4 Legs & A Tail NR Winter 2021

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Winter 2021

The Difference Between Cats & Dogs When to Call the Vet

Abe Lincoln’s Dog Winter Horseback Protecting Wildlife

Inside this issue of 4 Legs & a Tail

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2. Meet Joe Biden’s Dogs Champ and Major, Set to Become the First White House Pets in 4 Years Corinne Heller 3. A Day on the Green for K9s Karen Sturtevant

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A look back at the benefit golf tournament for the Vermont Police Canine Association and Lacey’s Fund

4. Working to Protect Wildlife Pat Monteferrante Learn who to contact when your dog finds a nest of baby bunnies 5. Does Your Dog Stare Pat Jauch The next time you see your dog stare, consider these suggestions.

6. The Four-Legged Friends Behind the Co-op’s Products: Abby Rose of Cheshire Garden Jen Risley 8. Helmet Awareness

Sue Miller

A look at the impact of technology on riding safety

12. Caring for your Senior Horse During The Cold Weather Jennifer Roberts-Keating 14. Everything was going so well…, Paula Bergeron What to do when your dog has a behavioral set back

15. Help Monarch Butterflies By Building A Migration Waystation Catherine Greenleaf 16. What I Told My Kids Donna LeClair Sage advice before you adopt your next pet

17. How cats’ nutritional needs are different from those of dogs?

18. When Should You Call the Vet? Catherine MacLean

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Expert advice as to what constitutes an emergency

19. Take Time to Check Your Home for Poisons! M. Kathleen Shaw DVM 20. Alternatively Speaking: The ABC’s of Vitamin D Dr. Anne Carroll DVM, CVA

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Give you pets immune system a boost this winter

22. I Am Afraid of Anesthesia for My Pet Part II Sandra Waugh, VMD, MS

It’s a fear many of us have, but is it really warranted?

24. The Light of the Memory Tree

Tanya Sousa

This is the best time of a difficult year to re-connect with an old friend

26. Abraham Lincoln’s Dog, Fido

Kate Kelly

As we celebrate Presidents Day, we look back at one of our greatest leaders and a renowned lover of dogs.

4 Legs & a Tail Volume N.420 P.O. Box 841 Lebanon, NH 03766

Publishers: Tim Goodwin, Tim Hoehn Office Manager: Beth Hoehn

603-727-9214

Graphic Design: Kristin Wolff

TimH.4LT@gmail.com

Sales: Scott Palzer

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If you have a tale about a tail or a photo that will make us smile, we’d like to hear from you. 4 Legs & a Tail is published quarterly and distributed free of charge throughout Northern and Western VT and Northern NH. 4 Legs & a Tail, Inc. is locally owned and operated and acts as a moderator without approving, disapproving or guaranteeing the validity or accuracy of any data or claim.

Any reproduction in whole or part is prohibited.

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Meet Joe Biden’s Dogs Champ and Major

Set to Become the First White House Pets in 4 Years

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resident-elect Joe Biden will be the first U.S. President to have a pet at the White House in four years. Find out more about his dogs and see pics of them and former Presidential pets.

For the first time in four years, and in a move that restores a centuries-old tradition, the White House is set to gain a First Pet. Actually, two.

Former Vice President Joe Biden, whose victory in the 2020 U.S. Presidential election was announced on Saturday, and wife Jill Biden have two German Shepherds, Champ and Major. The latter is also set to become the first rescue dog to live at the White House.

After the 2008 U.S. Presidential election, Joe kept his promise to Jill to get a puppy if President Barack Obama won, gifting his wife with Champ, a three-monthold pooch purchased from a Pennsylvania breeder. Obama made the same promise to his daughters and fulfilled it, bringing home their first dog, Bo. The Bidens’ granddaughters were the ones who named Champ. The name also has sentimental significance for the President-elect. In his 2008 Vice Presidential campaign speeches, he recalled how his father would tell him, “Any time you get knocked down, champ, get up!”

Joe later said his family planned on getting another dog, this time from a shelter. In November 2018, the Bidens adopted Major from the Delaware Humane Association.

“Today is Major’s lucky day!” read a post on the group’s Facebook page at the time. “Not only did Major find his forever home, but he got adopted by Vice President Joe Biden & Dr. Jill Biden! The Bidens have gotten to know Major while fostering him and are now ready to make the adoption official.”

The group said, “Major was 1 of 6 puppies who were brought to DHA after coming in contact with something toxic in their home. Their original owner was unable to afford veterinary care so they surrendered them. With the help of our friends at VSCD, together we provided lifesaving care, shared their story here and that we were looking for fosters for them. Once we posted about them for your help, Joe Biden caught wind of them and reached out immediately. The rest is history!”

With the addition of `Champ and Major 2 4 Legs & a Tail

Facebook / Delaware Humane Association Joe Biden and Major The Vice President and President-elect appears with his rescue dog in 2018.

to the White House, the Bidens will revive a tradition that dates back to the days of the Founding Fathers. Donald Trump was the first President to not have a pet at the White House in more than 120 years.

The first President to have a pet while in office was the first President, George Washington, although he did not live at the White House, as construction on it was not completed until 1800, three years after he ended his final term. His successor, John Adams, owner of two dogs, was technically the first President to have a domestic pet call 1600 Pennsylvania home.

Since President William McKinley’s administration, which began in 1897, every single President except Trump has had a dog at some point, according to the Washington Post.

Twitter / Jill Biden, Champ and Major Vice President and President-elect Joe Biden’s wife Jill Biden appears with their German Shepherds in 2020

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A Day on the Green for K9s Karen Sturtevant

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magine a picturesque autumn day in Vermont. With rolling fog lifting to allow the sight of vibrant oranges, scarlets, and yellows, the sunshine warming the crisp air and drying of dew on the almost-dormant grass, I was privileged to experience such a day in September surrounded by canine-loving, law enforcement officials and enthusiasts.

Sugarbush Resort Golf Club was the host to The Vermont Police Canine Association’s (VPCA) 14th Annual Canine Classic. The VPCA is a non-profit organization dedicated to providing financial assistance and training to police service dog (K9) teams in Vermont and New Hampshire.

From leashes, collars, medical care to training, and custom-made bullet/stabproof vests, the VPCA plays a major role in the success and safety of the K9 teams.

On this particular morning, organizer Emily Leinhoff instructed volunteers and welcomed participants. Skillfully moving through the throes of people, Emily answered questions, checked registration status, and swiped credit cards as the air of excitement was palpable. Along with my little dog Chia, I shadowed Emily holding raffle tickets, awaiting instruction, and handing out mulligans. As a non-golfer, I was introduced to golf speak and learned a mulligan was an extra tee for a ‘do-over’ shot. Mulligans were quite popular that day.

Over 90 players (both police officers and those of other professions) were assigned carts and holes in which to begin the day. As everyone zoomed to their beginning destination, Chia and I walked to our assignment: Hole 10. Our role for the day (other than bee-bopping around the course in the golf cart attempting to appear we knew what we were doing) was to stake and record the longest drive. A hammer-shaped sign with the caption, “You Hammered It!” was moved out five times that day. Impressive results for any group. Participants also vied for champion bragging rights for the shortest drive, closest drive to the pin, and corn hole board Winter 2021

Argus was hoping to see more birdies.

winner. Plaques were to be awarded to the top three teams for the lowest scores.

As the sun rose higher, the whine of the cart motors continued. Teams of two and four, trash-talking each other, took turns swinging. Nothing was off-limits: be it an innocent maple tree or unsuspecting team working on an adjoining green, the balls were free-flying. Beyond the bravado banter, I sensed a great deal of respectful cohesiveness within each group.

We’ve all experienced disruption—for some, heartbreak—in one way or another, to our schedules and norms due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Essential workers, such as these, have had more than their share. Apart from the goal of raising funds, coming together for amicable oneupmanship while enjoying a piece of an unspoiled Vermont landscape was a muchneeded reprieve from the unprecedented climate of current events.

By late afternoon the teams had finished and turned in their carts satisfied with a day on the course. Volunteers collected sponsorship signs, checked in with the most-hospitable Sugarbush staff, and loaded up for the next stop: Sugarbush Resort for dinner and prizes.

Donning required masks when away from tables, folks sipped cold drinks and enjoyed a barbecue. The raffle prize table offered a variety of items and services including an overnight stay at Trapp Family Lodge, Sugarbush gift certificates, golf clubs, candles, works by local artists, a wooden flag donated by Fabian Earth Movers, and gifts for pampering and spa-type treatments.

A portion of the event’s proceeds will be designated to help cover medical expenses for one of the retired K9 teams. K9 Argus worked with the Vermont State Police for ten years. He was the first K9 to be assigned to a state police tactical team in

New England. He spent his entire career protecting Vermont and was involved in many high-risk situations, including helping New York troopers with the tracks from the escapes in 2015 at Dannemora State Prison. Argus retired in June of 2020 and in August had emergency surgery due to a blockage. He is recovering, however, is now battling cancer.

Lacey’s Fund, an organization established through the VPCA, with its mission of providing financial assistance for retired K9s, was founded in 2008 by Shelburne, Vermont residents, Kirk, and Loretta Walters after their dog Lacey passed away.

Lacey was not a police dog, but the Walters family wanted to honor her in some way after she died.

