Biorock

BIO.ROCK

URBAN MOPHOGENESIS LAB MARCH URBAN DESIGN BATRLETT SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE Haoming Wang, Yue Zhang, Andhavarapu Sravani, Chunxue Lou CLAUDIA PASQUERO, MAJ PLEMENITAS

Bartlett School of Architecture | March UD |RC 16

Reference Tutors: Claudia Pasquero, Maj Plemenitas Students: Chunxue Lou, Haoming Wang Sravani Andhavarapu, Yue Zhang The Bartlett School of Architecture Master Urban Design 2015-2016 Lab Urban Morphogenesis |Rc16|

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT We have taken great efforts in this project. However, it would not have been possible without the kind support and mutual understanding between the group members. I would like to extend our sincere thanks to every individual and organization, who helped us at every level.

We thank our highly Indebted to ours Tutors Claudia Pasquero and Maj Plemenitas for their guidance and constant supervision as well as for providing necessary information regarding the project and also for their support in completing the project.

We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to our theory tutors Sara Franceschelli and Emmanouil Zaroukas for giving us great theoretical knowledge in correspondence with our project.

We would like to express our gratitude towards our parents for their kind cooperation and encouragement which helped us in completing the project.

We would like to express our Filippo Nassetti, Stuart Maggs, Immanuel Koh, for their soft skill workshops.

We would like to express our appreciation towards all the B-made staff for their great attention and time in the workshop.

Our thanks and appreciations to all our colleagues, seniors, friends in developing the project and to the people who have willingly helped us with their abilities.

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CANVEY ISLAND

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CATALOGUE ABSTRACT INDEX CONTENT

CHAPTER 1

URBAN ISSUE

1.1 COASTAL EROSION 1.2 FLOOD ISSUE FROM LONDON TO ESTUARY

CHAPTER 2

THAMES ESTUARY: CANVEY ISLAND 2.1 INTRODUCTION TO CANVEY ISLAND 2.2 DYNAMIC ANALYSIS ON THE ISLAND 2.3 URBAN ISSUE ON SITE

CHAPTER 3

CHEMICAL METERIAL

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF BIOROCK 3.2 BIOROCK PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT 3.3 PARAMETER INTEFERENCE

CHAPTER 4

TERRITORIAL MACHINE

4.1 UNCERTAIN ROBOT: HARDNESS OF SOIL TEST 4.2 UNIVERSAL ROBOT ARM: PROTOTYPE 3D PRINTING

CHAPTER 5

URBAN PROTOCOL

5.1 DYNAMIC SIMUATION METHODOLOGY 5.2 PROTOTYPE EVOLUTION

CHAPTER 6

PROPOSAL

6.1 METHODOLOGY: VOXEL ALGRITHM 6.2 TEMPORAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

APPENDIX REFERENCE

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Abstract

United Kingdom has been affected by the serious threat of floods. It is expected to experience floods once in every 60 years. These floods have deformed the boundaries over periods led to geographical morphologic changes.Coastal erosion is one severe global issue, eating up the coastal boundaries creating a phenomenal hazard to the surrounding context.This situation is inescapable due to the so-called Urban sphere, the universal apparatus of modern-day urbanity, a condensed network of informational, material and vigorous infrastructure that sustains our increasingly demanding metabolism. There lies a void for idealistic future models of urban growth that will relate to the philosophies of biologic self-organization and operate by entrenching computational lucidities onto material substrata, the exemplified algorithms of the potential bio-city.It’s time to introduce a non-anthropocentric understanding of the urban landscape of the city, anticipated as a territory of self-organization and co-evolution of multiple dynamical systems, including ecological systems, infrastructural and technological systems, socio and political systems.

London Thames estuary has the tendency to experience frequent floods, which lead to the change in coastal dynamics over period of time. Canvey Island located on the Thames is at the critical location of this domain with huge industrial base draining out pollutants into the coastal arena.So this project is mainly focused on dealing with urban water waste as a nutrient for the growth of Coastal landscapes. Bio-rock is a chemical material,produced by the process of electrolyis due to the electro chemical resction through the exchange of ions. This have the potential to grow from the pollutants, bound strong over period of time, holding a very high compressive strength. We deployed this in the parametric evolution of the components generating a new type of coastal landscape to create the interaction between the urban grid and marine habitats.In the scene that the work flow sets up as a feed back of different scales which evolve in temporal and spatial context.

Since all the components of environment are in continuous flux, there is an serious need to understand its nature and then acclimatize accordingly. The notion of collective intelligence as found in nature to envision resilient and adaptive urban models are confronted in this scenario.

The project is titled as Eros/ion City, in the sense that Eros refers to the Greek God of love, Ion refers to the process of electrolysis through ion exchange to define the new Urban fabric.

This image depicts how the morphology of the coastal line is deformed due to erosion over change in time.

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URBAN ISSUE

SITE INFORMATION

CHEMICAL MATERIAL

MORPHOLOGICAL SIMULATION

TERRITORIAL MACHINE

URBAN PROTOCOL

PROPOSAL

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erosion

temporal erosion

bio-rock production

relation between bio-rock morphology and growing time

uncertain robot test the hardness of soil

temporal development growth

erosion morphology

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temperal tide height

flood

bio-rock method test

relation between bio-rock growth and substratum

2 end effector produce the units

wind protocol movement morphology

extension Bartlett School of Architecture | March UD |RC 16

193

water pollution

photo etching produce 1:1 component

bio-rock growth guidance

194

162

territorial morphology

tidal height morphology 162

population 174,300

Southend on Sea population 38,170

Household Waste Recycling Centre

Canvey Island

Coryton Refinery London Gateway Port

population 36,601

Calor Gas

Grays J C Motors P&G Ltd Industries Express

Sewage Treatment

Thames Industrial Park

XPO Logistics Oil Storage Deport Tilbury Docks Sewage Treatment

Dartford population 85,910

Ready-Mixed Concrete Seacon Terminal

population 13,000

J & M Crane & Transport Norbret Dentressangle Logistics

Gravesend

London Thamesport

population 5,600

Sheerness Sheerness Docks

population 104.157

Gillingham

Induestrial Area Population Polluted level

wind distribution on site

relation between bio-rock growth and water propotion

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3D printing unit evolution

voxel algorithm 164

193

water flow on site

relation between bio-rock morphology and distance to anode

194

unit evolution

output data

input data

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Methodology The aim of this project is to address various global and urban issues and to overcome them by implementing various urban protocols, analogue models, and material and digital simulations. Our project will use biorock to build an interface between the estuary of the Thames River and Canvey Island. This project goes through several approaches such as site investigation, material systems, territorial models, urban protocol.

