Starting at the Bottom: What Bottom-dwelling Bugs Can Tell Us About Lake and River Condition
Chris Jones and Sarah Sinclair Boreal PhD Pgm, Laurentian University Dorset Environmental Science Centre
Why Do We Need to Do
Monitoring?
What is Biomonitoring? & why do we do it?
“Since the effect of stream pollution is an alteration of the aquatic ecosystem, evaluation of that ecosystem is the logical way to detect pollution.” Hilsenhoff (1977) “Biomonitoring is required … because the consequences of environmental stress can only be determined by an appraisal of the biota.” Wright (2000) 4
http://www.ontario.ca/laws/statute/90o40 5
What are Benthic
Invertebrates?
Mayfly of the family
Caddisfly of the
Ephemerellidae
family Helicopsychidae
7
Why use Benthic Invertebrates as indicators of waterbody condition?
“Healthy is Variable” – Dr. Robert Bailey, University of Western Ontario
Stream Sample Date Partner HYDRACARINA Trhypochthoniidae EPHEMEROPTERA Baetidae Ephemerellidae PLECOPTERA Leuctridae Capniidae Perlodidae Chloroperlidae TRICHOPTERA Rhyacophilidae Hydropsychidae COLEOPTERA Elmidae DIPTERA Chironomidae Ceratopogonidae Tipulidae Simulidae Empididae Total:
2
1
81 1
49 2
1 1 6 0
1 0 5 1
2 2
1 3
11
20
20 3 4 0 1 135
29 2 6 2 0 122
10
Stream Baxter Baxter Sample Riffle 1 Riffle 2 Date 16-Aug-04 16-Aug-04 Partner ORCA ORCA HYDRACARINA Trhypochthoniidae 2 1 EPHEMEROPTERA Baetidae 81 49 Ephemerellidae 1 2 PLECOPTERA Leuctridae 1 1 Capniidae 1 0 Perlodidae 6 5 Chloroperlidae 0 1 TRICHOPTERA Rhyacophilidae 2 1 Hydropsychidae 2 3 COLEOPTERA Elmidae 11 20 DIPTERA Chironomidae 20 29 Ceratopogonidae 3 2 Tipulidae 4 6 Simulidae 0 2 Empididae 1 0 Total: 135 122
11
Experimental Designs for Bioassessments Has the impact occurred?
Is when and where known?
Is there a control area? Experimental Design Name
Yes
Yes
Yes
Spatial Study (Control-Impact)
No
Impact from Spatial Pattern
Yes
Reference Condition Approach
No
Modern Analog Approach
Yes
Optimal Impact Study (BACI)
No
Temporal (Before-After)
Yes
Monitoring for When
No
Monitoring for Where
No No
Yes No
12
Reference Condition Approach Multiple, minimally impacted control sites define the normal range of biological conditions to be expected at a test site
Reference site
Test site
“Long-term monitoring programs…provide the measures of normal (reference data) against which the abnormal is judged. It is impossible to convince a court that something is wrong if ‘right’ is not defined.” 13 – Ministry of Environment Biomonitoring Review Committee (1994)
Why do we use indices in biomonitoring?
Site 2GA0212 2GA0212 2GA0212 2GA0688 2GA0688 2GA0688 2HA0723 2HA0723 2HA0723 2GA0048 2GA0048 2GA0048 2GA0748 2GA0748 2GA0748 2ED0673 2ED0673 2ED0673 2ED0237 2ED0237 2ED0237 2FE0343 2FE0343 2FE0343 2HK0023 2HK0024 2HK0025 2GL0080 2GL0080 2GL0080 2GD0722 2GD0722 2GD0722 2ED0112 2ED0112 2ED0112 2HA0232 2HA0232 2HA0232 2GG0028 2GG0028 2GG0028 2FF0333 2FF0333 2FF0333 2GA0298 2GA0298 2GA0298 2GA0348 2GA0348 2GA0348 2HD0643 2HD0643 2HD0643 2ED0211 2ED0211 2ED0211 2GA1142 2GA1142 2GA1142 Test Site 2HA0747 Test Site 2HA0747 Test Site 2HA0747
Habitat Sample T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7 T8 T9 T10 T11 T12 T13 T14 T15 T16 T17 T18 T19 T20 T21 T22 T23 T24 T25 T26 T27 T28 T29 T30 T31 T32 T33 T34 T35 T36 T37 T38 T39 T40 T41 T42 T43 T44 T45 T46 T47 T48 T49 T50 Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle Riffle Pool Riffle
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 3 2 3 1 2 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3 6
4 8 3 2 5 1 1 7 2 3 8 2 0 7 0 1 6 2 7 7 7 2 8 2 2 7 1 2 9 6 0 6 2 7 4 8 3 2 5 1 1 7 8 3 8 2 2 7 0 1 2 2 7 7 7 2 2 1 9 6 25 34 22
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4 3
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 4 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 0 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 14 10 13
1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 0 0 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2 0 0 2 1 1 0 0 0
3 4 3 6 5 5 4 6 3 4 4 7 0 0 2 2 1 5 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 2 1 0 1 3 1 3 4 3 6 5 5 4 6 0 4 4 7 0 0 2 2 2 5 1 0 1 0 0 0 2 1 0 0 0
0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 0 0 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0
