ped Path “.ـــ ﺇﺴـــﺘﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﺴــــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــﺎﻩ ...: & “Aesthetics
ـــ ﺍﻝﻨﻭﺍﺤﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤـــﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴـــﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺴـــﺎﺭ ...: “ Environmental Quality
“ Security “.ـــ ﺍﻷﻤــــــــــﺎﻥ ...: “ Friendliness of Ped. environment “ .ﺍﻝﺠـــــﻭ ﺍﻝﻌــــــــﺎﻡ ...:
__________________________ ) (١ﺩ .ﺍﺴــــﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻘﻴل " ،ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــــــﺎﻩ " ) ﻨﻅﺎﻡ ﻤﺘﻜــــــﺎﻤل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺴﻴﺎﺴـــــﺎﺕ ﻭﺇﺠـــــﺭﺍﺀﺍﺕ ﻝﻠﺤﺩ ﻤﻥ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ TSMﺍﻹﺨﺘﻨﺎﻗـــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭﻴﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫــﺭﺓ ﻤﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ :ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺴﻊ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﺎﺴﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻨﻘل .ﺠﻤﻌﻴــــﺔ ، LUMﺘﻨﻅﻴــــﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤـــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ TDMﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴــــــــﻡ ﺍﻝﻤــــــﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻬﻨﺩﺴـــــــــﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺼــﺭﻴﺔ :ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ . ( .
٢-٣ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ: 19
ـــ ﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺇﺴــﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨــﺔ " :ﺍﻝـــﺩﻭﺭ" " ،ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔــﺔ" ، ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻭﻅﻴﻔﻴﺔ"؛ ـــ ﺍﻝﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻴﺔ " :ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺎﻨﻰ ﻭﺇﺭﺘﻔﻌﺎﺘﻬﺎ" ،ﻭﻤﻌـﺩل"ﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺒﻨﺎﺌﻴـﺔ" ؛ ـــ ﺍﻝﺴــﻠﻭﻙ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻤﺎﻋﻰ :ﻭﻫﻭ ﻤﺤﺼﻠﺔ ﻝﻠﺒﻴﺌــﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﺤﻀﺎﺭﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﺤﻴﻰ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻹﻨﺴــﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠل ،ﻴﺸﻘﻴﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻁﺒﻴﻌﻰ ﻭﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ .ﻭﺍﻝﺸﻕ ﺍﻷﺨﻴـﺭ ﻴﻀﻡ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻝﻬﺎ ﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺭﺌﻴﺴﻰ ﻭﺤﻴﻭﻯ ﻓﻰ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻭﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺘﻬﺎ .ﺫﻝﻙ ﺍﻝﺸﻕ ﺍﻝﺜﻘﺎﻓﻰ ﻴﻀﻡ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ،ﻤﺜل " :ﺍﻝﺨﻠﻔﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﺭﻴﺨﻴﺔ" " ،ﺍﻝﺩﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﺩﻯ ﺘﻐﻠﻐﻠﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺘﻤﻊ" ، "ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻝﻴﺩ" " ،ﺍﻝﻨﻅــــﺎﻡ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻜﻡ ﻝﻠﻌﻤﺭﺍﻥ" " ،ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻹﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻯ". ـــ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﻓﺴﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴـــﺔ ﺘﺤﺘﺹ ﺒــ" :ﺴﺭﻋﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ" " ،ﻤﺴــﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺭ" ﻭﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﺤﻤﻠﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴــﺌـــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــﺭﺍﻨﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔــﺔ.
٣-٣ﺃﻨﻤــــﺎﻁ ﻭﻤﺴـــﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ ﺸﺒﻜـــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ : ﻨﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺩﺭﺍﺴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺇﻋﻁﺎﺀ ﻓﻜﺭﺓ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻋﻥ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺼﻘــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻝﻤﺴــــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺒﺈﺴــﺘﻌﺭﺍﺽ ﺃﻨﻤﺎﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺘﻬﺎ ،ﻤﻊ ﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻷﻓﻜﺎﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺀ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺌﻌﺔ ﻓﻰ ﻴﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺸــﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﺤﺘﻤًﹶﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻜﻔــﺎﺀﺓ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻤـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ . ﻭﻨﻠﺨﺼﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻷﺘﻰ : ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﺴﺎﺭــ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺇﺘﺼــﺎل ــ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ "ﻭﻅﻴﻔﺘﻪ" ﻭ "ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ" 1. ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻋﻠﻴــﻪ .ﻭﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺩﺭﺍﺴــﺔ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻤﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺼﻘﺔ ﻝﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴــﺔ ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻔﺭﻁﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺃﻁﻭﺍل ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ﺤﺘﻰ ﻻﻴﺸﺠﻊ ﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻝﺴــﺭﻋﺎﺕ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺸﻜل ﺨﻁﻭﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﻴﺎﺓ ﺍﻝﺴــﻜﺎﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﺘﻡ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺃﺭﺼﻔــﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻝﺸــــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻤﻔﺭﻁﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﻭل ،ﻓﻔﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﻴﻔﻀل ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﺇﺴــﺘﻘﺎﻤﺔ ﺭﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ،ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﺒﺠﻌل ﺍﻝﺸـــﺎﺭﻉ ﻤﻨﺤﻨﻰ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺃﺠﺯﺍﺌﻪ . ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﺍﻷﻗـــــﻼل ﻤﻥ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻼﻗﺔ ﺒـ"ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ 2. ،ﻭﺨﺼﻭﺼﺎ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﺒﻴﻥ "ﺍﻝﺸﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻋﻴﺔ" ) ( Street Intersectionsﺍﻝﺸـــﻭﺍﺭﻉ" .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺠﻨﺏ ﻜﺎﻓــــﺔ ( ) Major Roadﻭ"ﺍﻝﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴﻴﺔ" ) ( Access Street "ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌــــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺨﻁــــــﺭﺓ" .ﻭﻴﺭﺍﻋﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻜﺜﺭﺓ " ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ " ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺤــــﻭﺍﺩﺙ ﻭﺍﻷﻀــﺭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺒﺎﻝﻐــــﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺸــــﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﺒﺭﻴﻥ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﻨﺎﺤﻴﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺅﺩﻯ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺇﺭﺘﺒﺎﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ.