All expenses––including medical–– which can reach into the thousands of dollars, typically are the responsibility of the handler when the K9 retires. With Lacey’s Fund, the Vermont Police Canine Association is able to relieve some, if not all, of the financial obligation needed for these deserving canines and their families. With a decade of faithful service, K9 Argus will now have an opportunity to retire in comfort.

The backdrop for the day was scenic; the company, lighthearted. When all the t-shirts were packed and the final prize given away, the day was deemed a success both on and off the course for the dedicated, hardworking police dogs of Vermont and New Hampshire.

To learn about the Vermont Police Canine Association and Lacey’s Fund, please visit www.facebook.com/ VermontPoliceCanineAssociation and wwwVtK9.com. To donate to Argus’ care: www.vtk9.com/store/p82/ Lacey%27s_Fund_Donation.html www.4LegsAndATail.com 3

Working to Protect Wildlife Pat Monteferrante Co-Founder - Protect Our Wildlife VT

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ho can you contact when your dog discovers a nest of baby bunnies on the ground and proudly drops one at your feet, not knowing that he just ruined your day? How about when an orphaned fox kit wanders into your yard because your neighbor killed his/her mother for entering a chicken coop? The answer is Vermont’s unsung wildlife heroes: volunteer wildlife rehabilitators!

Protect Our Wildlife is a Vermont wildlife advocacy nonprofit organization, and one of our campaigns includes supporting the life-saving work performed by wildlife rehabilitators. There are approximately 20 licensed rehabilitators in Vermont who tend to sick, injured, or orphaned beavers, bobcats, and bats, to name just a few. These vulnerable animals would be out of luck if not for these compassionate folks who essentially turn their homes into emergency triage and care clinics!

Rehabilitators are volunteers who receive no financial assistance from the state or federal government and are responsible for funding all of the necessities required to care for the feathered, furred (and let’s not forget about the shelled and scaley) wild kin in their care. POW is honored to help these wildlife heroes by donating items such as cages, fleece, baby animal formula, and other items crucial to the animals’ survival. POW’s ‘ReFURbish’ campaign collects donated fur coats for

rehabbers who use them as warm bedding for the animals in their care.

We also field inquiries from Vermonters who are eager to become rehabbers. It’s hard to not want to be a rehabber when we see photos of fuzzy raccoon kits swinging from a hammock or a baby beaver swimming in a kiddie pool in the care of licensed rehabbers. But behind each one of those sweet photos is tremendous dedication, sleepless nights, and phones ringing at all hours of the day. We give interested parties a brief introduction to the application process and then pair them up with a licensed rehabber to answer additional questions. We also offer to help pay for necessary vaccinations, including expensive rabies shots that are required to rehab skunks, foxes, raccoons, and bats.

While wildlife ends up in the care of rehabbers for many reasons, too often it is due to the acts of humans. Another one of our campaigns is Coexistence Over Killing, where we work with people on choosing humane solutions to wildlife conflicts. For example, fox kits are orphaned each year because people may shoot a hungry vixen for scoring an easy meal – unsecured chickens. An easy fix would be installing electric fencing and keeping chickens indoors at night. We also help landowners and municipalities with non-lethal and humane solutions to beaver conflicts. The go-to method too often involves trapping beavers in leghold or Conibear™ kill traps, which almost always leaves dependent young behind. Protected species like eagles are also caught in traps set for coyotes and other wildlife – many don’t survive. The “lucky” ones may make their way to a rehabber.

And of course, there are those instances where a wild animal is sick and we have no idea why. Our President, Brenna Galdenzi, was out for a walk and took a break under a tree when she noticed a small, brown lump on the ground flailing about. At first, she thought the animal was a frog, but then the little lump took flight and attached himself flimsily to a tree. Turns out the animal was an endangered brown bat. She watched the bat fall from the tree about five times and realized something was not right. She called the Vermont Bat Center, who agreed to take the exhausted patient and gave us instructions on how to safely handle the bat and get him to their facility. One of our volunteers drove over an hour to get the bat to the rehabber. We later learned that he passed, but at least he was warm and safe and given a chance.

If you are interested in learning more about obtaining a wildlife rehabilitator’s license, supporting rehabbers, or about POW’s work on behalf of Vermont’s wildlife, please visit our website: www.ProtectOurWildlifeVT.org.

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Does Your Dog Stare?

Pat Jauch - Caledonia Animal Rescue, Inc.

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ur pets communicate in a variety of ways, one of which is staring. For years the canines that have shared our home elicited attention by focusing on one of us and nearly boring holes with their rapt focus. Recently this behavior was validated by an item that appeared on the Internet, specifically BarkPost by Erin Webreck. Her article outlined ten specific needs and/or concerns evidenced by a certain stare and we can attest to similar stares from our resident canine.

For instance, there is the intent stare. Unwavering in its intensity, this stare communicates the need to go out. If in doubt, one need only say, “Do you want to go out?” and the dog will excitedly head for the door and wait there expectantly until said door is opened and he can relieve himself.

There is an expectant stare. That one implies a desire for play time. When unheeded the stare is followed by the tossing of a ball or toy, clarifying its meaning that now is the time for recreation and leaving little doubt about what the dog wants.

When a food dish is empty and the dog is hungry he will walk toward the dish and communicate that it is feeding time. His biological clock works better than an alarm when employing this stare.

If one or the other of us dons outerwear the stare wavers from us to the kitchen door – a sure sign that our dog knows were are about to leave the house and an indication that he is ready to take a ride.

On the short trips when he is left behind there seems little doubt that he sat by that door, patiently awaiting our return. Again, his loving greeting leaves no question.

At a time when one of his humans may be feeling a bit under the weather, our canine companion seems to show compassion by sitting at our side and staring lovingly. This can be followed by a gentle nudge, or simply resting his chin on a lap to offer understanding and concern. If he knew how to prepare chicken soup, or bring a pair of slippers, no doubt he would oblige.

After the last walk of the evening the stare reverts to the doorway leading upstairs. This is his signal that it is time to retire for the night. He can be quite persistent with this stare until he obtains the appropriate response.

The other stares mentioned in Ms. Webreck’s item include the request for a belly rub, a time when the owner is stressed, curiosity over an unusual odor such as after a spicy meal, and finally the look of love. The next time you see your dog stare, consider these areas and see if your dog is not being quite specific in its manner of communication with you.

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Patti Powers as Patti creates preserves, mustards, and vinegars using her own The Four-Legged Friends Behind the Co-op’s Products: organically grown heirloom berries, fruits, and herbs.

Now, back to Abbey’s role on the farm.

“Her favorite and most important job is Jen Risley - Keene, NH making us laugh,” shared Patti. “Usually by stealing something -- like my kitchen towels if I’m working in the kitchen, or our pots if we’re working in the greenhouse, or a stack of berry baskets if we’re picking fruit. She’s a natural-born comic and mischief-maker.”

In between her mischief-making, Abbey fills her day with other ‘tasks.’

Patti explained, “Abbey’s days begin with stretches and loving rubs (and tick checks!) followed by breakfast and walks with [my husband] Ralph. She checks the perimeter of the farm several times a day with both of us, ensuring that the old folks get some exercise and don’t miss taking some time to just enjoy being here. When the girls come to help pick berries, she follows them everywhere, often digging a hole where they’re worklove shining a light on all the dogs, cats, and other animals who also ing just to get a little more attention.”

Abbey does have a serious side. “She farmers and producers who provide a make these local products possible. bounty of local food and locally made In this issue, we highlight Abbey considers her most important job to be products to our community. In this arti- (short for Abbey Rose), an eight-year- scaring away bunnies, chipmunks, and cle, however, I move the spotlight over old golden retriever from Cheshire squirrels,” added Patti. “But she’s not and down, from the business person to Garden in Winchester, NH. Abbey pro- really very good at it because they’re their four-legged friends -- the working vides regular comic relief to farmer always still here.”

While some might be per plexed

by Abbey’s roles as a working dog at Cheshire Garden, Patti finds it perfectly suits her. “We’ve had many, many dogs over the years, usually strays or rescues, who worked or hung out alongside us,” continued Patti. “ None were officially working breeds, but they all stayed by our sides as we worked and kept us company, and took us hiking or skiing to keep us fit, and made our lives richer by helping us take a little time to take deep breaths and look around and enjoy that very moment.”

How did Abbey Rose get her name?

“From Abbey Road and our last female dog, Rosie,” explained Patti. “Abbey’s lucky since we’re older now and can’t work quite as hard as we once did. She usually gets her way and gets more attention than the others. And since we know the pain of losing our friends, whose lives are too short, we’re happy to give her all the love she deserves.”

Learn more about Cheshire Garden at cheshiregarden.com. Also, be sure to pick up a jar of her preserves the next time you shop at our co-op. If you stop by Patti’s Farmstand, be sure to wave to Abbey.

Abby Rose of Cheshire Garden

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Know of a farm animal I should highlight in a future article? I’d love to hear from you! Please email me at marketing@ monadnockfood.coop.

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Helmet Awareness Sue Miller - Sharon, VT

elmet awareness days were September 12 & 13, 2020. I had the opportunity to sit in on a few zoom meetings to learn more about helmets and how they protect us. I was intrigued and did a bit more research on the subject and wanted to share my findings.

