Start at the Bottom

Starting at the Bottom: What Bottom-dwelling Bugs Can Tell Us About Lake and River Condition

Chris Jones and Sarah Sinclair Boreal PhD Pgm, Laurentian University Dorset Environmental Science Centre

Why Do We Need to Do

Monitoring?

What is Biomonitoring? & why do we do it?

“Since the effect of stream pollution is an alteration of the aquatic ecosystem, evaluation of that ecosystem is the logical way to detect pollution.” Hilsenhoff (1977) “Biomonitoring is required … because the consequences of environmental stress can only be determined by an appraisal of the biota.” Wright (2000) 4

http://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90o40 5

What are Benthic

Invertebrates?

Mayfly of the family

Caddisfly of the

Ephemerellidae

family Helicopsychidae

7

Why use Benthic Invertebrates as indicators of waterbody condition?

“Healthy is Variable” – Dr. Robert Bailey, University of Western Ontario

Stream Sample Date Partner HYDRACARINA Trhypochthoniidae EPHEMEROPTERA Baetidae Ephemerellidae PLECOPTERA Leuctridae Capniidae Perlodidae Chloroperlidae TRICHOPTERA Rhyacophilidae Hydropsychidae COLEOPTERA Elmidae DIPTERA Chironomidae Ceratopogonidae Tipulidae Simulidae Empididae Total:

2

1

81 1

49 2

1 1 6 0

1 0 5 1

2 2

1 3

11

20

20 3 4 0 1 135

29 2 6 2 0 122

10

Stream Baxter Baxter Sample Riffle 1 Riffle 2 Date 16-Aug-04 16-Aug-04 Partner ORCA ORCA HYDRACARINA Trhypochthoniidae 2 1 EPHEMEROPTERA Baetidae 81 49 Ephemerellidae 1 2 PLECOPTERA Leuctridae 1 1 Capniidae 1 0 Perlodidae 6 5 Chloroperlidae 0 1 TRICHOPTERA Rhyacophilidae 2 1 Hydropsychidae 2 3 COLEOPTERA Elmidae 11 20 DIPTERA Chironomidae 20 29 Ceratopogonidae 3 2 Tipulidae 4 6 Simulidae 0 2 Empididae 1 0 Total: 135 122

11

Experimental Designs for Bioassessments Has the impact occurred?

Is when and where known?

Is there a control area? Experimental Design Name

Yes

Yes

Yes

Spatial Study (Control-Impact)

No

Impact from Spatial Pattern

Yes

Reference Condition Approach

No

Modern Analog Approach

Yes

Optimal Impact Study (BACI)

No

Temporal (Before-After)

Yes

Monitoring for When

No

Monitoring for Where

No No

Yes No

12

Reference Condition Approach Multiple, minimally impacted control sites define the normal range of biological conditions to be expected at a test site

Reference site

Test site

“Long-term monitoring programs…provide the measures of normal (reference data) against which the abnormal is judged. It is impossible to convince a court that something is wrong if ‘right’ is not defined.”

13 – Ministry of Environment Biomonitoring Review Committee (1994)

Why do we use indices in biomonitoring?

Site 2GA0212 2GA0212 2GA0212 2GA0688 2GA0688 2GA0688 2HA0723 2HA0723 2HA0723 2GA0048 2GA0048 2GA0048 2GA0748 2GA0748 2GA0748 2ED0673 2ED0673 2ED0673 2ED0237 2ED0237 2ED0237 2FE0343 2FE0343 2FE0343 2HK0023 2HK0024 2HK0025 2GL0080 2GL0080 2GL0080 2GD0722 2GD0722 2GD0722 2ED0112 2ED0112 2ED0112 2HA0232 2HA0232 2HA0232 2GG0028 2GG0028 2GG0028 2FF0333 2FF0333 2FF0333 2GA0298 2GA0298 2GA0298 2GA0348 2GA0348 2GA0348 2HD0643 2HD0643 2HD0643 2ED0211 2ED0211 2ED0211 2GA1142 2GA1142 2GA1142 Test Site 2HA0747 Test Site 2HA0747 Test Site 2HA0747

Habitat Sample T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T36 T37 T38 T39 T40 T41 T42 T43 T44 T45 T46 T47 T48 T49 T50 Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle

1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 3 1 2 3

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 6

4 8 3 2 5 1 1 7 2 3 8 2 0 7 0 1 6 2 7 7 7 2 8 2 2 7 1 2 9 6 0 6 2 7 4 8 3 2 5 1 1 7 8 3 8 2 2 7 0 1 2 2 7 7 7 2 2 1 9 6 25 34 22

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 3

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 10 13

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0

3 4 3 6 5 5 4 6 3 4 4 7 0 0 2 2 1 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 3 1 3 4 3 6 5 5 4 6 0 4 4 7 0 0 2 2 2 5 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0

0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 3 2 2 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 2 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0

17 8 12 17 4 11 18 17 15 14 9 16 10 2 16 13 6 10 21 22 23 19 12 23 17 11 24 18 19 6 10 6 15 22 17 8 12 17 4 11 18 17 12 14 9 16 17 2 16 13 18 10 21 11 23 19 23 24 19 6 0 0 0

2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

11 17 12 11 6 7 11 1 13 9 6 3 12 4 17 10 6 5 12 11 11 16 22 13 6 0 4 8 9 0 12 6 13 11 11 17 12 11 6 7 11 1 22 9 6 3 6 4 17 10 8 5 12 0 11 16 13 4 9 0 0 0 0

2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 5 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0

1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0

17 7 7 16 23 8 18 11 17 34 23 32 23 35 29 21 16 18 20 22 20 19 9 26 18 14 16 9 21 28 23 16 17 22 17 7 7 16 23 8 18 11 9 34 23 32 18 35 29 21 9 18 20 14 20 19 26 16 21 28 1 0 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

6 8 0 8 4 12 6 2 16 9 1 13 5 8 0 8 13 5 3 2 2 9 6 4 5 3 10 3 9 7 5 13 16 2 6 8 0 8 4 12 6 2 6 9 1 13 5 8 0 8 3 5 3 3 2 9 4 10 9 7 14 8 16

4 3 4 1 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 0 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 6 4 1 0 0 2 5 2 0 4 3 4 1 0 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 4 2 0 4 1 4 0 6 0 0 1 4 0 0 3 15 5

29 38 42 32 33 44 29 36 38 29 46 35 39 41 39 34 41 32 35 37 33 24 32 21 26 37 26 33 31 36 39 41 38 37 29 38 42 32 33 44 29 36 32 29 46 35 26 41 39 34 33 32 35 37 33 24 21 26 31 36 40 38 42

3 3 3 2 2 3 6 6 6 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 0 1 3 3 4 3 1 0 1 2 6 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 6 6 0 2 2 1 3 1 0 2 3 2 4 3 2 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0 4 2 2 3 0 1 9 0 6 7 4 1 4 0 1 3 0 2 1 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 3 0 1 0 4 2 2 3 0 1 9 0 6 7 4 0 4 0 1 3 0 2 0 0 2 6 0 0 3 0 1 1

5 12 1 1 2 2 2 7 9 1 0 4 3 3 6 4 5 0 5 3 4 1 8 9 1 0 0 4 0 4 3 5 9 3 5 12 1 1 2 2 2 7 8 1 0 4 1 3 6 4 4 0 5 0 4 1 9 0 0 4 0 0 0

7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0

4 8 3 0 4 3 4 7 8 1 4 0 0 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 6 4 1 4 0 0 3 8 0 4 8 3 0 4 3 4 7 2 1 4 0 1 7 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0

7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0

2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 5 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0

1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0

7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0

2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

5 12 1 1 2 2 2 7 9 1 0 4 3 3 6 4 5 0 5 3 4 1 8 9 1 0 0 4 0 4 3 5 9 3 5 12 1 1 2 2 2 7 8 1 0 4 1 3 6 4 4 0 5 0 4 1 9 0 0 4 0 0 0

7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0

4 8 3 0 4 3 4 7 8 1 4 0 0 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 6 4 1 4 0 0 3 8 0 4 8 3 0 4 3 4 7 2 1 4 0 1 7 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0

7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0

0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0

2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 5 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0

1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0

2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0

6 8 0 8 4 12 6 2 16 9 1 13 5 8 0 8 13 5 3 2 2 9 6 4 5 3 10 3 9 7 5 13 16 2 6 8 0 8 4 12 6 2 6 9 1 13 5 8 0 8 3 5 3 3 2 9 4 10 9 7 14 8 16

1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0

17 7 7 16 23 8 18 11 17 34 23 32 23 35 29 21 16 18 20 22 20 19 9 26 18 14 16 9 21 28 23 16 17 22 17 7 7 16 23 8 18 11 9 34 23 32 18 35 29 21 9 18 20 14 20 19 26 16 21 28 1 0 2

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0

Muskoka River Watershed

Muskoka River Watershed

Questions 1. What is the biological condition of lakes and rivers in the Muskoka River Watershed? Indices ‘ normal ranges?