20
ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺭﺼﻔــﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌـﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ 3. (ﺇﺩﺨــــــــــــﺎل "ﺇﺸــــــــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻀــــــﻭﺌﻴـــﺔ" ( Free Grade - Separatedﺃﻭ "ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌﺎﺕ ﺤــــﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻴﺎﺕ" ) Traffic Light Singnals ،ﺇﺫﺍ ﺩﻋﺕ ﺍﻝﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺫﻝﻙ .ﻭﻝﻜﻥ ﺃﺭﺼﻔــﺔ ﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌــــــﺎﺕ ) Intersections . ﺍﻝﺸــــــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﻔﺭﻋﻴــــــﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ "ﻝﻭﺤﺎﺕ ﺘﻭﺠﻴﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ" ( Traffic Signage ). ﻋﺭﺽ ﺭﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ ﻭﻜﺫﻝﻙ ﻗﻁـــــــﺎﻋﻪ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻀﻰ ﻴﺭﺘﺒﻁ ﺒﺸــــــــﻜل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻰ ﺒﻜل ﻤﻥ " :ﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺸــﺎﺭﻉ" " ،ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭﺍﻝﻭﺍﻗﻌﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌﺔ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﻌﺒﺭﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﺸــــﺎﺭﻉ" ،ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﻤﻔﺘﻭﺤﺔ .
4.
ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺸـﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﻤﻤــــﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻭﺤﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ 5. ]ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ [ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻴﻀﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﺩﻭﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ .ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﺘﺩﻋﻰ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻡ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ ﻭﺒﻴﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻷﻝﻴـــــﺎﺕ .ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎ ﻻﻴﺠﺏ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺸﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﺨﻼﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻨﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺼﺭ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺤﺎﻜﻡ . ٤-٣ﺤﺼــﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ) (١؛ ﻭﻴﺘﻡ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻘﺘﻴﻥ : ﺍﻷﻭﻝﻰ ،ﺍﻝﻌــــﺩ ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﺘﻘﺎﻁﻌـــﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻀﻴـــﺔ : ﻭﻫﻰ ﻁﺭﻴﻘــﺔ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺤﺼــﺭ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﻴﻌﺒــــﺭﻭﻥ ﻗﻁﺎﻋﺎ ﻋﺭﻀﻴًﹰﺎ ﺒﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻤﺎ ﻜل ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴــﺔ ﻤﺤﺩﺩﺓ ؛ ﻭﺘﺘﺤــﺩﺩ "ﻗــــﺩﺭﺓ" ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺡ" ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﺴﺎﺱ ﺇﻤﻜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺼــﺭ ﻜل ﻤﺴــﺎﺡ ﻝﺤﻭﺍﻝﻰ ٦٠٠ﺸﺨﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻜل ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴــﺎﻋﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺘﺤﺭﻜﻬﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺇﺘﺠـــﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻭﺒﺈﺴﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺡ ﻝﺠﻬﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﻌـﺩ ﻴﺭﺘﻔﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻌــــﺩل ﺍﻝﺴﺎﺒﻕ ﻝﻴﺼل ﺍﻝﻰ ٣٥٠٠ﺴﺨﺹ ٣٠ /ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﺃﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺡ ﺘﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﻤﻬﻤﺘﻪ ﻝﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻭﺍﺼﻠﺔ ﻻﺘﺯﻴﺩ ﻋﻥ ﻨﺼﻑ ﺴــﺎﻋﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺤﺘﺎﺝ ﺒﻌﺩﻫﺎ ﺍﻝﻰ ﻓﺘﺭﺓ ﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﺘﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ٣٠-١٠ﺩﻗﻴﻘﺔ ،ﺤﺘﻰ ﻴﻤﻜﻨﻪ ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻤﺭﺍﺭ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻬﻤﺘﻪ ..،ﻭﻫﻜﺫﺍ ﻴﺴﺘﻤﺭ ﺍﻝﻌـﺩ. ﻭﺍﻝﺜﺎﻨﻴـــﺔ ،ﺍﻝﺘﺼــﻭﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻔﻭﺘـﻭﻏــــﺭﺍﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻭﻥ : ﻭﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺨﺼﺎﺌﺹ ﺘﻴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﻤﺎ ﻭﺘﺸﻤل " :ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ" " ،ﺇﺘﺠـﺎﻫﺎﺘﻬﻡ" ،ﻭ"ﺴــﺭﻋﺘﻬﻡ" .ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺠﺎل ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﺭﺍﻋﺎﺓ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺇﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻝﺘﺜﺒﻴﺕ ﺁﻝــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻭﻴﺭ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻅﻬﺭ ﺒﻭﻀﻭﺡ ﺘﺤﺭﻜﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺘﻠﻙ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻘــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘـــﺎﺭﺓ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻹﺨﺘﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺯﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺴﺏ ﻝﺘﺘﺎﺒﻊ ﺍﻝﺘﻘــﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﻭﺭ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﺘﺩﺍﺨل ﻜﺎﻑ ﻴﺴــﻤﺢ ﺒﺘﺘﺒﻊ ﺤﺭﻜــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ .
21
___________________________ )( ﺃ .ﺩ .ﻤﺤﻤـــﻭﺩ ﻏﻴﺙ " ،ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ" ) ﻤﺤﺎﻀﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻘﻴﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ :ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ، ﺠﻤﻌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺭﻴﺔ ،ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫــــﺭﻩ .١٢-١ ، (١٩٩٧ :
ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻡ ﺤﺼﺭ ﺍﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ ﻁﺒﻘﹰﺎًﺍﻝﻰ : ـــ ﺭﺼﺩ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ "ﺍﻝﻌﺒﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﺭﻀﻰ" ﻋﻨﺩ ﺍﻝﻨﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﻬﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺒﻁﻭل ﺍﻝﻤﺤــﻭﺭ ﺒﻬﺩﻑ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ؛ ـــ ﺭﺼﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴﺔ ﻝﻠﻤﺤﻭﺭ ﻭﺫﻝﻙ ﻝﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺃﻨﺴﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻌﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــــﺎﻩ؛ ـــ ﻤﺴﺢ ﺤﺎﻝﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺼﻔــﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻹﺸﻐﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺎﻝﻴﺔ ﻭﻗﺩﺭﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ .
٥-٣ﺃﺭﺼﻔـــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ : ﺘﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﺃﺒﻌــﺎﺩ ﺃﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴـﺔ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺤﺠﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﺩ ﺨﺩﻤﺘﻬﻡ .ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻬﻨﺩﺴــﻴﺔ ﻝﻬﺎ .ﻭﺍﺫﺍ ﻝﻡ ﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺸﺎﺭﻉ ﻹﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﻭﻓﻰ ﻤﻌﻅﻡ ﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﻭﺴﻁ ﺍﻝﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ .ﻓﻴﺴﺘﻠﺯﻡ ﺍﻷﻤﺭ ، ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﺴﺒﻕ ﺃﻥ ﺃﺴﻠﻔﻨﺎ ،ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻔﺼل ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﻜﺘﻴﻥ "ﺭﺃﺴﻴًﹰﺎ .ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤًﹰﺎ ﻴﺘﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﺭﺼﻔﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ٦-٤ﻤﺘﺭًﹰﺍ. ﻭﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ " :ﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ" " ،ﻨـــﻭﻉ ﺍﻝﻁـــﺭﻴﻕ" ]ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻝﻠﻨﺯﻫــﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻝﻠﺘﺴﻭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺠﺎﺭﺓ ﺃﻭ ﻝﻐﻴﺭﻩ[ ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺘﺸــﺠﻴﺭ" .ﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺘﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻴﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﻭﻗﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ﺒﺠﻭﺍﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻴﻑ ] ﺴﻭﺍﺀ ﻜﺎﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻡ ﻤﻭﺍﺯﻴًﹰﺎ ﻼ ﻋﻠﻴﺔ[ ،ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻤﻼﺤﻅ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﺩﻴﺩ ﻤﻥ ﺸــﻭﺍﺭﻉ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻝﻠﺭﺼﻴﻑ ﺃﻭ ﻋﻤﻭﺩﻴًﹰﺎ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺎﺌ ًﹰ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴــﻴﺔ .ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋﺭﺽ "ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻴﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺠﺭ" ﻋﻥ ﺜـﻼﺜﺔ ﺃﻤﻁﺎﺭ ،ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻴﺼل ﺍﻝﻰ ٤ ،٧٥ﻤﺘﺭًﹰﺍ .ﻭﻓﻰ ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ،ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻻ ﻴﻘل ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺭﺼﻴﻑ "ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﻐﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻨﺒﺎﺘﻴـﺔ" ﻋﻥ ١ ،٥٠ﻡ ،ﻭﻴﺤﺩﺙ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻓﻰ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺤﺘﻰ ﺍﻷﺒﻨﻴـﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﺭﺼــــــــﻔﺔ ﺃﺸـــــﺠﺎﺭ ﻻﺘﺘﻌــــــﺎﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴــــــﺔ ﻓﺘﺤﺠﺏ ﻤﺠﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺅﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﻹﻀﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺎﺫ ﺇﻝﻴﻬﺎ .