A little history on the evolution of the hunt cap to riding helmet. When I first started riding horses, we rode with “hunt caps” that were held on with a flimsy piece of elastic. They were really designed to help the rider be more aerodynamic while fox hunting and they did offer a bit of protection in the case of a fall, but not much. Hunt caps were originally tailor-made to fit each individual rider using an apparatus called a conformature. After the shell was made it was covered in velvet, usually black & had a

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bow at the back called ribbons. The cap fits so snugly that a small air vent was added to the top of the cap so that it would slip on easily, the vent was covered by a small velvet cover, the “bump” is called a Collette. Some modern helmets doff a nod to the traditional hunt cap by shaping many of the plastic shelled helmets of today with the small collette bump at the top of the helmet.

It is important to understand that no riding helmet can prevent serious injury in certain circumstances. Equally the safest helmet in the world will be useless if it is not fitted correctly. The safest helmet is one that is tested to the appropriate standard, is most suitable for the intended riding activity, and most importantly of all is fitted correctly.

Modern technology has enabled manufacturers to reproduce helmets that are very strong, lightweight, and extremely comfortable to wear. The part of the helmet that does the work of protecting your head is the protective liner, made of high-grade polystyrene which is in turn protected by a hard (fiberglass or plastic) shell. On impact, from a fall the helmet does two things. Firstly, the shell diffuses the impact over a large area. Secondly, the liner reduces bruising to the brain by increasing the length of time it takes for the shock wave to meet your skull. The bigger the impact the more layers of polystyrene will burst so it is basically the helmet liner that collapses, instead of your head.

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It is for this reason that if the helmet suffers a severe impact, it should be thrown away and a new one purchased. If you fall and can remember everything about landing, hopefully on your feet, but may have lightly hit your head – you may not need to replace your helmet. If you can’t remember what happened in the fall, replace the helmet. You can’t always tell by looking at the outside of your helmet if it’s been damaged. Many helmets are made well and take the impact without an obvious sign from the outside. If you are at all unsure, replace the helmet. It is easy to purchase a helmet, but impossible to replace the damage your brain/head could sustain!

Helmet standards continue to evolve, as a result of improvements in technology and developments in methods of testing together with an increased understanding of how riders fall and the injuries that they sustain in accidents. All helmets must be fitted with an integral adjustable 3-point harness and if there is a helmet visor or brim it must be flexible or breakaway.

Chin cups are no longer allowed in any current standards. Helmets should be replaced every 3-5 years as the material the helmet is made from will break down over time and use due to weather conditions and hair products used.

When equestrian sports advocates needed a helmet, standard tailored to the unique hazards of their sport, F08.53 (the subcommittee for ASTM responsible for horseback riding sports among other sports) adopted a test method that includes an innovative equestrian hazard anvil that reproduces conditions found when a helmet is impacted by fences or horseshoes. The ASTM F1163 standard specified for protective headgear used in horse sports and horseback riding is used throughout the U.S. equestrian community. Since 1998 this is the American standard for riding helmets, although it does not include a lateral rigidity (crushing) test nor a penetration test, meaning these helmets often have quite large ventilation holes or slots. There is much debate about the ventilation holes and whether they do help to cool the head or put the rider at more risk of penetration type injuries. There are many helmets on the market however with ventilation holes that do pass the (UK testing) PAS and EN1385 penetration tests as well as the ASTM standard.

The label ASTM/SEI certified has become commonplace in safety helmets over the past several years, but few riders know what those acronyms stand for, let alone what’s required to earn that seal of approval.

The American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is an organization that was formed in 1898 by chemists and engineers from the Pennsylvania Railroad. At that time, the organization was known as the American Section of the International Association Testing and Materials. Mr. Charles B. Dudley, PhD., a chemist with the Pennsylvania Railroad was the driving force behind the formation of the Society. In 2001, the Society became known as ASTM. The ASTM Mission Statement is to promote public health and safety, support the protection and sustainability of the environment, and the overall quality of life…

There are different tests designed for specific sports but to earn the equestrian riding helmet certification, there are four tests the helmet must pass.

These tests are performed by the Safety Equipment Institute (SEI) to ensure that helmets are being manufactured to standards that meet or exceed the ASTM standards.

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ROUND ANVIL TEST Objective : To verify the even distribution of the shock wave in order to limit the risks of traumatism.

POINTED ANVIL TEST Objective : To verify that a sharp object will not pierce the helmet HELMET RETENTION TEST Objective : To verify that the helmet stays on in the event of a fall and that the harness strap system is not too long.

VISOR TEST Objective : To verify the flexibility of the visor to prevent nasal fracture in the event of a fall.

During the Round Anvil Test, the helmets are dropped onto a flat anvil from a height of about six feet from several angles and directions. “Computer sensors measure the shock from the fall that is transferred to the inside of a helmet in terms of gravity force (g). The threshold at which the most serious head injuries occur is 300g.” The Pointed Anvil Test simulates the impact of the side of a jump or a horse’s hoof. During the Helmet Retention Test, all straps must hold the helmet on the head without stretching beyond a certain amount. Then, all helmets are retested again for concussion and retention after being frozen to minus 20 degrees, heated to over 120 degrees, and submerged in water overnight. If the helmet still transfers no more than 300g and the strap is still effective, it earns the ASTM/SEI seal of approval.

The questions I get asked the most are: Can I use my bicycle helmet for riding? The answer is no. Bicycle helmets are not designed with the same ASTM standards that horseback riding helmets are and should not be worn while horseback riding. Can I purchase a helmet a bit big for my child to grow into? Again, the answer is no. The importance of a properly fitted helmet cannot be overstated. To be effective, the helmet must fit firmly, but comfortably. A helmet that is too loose may slip, possibly reducing its protective capabilities, and one that is too tight may cause discomfort. The helmet should not easily roll forward or backward and should not be removable without unbuckling the retention system. The retention system that holds the helmet in place is extremely strong and essential to the protective function of the helmet. Proper placement on the head is also essential. The helmet should sit just above the eyebrows not tipped back to the hairline.

I hope you’ve enjoyed learning about the evolution from hunt cap to riding helmets and learning how modern helmets have been developed to protect the human head from injury on impact in a fall and their importance to the sport of horseback riding. Remember that technology is always advancing and to purchase a new helmet every 5 years or so, even if you haven’t experienced a fall, as the material can break down during normal wear and tear. Now, grab your helmet and get out to enjoy time with your horse, happy riding!

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Caring for Your Senior Horse During the Cold Weather

you can avoid ice and keep your horse’s water flowing freely. Be sure that you inspect the heater daily to verify that it is functioning properly and safely. Learn more about the importance of water during the winter on our blog post, Bottoms Up! Encouraging Water Consumption in Cold Temperatures.

Meal Planning Jennifer Roberts-Keating Your horse’s nutritional requirements will change as the mercury drops. Many senior horses already have a decrease in t is natural to wonder how you can their digestive efficiency, so they require keep your senior horse comfortable with more calories than their younger couna forecast of snow, sleet, wind, and subterparts. According to Marsha Hathaway, zero temperatures. As our friends age and Ph.D., Professor Muscle Growth Biology enter their golden years, there are addiand Equine Nutrition at the University of tional health considerations that must be Minnesota, horses require an additional made. Generally, a senior horse is consid1% of energy for each degree below 18° ered a horse over 15 years of age, since this Fahrenheit. To provide these calories, tends to be the point at which changes in she explains that it is beneficial to protheir metabolism and immune system vide more hay since “there is the heat can be noticed. generated from microbial fermentation We have compiled some quick tips to of forages that occurs in the hindgut durhelp you keep your senior horse content ing digestion.” and cozy in the frigid weather. HopefulWhen the temperatures drop to an ly knowing that your horse is at ease will exception, but it may be harder to keep extreme level, it is suggested that you promake it easier for you to enjoy another your horse drinking consistently. Horses vide your horse with free choice hay so winter season in New England. who do not have adequate water intake are that they can eat as much as they want. at an increased risk for impaction colic, If your senior horse has trouble chewing Drink Up! Water is an essential part of keeping dehydration, and decreased body condi- their long-stem hay, consider a chopped your senior horse healthy, whatever the tion and bodily functions. hay product or hay cubes to supplement weather may be. Winter is certainly no By utilizing a heated bucket or deicer, or even replace their forage requirements.

In addition to increased forage, many equine nutritionists also recommend slightly increasing the amount of senior grain that you feed during the winter to add more calories to their diet. Be sure to monitor their body condition and adjust the amount of grain you feed as needed.

As always, all changes in your horse’s feeding regime should be made gradually so their digestive system has time to adapt.

If your horse drops weight during the winter, even with increased forage and grain consumption, consider adding a weight gain supplement to your horse’s rations to help them build their fat stores.

Home, Sweet Home Providing your senior horse with adequate shelter is essential to their wellbeing.

Hathaway explains, “We estimate that a horse with a healthy winter coat will be comfortable at temperatures down to 18° F; but if the horse has access to a shelter, it can tolerate temperatures as low as -40° F.” Keep your senior horses warm and dry by keeping them in a pasture with a suitable run-in shed or bringing them into the barn during times of inclement weather and extreme temperature drops.

Because your horse will most likely be spending more time than usual in their stall or run-in, consider using rubber mats to add cushion to their flooring which helps keep your horse’s joints comfortable.

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of their time in a stall, while others like the freedom of turnout to keep their muscles moving and warm and prevent their joints from stiffening.

If your horse prefers to be in a stall, ammonia levels will be on the rise and can reach harmful levels quite quickly, especially in a closed barn environment. Put a stop to odor issues by treating the area with a stall deodorizing product to effectively remove ammonia from the environment and maintain respiratory health.

