Ben Turok Memorial Lecture

Ben Turok Memorial Lecture Community House, Salt River, Cape Town 30 November 2021, 17:00 - 19:30

26 June 1927 – 9 December 2019

Celebrating Seventy Years of Activism An underground cadre, a treason trialist, a trade unionist, a saboteur, a political prisoner, an exile, a Member of Parliament, an astute academic, an independent thinker, a man of courage and integrity who regularly spoke truth to power.

We remember Ben Turok.

Ben Turok

The Life of Ben Turok

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ociferous, challenging, sometimes combative, always spot-on and to the point. That was Ben Turok. He told an engaging story, enjoyed a good debate, expressed strong opinions – he had many of those – and never hesitated to speak out fearlessly. For that he was widely respected.

He was born into that tradition. In his autobiography his childhood home was always full of opinionated and highly politicised people who loved a good debate. He came from a Bundist background in Tsarist Russia. The Bundists were far left-wing Jews who supported the workers’ movement, rejected Zionism and demanded socialism in their life-time.

His family was working class and lived first in Byelorussia and then in the Jewish ghetto of Latvia in a single unheated room. Recession forced his father out of work, and he left for South Africa to make a living. Back in Latvia, Ben’s mother supported her three sons by walking door to door selling linen goods, which she carried in two large suitcases. “We bathed once a week in a tub of hot water heated on an open fire. We ate sparely, the treat of the week being the cake crumbs purchased from the local cake shop.”

With the Depression came fascism and face-to-face encounters with anti-Semitism. He never forgot an experience of being stoned by jeering boys taunting him as the “Jude! Jude!” (Jew! Jew!). A number of Jewish leftists fled progroms in Russia and turned up in South Africa where their own experiences drove them into anti-racist and anti-fascist activism and an ability to identify with South Africa’s poorest of the poor.

It was inevitable that Ben would take up the struggle early on. Soon after his arrival in South Africa at the age of seven he became aware of the discrepancies between the lives of white and black South Africans. This thoroughly discomfited him. He recalls in his autobiography as a young boy sitting on the floor with the family’s domestic worker, Arabia, who was simply complying with the widely accepted practice of the time.

Whatever it was that made a young boy reject what was then accepted as commonplace discriminatory conventions never left Ben; nonracialism and a deep-rooted hatred of inequality and injustice were embedded as the principles upon which his entire moral edifice was constructed.

Later, when the country was caught up in the political turmoil of the 1950s and ‘60s, Ben made a decision. His family’s circumstances had steadily improved, and the Cape Town suburbs and seafront offered the option of a comfortable life. He admits in his autobiography that it was something of a struggle to shake off the trappings of white privilege, but he had to make a choice. The world knows that he chose to stay on the right side of history, and the rest of his story is well known.

That was the start of a life-time of activism. Ben was harassed, banned, detained and sentenced to three years in prison for attempted sabotage. On his release he was placed under house arrest and fled South Africa on foot into Botswana. Months later he was offered a job in Tanzania.

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70 years of activism Typically, Ben Turok started off his many years as a political exile with an argument. At the Tanzania-Kenya border he got into a protracted disagreement with a Tanzanian policeman who required him to complete an immigration form. Ben had no problems with that, everything went swimmingly until Ben reached the very last line, which required that he disclose his race. The problem was his choices were limited. He could tick only “European”, “African” or “Other”. Ben explained to this policeman that he was South African, a refugee, with papers from the Tanzanian home office permitting him entry into that country. The policeman, miles away from South Africa and living in a country that would probably find the notion of apartheid inconceivable, could not comprehend the problem. To him, it was obvious. Ben had only to place his tick next to “European”, and the whole family would be granted entry into Tanzania.

The story goes that Ben insisted he could not do that because he was not a European, he was a South African. The policeman pointed at his children’s skin. “White,” he said. That could not be disputed. Therefore, “you are European,” he patiently explained. Back and forth they went, until Ben came up with a compromise. He proposed that next to “Other” he wrote “white African”. The policeman was suitably convinced, the family was somewhat relieved and Ben, well we can guess that he was well satisfied. Many have come to know Ben’s obstinance when he encountered any challenge to his moral centre.

That remained constant through a long and varied life. Prof Turok never stopped fighting for the South Africa he believed in. After his return home after the unbanning of the ANC, Ben became an MP in the first democratic Parliament. But he constantly chafed against the restrictions and regulations.

