Portfolio by Hongyuan Liu for Bartlett School of Architecture(UCL)

Hongyuan Liu

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CONCEPT many people are cheering that the land use right can be automatically renewed after the country's introduction of In China, 70 years, but no one seems to think about whether the house they bought will be able to live after 70 years. Qiu

Baoxing, deputy director of the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, once said at the Sixth International Conference on Green Buildings and Building Energy Conservation that "the average building life of China is only 25-30 years." And even those economically developed countries such as Japan have only reached 50 years The United States has only reached 74 years. Therefore, in fact, the life expectancy of the house purchased by most people cannot support the expiration of their land-use rights. Because high-rise buildings are constructed of reinforced concrete, various pipelines and concrete are poured together. The life of the concrete can reach 30 years or more, but the longest life of the pipeline will not exceed 30 years. Therefore, when time pass, various types of pipelines will run and leak, which makes maintenance difficult.

The houses that have been completed for about 20 years have experienced upset troubles such as water leaks from the upper and lower pipes, water seepage from the floor walls, aging of various lines buried in the walls, and frequent elevator failures.

And now the government is rebuilding the old house, which is those villages in the city with a very low number of floors.

Because the demolition and reconstruction of villages with low floors can build dozens of floors of high-rises. The more built houses can be sold for cash. The government and developers are profitable, so they are also willing to demolish and rebuild those old buildings. But nowadays, dozens of high-rise buildings have been built, and the plot ratio is so high that there is no value-added space for reconstruction. Who else will demolish and rebuild 30 years later? At that time, rich people bought new houses and moved away, and those without money could only continue to be trapped and endure the various problems caused by the aging of buildings and various equipment.

滚滚长江东逝水

High-rise housing or slums?

The building life design standard of our national house is 50 years, and the warranty period of the main structure is consistent with the building life design standard. That is to say, the owner must take responsibility for the main structural problem over 50 years. The house needs the owner to take care of it. For example, the problem of the main structure is not only the problem of the building shell on the ground but also the foundation. After 50 years, if there is a problem with the foundation, it will be reinforced. The cost of reinforcement is tens of millions of buildings. Even if it can be strengthened, it may be cheaper than demolishing and rebuilding, depending on the specific plan. Who should pay this money? For developers, 50 years later you suddenly change the legal policy to make developers pay, and all developers receive news 10 years in advance and move abroad. So, can the owner safeguard the rights of the government and the answer is impossible. The government does not care

about most of the old buildings. The easiest way is to demolish a small part of the old buildings and build new buildings to surround the old buildings. Then it is difficult to find the existence of these old buildings in the city. This is the so-called face project. It is also very difficult for the owners to form their own neighborhood committees for self-repair in China. project wants to try to explore the possibility of solving this dilemma. I want to use China's urban development process to try to revitalize the existing residential model. So that the entire house can form a good ecological circle. This will always ensure sufficient funds. Thus solving the problem of maintenance costs. At the same time, in order to make the building more convenient to maintain after aging, I tried to use some sustainable design methods to design this solution.

The figure on the right is an example of the current Chinese cities to try to analyze the evolution of housing in China's urban development. From this collage, it can be seen that the design of residential buildings in China is very uniform and basically belongs to the variant of Khrushchev's apartment. They are products from a functional and economic perspective. And this product is essentially the same. So the development of the whole house is like an endless cycle. From slums to high-end homes, high-end homes became slums after disrepair.

This

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The change of residences is like a cycle. Today's high-rise residences may become slums in the future.

60's Representative House

70's Representative House

80's Representative House

90's and 21st century Representative House

As a result of the Great Leap Forward in 1958, China's economy was greatly damaged, the housing problems of urban residents have been greatly affected, and housing difficulties have become a prominent problem.。So the first houses were born. This similar home is characterized by a low number of floors. A lot of space is shared, such as a balcony, kitchen, and even bathroom. In terms of planning, this house will form a perimeter, with the outer circle as the street, with various shops, restaurants, hotels and other facilities. The inner circle is a public area and is basically used by residents.

After the Cultural Revolution, China restarted the residential revival project and tried a mass production method using high-rise residential technology. The residence began to adopt industrial construction modes such as large formwork cast-in-situ, cast-in-place outer slab structure and so on. This has led to national design specifications. Construction model of unified planning, unified design, and unified management.

The concept of a garden house began to emerge at this stage. The design and planning of this house have the following guidelines: First, according to the size of the residential area and the area in which it is located, rationally allocate public buildings to meet the needs of residents. The second is to start paying attention to the diversification of group combinations and organizing multiple spaces. The third is to pay attention to the construction of the living environment and build green space.

At this stage, Chinese dwellings have entered the era of commercial dwellings, and the concept of residential quarters has begun to emerge. Complete infrastructure must be provided inside and around the residential quarters. Various services such as property services are also required. But in fact, the layout of the apartment has not changed much.