Remember Your Coat Not all horses need to wear blankets in the winter; and depending on your horse’s breed, age, and workload, you may or may not need to blanket. However, many senior horses benefit from blankets so that they do not need to expend as much energy to stay warm. If you choose to blanket your horse, you need to watch the weather and adjust their blankets accordingly.

Horses should never be sweaty under their blankets, but the blankets must provide adequate insulation since they impede a horse’s natural insulating abilities. Many equestrians utilize a combination of waterproof turnout sheets and warmer turnout blankets to adjust for changing temperatures when their horses are outside. When in their stalls, stable sheets and stable blankets are a popular choice. Our blog

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post, Understanding Horse Blankets, can provide you with further information about selecting the right blanket(s) for your horse depending on the forecast.

If your horse wears blankets, you should periodically remove them to keep tabs on their weight and check on the condition of their skin and hair coat.

Keep Warm If your golden oldie suffers from insulin resistance (IR) or is prone to laminitis, there are additional factors that should be considered. Many studies suggest that in this senior horse population, blood flow to the extremities may decrease in the cold weather due to constricted blood vessels.

This may cause soreness and an increased propensity for laminitis.

Tackle this issue by adding an additional layer to your horse’s legs which will insulate their legs and support healthy circulation.

Standing leg wraps and fleece polos are a popular way to keep your horse’s legs warm, or you might also consider a set of Back on Track Exercise Boots or Professional’s Choice VenTECH Elite Sports Medicine Boots.

Know Your Horse The most important tools that you can use to keep your horse healthy are your own intuition and a close relationship with your veterinarian. You know your

equine companion best and are aware of their normal behaviors. Keep a close eye on changes in their personality and daily habits, since this may indicate that something is awry. It can also be helpful to take periodic photos so that you can keep close tabs on your horse’s weight and body condition. Contact your veterinarian immediately if you suspect your horse’s behaviors are changing as it may signify a larger problem.

As old man winter bears down, do all you can to keep your senior horse warm, healthy, and comfortable. But it is important to remember that unlike us, they were made for this weather and are often able to handle it, provided we do our part to provide them with the necessary nutrition and equipment.

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Everything was going so well…

What to do when your dog has a behavioral setback Paula Bergeron - Grafton, NH

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ehavioral issues in dogs are more common than one might think, everything from counter surfing, and sock eating, to lunging, barking, snapping, and biting.

Most dogs develop some habits in their lives that cause their families to look for help to solve the problem. But what do you do when after a training success story you suddenly experience a setback? After an incident of old unwanted behavior most owners feel emotional. Whether it be anger, frustration, fear, or sadness it is important not to discipline your dog while under the influence of big emotions. Give you and your dog some space from one another and take time to understand what led up to the behavioral “incident” To understand your dog’s behavior, begin by asking some questions about your own.

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1. What action plan helped solve the original problem and have I been consistently following that plan?

It is very common for all of us to slack off when things begin to go well, but just as returning to eating junk food can cause one to regain weight, returning to old patterns with your dog can cause old unwanted behaviors to return.

2. Has there been any major changes in my dog’s routine, or pack?

A change in the daily routine or adding a human or animal to your household can cause your dog to feel insecure and anxious, and anxiety is never helpful when striving to maintain good behavioral management.

3. Have I recently suffered an illness or emotional crisis?

A human in crisis is not an effective leader. Your dog feeling an absence of solid leadership may not be able to maintain newly learned skills or behaviors.

4. Have I been consistently providing my dog with the exercise and structure needed to maintain good emotional balance?

Pent up or frustrated energy make it very difficult for any dog to be able to follow commands or resist impulsive behavior.

5. Did I unwittingly place my dog into a situation they were not ready to handle? Did I move too fast, expect too much, or just forget to pay attention?

These questions are all directed towards the actions of the human because most often the set back with your dog has been the result of human error, or even more common human fatigue. (believe me, I am very familiar with both).

So before you hand out discipline for an upsetting behavioral incident make sure that said discipline is headed in the right direction. :) Keep your chin up folks, and keep at it! And as always, Happy Training!

Winter 2021

Help Monarch Butterflies By Building A Migration Waystation I

Catherine Greenleaf

magine walking outside to find dozens of Monarch butterflies fluttering over the native plants in your backyard next summer. A beautiful sight, indeed!

With a little planning over the winter, you can create a migration waystation in your garden and help Monarchs as they make their long journey south to Mexico in the late summer and fall.

When helping Monarchs, it’s always wise to take a three-pronged approach.

Step One is to make your garden attractive all season long to any meandering Monarchs by offering ready sources of nectar from plants. Some good choices include Echinacea, bee balm, mountain mint, spirea, boneset, and hyssop.

Step Two: once you have attracted Monarchs to your yard, you will want to provide them with the ideal spot for egglaying and chrysalis formation. Prepare a large, circular gardening bed and plant native perennial flowers to feed the Monarchs with nectar once they emerge from the chrysalis along with any Monarchs that are already migrating. This is your waystation. This spot should provide plants with full sun (6-8 hours a day). Scientific studies show a large circle of colorful nectar-filled native flowers of 15-20 feet in diameter will successfully grab the attention of Monarchs flying overhead.

Step Three is to surround the perimeter of this circular area with at least 2-3 dozen milkweed plants. The milkweed should not be more than 20-25 feet away from the waystation. Stay away from nonnative Tropical milkweed and instead stick with the plants native to the Northeast, like Common milkweed, Swamp or Rose milkweed and Poke milkweed, to ensure the quicker establishment and a higher survival rate. Milkweed also prefers a sunny spot with 6-8 hours of sun each day.

Why is milkweed so important? The Monarch will only lay her eggs on milkweed plants. You will find these eggs on the underside of the leaves. Once the eggs hatch, the larvae start munching on the leaves and stems of the milkweed, basically chomping them down to stripped stems. The larvae grow as they eat and once they have developed into a caterpillar then journey to find an appropriate spot to form a chrysalis. Once the Monarch emerges from its chrysalis as a full-fledged butterfly, it dries off in the sun and then immediately looks for native perennial flowers that provide the nectar they desperately need to survive. If your Winter 2021

circular bed is nearby, they will find it.

In your circle garden plant several dozen native Joe Pye Weed plants. These native perennials can reach a height of eight feet, and their bright pink flowers serve as a homing beacon for Monarchs. Monarchs have a strong preference for the nectar of Joe Pye Weed and will flock to the area where you have planted them. It’s not unusual to see 50-60 Monarchs clustered on Joe Pye Weed in a single afternoon.

Alongside the Joe Pye Weed also plant large clusters of fragrant and showy longblooming pink and white Phlox. Another vital plant is native yellow Goldenrod, along with native Aster, especially New England Aster with its pretty purple and pink flowers. Goldenrod and Aster are irresistible to Monarchs and essential to their survival. All of these plants resow quite readily from seeds every year, so you will only have to buy the plants once and watch nature do the rest.

It’s also important to plant native trees near your waystation that offer nighttime roosting sites and help shelter Monarchs

from strong winds and torrential rains.

The flat evergreen leaves of Eastern Red Cedar provide crucial protection and are highly recommended by butterfly experts.

The time to order native plants and seeds is now. Most native growers take their orders for the coming spring during the winter months, so you’ll want to get on the catalog mailing list of your favorite native plant provider.

Be sure the seeds or plants you buy have not been treated with insecticides like deadly neonicotinoids. Stick with organic mail-order seed companies like Wild Seed Project in Portland, Maine, or organic plant businesses like Northeast Pollinator Plants in Fairfax, Vermont, or Bagley Pond Perennials in Warner, New Hampshire.

If you’re planning to start native seeds for the spring, do so in January. Fill plant pots with organic potting soil and plant seeds thickly at roughly the depth of the size of the seed. Cover the soil with a layer of coarse horticultural sand and place outdoors for the winter. Cover the pots with screens to keep away critters. Starting your seeds outside will allow the scarification process to take place which occurs due to a winter’s many freezes and thaws.

Catherine Greenleaf is the director of St. Francis Wild Bird Center in Lyme, N.H. If you find an injured bird, please call (603) 795-4850.

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What I Told My Kids Donna LeClair - Grand Isle, VT

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itting at the supper table that night, I looked at my teenaged daughter and son and thought, “Oh! I’ve got to tell them this. Right now!” It was one more of the myriad bits of information and wisdom parents feel duty-bound to impart to their children. My daughter was a high school senior, and my son was a freshman. They were both old enough to receive, understand, and heed, the information I felt an immediate need to provide. In fact, I wondered how it could have escaped me that they had not been told this information before. The trigger that prompted my talk was that our dog had died, and we were without one. I was grieving the loss. Suddenly I thought my children might want to ease my heartache with another.

“Don’t ever buy me a dog. And don’t buy anyone else a dog, or a cat, either.

Even if someone’s dog or cat has died, people have preferences. I’m partial to poodles or poodle mixes because of my allergies, but I would always want to choose my own dog and, as a family, we decide together. People often want to feel a ‘connection’ when they choose a pet. Some people like big dogs; others, little ones; some want a short-haired dog; others want one with long hair.”

“You might think someone is so devastated when their dog or cat dies that

they will surely want another one. But maybe not. They are grieving because that one was so special to them. They might need time to adjust to that loss.

Maybe they want to consider whether they will have one at all. Sometimes their love is so great for the one they lost that they never do get another one.