First, Coastal erosion and its influencing factors are analysed at different scales and based on which the most critical areas are identified. data base is developed based on information related to historical, seasonal and daily inputs. This would give an understanding about the future stature. Canvey Island is identified as the most crucial in the domain of floods and coastal erosion in the London context. Urban issues on the Island like waste water drain and the interaction barrier are addressed.

Secondly, Biorock is a chemical material that introduced by metabolizing waste water creating a firm precipitation, in order to create urban landscape as the barrier solution.A detailed description of biorock and its features will be provided in order to demonstrate why biorock appears to be the ideal material to solve the global and urban issues that arise during the design phase.Research is done to understand the prospects and possibility of the Biorock.

Thirdly, various analogue models and digital simulations of likely coastal erosion and natural aspects of the area are generated in order to understand the dynamic aspects of the Island which would act as the inputs of the urban protocol. By focusing on these three aspects, a sustainable interface made of biorock can be established between the mainland and this marine habitat.

Finally, based on the all the above criteria and considerations, an urban protocol is developed based on the parametric generation of the components. Concepts of Emergence and Morphology are adopted in the design approach, which are dynamic over spatial and temporal conditions taking the feedback from the surrounding context at every period of time.This should be a possible scenario to overcome various issues at different scales.

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CHAPTER 1

URBAN ISSUE

1.1 COASTAL EROSION 1.2 FLOOD ISSUE FROM LONDON TO ESTUARY

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URBAN ISSUE

Morphological Changes of UK Coastal boundaries In

this

Chapter,

various

Global

issues

like

Coastal

Ero-

erosion

sion and Floods that are influencing the Coastal boundaries of the united kingdom are adressed and how they impact the various economic, Socio and political elements of the urban strata. The morphology of these coastal landscapes is dynamically changÂŹing over temporal conditions which are influ-

flood

enced by the natural and manmade activities.

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1.1 Coastal Erosion Coastal Erosion is an environmental phenomenon of tearing away of the land and the removal of dune sediments by wave action, tidal currents, wave currents, drainage or high winds.

Factors like increase in Global temperatures, likely to cause global sea levels to rise of 3mm per year and also increase in the frequency and magnitude of storm events.Another factor associated with storm events is storm surge.Extreme low pressure over an area can cause sea level to rise locally, which can lead to coastal flooding in low lying areas and overtopping of sea defences.

Waves, generated by storms, wind, or fast moving motor craft, cause coastal erosion, which may take the form of long-term losses of sediment and rocks, or merely the temporary redistribution of coastal sediments; erosion in one location may result in accretion nearby.

The study of erosion and sediment redistribution is called ‘coastal morph dynamics’. It may be caused by hydraulic action, abrasion, impact and corrosion.

The world has undergone coastal erosion for many centuries, and this process not only causes changes to the geographical morphology of shorelines, but can also lead to loss of life and land. Tidal currents, rises in the mean sea level, and the rigidity index of the local soil are the major factors influencing coastal erosion.

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1.2 Flood Issue from London to Estuary North Sea floods: 1953 1953

floods

was

one

of

the

most

devastating

natural

disasters

ever recorded in the Britain history which was caused by a heavy storm. Over 1,600 Km of coastal line was damaged and sea walls were breached. This forced 30,000 people to evacuate from their homes, causing a severe damage to the homes. A northwestern storm was blowing and it was to be spring tide. At the low tide the water level at sea was as high as it is normally when it is high tide. Then the wind pushed the water up to rise even higher and the sea reached a record height of 4.5 meter above mean sea level.

Most prominent affected area is considered to be the Essex, especially Canvey Island located at the thames estuary

was completely

inundated overnight with the loss of 58 lives. Little warning, single storey residential housing and a single bridge off the island contributed to the disaster.

Similarly Thames of central London was experienced by floods in 1928 with fatal consequences. It is assumed that, Thames is get to experience floods once in every 60 years. If this happens Central London is going to face serious threat. In order to caught hold the situation for an instance,protective measures are taken by building Thames Barrier.

As Thames Estuary is the gate way for the London , eminent measures have to be taken at this junction to protect the whole network.

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This Map represents the flood map of the Thame Estuary flooding into thames, 1953.

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Economical loss

Waste water

Economic Loss

Terra Loss

These floods have deformed the boundaries over periods of time that led to geographical morphologic changes, which resulted in coast¬al erosions. Now the challenge is to overcome these global issues by introducing the queries of adaptability and ecological communi¬ty to architecture and finding an unconventional attitude towards designing. Architects and designers are supposed to test innovative methods of construction in collaboration with nature; by knowing how to har¬vest the morphogenetic potential of the natural system to construct hab¬itable urban landscapes. This includes issues of constructability, embod¬ied the energy and ecological footprint, all redescribed in systemic terms as part of the novel, bio-mechanical prototypes, objects and products.