22
٦-٣ﻜﻔــﺎﺀﺓ ﻤﻌــﺎﺒﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ؛ ﻭﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻴﺎﻨﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺸـــﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴــﺔ : ﻜﺜــــﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤـﺴــــــﺎﺭ :ﺘﻌﺭﻑ ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ﺒﺤﺴــﺎﺏ ﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩﺍﻷﺴﺨﺎﺹ "ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠﻠﻴﻥ" ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﺍﺠﺩﻴﻥ" ،ﻓﻰ ﻝﺤﻅﺔ ﻭﺍﺤﺩﺓ ،ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴــﺎﺤﺔ ﻤﺘﺭ ﻤﺭﺒﻊ ﻭﺍﺤﺩ .ﻭﻤﻌﺩل ﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻴﻪ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺴﻤﻭﺡ ﺒﻪ ﻋــﺎﺩ ﹰﺓًﻴﺼل ﺍﻝﻰ (٣) :ﺸﺨﺹ /ﻡ .٢ﻭﺍﻝﻜﺜﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻌﻨﻰ "ﺍﻝﺘﺯﺍﺤﻡ" ﻭﻋﺩﻡ ﻗﺩﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺴﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ ؛ ﻅــﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴـــﻴﺭ :ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺭ ﺇﻤﺎ "ﺘﺴــﻬﻴﻼﺕ" ﺃﻭ "ﻋﻭﺍﺌﻕ" .ﻭﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﻁﻠﻕ ﺘﺘﻨﻭﻉ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺭ .ﻭﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ "ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺭ" ﻭ"ﻤﻜﺎﻨﻪ" ﻤﻥ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺍﺨﺭﻯ ﻭﻤﻥ ﻤﻨﻁﻘﺔ ﺍﻝىﺎﺨﺭﻯ ،ﺒل ﺘﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺭ ﻭﺤﺎﻻﺘﻪ ﻤﻥ ﺠﺯﺀ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺁﺨﺭ ﺨﻼل ﻨﻔﺱ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺍﻥ ﻭﻗﺕ ﺍﻝﺴﻴﺭ ﻴﺨﺘﻠﻑ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ،ﻤﻥ ﻴﻭﻡ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺁﺨـﺭ ﻭﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﺍﻝﻰ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ، ﻭﻤﻥ ﻓﺼل ﻵﺨﺭ ،ﻭﻤﻥ ﺴﺎﻋﺔ ﻻﺨﺭﻯ .ﻭﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻅــﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺭ ،ﻫﻰ : ــ ﺍﻝﻅــــﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴــﺔ :ﻭﺘﺸﻤل "ﻨﻭﻉ ﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ" ،ﻭﻗﻭﺓ ﺇﺤﺘﻤﺎﻝﻬﺎ ﻭﺼﻼﺤﻴﺘﻬﺎ ﻝﻠﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﻝﻤﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻴﻬﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ ﻜﻭﻨﻬﺎ "ﺼﺨﺭﻴـــﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﺭﻤﻠﻴــﺔ" ﺃﻭ "ﻁﻤﻴﻴــﺔ" ﺃﻭﻏﻴﺭ ﺫﻝﻙ .ﻜﻤﺎ ﺘﺸﻤل "ﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻓﻴﺔ" ﻭ"ﺼﻼﺤﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻝﻠﺯﺭﺍﻋﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﺩﺍﺌﻕ" .ﻭﻫﻰ ﻜﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻭﺍﻤل ﺘﺅﺜﺭ ﺒﺸﻜل ﻤﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻠﺒﻴــﺔ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﻴﺎﺠﺎﺕ "ﺍﻝﺒﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴــﺔ" ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺭﺠﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺭﺍﺤـﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴــﺎﻥ ﻭﺘﺄﻤﻴﻥ ﺴــﻴﺭﻩ .ﻭﻋﻠﻴﻪ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﻁﻭﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﻭﻝﻭﺠﻴﺔ ﻝﺨﺩﻤــﺔ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺒﻨﻴـــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﻝﺼﺤــﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠل ﻭﺘﻔﻌﻴل ﻜﻔــﺎﺀﺘﻪ ﻗــــﺩﺭﺍﺘﺔ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﻨﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺩﻨﻴـــﺔ. ـــ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨـــــﺎﺨﻴــــــﺔ :ﻤﻥ ﻤﺯﺍﻴﺎ ﺍﻝﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ ﺨﻠﻕ ﻤﻨﺎﺥ ﻤﺭﻴﺢ ﻝﻺﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺃﺜﻨﺎﺀ ﺘﺭﺠﻠﻪ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻨﺯﻫﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﻴﺽ ﺃﻭ ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺴﻭﻕ ﻭﺘﺄﺩﻴﺔ ﻤﺼﺎﻝﺤﻪ .ﻭﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻤﺘﻐﻴﺭﺓ ﻭﻤﺘﻘﻠﺒﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺤﻭﺍل ﻋﺩﺓ ﺨﻼل ﻓﺼﻭل ﺍﻝﺴﻨﺔ .ﻭﻝﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻭﻤﻨــــﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻹﺴــــﺘﺭﺨﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻝﻨﺯﻫــــــﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘـــﺭﻴﺽ ﻤﻥ " :ﺭﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﺨﻤﺎﺴــﻴﻥ" ،ﻭ"ﺃﺸــﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺸـــﻤﺱ" ،ﻭ" ﻭﺍﻹﺸﻌــﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ" ﺼﻴﻔًﹰﺎ . ﻭﻝﻬﺫﺍ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺒﺎﻝﻅــﻼﹶﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸﺠﻴﺭ ﻭﻋﻨﺎﺼﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﻀــﺎﺀﺓ ﻭﺇﻨﺸﺎﺀﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺠﻠﻭﺱ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺍﺤﺔ ) ،(١ﺒﻐﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺘﺴﻬﻴل ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠل ﺨﻼل ﻤﺴﺎﺭﻩ ،ﺴﻴﻤﺎ ﻤﻊ ﻁﻭل ﻤﺴﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺭ .ﻭﻜﻤﺎ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻤﻭﺍﺠﻬﺔ ﺍﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﺸﺘﺎ ﺀً ،ﺤﻴﺙ ﺍﻷﻤﻁﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻼﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﺍﻗـــﻊ ﺘﺠﻤﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻷﻭﺤــﺎل ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺸـﺘﺔ ﻋﻨﻬﺎ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻘﻁﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﻋﻥ ﺴﺎﺌﺭ ﺍﻝﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻰ ﻝﻠﻤﺴـــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺼﺹ ﻝﻠﻤﺸــــﺎﻩ .