2. Which biological indices best distinguish minimally impacted (reference) from impacted lakes and streams?

3. What proportion of the biological variation is explained by land-use, and how large is this proportion relative to natural habitat related variation?

Survey Design

Sampling methods

Index EPT EOT Insect Dipt Chir Oligo CIGH Amph Rich100 PCoA1 PCoA2 CA1 CA2

Indices

Definition % Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera & Trichoptera % Ephemeroptera, Odonata & Trichoptera % Insecta % Diptera % Chironomidae % Oligochaetous Clitellata % Corixidae. Isopoda, Gastropoda & Hirudinea % Amphipoda Taxonomic richness PCoA axis 1 PcoA axis 2 CA axis 1 CA axis 2

Question 1 Question1: What is the biological condition of lakes and rivers in the Muskoka River Watershed?

Baseline and Normal Ranges Lake Quantiles Reference (n=87) 5th EPT 0.0 Chir 33.2 EOT 0.8 Oligo 0.0 Insect 47.5 Dipt 37.0 CIGH 0.0 Amph 0.0 Rich100 7 PCoA1 -0.009 PCoA2 -0.014 CA1 -0.352 CA2 -0.561

10th 0.8 36.7 1.2 0.0 57.4 40.5 0.0 0.0 8 -0.008 -0.013 -0.317 -0.520

25th 1.9 46.8 3.4 1.0 66.5 49.8 0.0 0.8 10 -0.007 -0.009 -0.252 -0.389

50th 4.8 67.2 6.6 2.6 82.7 70.1 0.8 4.6 12 -0.004 -0.006 -0.191 -0.206

Mean 6.4 63.0 8.4 4.3 77.8 66.0 2.8 10.3 12 -0.003 -0.005 -0.184 -0.206

75th 9.8 77.4 11.8 5.9 89.8 81.3 2.8 14.3 15 0.001 -0.002 -0.123 -0.049

Impacted (n=247) 90th 13.8 87.9 19.1 10.3 95.5 89.6 9.3 26.6 16 0.004 0.002 -0.040 0.105

95th 5th 17.4 0.3 91.1 7.5 23.3 1.0 13.0 0.9 98.2 19.8 92.0 8.1 12.8 0.0 40.7 0.0 17 10 0.005 -0.005 0.004 -0.015 -0.008 -0.495 0.225 -0.283

10th 1.4 11.2 1.9 1.8 28.4 12.4 0.8 0.9 11 -0.003 -0.013 -0.443 -0.180

25th 3.1 20.5 4.4 5.0 40.9 21.7 1.8 4.7 13 0.001 -0.010 -0.342 -0.085

50th 7.2 33.0 8.8 10.8 54.8 37.2 5.0 12.1 15 0.006 -0.006 -0.259 0.138

Mean 10.5 37.2 11.9 14.0 54.7 39.6 8.6 15.0 15 0.005 -0.004 -0.263 0.199

75th 14.2 51.8 16.1 18.9 70.3 55.8 11.2 22.5 18 0.009 0.000 -0.172 0.472

90th 24.4 67.6 26.1 27.2 81.8 70.5 23.2 31.6 20 0.011 0.009 -0.099 0.700

95th 32.3 73.3 33.9 41.4 86.3 74.9 30.4 38.5 21 0.012

0.017 -0.049 0.902

Baseline and Normal Ranges 2 Stream Quantiles Reference (n=131) th

5 EPT 0.0 Chir 31.8 EOT 0.7 Oligo 0.0 Insect 58.7 Dipt 33.1 CIGH 0.0 Amph 0.0 Rich100 7 PCoA1 -0.010 PCoA2 -0.011 CA1 -0.338 CA2 -0.847