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CHAPTER 2 Thames Estuary: Canvey Island 2.1 Introduction of Canvey Island 2.2 Dynamic Analysis on the

Island

2.3 URBAN ISSUE ON SITE

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Canvey Island: Thames Estuary SITE INFORMATION A comparative analysis of the flood, population density,coastal erosion, industrial polluted area of Thames Estuary, strikes us to understand that Canvey island is at a great risk of floods, erosion despite of having a high density accumulation allows a great potential for choosing this site.

In this Chapter, We are introducing the various historical and

geological

land

distribution

features

of

Canvey.

Ma-

temporal erosion

jor consideration is reflected on the coastal erosion of the

flood wall

canvey coastal boundaries, Digital simulations of Coastak erosion scenario of Canvey is developed by considering the historical erosion data over period of time in order to predict the future erosion status.

Various

factors

such

as

Tidal

movements,

Sea

depth,

temperal tide height

waste water pumping

water pollution

function distribution

Wind

distribution, industrial waste drains of various time periods and seasonal data on the coastal boundaries are analysed through digital maps which are the major factors of the Coastal erosion to trace out the design inputs.

population 174,300

Southend on Sea population 38,170

Household Waste Recycling Centre

Canvey Island

Coryton Refinery London Gateway Port

population 36,601

Calor Gas

Grays J C Motors

Geological

changes

of

the

Canvey

Island

are

developed

P&G Ltd Industries Express

Sewage Treatment

Thames Industrial Park

XPO Logistics Oil Storage Deport Tilbury Docks Sewage Treatment

Dartford population 85,910

Ready-Mixed Concrete Seacon Terminal

population 13,000

J & M Crane & Transport Norbret Dentressangle Logistics

Gravesend

London Thamesport

population 5,600

Sheerness Sheerness Docks

population 104.157

Gillingham

through various pie charts. Diagrams of the network distri-

Induestrial Area Population Polluted level

bution of various functional areas and human activity are developed to analyse the activity in the island.

wind distribution on site

water flow on site

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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO CANVEY ISLAND Canvey Island_Urban Features ZConsidering the layout of the Canvey Island, its basic network and method of division was based on a grid iron pattern.Sea wall created the boundary of the Island, which can be seen on the road network map.Canvey Island is divided into an industrial area and a residential area.

The shape and separation of the residential area follows a grid design.This

urban

grid

uses

networks

to

represent

architectur-

al structures or environments. It is not a group of architectural blocks with geometric designs, but rather a network of open spaces surrounded by such blocks (Figueiredo & Amorim 2007). A grid highlights the urban morphology of a city as well as demonstrating how to divide space more equally. Through this method, a city can be divided into areas that are both homogeneous and hierarchical. The morphology of a city always uses a grid as its framework of overall layout. Other factors that influence the final morphology are a city’s political, economic, social, and cultural contexts (Gindroz 2003).

The

commercial

and

public

centre

of

Canvey

Island

is

a

single

road, which is also the geometric centre of the island. Therefore, the urban design method as applied to Canvey Island firstly divides Canvey Island into an industrial area and a residential area within the sea wall. Then, the residential section is divided using a grid structure and most of the service areas in the central section are laid out in concrete. This method is based on the concept of “morphologically defined neighbourhoods”, which sets the layout first and then defines the function of the neighbourhoods.

The

original

grid

design

of

Canvey

Island

would

work

well,

if

there were not sea walls skirting the outside area.

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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO CANVEY ISLAND Canvey Island_Urban Features

Considering the layout of the Canvey Island, its basic network and method of division was based on a grid iron pattern.Sea wall created the boundary of the Island, which can be seen on the road network map.Canvey Island is divided into an industrial area and a residential area. marsh land

green land

The shape and separation of the residential area follows a grid design.This

urban

grid

uses

networks

to

represent

architectur-

al structures or environments. It is not a group of architectural blocks with geometric designs, but rather a network of open spaces surrounded by such blocks (Figueiredo & Amorim 2007). A grid highlights the urban morphology of a city as well as demonstrating how to divide space more equally. Through this method, a city can be divided into areas that are both homogeneous and hierarchical. The morphology of a city always uses a grid as its framework of overall layout. Other factors that influence the final morphology are a city’s political, economic, social, and cultural contexts (Gindroz 2003).

The

commercial

and

public

centre

of

Canvey

Island

is

a

single

household

road networks

road, which is also the geometric centre of the island. Therefore, the urban design method as applied to Canvey Island firstly divides Canvey Island into an industrial area and a residential area within the sea wall. Then, the residential section is divided using a grid structure and most of the service areas in the central section are laid out in concrete. This method is based on the concept of “morphologically defined neighbourhoods”, which sets the layout first and then defines the function of the neighbourhoods.

The

original

grid

design

of

Canvey

Island

would

work

well,

if

there were not sea walls skirting the outside area.

sea water

sea walls

The above Island.

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image

represents

the

land

distribution

patterns

of

the

Canvey

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Sea levels in the North Sea are modeled to rise 6mm a year for the next 50 years.

Essex’s alluvial coastline will sink by 150mm in the same period. Much of Canvey Island lies 3m below mean high tide. By 2060 the landscape of Canvey will have changed completely. A series of rivers, creeks and deltas will reclaim the land, dividing the sin¬gle island into a marshland archipelago in constant flux. In this new landscape ground floor and the street level will become obsolete, replaced by mud and shallow waters.

Even today, high tides and costal erosion are eating up the activity spaces in the beach area outside the sea wall; for half of the year, the small plaza located outside the sea wall becomes an artificial pool. In fifty years’ time, the landscape of Canvey Island will be completely different. Rivers, creeks and deltas will occupy and divide the island into several segments. Ground floor and street level buildings next to the sea wall will become obsolete and be replaced by marsh land and water. What may be worse is that some parts of the sea wall have already been damaged during the past 40 years. Without continual reinforcement, the sea wall could be destroyed entirely by floods and costal erosion in next 50 years. The seawall has also become more like a prison wall, causing residents to lose their connection with the sea. In addition, very few tourists visit the island because of the disappearing and poorly maintained beach.