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ANALYSIS First, analyze the city where the base is located. Shenzhen is a very young city. Its development history is less than 40 years, but it has become an international metropolis. Its development in China is second only to Beijing, Shanghai, and Guangzhou. Therefore, its urban texture will be very interesting. Under such rapid development, what kind of dwellings will be distributed throughout the city. It is very important for reference.

Here, four urban center areas in the three periods of Shenzhen's urban expansion are extracted, and further analysis is performed on these four central areas to obtain a preliminary residential planning model.

As the earliest development area, Futian District has now become the main municipal office area and commercial CBD area. Therefore, it can be said that Futian District is a template for the Baoan District. A functional group is huge.

But there is a very key point compared to Baoan District. Since there are not many CBDs in Baoan District, the surrounding business facilities are concentrated in shopping malls. Since Futian District needs to meet a large number of daily office workers, there are a large number of small shops such as convenience stores are scattered throughout the office area. Make the experience of the entire area better. At the same time, the biggest feature of the Futian District is that this is the district where the government office is located. Its parks and urban landscaping are the most complete and best in Shenzhen. The public function areas of the citizens are also very sound. Facilities such as parks, libraries, and activity centers are well developed.

City core: Baoan core area (stage three)

Urban ex (1978-20 As the newly developed Shenzhen area, Baoan District's core function area will be closer to a matrix arrangement. The house will be more independent and there will be very little interaction between functions.

Both are independent, side-by-side area blocks. One of the main rules is that there must be a core shopping mall in the middle of a large number of residential areas. This shopping mall can meet all the living needs of the surrounding residents, including shopping, dining, entertainment and more.

City core: Nanshan core area (stage two) Nanshan District started to develop ten years ago, and now it has become Shenzhen's best economic district. The residential model in Nanshan District retains many characteristics of non-commercial housing. Of course, features like the shopping center as the heart of the core area still exist. However, a more even distribution of functional areas can be seen in Nanshan District. At the same time, many high-rise office buildings appeared in the core area of Nanshan District. Then there is a very obvious feature is that the area of each functional area will not be very large, and the function of each functional area is relatively single. But the distribution component of different functional areas is average. There will be residential areas near commercial areas and shopping malls near residential areas. Therefore, the distribution of core area functions is relatively rich.

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BASE

Urban e (2002-2

Examples from other cities

City core: Futian core area (stage one) City core: Luohu core area (stage one)

Luohu District is also the earliest area in Shenzhen. The urban texture of the Luohu District is very interesting. Due to technical reasons at that time, a large number of buildings in Luohu were not high. As a result, areas that are difficult to divide with functional areas are formed as a whole. For example, commercial areas are often mixed with residential areas. The existence of independent commercial buildings around the residential area also makes the functional distribution of Luohu District have the same characteristics. It is basically a residential area surrounded by a commercial area. At the same time, the two functions may be mixed. At the same time, a small number of office areas are located in Luohu District. One of the most obvious features is all independent business and office areas are surrounded by a core traffic road. Areas outside the core road are relatively more mixed.

xpansion: stage one 002)

expansion: stage two 2008)

Urban expansion: stage three (2008-Now)

Barcelona in 1854, the second-largest city in Spain, the rapid population growth has made the narrow streets of this ancient medieval city and the backward urban health system unbearable. On the other hand, since the Middle Ages, Barcelona is not only an important trading city in Spain but also the capital of Catalonia, a culturally autonomous and economically developed region. In this place where the first language is Catalan rather than Spanish, cultural autonomy is particularly strong. Since the 18th century, the Bourbon dynasty has canceled Catalan autonomy and even banned Catalan as the official language. Catalan culture has been severely suppressed. The people and the government hope to pass the construction of the city. To gain confidence and hope for development.

The walls of the old city were demolished this year, and the expansion and renewal of the city are imperative.