Those should be their choices, over time.”

“Okay, that’s for me and my feelings. This is for yourselves. Never get a dog, cat, or any pet, without thinking through how you will take care of it. You need to think about how long it might live so you can plan to take care of it for all of its life. Where might you live? If you live in an apartment, the first question is: Are pets allowed?

How long might you live there? Will you have a job that requires traveling, or might you want to take extended trips? What about your pet? Who will take care of it if you’re away? Doggie Day Care can get expensive over a long period of time, and would that be fair to your dog?”

“Suppose you do live in an apartment, and your landlord says it’s okay to have a dog. What is the apartment like? Is it four floors up? Because if you have a dog, there could be a serious number of flights to go up and down to take your 4-legged buddy outdoors.

All these things should be considered so you can properly take care of the pet you will love.”

“Then there is the cost to have a pet.

You need to license your dog with the town you live in. There will be shots needed to keep it healthy, and if it gets sick or is hurt in some way, you need to know you can afford the care it needs, and that can sometimes be very expensive.”

This conversation and the questions were asked many years ago. My children are now adults with their own children. They took my advice, and both waited to have their dogs when they had homes of their own.

When Hurricane Katrina was forecast to hit New Orleans, people were being evacuated and told to leave their pets behind. My son told me he watched on TV as one man was the last to board a bus to be taken to a safe place, and when the bus doors closed, his dog wildly, insistently, jumped up and down against the doors of the bus as it pulled away. My son is like a dog whisperer. He loves dogs. He said to his wife, “I would never leave my dog.”

His wife replied, “You would have to.”

“Read my lips—I would NEVER leave my dog!”

That is the depth of love my family feels for our dogs.

Winter 2021

How cats’ nutritional needs are different from those of dogs?

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he cat is considered by scientists to be a strict carnivore and the dog is considered to be an omnivore. Both species are in the Class Mammalia and the Order Carnivora, but here’s the difference: the cat cannot sustain its life unless it consumes meat in some form. Dogs, however, can survive on plant material alone; they do not have to consume meat. But always keep in mind that dogs do best and by nature are primarily meat-eaters. Just because by definition they are omnivores (can digest and utilize plant and animal food sources) does not mean that plant material alone makes a good source of nutrition for the dog. Far too many dogs have been undernourished by those cheap grain-based dog foods.

And grain-based cat foods are even worse.

A good way to think of it is that cats are carnivores, dogs are omnivores, but they both have evolved as hunters of other animals in keeping with their nature as meat-eaters.

Numerous chemical substances are required for a cat to remain alive. These substances, some very complex chemical molecules and some very basic and simple must be provided along the internal chemical reaction pathways at all times. Like other living plants and animals, the cat can manufacture most of its own required substances within its own body’s chemical factory. For example, vitamin C is a requirement for lifesustaining processes for us Mammalia, and dogs and cats make plenty of their own within their body’s chemical factory -- the liver. We humans don’t make enough within our body chemical factory. To keep ourselves alive we have to find some vitamin C already made (preformed) somewhere in our environment, gather or capture it, then eat it. Without vitamin C, we’d die.

Dogs and cats don’t have to worry about gathering, capturing, and eating another preformed vitamin C. They don’t care where their next grapefruit will come from because they make all the vitamin C they need inside their own personal chemical factory.

On the other hand, there are numerous nutrients and chemicals that cats need that they can only acquire if they Winter 2021

eat animal-derived tissues. That is, they need to prey on other living creatures that do make the essential chemicals that cats don’t! Out of necessity, the cat has evolved ways to hunt down, capture, and eat this prey in order to “borrow” the prey’s nutrients.

For example - Vitamin A also called retinol, a vitamin required at the cellular level by both cats and dogs.

Cats – Process little or no enzymes that will transform the plant-produced carotenoids. Must eat preformed active vitamin A (that is, vitamin A that already has been converted from carotenoids to its active form by some other creature such as a mouse or rabbit).

Dogs – Have enzymes in the lining of the intestine that can transform plant carotenoids and convert these into active vitamin A.

www.4LegsAndATail.com 17

urine, call your veterinarian. It is also helpful to bring a freshly collected urine sample with you to your appointment.

Make sure your pet is producing urine, especially in cats. See decreased urine volume for more information.

When Should You Call the Vet? Catherine MacLean - Grantham, NH

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ometimes it can be hard to tell when you should call your veterinarian or when you should wait and see.

The following information is a general guideline, but if you are at all concerned about your pet, you should always call your veterinarian.

Lethargy (tiredness) If your pet has non-specific lethargy and is not showing any signs of pain, and seems to be acting fine otherwise (i.e. still eating, drinking, going to the bathroom normally), you can usually wait 24 hours. Make sure your pet has nice pink gums. If their gums are pale or white/grey in appearance, then do not wait and call your veterinarian right away.

Vomiting If your pet vomits one time but is acting fine otherwise, this is usually not cause for concern. If your pet vomits and has diarrhea, lethargy, decreased appetite, or has gotten into something and/or is just not acting liking them-

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selves, you should call your vet. If your pet vomits more than once in a 24 hour period, you should call your veterinarian right away. The exception to this is if you have a cat that is bringing up a hairball. They will often vomit up more than one hairball in a 24 hour period.

Decreased Urine Volume If you notice your pet trying to urinate more frequently and very little urine is coming out, call your vet. If you notice no urine, call your vet immediately. This is especially true in cats.

If you notice a few drops of urine or no urine production, call your veterinarian immediately because your pet could have a urinary obstruction which is a life-threatening emergency.

Increased Appetite If you notice your pet has an increased appetite, especially in cats, this can be a sign of an underlying problem. If your pet has an increased appetite for more than a few days and it is not due to increased activity, call your veterinarian.

Changes in Weight If you notice that your pet is losing or gaining weight without any changes in activity or diet, you should take your pet to the veterinarian. Many conditions cause weight loss that can become life-threatening if not diagnosed and managed properly. There are also medDiarrhea If your pet has one episode of diar- ical conditions that cause weight gain rhea in a 24 hour period and is acting that may need to be managed. fine otherwise, you can usually sit and Our pets bring a lot of joy to our lives. wait. If your pet has more than one They are also very good at hiding illness, episode of diarrhea in a 24 hour peripain, etc. If you are at all concerned od, you should call your veterinarian. about the health of your pet, contact your If you see blood in the diarrhea or the veterinarian. The biggest mistake I see diarrhea is black in color, call your vetpet owners make is taking a sit and wait erinarian right away. If your pet has attitude when it is really something that diarrhea and is vomiting, lethargic, has should have been seen days or weeks before. a decreased appetite, has gotten into Cats in particular are great pretenders. something, or is just not acting like They often don’t show how ill they are himself; call your veterinarian. until they are in dire straits. If you are ever on the fence about whether or not Decreased Appetite or Anorexia If your pet has decreased appetite you should call your veterinarian, trust for less than 24 hours and is acting your gut and call. I would much rather fine otherwise, you can usually wait 24 tell a pet parent that their furry friend is hours. If your pet is not eating at all, ok than that we’ve waited too long. do not wait and call your veterinarian right away. If your pet is acting abnor- Dr. MacLean completed her Bachelor mal and has a decreased appetite, call of Science from Penn State University, your veterinarian. If your pet has a her Doctorate of Veterinary Medicine decreased appetite or has not eaten for from Atlantic Veterinary College, and more than 24 hours, call your veteri- her pet acupuncture certification from Chi Institute. Her areas of special narian. A decreased appetite or lack interest include general practice and of appetite is very serious in cats since acupuncture. She opened Sugar River they can decline quickly.

Animal Hospital in 2013, and she has Increased Frequency of Urination been practicing veterinary medicine If you notice your pet in the litterbox since 2010. Dr. MacLean’s family conmore frequently, asking to go out to sists of her husband Matt, her daughter potty more frequently, or seeing them Katarina, son Alexander and their three urinating more frequently, you should pets: Jack and Misty, two cats, and Arrow, a dog. call your vet. If you notice blood in the Winter 2021

Take Time to Check Your Home for Poisons!

M. Kathleen Shaw DVM Vermont Veterinary Medical Association

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day of dogs who have ingested chocolate! Brownies, candy bars, and especially dark chocolate are highly toxic to dogs. Healthy foods for people such as onions, garlic, grapes, and raisins can cause serious trouble in pets. Veterinarians are seeing more pets who become seriously ill from eating food or gum containing Xylitol, an artificial sweetener. Xylitol is used to sweeten certain brands of peanut butter: pet owners can unwittingly poison their dogs while trying to give medication hidden in it so check the label.

The top three poisons reported by Poison Control for small animals include veterinary products, over-the-counter human medications, and human prescription medications. We’ve all had the joy of trying to get a dog or cat to accept its pill: it often turns into a circus. In response, many veterinary joint supplements, pain medications, and medication for urinary incontinence are now flavored for ease of administration. The problem lies with the fact that these new flavored pills taste so good the dog wants to eat the entire bottle, leading to serious illness. Ibuprofen remains the number one over the counter pill ingested by dogs and human prescription medications of all types can cause illness in our pets.

Common sense precautions can prevent the poisoning of our pets. Keep all human and animal medications in a cupboard up high and out of reach of pets. Simply pushing them back on the kitchen or bathroom counter is not good enough. You may think your pet can’t or won’t get up on the counters, but it happens all the time. Store garden products in a shed away from pets.