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This map shows the time lapse of the erosion history ranging from 1890 to till date.

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Erosion Simulation Historical Erosion simulation

Erosion Simulations of Canvey Island

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2.2.1 Dynamic Analysis on the

Island

Canvey Island_coastal dynamics Coastal Erosion in this particular island are affected by various factors such as tidal movements, marine deapth, wind distribution, industrial waste discharge, human activity, etc.

All these factors are supposed to be studied in detail in order to find a solution to overcome the coastal erosion. As all the above mentioned factors are dynamic in nature with constant flux, there is an urge to simulate the data inputs which exhibit historical,annual,seasonal,weekly and daily changes in order to understand their nature and flow.

This data can be used as one of the major design input inorder to understand the collective intelligence. Swarm intelligence,

satellite

information,

algorithmic

data

simulations are run to get the desired information.

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Daily Tide Height

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Tide Height Simulation

Tidal simulations on the coast over change in period of time because of the rise in the sea level.

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40

41

spring water depth

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summer water depth

45

winter water depth

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population 174,300

Southend on Sea population 38,170

Household Waste Recycling Centre

Canvey Island

Coryton Refinery London Gateway Port

population 36,601

Calor Gas

Grays J C Motors P&G Ltd Industries Express

Sewage Treatment

Thames Industrial Park

XPO Logistics Oil Storage Deport Tilbury Docks Sewage Treatment

Dartford population 85,910

Ready-Mixed Concrete Seacon Terminal

population 13,000

J & M Crane & Transport Norbret Dentressangle Logistics

Gravesend

London Thamesport

population 5,600

Sheerness Sheerness Docks

population 104.157

Gillingham

47Induestrial Area

Population Polluted level

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water flow

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2.2.2 Dynamic Analysis on the

Island

Canvey Island_wind dynamics Usually coastal boundaries experience extreme winds due to tidal movements. In the case of canvey Island its more predominant.

Winds come from the Northsea,concentrate majorily on the coastal boundaries, the huge barrier wall obstructs from entering into the urban grid. This in a way affects the coastal boundaries by mitigating the marshal lands and also increases the tidal movement.The coastal boundaries experience extreme wind turbulances because of the huge retaining barrier wall, which accomodates the wind with a very high speed up to 5.8m/s. This creates a mayhem for the people to visit the coast, especially in the winters and spring, giving an impression of dead ambience with out any activity.

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The above map show the wind distribution over the site.

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Wind Simulation

Agent based wind maps developed by the stigmergic protocols_ first one depicts the wind grid, followed by the Wind pattern and the combined patterns respectively.

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2.2.3 Dynamic Analysis on the

Island

Canvey Island_Geological Transformation Due to various dynamic changes in the coastal boundaries, Canvey has overgone various geological transformations like coastal boundaries are domained by marshal lands, creeks and deltas.Green areas are flooded with sea water which inturn after period of time convert into marshal. Morever the activity of the people inside is also influenced by these changes. For example, most of the recreational zones are concentrated behind the flood wall.The urban issues of the island are focused on the shoreline and industrial areas.

The daily human activities on the island, demonstrate that most people gather in the downtown area, the industrial sections, and on the shoreline.So all these transformations are developed in the form of pie diagrams inorder the understand the dynamic comparison.

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2.2 Dynamic Analysis on the Island

Geology transformation

This diagram shows the percentage of transformation between natural land and artifitial land on Canvey Island during the past 20 years.

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Functional Lands Transformation

This diagram shows the percentage of transformation between the functional lands on Canvey Island during the past 20 years.

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Daily Human Activities

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Service points

pic pic pic pic pic

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1 2 3 4 5

public services commercial shops restaurant supermarket mixed (all) points

Most of the service points are located in the central area of the canvey Island. Compared with other seaside cities, the activities along the sea side are few. Therefore, the shoreline is needed to improve to give a better living environment for the people in the island

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2.3 URBAN ISSUE ON SITE The speed of wind is extreme (up to 5.8m/s) especially on the rare side of the coastal boundary of the island which also brings the problems of high waves.Though thd location of the Canvey is crucial(the estuary of Thames River), but the landscape is very poor.The average altitude of the island lies below the sea level, especially the centre of the island lies at a very low level compared to the mean sea level.This could be a probable domail to cause disastrous flood scenario.Traces and scars of historical flood still exist on the island. Except some small play yards and an unpopular plant-park, there is no formal public space that attracts the residents.There is a long sea-wall (flood defense wall) along the beach of the island. Most of it is over 5m (2m of the wall and about 3m of the base)which blocks the scenic view of the coast. The thickness of the sea wall bulk which left narrow access space on the coastal side.Some local people choose to go on a beach side stroll with their pets but the view of the beach is obstructed due to the barrier.At least three main drain pumps are pumping some Industrial and domestic waste water directly into the sea only after over going basic treatment procedures, polluting the coastal domains, which not only pollutes the boundaries but also show impact on marine life.

The first image shows that after the flood a wall was built, hiding the sea from view behind a 5m high creating barrier between field and grid; The second image shows the artificial pool created at the beach.

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On a positive note, there is a golf club, a country park, and a yacht club located on Canvey Island. If the shoreline were rebuilt, this island could therefore be a fantastic place not only for local residents, but as an attractive destination for tourists. The concrete sea wall protects the island’s people from flood, but it impedes the

relationship

between

the

inland

area

and

the

sea.

The top point of the concrete sea wall is 5 meters above street level, which is almost as high as a two-storey residential

house.

The

concrete

sea

wall

therefore

blocks

the view of the people inside, which makes them feel as though they are not even living near the sea. The question “What would you love to see on a new seafront?” was asked of local residents of Canvey Island, they want to experience the sense of beach front place. In order to make this shore line efficient, the following should be the inputs.