1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 1 1 1 3 2 2 4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 1 2 2 2 2 0 0 0 1 1 3 0 2 4 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
17 8 12 17 4 11 18 17 15 14 9 16 10 2 16 13 6 10 21 22 23 19 12 23 17 11 24 18 19 6 10 6 15 22 17 8 12 17 4 11 18 17 12 14 9 16 17 2 16 13 18 10 21 11 23 19 23 24 19 6 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
11 17 12 11 6 7 11 1 13 9 6 3 12 4 17 10 6 5 12 11 11 16 22 13 6 0 4 8 9 0 12 6 13 11 11 17 12 11 6 7 11 1 22 9 6 3 6 4 17 10 8 5 12 0 11 16 13 4 9 0 0 0 0
2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 5 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0
1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0
17 7 7 16 23 8 18 11 17 34 23 32 23 35 29 21 16 18 20 22 20 19 9 26 18 14 16 9 21 28 23 16 17 22 17 7 7 16 23 8 18 11 9 34 23 32 18 35 29 21 9 18 20 14 20 19 26 16 21 28 1 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 8 0 8 4 12 6 2 16 9 1 13 5 8 0 8 13 5 3 2 2 9 6 4 5 3 10 3 9 7 5 13 16 2 6 8 0 8 4 12 6 2 6 9 1 13 5 8 0 8 3 5 3 3 2 9 4 10 9 7 14 8 16
4 3 4 1 0 2 2 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 0 4 5 4 0 0 0 0 1 1 4 6 4 1 0 0 2 5 2 0 4 3 4 1 0 2 2 3 1 2 3 3 4 2 0 4 1 4 0 6 0 0 1 4 0 0 3 15 5
29 38 42 32 33 44 29 36 38 29 46 35 39 41 39 34 41 32 35 37 33 24 32 21 26 37 26 33 31 36 39 41 38 37 29 38 42 32 33 44 29 36 32 29 46 35 26 41 39 34 33 32 35 37 33 24 21 26 31 36 40 38 42
3 3 3 2 2 3 6 6 6 2 2 1 1 1 0 2 2 2 4 2 2 1 0 1 3 3 4 3 1 0 1 2 6 2 3 3 3 2 2 3 6 6 0 2 2 1 3 1 0 2 3 2 4 3 2 1 1 4 1 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 4 2 2 3 0 1 9 0 6 7 4 1 4 0 1 3 0 2 1 0 2 0 6 0 0 0 3 0 3 1 3 0 1 0 4 2 2 3 0 1 9 0 6 7 4 0 4 0 1 3 0 2 0 0 2 6 0 0 3 0 1 1
5 12 1 1 2 2 2 7 9 1 0 4 3 3 6 4 5 0 5 3 4 1 8 9 1 0 0 4 0 4 3 5 9 3 5 12 1 1 2 2 2 7 8 1 0 4 1 3 6 4 4 0 5 0 4 1 9 0 0 4 0 0 0
7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0
4 8 3 0 4 3 4 7 8 1 4 0 0 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 6 4 1 4 0 0 3 8 0 4 8 3 0 4 3 4 7 2 1 4 0 1 7 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0
7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 5 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0
1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0
7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
5 12 1 1 2 2 2 7 9 1 0 4 3 3 6 4 5 0 5 3 4 1 8 9 1 0 0 4 0 4 3 5 9 3 5 12 1 1 2 2 2 7 8 1 0 4 1 3 6 4 4 0 5 0 4 1 9 0 0 4 0 0 0
7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0
4 8 3 0 4 3 4 7 8 1 4 0 0 7 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 2 2 2 1 6 4 1 4 0 0 3 8 0 4 8 3 0 4 3 4 7 2 1 4 0 1 7 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 2 2 4 4 0 0 0 0
7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 0 1 1 3 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 0 0 2 3 3 0 0 0 1 2 1 2 2 2 1 1 0 0 0
2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 1 1 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 3 5 3 0 2 0 1 2 0 0 2 3 2 0 2 1 0 0 1 1 4 1 3 4 0 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0
1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0
2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 2 0 0 1 1 2 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
6 8 0 8 4 12 6 2 16 9 1 13 5 8 0 8 13 5 3 2 2 9 6 4 5 3 10 3 9 7 5 13 16 2 6 8 0 8 4 12 6 2 6 9 1 13 5 8 0 8 3 5 3 3 2 9 4 10 9 7 14 8 16
1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 2 1 2 0 1 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 5 0 0 0 0 0 4 1 1 0 2 0 1 0 4 0 3 0 7 4 5 1 2 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 4 1 0 0 0
17 7 7 16 23 8 18 11 17 34 23 32 23 35 29 21 16 18 20 22 20 19 9 26 18 14 16 9 21 28 23 16 17 22 17 7 7 16 23 8 18 11 9 34 23 32 18 35 29 21 9 18 20 14 20 19 26 16 21 28 1 0 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 1 1 0 0 5 3 0 5 0 8 5 1 6 5 0 10 4 0 0 7 0 10 5 0 1 1 7 1 1 3 1 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 4 3 0 5 7 8 5 0 6 5 10 0 0 10 0 0 0
Muskoka River Watershed
Muskoka River Watershed
Questions 1. What is the biological condition of lakes and rivers in the Muskoka River Watershed? Indices ‘ normal ranges? 2. Which biological indices best distinguish minimally impacted (reference) from impacted lakes and streams? 3. What proportion of the biological variation is explained by land-use, and how large is this proportion relative to natural habitat related variation?