th

10 0.7 37.4 0.9 0.0 72.9 42.7 0.0 0.0 8 -0.010 -0.007 -0.238 -0.678

th

25 2.3 48.4 4.4 0.6 83.4 55.6 0.0 0.0 10 -0.008 -0.003 -0.100 -0.528

th

50 7.8 66.1 11.0 2.2 92.6 74.2 0.0 0.0 13 -0.006 0.000 0.174 -0.300

Mean 14.4 63.1 15.8 4.3 88.3 69.0 2.5 0.8 13 -0.004 0.000 0.407 -0.279

Impacted (n=224) th

75 22.2 77.4 22.8 5.2 96.6 84.5 0.9 0.0 15 -0.001 0.004 0.743 -0.067

th

th

th

th

90 95 5 10 37.2 46.5 0.0 0.0 87.4 91.0 11.3 18.0 40.4 45.5 0.0 0.0 11.5 17.1 0.0 0.0 99.0 99.7 22.2 33.4 90.6 93.7 14.2 19.5 5.3 10.1 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 17 19 7 8 0.003 0.005 -0.009 -0.008 0.007 0.009 -0.009 -0.006 1.409 1.755 -0.450 -0.328 0.223 0.365 -0.602 -0.492

th

25 1.5 36.0 2.4 1.4 59.6 39.7 0.0 0.0 10 -0.006 -0.001 -0.218 -0.354

50th 5.4 58.0 6.9 4.0 81.2 62.8 3.0 0.0 13 -0.003 0.003 -0.059 -0.178

Mean 10.4 53.1 11.8 8.5 72.3 57.4 11.5 2.3 13 -0.002 0.006 0.134 -0.125

75th 13.2 71.4 15.7 9.5 90.1 76.4 14.3 1.7 16 0.003 0.011 0.271 0.073

90th 24.1 81.3 28.0 22.7 95.2 85.6 37.9 7.6 18 0.007 0.023 0.888 0.277

95th 42.8 84.4 43.6 30.2 97.1 88.2 58.0 11.7 19 0.008

0.032 1.371 0.409

Baseline and Normal Ranges 3

Question 2: Which biological indices best distinguish minimally impacted (reference) from impacted lakes and streams?

P-value

Index Performance

P-value

EPT

Amph

Type

6.870E-02 Status 7.584E-01 Type*Status 8.000E-03

Type

Chir

Rich100

Type

2.070E-07 Status 9.530E-10 Type*Status 3.690E-03

Type

EOT

PCoA1

Type

8.270E-02 Status 6.341E-01 Type*Status 1.400E-02

Type

Oligo

PCoA2

Type

1.250E-04 Status 2.450E-07 Type*Status 2.914E-02

Type

Insect

CA1

Type

4.420E-13 Status 1.050E-12 Type*Status 1.340E-01

Type

Dipt

CA2

3.250E-09 Status 2.370E-10 Type*Status 8.700E-03

Type

Type

2.000E-16 Status 7.510E-03 Type*Status 1.473E-01 2.610E-04 Status 1.880E-04 Type*Status 1.223E-03 2.000E-16 Status 3.180E-12 Type*Status 1.200E-04 3.140E-12 Status 1.650E-03 Type*Status 1.061E-01 2.000E-16 Status 8.640E-04 Type*Status 8.336E-02 8.600E-10 Status 5.330E-08 Type*Status 1.130E-02

CIGH Type Status

5.950E-01 8.480E-06

Type*Status 3.980E-01

Degrees of Freedom: Type, Status, & Type*Status=1 Residuals=225

% Insects

% CIGH

CA2

Taxa Richness

% EPT

Question 3:What proportion of the biological variation among lakes and rivers is associated with land-use, and how large is this proportion relative to natural habitat related variation?

RDA variables

X Factors

RDA

Lake Stream Lake+Stream Stress Type/Status Cachment Habitat Stress Local Habitat Habitat Chemistry Chemistry

Y CA1 CA2

Stress % agriculture % golf course % urban road density # waste sites # dams

Catchment Local Habitat Habitat Chemistry Status/Type overburden thickness elevation alkalinity Status (1,0) mean slope substrate Ca Type (1,0) drainage density algae Cl wetness index macrophytes Color water retention time organic matter conductivity catchment area max depth at sample loc'n DOC surficial geology hydraulic head NH3/NH4 drainage ratio wetted width NO3/NO2 latitude TKN longitude pH TP SiO3

RDA variables 2

Y X

PCA1 Stress PCA2Stress

PCA1CHab PCA2 Chab

PCA1LHab PCA2LHab

PCA1Chem PCA2Chem

Status Type

CA1 CA2

Lake

CHab

Stress

Chem LHab

Stress CHab Stream

LHab

Chem

Next Steps

Thanks