_beach landscapes over the flood barrier _access to the beach _interaction and buffering spaces _use of natural material than the concrete mesh _solution for the industrial waste water drain

First image_ shows the Waste water pump flushing the industrial waste.

Second image_ shows how the coastal land is being polluted with the waste sludge flush.

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CHAPTER 3

CHEMICAL METERIAL

3.1 INTRODUCTION OF BIOROCK 3.2 BIOROCK PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT 3.3 PARAMETER INTEFERENCE

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CHEMICAL MATERIAL

BIOROCK

BIOROCK

PARAMETER

INTRODUCTION

PRODUCTION

INTERFERENCE

definition

chemical elements affect growth

RESULT

growth time Bartlett School of Architecture | March UD |RC 16

127

128

lab apparatus

anode distance tab water

growth process

sea water

cathod density

waste canal water

anode

voltage

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3.1 INTRODUCTION OF BIOROCK

.the steel wires are used to build the substratum to guide the growth of biorock;

To refer to the substance formed by electro-accumulation of minerals dissolved in seawater. The biorock building process grows cement-like enginee Vring structures and marine ecosystems, often for mariculture of corals, oysters, clams, lobsters and fish in salt water. It works by passing a small electric current through electrodes in the water. The structure grows more or less without limit as long as current flows.

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.during the growing process, it will explore oxygen to build the habitat for the sea creature;

.as a result, at the meantime, grows as a constructive material.

biorock

We introduced a Chemical material called bio-rock which was invented by Prof Wolf Hilbertz, which is produced by the process of electrolysis of nutrient water. When a very low voltage of 2-4volts is applied, due to the strong electrochemical reaction created by the ionic exchange, nutrients present in the water starts to precipitate on the cathode surface. When the circuit is left for 1-2 years a very strong accretion forms on the metal surface, which is similar to the coral reef materiÂŹal. It has a self-healing ability which can improve the marine life by 10 times because of the release of oxygen in the reaction, which is also safe for the swimmers. Factors such as voltage, salt saturation, type of anode, influence the growth of the material growth.

We have conÂŹducted various experiments to see the growth variations based on different combinations of influencing factors to understand the most potential combination which would influence in the real design application

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feature 1 - same or more strength than concrete

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feature 2 - self-recovery

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3.2 BIOROCK PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT

sample1 voltage- 6v salt- CaCl2 :MgCl2 =15g:30g

During simulation experiments looking at biorock growth in the laboratory, many parameters were tested. Different voltages of power supply, the materials of the anodes, and their thickness and location of connecting points all influence the substance’s growth.

The

results

indicate

that

the

higher

the

voltage

of

power supplied, the faster growth occurs. One of the most significant parameters, however, was the ratio of different salts within the water. If the ratio of calcium chloride to magnesium chloride was 2:1 (as in sample 2), the growth was much faster.

This is due to the fact that the main compositional material of biorock is calcium carbonate. Another significant parameter was the type of water used to dissolve the salt. Tap water showed less growth, while seawater demonstrated more growth in the same period.

sample2 voltage- 9v salt- CaCl2 :MgCl2 =15g:30g

sample3 voltage- 6v salt- CaCl2 :MgCl2 =30g:30g

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The aspiration is to use polluted water as a nutrient for the growth on novel urban morphologies driven by hybrid bio-architec¬tural prototypes to defend the coastal erosion in a way providing an urban landscape for interaction between the grid and the field, in¬tended as a territory of self-organization and coevolution of vari¬ous dynamical systems, which includes multidisciplinary systems.

As the water pollution is one major issue, which Canvey Island is confront¬ing, we tried precipitate accretion using the wastewater samples rather than chemical saturations, which resulted in rapid accretion. It is a known that most of the industrial wastes and domestic wastes contain quantities of nitrate and phosphate impurities. We tried to use detergent water as electrolyte due to its high values of phosphate and nitrate concentration, the output is quite eminent and accretion rate is really fast. Based on this outcome, we tried to push forward by trying various matrixes of phosphate salts, voltages, and anode variations. They gave us very interesting results.

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3.2 BIO-ROCK PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT

EXP 1-SALT RATIO

EXP2- CHEICAL ELEMENTS PARAMETER

Sea Medium Water, 9v, Aluminum (3 days) Sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3

CaCl2 : MgCl2 : Detergent = 30 : 00 : 10 CaCl2 : MgCl2 : Detergent = 30 : 15 : 10 CaCl2 : MgCl2 : Detergent = 30 : 30 : 10

Waste water contains pollutants like Nitrogen and phosphorous, So idea is to do material experimentation using detergent. Very strong ionic reaction took place in the tank and the precipitation rate is quite fast leaving fragile crystal growth.

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Sea Water (Folkestone), 9v, Aluminum (3 days) Sample 1

CaCl2 : MgCl2

= 30 : 0

Sea Water (Folkestone), 9v, Aluminum (3 days) Sample 2 Sample 3

CaCl2 : MgCl2 = 30 : 15 CaCl2 : MgCl2 = 30 : 30 Sample 4 No Salt

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Cacl2 : MgCl2 = 30 : 15, 9v, Aluminum (3 days) Sample 1 Sample 2

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Hammersmith Kensington

Cacl2 : MgCl2 = 30 : 15, 9v, Aluminum (3 days) Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5

West Minister City of London Tower of Hamlets

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3.2 BIO-ROCK PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT

3.2 BIO-ROCK PRODUCTION ENVIRONMENT

VOLTAGE EXP 2- ANODE MATERIAL

MMicrosocope

scale diagrams of growth by different voltage. The higher the voltage is ,the more dense the biorock is.

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3.3 PARAMETER INTEFERENCE

EXP 4- TEMPERAL GROWTH

stage 1- point growth(3h)

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stage 2- linear growth(4h)

stage 3- surface growth(6h)

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BIO-ROCK GROWTH REGULATION AND CONTROL 3.3 PARAMETER INTEFERENCE

EXP 6-DISTANCE TO ANODE EXP 5- DISTANCE TO CATHOD

Simulation

of

growth

affected

by

different

distance to the cathod.