Survey Design
Sampling methods
Index EPT EOT Insect Dipt Chir Oligo CIGH Amph Rich100 PCoA1 PCoA2 CA1 CA2
Indices
Definition % Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera & Trichoptera % Ephemeroptera, Odonata & Trichoptera % Insecta % Diptera % Chironomidae % Oligochaetous Clitellata % Corixidae. Isopoda, Gastropoda & Hirudinea % Amphipoda Taxonomic richness PCoA axis 1 PcoA axis 2 CA axis 1 CA axis 2
Question 1 Question1: What is the biological condition of lakes and rivers in the Muskoka River Watershed?
Baseline and Normal Ranges Lake Quantiles Reference (n=87) 5th EPT 0.0 Chir 33.2 EOT 0.8 Oligo 0.0 Insect 47.5 Dipt 37.0 CIGH 0.0 Amph 0.0 Rich100 7 PCoA1 -0.009 PCoA2 -0.014 CA1 -0.352 CA2 -0.561
10th 0.8 36.7 1.2 0.0 57.4 40.5 0.0 0.0 8 -0.008 -0.013 -0.317 -0.520
25th 1.9 46.8 3.4 1.0 66.5 49.8 0.0 0.8 10 -0.007 -0.009 -0.252 -0.389
50th 4.8 67.2 6.6 2.6 82.7 70.1 0.8 4.6 12 -0.004 -0.006 -0.191 -0.206
Mean 6.4 63.0 8.4 4.3 77.8 66.0 2.8 10.3 12 -0.003 -0.005 -0.184 -0.206
75th 9.8 77.4 11.8 5.9 89.8 81.3 2.8 14.3 15 0.001 -0.002 -0.123 -0.049
Impacted (n=247) 90th 13.8 87.9 19.1 10.3 95.5 89.6 9.3 26.6 16 0.004 0.002 -0.040 0.105
95th 5th 17.4 0.3 91.1 7.5 23.3 1.0 13.0 0.9 98.2 19.8 92.0 8.1 12.8 0.0 40.7 0.0 17 10 0.005 -0.005 0.004 -0.015 -0.008 -0.495 0.225 -0.283
10th 1.4 11.2 1.9 1.8 28.4 12.4 0.8 0.9 11 -0.003 -0.013 -0.443 -0.180
25th 3.1 20.5 4.4 5.0 40.9 21.7 1.8 4.7 13 0.001 -0.010 -0.342 -0.085
50th 7.2 33.0 8.8 10.8 54.8 37.2 5.0 12.1 15 0.006 -0.006 -0.259 0.138
Mean 10.5 37.2 11.9 14.0 54.7 39.6 8.6 15.0 15 0.005 -0.004 -0.263 0.199
75th 14.2 51.8 16.1 18.9 70.3 55.8 11.2 22.5 18 0.009 0.000 -0.172 0.472
90th 24.4 67.6 26.1 27.2 81.8 70.5 23.2 31.6 20 0.011 0.009 -0.099 0.700
95th 32.3 73.3 33.9 41.4 86.3 74.9 30.4 38.5 21 0.012
0.017 -0.049 0.902
Baseline and Normal Ranges 2 Stream Quantiles Reference (n=131) th
5 EPT 0.0 Chir 31.8 EOT 0.7 Oligo 0.0 Insect 58.7 Dipt 33.1 CIGH 0.0 Amph 0.0 Rich100 7 PCoA1 -0.010 PCoA2 -0.011 CA1 -0.338 CA2 -0.847
th
10 0.7 37.4 0.9 0.0 72.9 42.7 0.0 0.0 8 -0.010 -0.007 -0.238 -0.678
th
25 2.3 48.4 4.4 0.6 83.4 55.6 0.0 0.0 10 -0.008 -0.003 -0.100 -0.528
th
50 7.8 66.1 11.0 2.2 92.6 74.2 0.0 0.0 13 -0.006 0.000 0.174 -0.300
Mean 14.4 63.1 15.8 4.3 88.3 69.0 2.5 0.8 13 -0.004 0.000 0.407 -0.279
Impacted (n=224) th
75 22.2 77.4 22.8 5.2 96.6 84.5 0.9 0.0 15 -0.001 0.004 0.743 -0.067
th
th
th
th
90 95 5 10 37.2 46.5 0.0 0.0 87.4 91.0 11.3 18.0 40.4 45.5 0.0 0.0 11.5 17.1 0.0 0.0 99.0 99.7 22.2 33.4 90.6 93.7 14.2 19.5 5.3 10.1 0.0 0.0 2.0 4.2 0.0 0.0 17 19 7 8 0.003 0.005 -0.009 -0.008 0.007 0.009 -0.009 -0.006 1.409 1.755 -0.450 -0.328 0.223 0.365 -0.602 -0.492