Ben Turok is remembered as the only MP in his party who broke ranks with the ANC by refusing to vote with it on the infamous Secrecy Bill. He paid the price for his independent mindedness; only once in his four-term parliamentary career was he appointed chairperson of a committee – the Ethics Committee – where he ruffled party feathers by finding one of his own party members, former Communications Minister Dina Pule, guilty of gross misconduct.

In his much later years he would often talk about the informal settlement of Masiphumelele, located not far from his Noordhoek home. He was deeply troubled by the awful contradiction of well-off (mostly) white people situated alongside an abjectly poor black community. That such an injustice could still be found after so many years of democratic government was, to Ben, appalling, unacceptable, incomprehensible.

He never accepted the remnants of apartheid that persist today, or any other infringement of human rights. Professor Ben Turok will always be remembered as a champion of the marginalised and impoverished majority and an unrelenting critic of the inequality and injustice that continues to be embedded in the status quo.

He fought for the South Africa he believed in until the end of a long and extraordinary life. For that, this country and its people thank him, and will always remember him.

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Ha-Joon Chang

Ha-Joon Chang

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enowned academic, Ha-Joon Chang, has taught at the Faculty of Economics, University of Cambridge, since 1990. He is internationally known for challenging the central orthodoxies of development economics. Professor Chang, who had a personal relationship with Professor Turok and visited South Africa several times, shares a propensity to take on the academic establishment, forcing it to examine its intellectual assumptions.

Professor Chang is an institutional economist, specialising in development economics. While he is currently a lecturer in economics at the University of Cambridge, he has also contributed to a range of international academic programmes and institutions, for example at SOAS, Ha-Joon Chang worked on several projects on industrial development and policy as well as a project on reforming economics curricula.

Professor Chang is the author of several widely discussed policy books, most notably Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (2002). A prolific writer, he has written many journal articles and book chapters, and at the last count Professor Change had published a total of 16 authored books (five co-authored) and 11 edited books. His writing has been translated and published in 42 languages and 44 countries. Worldwide, his books have sold over two million copies.

He has been acknowledged internationally, winning a raft of awards and accolades. These include the Gunnar Myrdal Prize awarded in 2003 by the European Association for Evolutionary Political Economy for Kicking Away the Ladder and the 2005 Wassily Leontief Prize for Advancing the Frontiers of Economic Thought from the Global Development and Environment Institute. In 2013, Prospect magazine ranked Chang as one of the top 20 World Thinkers.

He has served as a member of the editorial board of Cambridge Journal of Economics since 1992.

He is also a fellow at the Center for Economic and Policy Research and serves on the advisory board of Academics Stand Against Poverty (ASAP).

Apart from his academic activities, Ha-Joon Chang has worked as a consultant for numerous international organisations, including various UN agencies (UNDESA, UNCTAD, WIDER, UNDP, UNIDO, UNRISD, INTECH, FAO, ECLAC, and ILO), the World Bank, Oxfam, the European Investment Bank and the Asian Development Bank. He has also worked as a consultant for the governments of Canada, Japan, the UK, Venezuela and South Africa, and various NGOs, such as ActionAid, CAFOD, Christian Aid, Oxfam.

Born in South Korea, to an illustrious family. His father, Chang Jae-sik, was a minister of industry and resources. His uncle was historian and philosopher of science, Hasok Chang, and cousin of prominent economist and professor at Korea University, Chang Ha-Seong.

After graduating from Seoul National University, he studied at the University of Cambridge, earning an MPhil and a PhD in 1991 for his thesis, entitled The Political Economy of Industrial Policy – Reflections on the Role of State Intervention. Professor Chang was a student of leading UK economist Robert Rowthorn, with whom he collaborated on the theory of industrial policy. That laid the groundwork for a broader approach to economics known as institutionalist political economy, which is recognised for bringing together sociology, political science and economic history in the study of alternative economics.

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70 years of activism In Kicking Away the Ladder, Chang argued that all major developed countries used interventionist economic policies to get rich and tried to prevent other countries from doing the same. He criticised the World Trade Organisation, the World Bank, and the International Monetary Fund for “kicking away the ladder” to poverty alleviation in the developing world.

“Ha-Joon Chang has examined a large body of historical material to reach some very interesting and important conclusions about institutions and economic development. Not only is the historical picture re-examined, but Chang uses this to argue the need for a changing attitude to the institutions desired in today’s developing nations. Both as historical reinterpretation and policy advocacy, Kicking Away the Ladder deserves a wide audience among economists, historians, and members of the policy establishment.” Stanley Engerman, Professor of Economic History, Rochester University Following Kicking Away the Ladder, Chang published Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism in December 2008. In this book he argued that while state interventionism sometimes produced economic failures, it had a better record than unregulated free market economies which, he said, very rarely succeeded in producing economic development.