Read the labels and follow precautions on insecticides, fertilizers, and rodenticides. Do your research on the plants you already have and before purchasing any new ones to make sure they are not toxic to your animals. If you think your pet got into something potentially toxic, call your veterinarian or Poison Control right away. Some poisons, don’t show signs for several days, but prompt treatment before so may save your animal’s life.

arch 18-24 is Animal Poison Prevention Week, and veterinarians are spreading the word about some common poisons for our animals large and small (including exotic animals). While many of us believe our homes are safe from toxins that animals would ingest, you might be surprised at what can cause serious illness.

Garden products such as fertilizers, herbicides, and fungicides are highly poisonous to our animals. Certain plants, both indoor and outdoor can be dangerous too. Take an inventory of your indoor and landscaping plants and go to the ASPCA Poison Control website (see below) to make sure they are The ASPCA Animal Poison Control not toxic to your animals. This includes Center (https://www.aspca.org/petin and around the pastures, where horses care/animal-poison-control or phone and livestock can reach over and sample (888) 426-4435) is your best resource them. For instance, Japanese Yews, commonly used in landscaping, is extremely for animal poison-related emergencies poisonous, resulting in rapid cardiac arrest 24/7. Last year they helped pet owners and death if consumed. Bouquets of flow- with over 180,000 cases. On their website, you can learn about poisonous ers and plants may contain lilies, which plants (by name or picture), people are highly toxic to cats in particular. Just foods to avoid, household products, sniffing the pollen or chewing on a leaf can cause kidney failure and death if not and you can even download a mobile app for Poison Control. Keep the phone treated promptly.

It’s not surprising that the products for- number handy, along with your veterinarian’s, in case you ever need it. mulated to kill pests can be toxic to our domestic animals. Rodenticides (rat and mice poison) and insecticides are highly toxic to dogs and cats and can lead to death if not detected early. Always read the label and follow the instructions. If your pet gets into rat poison or an insecticide, have the package or bottle with you when you call and take your pet to the vet.

There are many types of these poisons, and knowing the active ingredients in what your pet ate will help your veterinarian to determine the treatment to save your pet.

Large animal owners should follow label precautions carefully when using insecticides around the animals and in pastures.

Many foods that people love are highly toxic to pets. The ASPCA Poison Control Center receives on average 39 calls per Winter 2021

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Alternatively Speaking: The ABC’s of Vitamin D Dr. Anne Carroll DVM, CVA

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h, winter. Time for glistening snow-covered landscapes, ice skating, snowmen… and for those of us indoors by the fire more than out in the little sun we have, time to think about our Vit D levels! This discussion may be especially pertinent this year, since among its many benefits Vit D promotes a healthy immune system for avoiding infectious disease, or reducing symptoms and duration of illness.

Researchers are still investigating what this may mean for COVID, and while cases of COVID in dogs and cats are astronomically rare, and ‘one-way’ from people to pets when they do occur, Vit D is equally important for them in many other ways. So now seems a good time to talk about the role this vitamin plays in our pet’s health, and how we can ensure they have sufficient levels of this very important nutrient.

Why do we care so much about Vit D? It is most well-known for its role in calcium regulation and bone growth, with deficiency causing Rickets in growing children. But there are more than 2000 genes in tissues and organs in the body that are influenced by Vit D, and it has been shown to play a role in human cardiovascular disease, hypertension, cancer, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheu20 4 Legs & a Tail

matoid arthritis, and asthma. Growing animals can get Rickets too, and Vit D has as far-reaching effects for them as in people. Low Vit D has been associated with chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cardiovascular disease, infection, dental erosions in cats, allergies, and yes, cancer.

In fact, a good deal of research focuses on low Vit D and cancer for us and our pets. Vit D’s actions are anti-inf lammatory. When Vit D is low, measures of inflammation like C-reactive protein are high. Inflammation is a known risk factor for cancer since it contributes to its development, progression, and prognosis. Beyond being anti-inflammatory, this vitamin impacts genes controlling cell growth, reproduction, and most other functions cancers need to spread and change tissues. Low Vit D has been associated with the risk of breast, colon, and prostate cancer in people, while in our skin it helps reduce skin cancer by decreasing susceptibility to UV rays. In animals, deficiency has been associated with mast cell, hemangiosarcoma, and lymphoma cancers.

While it’s true that the benefit of Vit D is similar in pets and humans, things start to be different when we compare where our Vit D comes from. Humans,

sheep, and cattle can produce Vit D3 in the skin. However enzymes in dog and cat skin convert Vit D precursors to cholesterol, not Vit D, so photosynthesis provides them very little. For a fun fact, chickens don’t make Vit D in their skin either, but sunlight does make it in the feather’s oil which the birds ingest while grooming. No matter how Vit D is obtained, it is stored in body fat including in muscles and organs, and that fat is the natural source of Vit D for predators including dogs and cats.

However, In modern times pets eat more commercial foods than fresh prey.

The process of converting ingredients into pet food destroys so many of the original nutrients, supplements like Vit D must be added. Unfortunately, AFFCO guidelines for Vit D, like many nutrients, require pet food to have the minimum to avoid clinical disease (like Rickets during growth), but not so much as to cause toxicity. Survival is great, but there is far too little research to show what amount is actually ideal for adult animals to thrive. Even in people guidelines are constantly being revised, as studies are now looking at many mineral and hormonal levels in the body to decide how much supplementation is needed for optimal blood Winter 2021

levels of this very important nutrient.

So how can you optimize the Vit D in your pet’s food? In our practice, we discuss adding some fresh foods to try to mimic the content of a natural diet. As always, discussing your individual animal’s needs with your veterinarian is the place to start before adjusting their food, but in general, it is safe to divide your pet’s meals so they include some less processed choices besides their dry food, such as homemade, dehydrated, or frozen. If using ‘toppers’ or unbalanced additions of fresh foods, less than 20% of an adult animal’s diet can usually be replaced without creating issues, but talk to your veterinarian so you are choosing valuable additions. In the case of Vit D, the richest natural sources are fish and fish oils. If your pet eats mostly homemade, it is hard to avoid supplements to get enough while keeping in balance with inter-related nutrients like calcium. Whole foods tend to have more co-nutrients to prevent imbalances, and it is harder to give too much of any one nutrient compared to individual supplements. Always talk to your veterinarian about proper supplementation and Vit D testing before and after switching to homemade diets to verify they are getting the correct amounts.

Winter 2021

Which brings us to the question, when should you test your pet’s Vit D level? In our practice, we certainly test to confirm if we have any questions about dietary content, even for pets on commercial foods. Up to 40% of people have low Vit D levels, despite eating ‘properly’, and unlike our pets, we can augment our dietary sources with sun exposure. However, we most commonly recommend testing pets when they are experiencing an issue related to Vit D deficiency. Skin diseases and allergies, cancers, and cats with erosions in their teeth are probably the most typical diagnoses that would trigger a Vit D test. Not all pets with these issues have low Vit D, nor can we say for sure that supplementation will improve their condition, but there is enough evidence to support treating a pet if their levels are low, and we do see improvements in Vit D levels when pets are appropriately supplemented.

We also test animals routinely while taking Vit D supplements. Supplementation should never be used in people or pets unless a test shows a deficiency.

Then monitoring is needed since too much Vit D can be toxic. The FDA has had to issue diet recalls due to Vit D toxicity in pets, as recently as 2019, but four other times in the last 10 years. Possible

symptoms of excess Vit D are high calcium levels, slowed growth, bone pain, digestive upset, increased urination or thirst, and kidney problems.

So now that you are mindful of all the wonders of Vit D, talk to your vet about your pet’s diet and whether adding a sardine a few times a week, or some fresh fish or organ meats would be appropriate as a side treat to their main meals. If they are experiencing a medical condition, especially cancer, consult a holistic veterinarian regarding nutritional supports that can augment your pet’s care which may include a Vit D test and supplementation. Maybe best of all, get moving! Exercise and preventing obesity goes a long way to maintaining optimal Vit D levels for us and our pets, so whether you can make Vit D from sunlight or not, get outside and have fun!

Dr. Anne Carroll is the owner of the Chelsea Animal Hospital where she and her associates practice conventional medicine and surgery as well as several alternative modalities including traditional Chinese acupuncture and Chinese herbal medicine. For more information on alternative veterinary medicine visit their website at www.chelseaanimalhospital.com .

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I Am Afraid of Anesthesia for My Pet - PART II Sandra L Waugh VMD, MS

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n the first article I discussed what anesthesia is and the need for pain medications as anesthetics provide little pain relief by themselves. In this article I will go over some of the equipment we use to make anesthesia as safe as possible.

Let’s take a broader view of this process.

Miley, one of our clinic cats, is clearly not intimidated by all of the equipment! She likes the dental tables because there is a circulating warm water pad underneath her and it is turned on so it is warm when our patient arrives. Cats love warm spots!

In the first article I mentioned giving a pre-anesthetic dose of a narcotic and

a small amount of a tranquilizer. These drugs make the pet somewhat sleepy and decrease their anxiety. An IV catheter is then placed in a vein, usually a front leg but sometimes a hind leg is used. The fur is clipped to allow us to clean the skin thoroughly. The IV catheter has multiple uses: to give the drugs that induce anesthesia, to give fluids during the procedure to maintain hydration and blood pressure, and to give any other drugs needed during the procedure.