_______________________ ) (١ﺃ.ﺩ .ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﻴﺩ ﻋﺒﺩ ﺍﻝﻭﺍﺤﺩ ،ﻤﻘﺩﻤﺔ ﻓﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁــــﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﻀــــﺭﺍﺀ ) ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫﺭﺓ :ﺩﺍﺭ ﻏﺭﻴﺏ ﻝﻠﻁﺒﺎﻋﺔ ،ﺒﺩﻭﻥ ﺘﺎﺭﻴﺦ ( ،ﺼﻔﺤﺎﺕ .٢٢٦-١٨١
23
ـــ ﺍﻝﺘﻠـــــــﻭﺙ ﺍﻝﺒﻴـﺌــــﻰ :ﻤﻥ ﺃﻫﻡ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻜل ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺜﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺴـﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠل ،ﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﺜﻠـﻭﺙ ﻭﻜﻴﻔﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜﻡ ﻓﻴﻪ ﺒﻴﺌﻴﹰﺎًﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻭﺍﻷﻫﺎﻝﻰ ﺍﻝﺫﻴﻥ ﺘﻘﺘﻀﻰ ﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻋﻤﻠﻬﻡ ﺍﻝﺒﻘﺎﺀ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺴــﺎﺤﺎﺕ ﻭﺍﻝﻔﺭﻏﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻭﺸﺒﻪ ﺍﻝﺨﺎﺼــﺔ ﻤﻥ "ﺍﻝﻬﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻤﻠﻭﺙ" ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻀﻭﻀﺎﺀ" .ﻭﻝﺒﻴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﻭﺭ ،ﻨﺴﺘﻌﺭﺽ ﺒﻌﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺅﺸﺭﺍﺕ : ﺍﻭل ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ "ﺍﻝﺩﻭﺍﺭ"" ،ﺍﻝﺼﺩﺍﻉ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻷﺭﻫﺎﻕ" .ﻭﻫﻭ ﻏﺎﺯ •1 ﻋﺩﻴﻡ ﺍﻝﻠﻭﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺍﺌﺤﺔ ﻭﻝﻪ ﻗﺎﺒﻠﻴﺔ ﺸــﺩﻴﺩﺓ ﻝﻺﻝﺘﺼﺎﻕ ﺒـ "ﻫﻴﻤﻭﺠﻠﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﺩﻡ" ﻭﻤﺼﺩﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻐﺎﺯ ﻫﻭ ﺍﻹﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﻏﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻜﺎﻤل ﻝﻠﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻭﺍﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﻴﺔ . ﻭﻴﻤﺘﺹ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻹﺴﺘﻨﺸﺎﻕ ،ﻓﻴﻌــﻭﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺩﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﻫﻨﻴــﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺩﻨﻴــﺔ ،ﻭﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻝﻘﻠﺏ ﻭﺘﺼﻠﺏ ﺍﻝﺸﺭﺍﻴﻴﻥ !. ﺍﻝﻬﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺭﺒﻭﻨﺎﺕ ﺘﺘﻔﺎﻋل ﻤﻊ ﻭﺠﻭﺩ ﺍﻹﺸﻌﺎﻉ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﻯ ﺍﻝﻤﺼﺎﺤﺏ ﻝﺴـﻘﻭﻁ •2 ﺃﺸﻌﺔ ﺍﻝﺸﻤﺱ ﻓﺘﺴـــﺎﻋﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺘﻜﻭﻴﻥ ﻏﺎﺯ ﺍﻷﻭﺯﻭﻥ ﺍﻝﺭﻀﻰ ﻭﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﻜﻤﻴﺘﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻝﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻔــــــﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻝﻤﻜﺎﻨﻰ ،ﻤﻤﺎ ﻴﺴﺒﺏ ﺤﺩﻭﺙ ﺇﻝﺘﻬﺎﺒﺎﺕ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻌﻴﻥ ﻭﺍﻝﺠـــﻠﺩ ،ﺒﺠﺎﻨﺏ ﻤﺘﺎﻋﺏ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ﺘﺼﻴﺏ ﺍﻝﺠﻬـﺎﺯ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻔﺴﻰ ﻓﺘﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻹﺼﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻤــــﺭﺍﺽ " :ﺍﻷﻨﻔﻠـــــﻭﻨﺯﺍ" ، "ﺍﻝﺭﺒــــــﻭ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺤﺴــﺎﺴﻴﺔ". ﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺃﻜﺴــﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻴﻌﻤل ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺤﺘﺒـــﺎﺱ ﺍﻝﺤــﺭﺍﺭﺓ ،ﻓﻴﺴﺒﺏ •3 ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺩﺭﺠﺔ ﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ ﺍﻷﺭﺽ .ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺒﺏ ﺍﻷﻭل ﻝﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻨــﺎﺥ ــ ]ﻭﻝﻠﺩﻻﻝﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﺒﻴل ﺍﻝﻤﺜﺎل ﻨﺠﺩ ﺃﻥ ﻨﺴــﺒﺔ ﺜﺎﻨﻰ ﺃﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺃﺠﻭﺍﺀ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﻫــﺭﺓ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻝــ ٢٠ﻋﺎﻤًﹰﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ ، %٢٥ﻭﺨﻼل ﺍﻝــ ٣٠ﻋﺎﻤًﹰﺎ ﺍﻝﻤﺎﻀﻴﺔ ﺒﻠﻐﺕ . %١١ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺴﺏ ﻤﺭﺠﻌﻬﺎ ﺍﻝﻨﺸﺎﻁ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋﻰ ﻭﺇﻨﺒﻌﺎﺙ ﺍﻝﻜﺭﺒﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺇﺤﺘﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﻭﻗﻭﺩ ﻓﻰ ﺁﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﺼﻨﺎﻋـــﺔ )(١ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ[ ،ﻭﻨﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ ﺫﻝﻙ ﺘﻐﻴﺭﺍﺕ ﻤﻨﺎﺨﻴﺔ ﻭﺍﺭﺘﻔﺎﻉ ﺩﺭﺠﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺤﺭﺍﺭﺓ . ﺍﻝﻀﻭﻀـــــﺎﺀ ﻭﻝﻬــﺎ ﻤﻀﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺄﺜﻴﺭ ﺴــــﻠﺒﻰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ •4 ﻤﻥ ﺤﻴﺙ " :ﺍﻹﻨﺯﻋﺎﺝ " "ﺍﻝﻘﻠﻕ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻰ" " ،ﺍﻝﺼﻤﻡ" ،ﻭ" ﺃﻤﺭﺍﺽ ﺍﻷﺯﻥ" . ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻤﺎﻴﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻹﻨﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﺭﺠل ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻭﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﺭﺘﻴﺎﺡ ﺍﻝﻨﻔﺴﻰ .
________________________________
24
) (١ﻭﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ ﻴﺘﺭﺘﺏ ﻋﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻭﻀﻊ ﻤﺸﺎﻜـــل ﺒﻴﺌﻴــــــﺔ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﺄﻝﻭﻓﺔ ،ﻨﺫﻜﺭ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ " :ﺇﻏــــﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻝﺩﻝﺘـــــﺎ" ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺠـــﺯﺭ" ﻭ"ﺍﻷﺭﺍﻀﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀــــﺔ" ؛ "ﻫﺒــــــﻭﺏ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﺼﻑ" ؛ "ﺍﻝﻔﻴـــــﺎﻀﺎﻨﺎﺕ" ؛ "ﺍﻝﺠﻔـﺎﻑ" ؛ "ﺇﻀﻁﺭﺍﺏ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﺎﺼﻴل" ؛ "ﻅﻬـﻭﺭﺍﻝﺤﺸﺭﺍﺕ" ؛ "ﺯﻴﺎﺩﺓ ﺍﻷﻤﺭﺍﺽ" ؛ ﻭﻅﻬﻭﺭ"ﻓﻴﺭﻭﺴﺎﺕ" ﻭ"ﻤﻴﻜﺭﻭﺒﺎﺕ" ﺠﺩﻴﺩﺓﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻌﺭﻭﻓﺔ
-٤ﺍﻝﻤﻌـــــﺎﻴﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻌﺩﻻﺕ ﺍﻝﻌﻤــﺭﺍﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻏﻭﺒﺔ ؛ ﻝﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﺴـــــﺎﺭﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــــــﺎﻩ ﺩﺍﺨل ﺍﻝﻤــﺩﻥ : ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻝﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁــﺔ ،ﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﻝﻭﺠــﻭﺩ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻤـﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ،ﻴﺘﻡ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻝﻜﺘﺎﻤل ﻤﻊ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻵﻝﻴﺎﺕ ،ﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﺼﺒﺢ ﻝﻴﺴﺕ ﻗﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺭﺒﻁ ﺠﻤﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺴﻜﻨﻴﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺭﺍﻜﺯ ﻭﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺨﻀﺭﺍﺀ ﻭﺍﻹﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻻﺨﺭﻯ ،ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﻀﻤﺎﻥ ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤل ﺍﻝﺠﻭﻴﺔ ﻭﻤﺴﺒﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻠﻭﺙ ﻓﺤﺴﺏ ،ﺒل ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﺘﻀﻤﻥ ﺸﺒﻜـــــــﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــﺎﻩ ،ﺘﻭﻓـــﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻌــﺎﻴﻴﺭ ﺍﻝﻌﻤﺭﺍﻨﻴــﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﺎﻝﻴــﺔ : ـــ ﺘﻭﺯﻴــﻊ ﻤﺴﻁﺢ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺒﻴﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻴﻥ ﺒﺎﻝﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﺍﻝﻬﺩﻑ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻭﺘﺘﻔـــﻕ ﻭﺃﻫـــﺩﺍﻑ ﺍﻝﺤــــــﺭﻜﺔ ﻝﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ؛ ـــ ﺘﻼﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺨﻁﺭ ﺍﻝﺩﺍﻫﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻨﺎﺘﺞ ﻋﻥ "ﺍﻝﺘﻌﺎﺭﺽ" ﻤﻊ ﺤﺭﻜــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒـﺎﺕ ، ﻝﺫﻝﻙ ﻴﺠﺏ ﻋﻤل "ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﺘﻘﻠل ﺍﻝﻤﺨﺎﻁــﺭﻭﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺁﻤﻨﺔ ،ﻤﺭﻴﺢ ،ﻭﺴﻬﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﺴــﺘﺨﺩﺍﻡ ؛ ـــ ﺘﺤﻘﻴـــﻕ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ "ﺍﻝﺘﺩﺭﺝ ﺍﻝﻬﺭﻤﻰ" ﻓﻰ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﺴﺎﺭﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ ﻭﻓﻰ ﺇﻁﺎﺭ ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻨﻘل ؛ ـــ ﺍﻝﺘﻭﺯﻴﻊ ﺍﻝﺠﻴﺩ ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ ﻤﻭﺍﻗﻊ "ﺍﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻅﺎﺭ" ﻭ"ﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﺓ" ﻭﺍﻝﺭﺒﻁ ﺒﻴﻨﻬﻡ ؛ ـــ ﺇﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴـﻴﺔ ﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ﻫﻰ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ "ﺜﺎﻨﻭﻴﺔ" ﺒﺎﻝﻨﺴــﺒﺔ ﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ ؛ ـــ
ﺘﺨﺼﻴـــﺹ
"ﺍﻝﻤﺤــــــــﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴــــﺴﻰ ﻝﺤــــﺭﻜﺔ ﻼ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــــﺎﻩ" ﺒﻜﺎﻤﻠﻪ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺭﺠﻠــــﻴﻥ ﻭﻤﻨﻔﺼ ًﹰ ﺒﺫﻝﻙ ﻋﻥ ﺤﺭﻜـــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒــــــﺎﺕ ؛
ـــ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺼـل ﺒﻴﻥ "ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﻩ" ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻷﻓﻘﻰ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺤﺩﺍﺙ "ﻤﻌــﺎﺒﺭ ﻭ"ﺇﺸــــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﻴـــﺔ" ﻝﻠﻤﺸــــﺎﻩ ؛ ـــ ﻀﺭﻭﺭﺓ ﺍﻝﻔﺼــــل ﺒﻴﻥ "ﺤﺭﻜــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ" ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒﺎﺕ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﺭﺃﺴﻰ ﺒﺈﺴﺘﺤﺩﺍﺙ :
25
"ﺍﻨﻔــــﺎﻕ" " ،ﻜﺒـــﺎﺭﻯ ﻋﻠﻭﻴــــﺔ" ،ﻭ"ﺴــــــﻼﻝﻡ ﺜﺎﺒﺘﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻤﺘﺤﺭﻜــﺔ" ؛ ـــ ﺤﺘﻤﻴــﺔ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻘﻁــﺔ "ﻤﻨﺒــــــﻊ" ﻤﺴــــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ ﻓﻰ ﻤﻭﻗﻊ ﻨﻬـــﺎﻴﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻜﺒـــﺎﺕ ،ﻤﻊ ﻜﻭﻥ ﻨﻘﻁــﺔ "ﺍﻝﻤﺼــــﺏ" ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﻨـﺎﻁـــــــﻕ ﺍﻝﺘﻰ ﻴﻘﺼﺩﻫــــﺎ ﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﺸـــﺒﻜﺔ ؛ ـــ
ﻤﺭﻋﺎﺓ
ﻁـــــﻭل ﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ـــ ﺍﻝﻤﻌـــﺩل ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻏـــﻭﺏ ﻝﻤﺴــﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻝﺴــﻴﺭ ٥٠٠ :ﻡ ــ ﻤﻊ ﻤﺭﻋﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﻌﻭﺍﻤــــل ﺍﻝﺴــﺎﺌﺩﺓ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌــــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴـــﻁﺔ ؛