Chang’s next book, 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism, was released in 2011. It rejects 23 aspects of neo-liberal capitalism. Among the memorable quotes in this book are “Companies should not be run in the interests of their owners,” “Making rich people richer doesn’t make the rest of us richer” and “The washing machine has changed the world more than the internet has”.

This book is a strong critique of the assumptions behind neo-liberal capitalism and extends Chang’s arguments into a broader critique of neo-liberal system across all countries.

Chang’s 2014 book, Economics: The User’s Guide, is an accessible introduction to economics, written for the general public.

Ha-Joon lives in Cambridge with wife, Hee-Jeong Kim, and two children, Yuna and Jin-Gyu. Books • The Political Economy of Industrial Policy (St. Martin’s Press; 1994) • The Transformation of the Communist Economies: Against the Mainstream (Palgrave Macmillan; 1995) • Joseph Stiglitz and the World Bank: The Rebel Within (collection of Stiglitz’s speeches) (Anthem; 2001) • Kicking Away the Ladder: Development Strategy in Historical Perspective (Anthem; 2002) • Globalization, Economic Development, and the Role of the State (essay collection) (Zed Books; 2002) • Restructuring Korea Inc (with Jang-Sup Shin) (Routledge; 2003) • Reclaiming Development: An Alternative Economic Policy Manual (with Ilene Grabel) (Zed; 2004) • The Politics of Trade and Industrial Policy in Africa: Forced Consensus (edited with Charles Chukwuma Soludo & Osita Ogbu) (Africa World Press; 2004) • Gae-Hyuck Ui Dut or The Reform Trap, (collection of essays in Korean) (Bookie, Seoul, 2004) • Kwe-Do Nan-Ma Hankook-Kyungje or Cutting the Gordian Knot – An Analysis of the Korean Economy Bookie (with co-author: Seung-il Jeong) (Seoul; 2005) • The East Asian Development Experience: The Miracle, the Crisis and the Future (Zed Press; 2007) • Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism (Bloomsbury; 2008) • 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism (Penguin Books; 2010) • Economics: The User’s Guide (Pelican Books; 2014)

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70 years of activism

TPVUI BGSJDB

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5)*3% 26"35&3 /&8 "(&/%"

9

Ben Turok

TPVUI BGSJDB

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10

/&8 "(&/%" 5)*3% 26"35&3

#5 %P UIF TNBMM DPNQBOJFT HFU TVCTJEJTFE ) +$ /P

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70 years of activism

TPVUI BGSJDB

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11

Programme 16:00 – 16:45 Unveiling of Plaque and Dedication of Garden of Remembrance for Ben Turok 17:00 – 17:05 Opening and Welcome, Bruce Kadalie, IFAA events 17:05 – 17:10 Recording of presentation by Chairperson of the IFAA Board of Directors, Mr Kgalema Motlanthe 17:10 – 17:20 Recording of presentation by the Rector and Vice Chancellor of UWC, Tyrone Pretorius 17:20 – 17:35 Message from the Turok family, delivered by Professor Ivan Turok 17:35 – 17:40 Introduction of Prof Julian May, Director of the Centre of Excellence in Food Security, and the Institute for Social Development, UWC 17:40 – 17:50 Introduction of Professor Ha-Joon Chang 17:50 – 18:40 Keynote address 18:40 – 19:10 Questions (time permitting) 19:10 – 19:20 Vote of thanks You are welcome to join the Turok family and IFAA staff and board members for refreshments in the courtyard.

The Institute for African Alternatives (IFAA) together with the Institute for Social Development (ISD) and the International Relations Office from the University of the Western Cape are collaboratively hosting this event to commemorate the contribution of Ben Turok to the development community and the discourse and practice on socioeconomic alternatives for development in South Africa and Africa as a whole.

The ISD and IFAA have formally entered into a collaborative relationship to strengthen the ties for a socially just society through the development of a cohort of new scholars equipped with the cognitive tools to give voice to the marginalised through progressive and alternative approaches to economic and social development. It is with this spirit that we are co-hosting this event.

Through our collaboration we will strive to offer progressive perspectives on social and economic policies, stimulate debate and discussion on issues of national importance, advocate for an open and inclusive society, and provide a platform for youth to explore ideas on decolonizing Africa.