After anesthesia has been induced an endotracheal tube is placed into the windpipe (trachea) and a balloon on

the tube is inflated to insure that the pet is not breathing room air, but only the oxygen and gas from the anesthesia machine. The pet is placed on the dental table on its back and the endotracheal tube is connected to the anesthesia machine. If the pet is not breathing we can “make him/her breath” by pressing on a breathing bag. Many pets breath fine during anesthesia, but some don’t.

If the pet is not breathing well we use a ventilator (we have heard that term with COVID!). The IV fluid line from the IV pump is connected to the IV catheter and fluids are started.

Anesthesia machine Vaporizer.

This holds the anesthetic gas, isoflurane in this case.

Pump for IV fluids

Syringe pump for pain relief medications

Breathing bag (black)

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Anesthesia circuit - brings oxygen and isoflurane to the pet, takes away exhaled gas.

Forced warm air blanket, not yet turned on

Winter 2021

ECG Dots are placed on the chest to monitor the heart. The fur must be clipped away first. Then we make a “burrito wrap” to keep the pet nice and warm. If you have had a dentist drill on your teeth, you know that a lot of water is sprayed during the drilling. That water can make a pet cold, and a cold pet does not do as well under anesthesia as a warm pet.

We don’t want out patients getting cold while under anesthesia.

1. ECG Dots are placed on the chest and belly to monitor the heart.

2. The Forced Warm Air Blanket, already filled with warm air, is placed over the pet.

The black pad is the circulating warm water pad.

The green pad has a mesh to help prevent the pet from getting wet.

Endotracheal tube - goes down the windpipe to deliver gas to the lungs

Temperature probe. Goes down the esophagus to the level of the heart.

Continuously measure body temperature.

3. First wrap of the hairdresser drape

4. The other side of the drape is wrapped This tube is used to fill the balloon on the endotracheal tube with air.

Anesthesia circuit attached to the endotracheal tube.

A continuous sample of the gas going in and out is drawn through this tube. It goes to a monitor that measures the amount of carbon dioxide in the gas. More on this in a later article.

5. And the whole thing is held together with clips.

The Warm Air comes out of the underside of the blanket and provides a continuous stream of warm air.

The layers are: Table, Circulating warm water pad, Special pad with mesh to prevent the pets back from getting wet (water can “wick up” the neck and go down the back.), a hair dresser drape (!), pet’s body, Forced Warm Air Blanket.

The hair dresser drape is then wrapped around the pet and the warm air blanket to contain that warm air around the pet. We call this a “Pet Burrito”. A fleece blanket is then placed over everything.

We maintain a normal body temperature during the entire anesthesia.

In part three of this series anesthesia monitors will be discussed.

Dr. Waugh is a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. She also holds a Masters Degree from Washington State University of Veterinary Medicine and is owner of Windsor Pet Dental, PLC. Winter 2021

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The Light of the Memory Tree Tanya Sousa

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roubles in all shapes and sizes befell many people in 2020. “These are dark times,” a friend wrote to me. “Dark times indeed.” I wrote back.

My life also had its share of challenges and darkness in the last year. What do you do when the lights go out and you temporarily lose your ability to see

clearly? You light a candle, that’s what.

Everyone’s “candle” is as individual as s/he is, but it will fall into one of many categories. I spent a lot of time in my profession as a counselor working with children who already had so much sadness that they needed to find their light in the worst way. For some of them, it was getting lost in music or in a sport. For others it was being outside, sometimes among trees, sometimes near water. Some needed the calm understanding of animals – a good cry with the St. Bernard’s head resting in the lap, or with their own heads buried in the warm safety of fur and the rhythm of breath that tells them at least something is sure.

I have no doubt that your candle (at least one of them), as mine, f lickers with the beauty and souls of your dogs or cats, or rabbits, or whatever other beings share your life.

Remembering back, the severity of my life in 2008 meant I needed even more than my living and beloved border collies and cats. I needed to have the presence of all the wonderful creatures that have graced my years; I searched through four decades of photo albums and pulled out the best pictures I could find of my fur-bearing guardian angels from birth to the present and gave them

to a kindred spirit who would understand what to do with them.

“Sarah, I want to hire you to paint me ornaments. I need to have a memory tree this year.” I said. We discussed how I wanted them to appear. Did I want snowflakes or candles or anything seasonal in the image, she wondered? I decided against that. By having them neutral, I could use them on the Christmas tree this year and then display them in different ways at any time of year. I chose small pieces of slate as the canvas.

Sarah was not only a dog trainer for most of her adult life, but she showed and bred dogs as well. Once retired, she painted dogs with the breath-taking detail of a person who knows them so well she can catch the personality of any individual dog with tiny strokes of her brush. After months of work, Sarah presented me with the images of animals that have graced my life. I have never cried with happiness before in my life, but I did when I looked on those familiar faces so beautifully portrayed

by Sarah’s hand.

When my family and friends gathered with me for the holidays that year, it was magical, and much of that stemmed from the Memory Tree. “That was Simba, the dog we grew up with.” My sister said, and hugged her fiancé as if in joy from a reunion. My father guided his new wife to the tree to show her another dog. “That’s Tasha.” He told her, and began telling her stories of her neverending appetite and heart that was just as vast. There were so many stories to tell. The more that were shared, the more warmth seemed to enfold us.

The holidays ended, but there was no reason for the light of those candles to go out. I found other ways to display them; I can look at them every day, and they continue to help me see and hope when it seems impossible hope can be found.

If a Memory Tree or Memory Ornaments sound like a good idea to you, remember they don’t have to be painted images. Make some good copies of your favorite photos and decoupage them onto plain ornaments, eggshells, or create ornaments in any other crafty way you can imagine. I’ve seen people who make memory quilts from photographs of people, so why not have a memory quilt of images of special dogs?

There is power from the bracing images of those creatures that have loved us well. What is your candle in the dark?

Don’t hesitate to light it.

Find Tanya Sousa’s novel, “The Starling God”, her art and photography note cards and much more at Etsy.com/ market/NatureArtsExpressed

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Abraham Lincoln’s Dog, Fido Kate Kelly

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n the 1850s, the Lincoln family acquired a yellow mixed-breed dog they named Fido. Fido often accompanied Lincoln to his Springfield law office or around town on errands. Fido also loved being with the Lincoln boys, Willy and Tad, and he was known to most people in Springfield.

Fido’s Story In the mid-19th century, few families could afford pets, but dogs were plentiful in most communities. The strays scavenged for food around local eateries and found barns where they could sleep. These dogs were generally called “tramps.” (This may explain the Disney title, “Lady and the Tramp.”) Only a lucky few of the dogs found themselves with a home to live in and a family to love. Fido was one of them.

Lincoln had not had an easy childhood, and his hardscrabble background gave him a soft spot for children and for animals. He rarely disciplined his sons, and of course, if a cat or a dog found their way to the Lincoln household, they were not turned away. (His wife Mary did not feel the same way. Springfield streets could be very muddy, and Mary did not like all the dirt tracked in by the children, and later, the dog.)

Robert Lincoln was away during much of this time. He was older than his brothers (born in 1843). In 1859, he was sent to boarding school, Phillips Exeter Academy.

The Lincolns Adopt Fido Rough-coated yellow dogs like Fido were common at that time. (Lincoln had owned another “yaller dog” named Honey when younger.)

Fido must have arrived in the household by 1855 as historians can produce an invoice for vermifuge, a “de-wormer,” from the Springfield drugstore. Whether the family found him, or whether he chose them, is a story we do not know but cer26 4 Legs & a Tail

tainly by the mid-1850s, the Lincolns had Fido living with them.

While today the name “Fido” is so common that it’s used generically to refer to canine “pets.” Fido is from the Latin “fedelitas” for faithful, so naming the dog Fido was likely very high praise for the dog.

At the time, the most popular name for dogs was Carlo, according to Matthew Algeo, author of the book, Abe & Fido.

The name “Carlo” was popular among the well-read, as it was the name of the faithful pointer in Jane Eyre.

Family Dog Fido was very much a “house dog.” The streets of Springfield were often muddy, so between Willy and Tad and Fido, the house must have been difficult to keep clean. Over Mary’s protests, Fido sometimes climbed into bed with one of the boys. He amused the family by chasing his tail in the drawing room. At dinner, Abe and the boys were happy to pass him scraps from the table.

Before Lincoln became president, Fido’s days were generally spent out with one family member or another. If Lincoln was doing errands, Fido went along with him and was sometimes given the responsibility of carrying Lincoln’s purchase. Fido was also well known at the barbershop.

Billy the Barber was an institution in Springfield, and since Abe went in regularly for shaves (he was clean-shaven until late 1860), Fido often went, too.

When Lincoln went to his law office, Fido could have accompanied him, but chances were good that he went to find Willy and Tad instead. He could wait for them at school, or Willy and Tad were often out and about with friend. Fido liked joining them.

Like other dogs of the same time period, there was no particular effort at training Fido. He came and went as he pleased, and because Lincoln tended to indulge both his children and their pets, no one ever broke Fido of his habit of jumping up on people to cheerfully lick hello. With the muddy streets of Springfield, Fido did sometimes annoy.

Presidential Campaign During the mid-19th century, it was considered unseemly for presidential candidates to campaign. Instead, party representatives traveled on a candidate’s behalf, and as many people as possible were asked to write letters in

support of one candidate or another.