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3.3 PARAMETER INTEFERENCE

EXP 5- DISTANCE TO CATHOD

Simulation

of

growth

affected

by

different

distance to the cathod.

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3.3 PARAMETER INTEFERENCE

EXP 6-GROWTH ON DIFFERENT THICKNESS OF SUBSTRATUM EXP 7-GROWTH ON DIFFERENT

VOLUMN OF CONNECTION POINTS

Furthermore, parametric growth is analyzed by testing variÂŹous parameters like varied thickness and connection joints, which resulted in gradually thicker and rigid growth on the thicker part over the thinner. Similarly, strong accretion happens to accumulate on the connection joints. These material growth parameters can be considered for the further in the design of the substratum based on what the desired output aimed is at.

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3.3 PARAMETER INTEFERENCE

EXP 8-GROWTH ON DIFFERENT DENSITY OF CATHOD

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As science says that ionic reaction between ferrous ions, results in corroÂŹsion. So we tried to exhibit this sort of condition in the circuit, which resulted in a very rusted patterned and multi-color accretion, which resembles the real coral reefs. Interesting results occurred when alloys rather than single metals were used, particularly when the anode was made of an alloy that featured iron. The ionic reaction between the Fe ions caused strong corrosion to occur, creating colours that resembled real corals and reefs. The result is that the biorock seems to be painted in different colours. The brown and yellow colours seem to be created by iron, while the blue colour is created by brass.

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CHAPTER 4

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TERRITORIAL MACHINE

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4.1 UNCERTAIN ROBOT HARDNESS OF SOIL TEST Uncertain robot is applied to test the

hard-

ness of the soil, which is the premise of the map of different level of erosion on the coastal area. It is controlled by the arduino and collect data by the barrier sensor, the pressure sensor. The output is a LED light. We made a video to mark the position of the harder soil and then we can get a map out of it. According to this we know which part of the soil is relatively soft to place the material structure to make it more rigid.

The first image is the simulation of the normal land.

The second image is to show the erosion at the natural situation.

The third image is to simulate that the release of the erosion after placing the structure.

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Camera

Arduino

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Method - test different levels of hardness of the soil - along the erosion coastal line

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According to the output of the green led light, a map of harder part of the land can be marked.

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Erosion simulation

Morphology 01

Waste water flow simulation

Morphology 02

CHAPTER 5

Air Particles Movement simulation

URBAN PROTOCOL

5.1 DYNAMIC SIMUATION METHODOLOGY 5.2 PROTOTYPE EVOLUTION

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URBAN PROTOCOL

The structure of the field consists of a loose accumulaBartlett School of Architecture | March UD |RC 16

tion

of

vesicular

and

specific

characteristics

defined

by the internal connection. The rules for an individual are decisive, and internal relationships determine the behaviour of the field. However, the overall shapes and

Bartlett School of Architecture | March UD |RC 16

ranges are highly fluid. The phenomenon of field emphasizes the details of linkages rather than geometrically shaped forms. Field can dictate an object’s form, however, and this is done in terms of the form between objects

waster simulation

erosion morphology

morphology

voxel algorithm

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rather than the form of each object itself.

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Using these guidelines, we chose the Thorney Bay area as Bartlett School of Architecture | March UD |RC 16

our site location, because it is surrounded by both industrial and residential areas. There are also two waste

wind protocol movement morphology

unit evolution 164

water pumps and a large section of marshland within this 300-meter

long

area.

The

final

shoreline

design

must

therefore consider not only the relationship to the res159

160

idential area, but also the treatment of both erosion and pollution. We transformed the simulation output into a 3D

162

tidal height morphology

volume structure to calculate how to defend against this erosion. The output of the simulation became a surface showing the varied depth of the bay area

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5.1 DYNAMIC SIMUATION METHODOLOGY Waste Water and Wind Simulation

Within the chosen site area, there are two waste water pumps. The one on the left is used for the industrial area while the one on the right one is for residential use.

Waste water coming from the waste pumps was simulated to run and these inputs were used to simulate the erosion output, creating a diagram of the combined factors of erosion and waste water. Waste water is predicted to increase the speed of biorock growth, so we tried to generate a stepped up volume that led to more waste water passing though. We identified the path of the waste water passing though the erosion volume, and then generated a further volume that combined both erosion and waste water.

we generated the Swarm simulations of the erosion basin on the Canvey Island coastal bed. This erosion-simulated map will act as a base map for the urban landscape. Ero¬sion simulations are run on this to achieve a diagram of the design morphology diagram. This acts as a base for the further simulations. Since there are two main waste pumps draining out the waste into the coastal interference, wastewater can be re-metabolized, which in turn enhances the growth of the material accretion, in a way puri¬fying the impurities and minimizing the geological transformation of the marshlands, creates a feedback. Waste water flow simulations are run over erosion and a combination output is achieved. Similar¬ly, Wind flow simulations are imposed over the previous output, as the site is coastal based, wind turbulences are quite eminent. This results in a more complex system, which takes account of all influ¬encing parameters. Further, the human activities are being imposed on the morphology of the obtained landscape to refurbish the com¬bination and this system is maintained to be spatial and temporal.

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5.1 DYNAMIC SIMUATION METHODOLOGY

Waste Water pumping and flow area

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5.1 DYNAMIC SIMUATION METHODOLOGY

Wind Simulation

Simulation of the movement of air protocols through the substratum. According to the out put , the morphology of substratum will be adjust. It is aimed to homogenize the water protocols and force to every part of the morphology.

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5.1 DYNAMIC SIMUATION METHODOLOGY

Process of substratum simulaiton

The Voronoi diagram can be regarded as a structure that subdivides a specific field. In this field, the individual is not connected to the structure.