ـــ ﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻤﺒــــﺩﺃ "ﺘﻭﺠﻴــــﻪ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــــﺎﺓ" ﺨﻼل ﺭﺤﻠﺔ ﺍﻹﻨﺘﻘـــﺎل ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺭﺠــــــل .ﻭﻴﻌﺘﺒــﺭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻋﻨﺼـﺭ "ﺤﺎﻜــــﻡ" ﻓﻰ ﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺘﺼﻤﻴﻤـﻪ .ﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﻭﻀﻊ ﻋﻼﻤﺎﺕ ﻤﻤﻴﺯﺓ ﻓﻰ ﻜل ﻗﻁﺎﻉ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ؛ ـــ ﺇﺴـﺘﻴﻌﺎﺏ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻝﺤﺠﻤــﻡ ﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻊ ﻝﻠﻤﺘﺭﺠﻠﻴﻥ ﻓﻰ ﺴﺎﻋﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺫﺭﻭﺓ ﺍﻝﻤﺘﻭﻗﻌـﺔ ؛ ـــ ﺘﺤﻘﻴﻕ ﻤﺒﺩﺃ "ﺴـــﻴﻭﻝﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭ ﻭﺘﺩﻓﻘﺎﺘﻪ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ .ﻭﻴﺘﺤﻘﻕ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻝﻤﺒﺩﺃ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺇﺤﺩﺍﺙ "ﺍﻝﺘــﻭﺍﺯﻥ" ﻤﺎ ﺒﻴﻥ " :ﺴــﺭﻋــﺔ" ،ﻭ "ﺤﺠــــﻡ" ،ﻭ"ﻋــــﺭﺽ" ﺍﻝﻤﺴــــﺎﺭ ؛ ـــ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﺃﺭﺼﻔـﺔ ﺒﻌﺭﻭﺽ ﻤﻼﺌﻤــﺔ ﻝﻠﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻨﻬﺎ ﻭﻤﻨﺎﺴــﺒﺔ ﻝﻤﺴــﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻘﺎﺌﻤﺔ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ ؛ ـــ ﻴﺠﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺘﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﺸــﺭﻭﻁ "ﺍﻝﺤﻤﺎﻴﺔ" " ،ﺍﻷﻤـﻥ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﻭﻗﺎﻴـﺔ" ﻤﻥ ﺍﻷﺨﻁﺎﺭﺍﻝﺒﻴﺌﻴــﺔ ؛ ـــ ﺘﻭﻓﻴﺭ ﻤﺘﻁﻠﺒﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﺭﺍﺤﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺼﺤﺔ ﺍﻝﻌﺎﻤﺔ ﻤﻥ "ﺨﺩﻤﺎﺕ" " ،ﺠﻠﺴﺎﺕ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻤﺎﻜﻥ ﻤﻅﻠﻠﺔ" ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ؛ ﻭﺇﺩﺨــــﺎل ﻋﻨﺎﺼــﺭ"ﺍﻝﺘﺸـــﺠﻴﺭ" " ،ﺍﻝﻅــــــﻼﺕ" " ،ﺍﻝﻨﺎﻓـــﻭﺭﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻴـــﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺠﺎﺭﻴﺔ" ،ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺘﺄﺜﻴﺙ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــﺎﺭ .ﻭﺒﺤﻴﺙ ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻼﺌﻤﺔ ﻻﺒﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ﻭﺍﻝﺤﻴﺯ ﺍﻝﻁﻠﻭﺏ ﻝﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــﺎﻩ ؛ ـــ ﺍﻷﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﻨﻭﺍﺤــﻰ ﺍﻝﺠﻤﺎﻝﻴـﺔ ﻭﺍﻝﺘﺸــﻜﻴل ﻓﻰ ﺘﺼﻤﻴــــﻡ ﺃﺭﻀﻴـــﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺴــــﺎﺭ ﻭﻤﻼﺌﻤـﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﺩﻫﺎ 26
ﻭﻤﺴﺘﺨﺩﻤﻰ ﺍﻝﺸﺒﻜﺔ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻷﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺒﺎﻝﺘﻨﺴﻴﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﻤﺎﺭﻯ ﻭﺍﻝﺒﺼﺭﻯ ﻝﻠﻌﻨﺎﺼﺭﺍﻝﻤﺤﻴﻁﺔ ﺒﺎﻝﻤﺴﺎﺭ ؛ ـــ
ﺇﺩﺨــــﺎل
ﻨﻅــــــﻡ
"ﺍﻝﺘﺤﻜـﻡ" ﻭ"ﺍﻝﺘﺠﻬﻴﺯﺍﺕ" ﻭ"ﺍﻹﺭﺸـــﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﺭﻭﺭﻴــﺔ" ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴــﺎﺭ ﺍﻝﻤﺸﺎﺓ .
___________________________ )( ﺃ .ﺩ .ﻤﺤﻤـــﻭﺩ ﻏﻴﺙ " ،ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﺸــﺒﻜﺔ ﺤﺭﻜﺔ ﺍﻝﻤﺸـــﺎﻩ" ،ﺼﻔﺤﺔ .٣
ﺍﻝﺸــﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻝﺘﻨﻅﻴﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻝﻤﻌﺘﺎﺩﺓ URBAN CRITERIAﺍﻝﺸــﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ﻨﻤﺎﺯﺝ ﻤﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻝﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻝﺤـــﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ﻨﻤﻭﺯﺝ ﺘﺼﻤﻴﻡ ﻁﺭﻴﻕ ﻓﻰ ﻤﺩﻴﻨﺔ " ﺭﺍﺩﺒﺭﻥ "---ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻰ ٣١٧ ﻭﻴﻭﻀﺢ ﺍﻝﺸﻜل ﺭﻗﻡ ) ( ﻨﻤﺎﺯﺝ ﻤﻥ ﺘﺨﻁﻴﻁ ﻤﻨﺎﻁﻕ ﺍﻝﻤﺸــــﺎﻩ ﺍﻝﺭﺌﻴﺴـــﻴﺔ---ﻋﻔﻴﻔﻰ ٣١٣
27
28