In 1860, Lincoln faced a four-way election: Stephen Douglas represented the Northern Democrats, John C. Breckinridge ran on the Southern Democratic ticket, and John Bell represented the Constitutional Unionists.

The election was unlike any other. Lincoln knew that the country was at stake.

Lots of planning was taking place with advisors and campaign managers traveling to Springfield to meet with Abraham Lincoln. Most meetings were at Lincoln’s law offices, but Lincoln sometimes brought men home to continue their talks.

Fido was restless and anxious from all the activity around his master, but there wasn’t much Lincoln could do about it.

When the election results were announced in November (still months from when the family would depart for D.C. in March), Springfield erupted in excitement. Cannons were fired, fireworks set off, and bands played. The town was filled with a cacophony of sounds, all of which sent Fido to hide behind the drawing room couch or upstairs under the boys’ bed.

What To Do With Fido In observing how upsetting all the noises were for Fido, the future president had to consider what the family faced in Washington. He knew the capital was louder than Springfield, and he couldn’t imagine Fido feeling comfortable traveling by train with the family.

With difficulty, he discussed with Willy and Tad that there was just no way for Fido to come along. With protests from the kids and tears from them all, Lincoln got the boys to focus on where Fido could stay until the Lincolns returned to Springfield.

After considering various possibilities, the Lincolns all felt that The Roll family would be the right place for Fido.

John Roll was one of Lincoln’s oldest friends. Roll was just 16 when Lincoln, age 20, hired him to help build a flatboat that Lincoln planned to use to haul goods down the Mississippi. Since that time, John Roll became a contractor in town, and he and his wife had boys about the same age as Willy and Tad. The Rolls family also lived near the Lincoln home on 8th Street, so the boys all played together. Fido was often with them and always greeted the Rolls boys with big licks on face and hands.

Roll Family Agrees When Abe pitched the idea to John Roll, he had several requests concerning Fido: -They were never to tie him up in the backyard by himself.

He was a house dog, so he should be allowed inside when he scratched at the door.

-He was not to be scolded for having muddy paws.

-He should be permitted to join the Roll family at dinner. Fido was accustomed to being fed by everyone at the table.

Lincoln also had one other thought.

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Would the family like their couch that was specially made for Abe? It was green horsehair—7 feet long to accommodate the president’s height. Fido loved being on or near the couch, too.

John Roll and his family were honored to help, and they agreed to all the points that were specified by the Lincoln family.

Also included in the plans were the fact that when the Lincolns returned to Springfield, Fido would come back to live with them.

The Family in Washington In March of 1861, the Lincoln family made the move to Washington, D.C. to live in the executive mansion. Despite the war, Willy’s and Tad’s lives proceeded the way the lives of most young boys do with school and playtime.

Pets continued to be welcomed by Abe Lincoln and his sons.

The boys had ponies, white rabbits, and two goats that kept them endlessly amused. Willy and Tad liked hitching Nanny and Nanko to a cart—or even a kitchen chair—to be pulled around.

The goats, however, were not always popular with the White House staff as they tended to chew up things they weren’t supposed to.

Tad became very attached to a turkey that was being raised for Christmas dinner. At Tad’s behest, Lincoln had little choice but to spare the turkey. The turkey lived on with the Lincolns as a pet, and Tad gave him full run of the mansion. (Lincoln’s own childhood was filled with fear and disappointment, so he chose to raise his boys with much more leniency.)

There is also mention of a dog at the Executive Mansion. A visitor recalls a “very beautiful little dog” who could stand up on his back feet quite comfortably. The person referred to the dog as “Jip” or “Gyp.” Lincoln Loved Cats Another visitor talked of a chair pulled up to the dining table by the president. A cat sat by the president enjoying a meal with the family. Perhaps Mary Lincoln was away at that time?

Lincoln himself was particularly fond of cats. According to

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the staff at Abraham Lincoln’s birthplace, if Mary Lincoln was asked about whether her husband had a hobby, she was very likely to answer “cats.”

In March of 1865 as the Civil War was coming to a close. All the requirements of rebuilding the country were being presented to the president. He frequently sat at the telegraph office in Washington so he could send and receive messages easily.

While there one day, Lincoln became distracted by three stray kittens. When he was informed that the kittens’ mother had died, he sat with them on his lap for a few minutes and then before he left, he made certain someone there committed to taking care of them.

News from Springfield The Lincoln family did not have opportunities to return to Springfield. Travel at that time was arduous, and with the ongoing war, President Lincoln remained i n Wa s h i n g to n except when the war called him elsewhere. However, the family received reports from townspeople.

One of the best correspondents reporting to the Lincoln was Billy the barber. Billy, of course, knew all about what was going on in town, and he often reported a bit about Fido. At the end of a newsy report about the town, Billy added: “Tell Taddy that his (and Willy’s) Dog is alive and Kicking, doing well, he stays mostly at John E. Roll’s with his Boys who are about the size now that Tad and Willy were when they left for Washington.”

Continued Next Page

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Lincoln’s Funeral Fido was still living with the Rolls family when Lincoln was assassinated. When the funeral was held, mourners stopped in at the Lincoln family home in Springfield to pay their respects. The Roll family brought Fido to say good-bye to his master, too.

In 1853, Abe Lincoln bought a horse that he called Old Bob. When the family departed for Washington, Lincoln sold Bob to an Irish drayman. Old Bob pulled one of the fellow’s delivery wagons.

When the body of the president arrived in Springfield to be buried, the deliveryman provided Old Bob for the funeral procession, Old Bob wore a mourning blanket with silver fringe, and he walked immediately after the hearse carrying the President’s body.

Fido Meets His End During the year following Lincoln’s death, Fido continued to live with the Roll family. One day he didn’t come home. The family looked for him for several days before one of the boys heard that he might be over in the community churchyard. When they arrived there, they found Fido curled up and motionless. He had a knife wound. He must have crawled to a spot where he could find shelter to die.

Later the story was pieced together by community members. Like other towns, Springfield had its share of drunks. One of them was sitting on a curb downtown when Fido must have greeted him, perhaps with the muddy paws that he was well-known for. The fellow pulled a knife and stabbed him. Because Fido got away, no one realized a serious wound had been inflicted until the family reported that Fido hadn’t come home.

It was too late to save Fido but the Rolls family saw that he had a loving farewell.

First Photo of a Presidential Pet Today we have two similar images that show us what Fido looked like. (See below to read how these were found.)

Up until recently, most historians felt that the photograph was likely taken before the Lincolns left Springfield.

More recently, however, it has been speculated that it is more likely that Fido’s photo was taken after the assassination. (The clue to that has to do with the photographer, “Ingmire” who is identified as having taken the photograph.

When more town history was researched, it seems that Ingmire did not have a photo studio in 1860.)

For the funeral, the town was overrun by people. Visitors wanted to buy items related to Lincoln. A townsperson may have decided that a photo of Fido would sell well.

At the time, photographs were sometimes copied and made into carte-de-visite (calling cards of a sort which were very popular during the Civil War when family members wanted to be remembered). Shortly after Lincoln’s death, the photo of Fido was reproduced as a carte-de-visite and sold to souvenir collectors.

Either explanation leaves us with the undeniable fact that we have the first photo ever taken of a Presidential dog.

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How the Photo of Fido Was Found Until about the 1940s, no one knew the story of the Lincoln family and Fido. However, thanks to an avid photo collector and his daughter, the two images of Fido led to details of the story.

Frederick Hill Meserve (1865-1962), a wellto-do executive in the textile industry, had a hobby that became all-consuming. His father fought in the Civil War and left behind a diary.

Meserve wanted photographs to further tell the story of where his father fought.

He began collecting photographs from the Civil War, and as he shopped, he saw that there were many Lincoln-related images that were available. He began adding those and expanding his collection of photographs from the last 40 years of the 19th century. He eventually amassed the largest collection of Lincoln and Civil War photographs in private hands.

At the time of his death, he owned some two hundred thousand images including at least ten thousand glass negatives of photographer Matthew Brady.

Daughter Shared Passion His family came to share this passion. His oldest daughter, Dorothy Meserve Kunhardt (1901-1979) became an author. One day in the 1930s, she was researching a book on Lincoln’s sons, Tad and Willy. She found two collodion negatives of an images that surprised her. The picture was of a scruffy dog positioned on what must have been a photographer’s table. The dog was paying close attention and clearly trying to please someone ordering him to stay quiet on the table.

In 1940, she traveled to Springfield and tracked down friends of the Lincoln boys. Isaac Diller (1854-1943), was son of the drugstore owner who served the Lincoln family. Isaac Diller was a boy when the Lincolns moved away. When he grew up, he took over the family business.

Dorothy Meserve Kunhardt arrived in Springfield and found Isaac, who was 86 at that time.

Diller was able to identify the photograph as being that of Fido, the Lincoln’s beloved dog.

Isaac Diller then referred Kunhardt to another Springfield fellow, John Linden Roll, one of the young boys who played with Willie and Tad and whose family cared for Fido when the Lincolns moved to Washington. From John Roll, she learned more of the story.

On February 15, 1954, Life magazine published Dorothy Meserve Kunhardt’s story of Fido. Forty years later, she and one of her sons published Twenty Days: A Narrative in Text and Pictures of the Assassination of Abraham Lincoln.

If you are convinced her name sounds familiar, you’re right. Dorothy Meserve Kunhardt was also the author of the best-selling book for babies, Pat the Bunny, first published in 1938.

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