How to Adapt

How to Adapt in a changing world

SEED-SCALE Theory of Social Change

Our History

In 1992, Future Generations began tackling humanity’s toughest challenge. How can we improve our lives and sustain this progress?

The approach taken was to examine what had worked.

Especially, what had worked for communities to advance with what they had? Was there evidence for how progress is sustainable while working within budgets and holding to values that define people’s lives?

Around the world, community-based advancement was underway.

How was it happening? Could it be replicated and scaled up with little additional money?

SEED-SCALE has since grown in sophistication from a method to a comprehensive theory. SEED describes the start, which is growing local opportunities. SCALE is guided growth in quantity and quality within enabling environments, be they local, national, or global. There has been progress in monitoring community progress with key local indicators of change.

Future Generations Co-founder Carl Taylor (middle) receiving the Presidential Medal from President Bill Clinton in 1994. He is accompanied by UNICEF Executive Director Jim Grant (left).

Some abiding findings are: • Act as a local partnership with no expectation of outside help and funds.

• The best resources are likely those already in the community’s possession.

• Best practices can be gleaned in a life that is one of continual learning.

• Rising aspirations for quality of life attracts more and more people.

• Communities mature from cooperation on shared goals, and social change emerges.

Over a quarter century, SEED-SCALE continues to evolve on the basis of community-specific experiments and case studies. These are documented in Just & Lasting Change: When Communities Own Their Futures, 2nd Edition (Johns Hopkins Press, 2016) and Empowerment on an Unstable Planet: From Seeds of Human Energy to a Scale of Global Change (Oxford University Press, 2012).

SEED-SCALE Summary

How Communities Can Advance

SUSTAINABILITY

Begin with Resources in the Community

SCALABILITY

SCALE

SEED

The process of SEED-SCALE includes several steps: four basic principles, seven tasks to sustain momentum, five criteria to assess progress, and three dimensions of scalability.

SEED-SCALE SEED: Self Evaluation for Effective Decisionmaking SCALE: Systems for Communities to Adapt Learning and Expand Four Principles of Sustainability 1. Build from success 2. Form a three-way partnership between the bottom-up, the topdown, and the outside-in 3. Make decisions based on tangible evidence rather than opinions 4. Focus on behavior change rather than provision of services Seven Tasks to Sustain Momentum 1. Organize a local coordinating committee (LCC) 2. Identify successes already occurring 3. Learn from the experiences of others 4. Gather data about local results 5. Make and follow a workplan 6. Hold LCC and community members accountable 7. Make mid-course corrections to strengthen the Four Principles Five Criteria for Self-Evaluation 1. Inclusivity 2. Sustainability 3. Holism 4. Interdependence 5. Iteration Three Dimensions of SCALE 1. SCALE 1: Stimulating Community Awareness, Learning, and Energy (quantitative) 2. SCALE 2: Self-help Centers for Action, Learning, and Experimentation (qualitative) 3. SCALE 3: Synthesis of Collaboration, Adaptive Learning, and Extension (enabling environment)

Our Method Four Principles of Sustainability These principles are a basis for nurturing sustainable communitydriven development. They provide a framework for understanding how social change is nurtured, sustained, and scalable.

1. Build from success • Focus on what is working. Encourage positive outcomes.

Acknowledge and learn from weak results.

• Not all problems can be solved at the outset. Still do not ignore them.

• Establish a community understanding of “success.”

• See that rising aspirations emerge—they are not determined by others.

• As successes improve the quality of life for some, others will want to join. More participants foster innovation. Improved success leads to new aspirations.

Revolution of Rising Aspirations 2. Form three-way partnerships • Form partnerships of actors: bottomRising numbers coupled with rising sophistication up (local agents of improved lives and behavioral change), top-down (enablers, policymakers, funders), and Action outside-in (innovators, collaborators from beyond one’s community).

Innovation • Communities change positively as people appreciate other’s assets and roles, Aspirations and they determine a course of collaboration.

Rising aspirations • As initial tasks are achieved, new roles emerge. Adjust. Partner smartly.

3. Make decisions on the basis of evidence, not opinion • Communities can learn to identify and gather evidence, such as key indicators of positive change.

• This approach differentiates between what people think and what they come to know.

• Locally relevant expertise is essential for determining key indicators.

4. Focus on behavior change rather than provision of services • When communities make plans for themselves rather than implement plans made for them it is more likely that positive behavior change from within will emerge.

• Leadership must discern when to step back and allow communities to point to their own rising aspirations.

Seven Tasks to Sustain Momentum These seven tasks mobilize the four principles that guide and sustain growth. They are a cycle of activities, to be repeated iteratively. They parallel what we know from the agricultural cycle of plowing, planting, irrigating, and harvesting. Each task is integral to the holistic cycle.

Neither agriculture nor social change are effective unless all tasks are completed. Allow for iteratively improved steps rather than anticipating perfection.