After more than 5 years of preliminary design and research, CerdĂ , an engineer, abandoned the urban texture of the old city and determined that the new district is full of rational orthogonal grid-like structures. In his eyes, this is the urban form suitable for future cities and modern life. Each octagonal block is placed in a square grid with a length of 113 meters, and the four chamfers are 45 degrees. The chamfer was inspired by the old city of Barcelona. It is not easy for vehicles to turn in narrow streets. The chamfers make room for turns, improve the ventilation and lighting problems in narrow streets, and take corners at intersections Formed a small square. As for the design of the interior of the octagonal block, CerdĂ thought out many options. The one most often mentioned is the one below, with the grey areas as buildings, and the white space for green spaces and public spaces. The buildings occupy only two sides of the block, with a depth of no more than 24 meters and a maximum height of 4 stories. In this way, good ventilation and lighting can be ensured, and Barcelona has ample green space. Buildings are not too dense, and sanitary conditions can be improved. People can communicate and enjoy life here. The street width is limited to three sizes of 20, 40, and 60 meters, which are set in different situations to ensure smooth traffic. The streets are basically guaranteed to be perpendicular to each other, and sometimes some compromises have to be made for the old roads, and the octagonal block will be diagonally divided into two. Sometimes diagonal streets are set up for convenient transportation. After all, the diagonal is the shortest path through a square. Diagonal Avenue, which was not completed until 1999, just like its name, crosses countless blocks and becomes the striking urban axis in the postcard. He believes that this is the only way to guarantee the right of residence of each inhabitant geographically. There is no social classification, and the area is not good or bad. He requires that every church must share a church, school, market, cemetery, park, and police station. The equal distribution of public facilities not only ensures that everyone has the same right to use public resources but also improves the efficiency of urban operations.

This is the ideal city in CerdĂ 's mind.

Residential Area Commercial Area Business area Public cultural building area

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Generation

STEP 1 Inspiration from Barcelona's urban planning. First, add standard high-rise building units to the base, adjust the location according to China's sunshine needs, and then increase the number of building units. The results are shown in the figure above,that the building is distributed in a triangle

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STEP 2

According to the survey results of the core of Baoan District, Shenzhen, a Highly centripetal building was inserted into the adjacent building unit as a function similar to a shopping mall. This core area not only connects the individual building elements but also activates the activities of the entire community. At the same time, a certain profit can be generated to help the owner to maintain and repair the building.

STEP 3 Based on survey results of Futian and Luohu districts in Shenzhen. In addition to a large space connecting the individual cells. The surrounding small and medium-sized spaces, transportation systems and green gardens are also particularly important. Then use the planned graphics to further deform it to form a circle of small building groups and green vegetation around the subject. Such a complete self-sufficient housing system is formed

This project further distributes functions according to the privacy of the crowd. Since the lower floors of each building unit are connected together, the privacy of the area is weak. So public space such as the SOHO office can be placed here.

The high-rise area will not only have better scenery but also more privacy. It is more suitable to make the function a residence. The overall scheme uses an outer frame core tube structure that deforms the outer frame at the lower level of each building unit to form an arch. This not only provides the structure for the connected concentric space but also provides a certain amount of interest to space. At the same time, the ground floor also has an arched arch. The green space can be passed under the arch to further enhance the experience of the ground floor. Therefore, it is appropriate to distribute some shopping functions on the ground floor. People will get a more interesting shopping experience here.

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Customized: office or apartment

Customized: office or apartment

Customized: office or apartment

The internal functions can be flexibly changed as needed, and the area of each space can also be adjusted with a high degree of freedom based on the structural grid

Free Plane: Office area

SOHO&Office functions 26

Shop

Shopping mall

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Circular link trail Urban forest (green area)

&Park

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The base of this project is located near a traffic interchange at Shenzhen University. The surrounding buildings are the buildings most frequently used by students at Shenzhen University. Therefore, the north-south road and east-west road next to this base have become two roads with very large daily traffic. The flow of students moves through these two paths. It will pass through the core buildings of the school, such as the library, teaching building, and student affairs center.

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From the perspective of the crowd, move on the two main roads of the campus to observe where all the crowd may flow, and how these flow lines are affected by the architecture near the pathway. At the same time, it can be seen from the plan that the flow of people will be attracted to the building to form a vortex, and the distance and function between the building and the building will also affect the flow of people. These all have some intervention of the base virtually.

Therefore, I put forward a hypothesis, if the flow of people is a force, a vector, and moves in the force field, and the buildings will attract people and generate singularities, then if the buildings around the base are marked as a singularity Point, interfering with this area to form a force field, then the flow of people in the force field as a vector, will naturally be pulled by the singularity to change the direction, so can the trajectory left by its movement be used as a kind of New cutting space ideas.

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Library

Base

School of Art

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Teaching building

Student Affairs Center

Activity plaza

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As an art center, this building needs to ensure a good experience for tourists.

Among them, a good air circulation system is the top priority, so the use of the chimney effect was added to increase the air exchange. Added air exchange areas in the glass and armrest areas to purify the air and accelerate air circulation.

Structure details drawing

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First floor plan 1:1000

The roof of this project can also be used as a passage. The space cut out by the flow of people forms this building, and now it will serve as a new singularity to guide the flow of people, which also strengthens the connection between the surrounding buildings and allows the whole block Groups of buildings can be brought together.

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1-V

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公寓四层平面图

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公寓本层建筑面积：1410㎡ 公寓本层房间数：14

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配套设施 ±0.000

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Portfolio

Hongyuan Liu

Apply for Bartlett school of architecture