The field does not obey the rule that states individual sections belong to the entire structure. It does, however, obey this rule when applied to its neighbouring individual structures. The relationship between the individual and the whole is uncertain in this context, so the different forms of each cell in the Voronoi diagram can represent the structure of a field clearly. When considering the process of forming a field geometrically, one must note that it begins as an object before becoming a field. This process can be observed in action by using the Voronoi diagram. Beginning with the process of adding points to an area, one must then create borders for each point, and it is important to make sure that the whole space is divided into separate areas. This idea is based on the relationship between neighbours and the forms of the entire area. It is worth noting that the principles of field in an urban design area exist to highlight the character of the individuals that arise from a holistic plan.

As the site is coastal, wind turbulence is a major factor. Wind simulations were therefore added to the previous erosion and waste outputs and a more complex diagram obtained that included all influencing parameters

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5.1 DYNAMIC SIMUATION METHODOLOGY

Process of substratum simulaiton

First, we designed an uncertain robot called Rocky to test the hardness of the site. The uncertain robot car has inbuilt pressure sensors. When the robot car is allowed to move on the erosion site, at every particular interval it tends to dig a rod into the erosion surface, based on the input tolerance it will give the readings of the pressure, which allow us to identify the hard and soft areas. We input this data into Grasshopper 26 to simulate a surface showing a surface that can tell the difficulty level of erosion. Combined with digital simulation, we get the Erosion Morphology Diagram as Output1. Then sewage coming from the pumps are simulated to run through this area, and these inputs are simulated upon Output1, which gives out a diagram of the combination factors of both erosion and waste water as Output2. After that, wind simulations are added to Output2 to get a more complex diagram which considers all the influencing parameters - this is Output3. But this is not the end, based on the collection of data on the site(such as tidal changes and human activities) the output is going to be updated little by little. Every change or adjustment to the output diagram will be sent back to the site and run a simulation again in order to build an adaptation feedback loop. The various of components’ density will also be carried out in this way.

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5.2 PROTOTYPE EVOLUTION After

we

had

determined

the

morphology

of

our

proposal,

we

started to think about how we could use biorock to build up this morphology. The most difficult problem was that the volume was too huge to 3D print directly on site, as the final structure was designed to be 300 metres long by 100 metres wide by 20 metres tall. In order to generate this morphology, we used a subdivision method. In response to the size of the morphology and the requirements for a human-scaled approach, we decided to use 5 sizes of components varying from 0.2 metres to 3.2 metres as base structures to build up to the final structure. To organize the substratum of biorock, we chose a voxel algorithm to divide the morphology into cubes. In this way, we could develop our substratum from single units to the larger interface scale.

To develop the basic units, we considered three aspects. Our experiments in substrate showed that the material grows better on linear frames than surfaces. This means that the biorock can grow from points to linear structures and then to surfaces in forms over time. We did, however, need to guarantee that the whole system formed a continuous circuit. Using the voxel algorithm, we made the units connect with each other by touching their vertices. It was also important to realise that the angles of the units could guide the water and release the tidal forces in various directions. We therefore picked up two diagonal lines from the surfaces of a cube and connected them. We used the symmetric 3D form of a regular tetrahedron, then by mirroring and copying it we got our basic unit.

The concept behind the basic substratum unit comes from the simple cube. The basic network of the cube system holds edges, vertices, surfaces. Considering its point cloud system, the basic units are derived. Firstly, the diagonal of one side of the cube is divided into 4 parts. And then connecting the certain top point and the quarter points, a series of units have been generated. All of the units come from a same language so they have both similar and different characteristics. It is the premise of the abundance of the structure.

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5.2 PROTOTYPE EVOLUTION

Basic combination and transformation of units

Using this basic unit, we used different languages to combine and transfer iterations. Units differ in terms of thickness, hierarchies, and surface subdivisions. These units occupy the morphology diagrams obtained from considering various parameters such as erosion, waste water, and wind and responding with varying densities, sizes, and thicknesses depending on these simulation factors.

148

Every kind of transformation of substratum was used to guide the growth of biorock. However, the material progressed to different extents from points to surface because of objective contexts such as the distance to the anode, the voltage changes, and the power of the tide.

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surface subdivision Bio-rock growth depends up on the internal substratum, this kind of subdivision can create interesting material growth, not just in terms of material articulation but also improves the structural strength. Coming out from 2D pattern to 3D structure, this kind of subdivision can

increase the potential of the design morphol-

ogy.

Since we decided the components and their combination, we started to think how could we develop it to increase the ability of defending erosion. Surface subdivision was done on some of the surfaces of the units in places where even more dense or porous substratum development is necessary. We also worked on a few subdivision patterns and examined material accretion to understand the material growth as it related to different porosities.

The parts of the substratum with very complex densities tend to get a more solid fill, depending up on the local conditions. These units occupy the morphology diagrams obtained from various parameters like erosion, waste water and wind respectively with varying densities, sizes, thickness, depending upon the simulation factors.

Subdivision can be done on the surface of the individual units. subdivision pattern can be changed according to the design articulation.

This

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5.2 PROTOTYPE EVOLUTION

Simulation of growth on combined substratum

Simulation of water protocols movwment through substratum

Simulation of growth on subdivided substratum

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Since we decided the components and their combination, we started to think how could we develop it to increase the ability of defending erosion. Surface subdivision was done on some of the surfaces of the units in places where even more dense or porous substratum development is necessary.

We also worked on a few subdivision patterns and examined material accretion to understand the material growth as it related to different porosities. The parts of the substratum with very complex densities tend to get a more solid fill, depending up on the local conditions. These units occupy the morphology diagrams obtained from various parameters like erosion, waste water and wind respectively with varying densities, sizes, thickness, depending upon the simulation factors.