1. Organize a local coordinating committee (LCC) • Social change is effectively managed by a team that is inclusive and representative.

• Dysfunctional team members must be replaced by new, productive, reliable members.

2. Identify successes already occurring • See what has worked and continues to work in a community.

• Analyze underlying evidence supporting this success, and set key performance indicators.

3. Learn from the experience of others • Communities learn from each other to adapt to new challenges and growth.

• Adaptation leads to innovation, improved lives, and outreach.

4. Gather data about local results • Understanding community (in the sense of shared purpose and collaborative potential) begins with gathering evidence.

• Organizing community events, surveys, and polling engage people and propagate ideas.

5. Make and follow a workplan • Develop a clear workplan with 3 to 5 specific tasks.

• For each task, discern who will do what, by when, where, and with what requisite resources.

6. Hold partners accountable • Adhere to agreed-upon roles.

• Building accountability helps ensure local agency of community change and aspirations.

7. Make mid-course corrections and strengthen the Four Principles • Mid-course correction is a process for learning to direct actions.

• Making corrections may effectively assess and strengthen the underlying principles.

Five Criteria for Self-Evaluation These five criteria monitor local success and growth. They can complement other assessments methods and indices. They help track whether change is positive or problematic.

1. Inclusivity • So all have an opportunity to participate in change, inclusivity is more effective than exclusivity.

• As all individuals partake in benefits from social change, a community becomes healthier.

• Since change is challenging and obstacles will arise, address blockage and grow paths of inclusion.

2. Sustainability • Balance environmental, economic, and sociocultural growth to minimize depletion of resources.

• As people and cultures adapt to change, communities must identify values that are to endure.

3. Holism • People and communities are complex. They have diverse needs and aspirations. So growth occurs within multiple complementary social and economic sectors.

• Holistic life improvements require parallel achievements and growth across different sectors.

4. Interdependence • Regard and reciprocity shore up available resources between individuals and communities.

• All sides gain with genuine interdependency.

5. Iterative • Complete an action, examine data, analyze and learn from the process, and make improvements.

• Incorporate gradual improvements and allow repetition to generate perfection.

Three Dimensions of SCALE Once a community sustains its desired change, it may scale up with internal and external resources. Community decision making and action are still the drivers of quantitative and qualitative change, but now broader partnership can augment an enabling environment for positive change.

SCALE 1—stimulates community awareness, learning, and energy (quantitative) • Increased local participation and scope of activities.

• Validated with local evidence and empowering results.

SCALE 2—self-help centers for action, learning, and experimentation (qualitative) • Rising aspirations for quality of life.

• Social growth enhanced through applied learning, replication of successes, and experimentation.

SCALE 3—Synthesis of Collaboration, Adaptive Learning, and Extension (enabling environment) • Evidence of improved quality of life invites more participation and communities.

• An enabling environment, such as policy, market, or education system, increases cooperation, promotes new approaches, and reaches new regions.

Why SEED-SCALE Succeeds Doubles Impact

In Half-the-time

Traditional

For Fifth-the Cost SEED-SCALE

Professionals do the work

Partnerships of all do the work

Identify needs, fix these

Grow successes already happening

Develop a plan/blueprint

Evolutionary/iterative growth

Raise funds, then work begins

Begin using in-community resources

Tell community what to do

Mentor/learn-from the community

Power & money frame decisions

Gather local evidence, then decide

A Method Anyone Can Use To Reach a Sustainable Future In 2015 the United Nations, with 100% buy-in from all 193 Member States, adopted the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It promotes peace and prosperity for people and the planet through 17 shared goals. These Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) set global targets for education, health, economic well-being, climate action, in nearly every facet of life.

Governments, international NGOs, and corporations are already on board, but change must reach to the grassroots to have inclusive sustainable change. SEED-SCALE offers a way for anyone to make an impact on the SDGs and improve their livelihoods.

Communities learn how to identify shared priorities and select which SDGs to focus their energy on, then forge partnerships to advance behavior changes that create measurable change. SEEDSCALE offers a process to create momentum, build on success, and guide communities on how to monitor, improve, and scale-up SDG impact based on evidence.

How Communities Can Advance

UNICEF/Giacomo Pirozzi

SEED-SCALE is a distillation of process methods called for by Jim Grant in 1992 when he was Executive Director of UNICEF. The SEED-SCALE concepts presented were first published in Community-Based Sustainable Human Development (New York: UNICEF, 1995). Jim Grant wrote the foreword to that monograph, here is a summary: There has been more improvement in child survival in the past fifty years than in all previous human history. A major concern is the sustainability of these achievements. The most important responsibility of health and other services is to promote the capacity of families and communities to solve their own problems with self-reliance.

There are, however, examples of successful extension and important lessons from such examples, and the process places special emphasis on equity of reaching the unreached; adaptation and innovation under diverse local conditions; and capacity building through collaboration between communities, government officials, and experts.

For more information, go to adapt.future.edu