th
25 1.5 36.0 2.4 1.4 59.6 39.7 0.0 0.0 10 -0.006 -0.001 -0.218 -0.354
50th 5.4 58.0 6.9 4.0 81.2 62.8 3.0 0.0 13 -0.003 0.003 -0.059 -0.178
Mean 10.4 53.1 11.8 8.5 72.3 57.4 11.5 2.3 13 -0.002 0.006 0.134 -0.125
75th 13.2 71.4 15.7 9.5 90.1 76.4 14.3 1.7 16 0.003 0.011 0.271 0.073
90th 24.1 81.3 28.0 22.7 95.2 85.6 37.9 7.6 18 0.007 0.023 0.888 0.277
95th 42.8 84.4 43.6 30.2 97.1 88.2 58.0 11.7 19 0.008
0.032 1.371 0.409
Baseline and Normal Ranges 3
Question 2: Which biological indices best distinguish minimally impacted (reference) from impacted lakes and streams?
P-value
Index Performance
P-value
EPT
Amph
Type
6.870E-02 Status 7.584E-01 Type*Status 8.000E-03
Type
Chir
Rich100
Type
2.070E-07 Status 9.530E-10 Type*Status 3.690E-03
Type
EOT
PCoA1
Type
8.270E-02 Status 6.341E-01 Type*Status 1.400E-02
Type
Oligo
PCoA2
Type
1.250E-04 Status 2.450E-07 Type*Status 2.914E-02
Type
Insect
CA1
Type
4.420E-13 Status 1.050E-12 Type*Status 1.340E-01
Type
Dipt
CA2
3.250E-09 Status 2.370E-10 Type*Status 8.700E-03
Type
Type
2.000E-16 Status 7.510E-03 Type*Status 1.473E-01 2.610E-04 Status 1.880E-04 Type*Status 1.223E-03 2.000E-16 Status 3.180E-12 Type*Status 1.200E-04 3.140E-12 Status 1.650E-03 Type*Status 1.061E-01 2.000E-16 Status 8.640E-04 Type*Status 8.336E-02 8.600E-10 Status 5.330E-08 Type*Status 1.130E-02
CIGH Type Status
5.950E-01 8.480E-06
Type*Status 3.980E-01
Degrees of Freedom: Type, Status, & Type*Status=1 Residuals=225
% Insects
% CIGH
CA2
Taxa Richness
% EPT
Question 3:What proportion of the biological variation among lakes and rivers is associated with land-use, and how large is this proportion relative to natural habitat related variation?
RDA variables
X Factors
RDA
Lake Stream Lake+Stream Stress Type/Status Cachment Habitat Stress Local Habitat Habitat Chemistry Chemistry
Y CA1 CA2
Stress % agriculture % golf course % urban road density # waste sites # dams
Catchment Local Habitat Habitat Chemistry Status/Type overburden thickness elevation alkalinity Status (1,0) mean slope substrate Ca Type (1,0) drainage density algae Cl wetness index macrophytes Color water retention time organic matter conductivity catchment area max depth at sample loc'n DOC surficial geology hydraulic head NH3/NH4 drainage ratio wetted width NO3/NO2 latitude TKN longitude pH TP SiO3
RDA variables 2
Y X
PCA1 Stress PCA2Stress
PCA1CHab PCA2 Chab
PCA1LHab PCA2LHab
PCA1Chem PCA2Chem
Status Type
CA1 CA2
Lake
CHab
Stress
Chem LHab
Stress CHab Stream
LHab
Chem
Next Steps
Thanks