Finally, we used the 5 sizes units combining together to generate the morphology. In order to maximize the flexibility of the biorock structure, the design features a range

of

units

combined

together

rather

than

a

single

large structure. The prototypes relate to the points of a bounding box that are then combined in different way to create the desired shapes. Another development enhanced by using these basic prototypes is increased surface subdivision, which could help by slowing down flooding to decrease erosion.

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CHAPTER 6

PROPOSAL

6.1 METHODOLOGY: VOXEL ALGRITHM 6.2 TEMPORAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

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PROPOSAL

territorial morphology

extension

temporal development growth

6.1 METHODOLOGY: VOXEL ALGRITHM

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194

temporal development growth

This design start from cubes and idea of voxel algorithm.

170

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horizontal and vertical development - voxel

172

horizontal and vertical development - growth

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Machanical Technique 2 UR Robot Arm 3D Printing To fabricate the units

We designed a robot model, which can 3d print the metal, so that robot can go to the site and fabricate the structures on the site itself. The process of fabrication happens as a constant temporal and spatial process. Initially, some part of the landscape will be fabricated and various influencÂŹing factorial simulations like wind, tidal, wastewater, soon simulations are run over it. Based on the feedback achieved further progression happens.

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Physical model

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6.2 TEMPORAL CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

erosion gradiant points

Step 3

Step 1 construction starting points

Step 4

Step 2

Step 5

Expectation of construction periodly.

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196

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Conclusion This project firstly pointed out several global and urban issues and then put forward several solutions from urban protocols, analogue models, material as well as digital simulations. By using biorock as the main material and following the idea of grid and field, it built an interface between the estuary of Thames River and Canvey Island. Meanwhile, this report brought with several samples of grid and field to generate the idea of ‘morphologically defined neighborhoods’ and ‘neighborhood defined morphologically’, and then utilized these two ideas to support the biorock design aspects so as to solve the urban issues confronted by Canvey Island.

Even

though

these

two

ideas

divide

cities

into

different

ways,

their focuses on the interaction and spaces in the urban district are still same. This design report showed the whole design process in detail as well as the way how to relate the urban design idea of grid and field together to guide this design. ‘The idea of utilizing field to generate morphology and then form the morphology into grids’ will not only form and develop the biorock interface into a new stage, but also set a sample for urban designers to follow and develop.

Natural circulation is inevitable, but the damages humans did to the environment can be mitigated.To make it more clear, the reflection on adaptation and mitigation design can be classified into two aspects- (1) The Bio-rock system itself - both the material and the morphology designing. The property of the material itself is a kind of adaptation. The principle and mode of Bio-rock’s growth are a resourceful adaptation to the nature. Moreover, adaptation concept was thoroughly followed out in the process of the structure design.

(2) The result - the influence that the whole structure brings to the urban environment. The growth result - the Bio-rock structure can reduce the speed of tide and waves, or even the speed of flood invasion. Years later, the fully-grown Bio-rock will become harder and stronger. The whole system will have the function of mitigating the degree of water pollution and coastal erosion.

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APPENDIX

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UNIT TEST 1

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angle mirror - plan

angle mirror - perspective

211

repeat and mirror - plan

repeat and mirror - perspective

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Combination of mirror and angle language of the units.

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Bartlett School of Architecture | March UD |RC 16 Metal substratum

In this set of apparatus, the current resistance is increased to 3A which gave much interesting results, a small tubular form crystals start to precipitate because of the very strong electrochemical ionic reaction.

Anode used in this experiment apparatus is alloy of iron and copper, Cathode is galvanised steel. Because of the iron content in both anode and cathode, they start to react forming corrosion on the negatively charged anode surface, which resulted in the formation of colours. This is an approach to get coloured crystals.

combination units.

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cube combination(cube frames)

225 1 09

detail combination(delete the cube frames)

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UNIT TEST 2- Minimal Surface

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Process of morphology generation

the units are overlayed on the surface according to the topography of the erosion terrain

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Substratum- Plan view

Substratum- Right view

Subdivision can be done on the surface of the individual units. This subdivision pattern can be changed according to the design articulation.

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Substratum- Perspective view

Subdivision can be done on the surface of the individual units. This subdivision pattern can be changed according to the design articulation.

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Subdivision can be done on the surface of the individual units. This subdivision pattern can be changed according to the design articulation.

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Picture Credits

1. http://www.tyndall.ac.uk/sites/default/files/happisburgh_in_1996_2006_and_2012_ during_which_time_it_has_lost_a_number_of_sea_front_properties_copyright_mike_page.jpg

2. h t t p s : / / s - m e d i a - c a c h e - a k 0 . p i n i m g . c o m / 2 3 6 x

/ 8 a / b 6 / 5 d / 8 a b 6 5 d c f c d c 9 e 9 a 7 7 e 7 d 3 b e 8 6 9 e 2 8 1 1 5 . j p g

3. http://glassbox-design.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Electric-Reef-Aragonite.jpg

4. h t t p : / / d a v i d m i x n e r . t y p e p a d . c o m / . a / 6 a 0 0 d 8 3 4 1 c 9 0 b 1 5 3 e f 0 1 9 b 0 2 5 1 6 0 d e 9 7 0 c - p i

5. https://www.flickr.com/photos/61845854@N05/9344054403/in/photolist-feGHQg-

9GuR23-feFF5T-C4wWm-feV5wJ-feDJ7B-dexfAy-feWEVf-C4sDd-feGgbn-9GuRs7-ccZ7cu-feTUGj-feRjYL-9GrX6r-e1AW7L-9GuRcS-feU55W-e1AWzC-dkoSJd-feGfQX-feFCwB-feBtuH-feVNm5-e1vaCR-feEatX-5ymdxD-9GrXKv-5ymdxn-e1AX5o-5ymnNZ-fezUSK-9GuRKq-9GrXtv-9GrX2B-9GrXma-5ymdxv-feEa9BfeGbJR-e1vaZD-cdXhZd-feBCDn-feSmZ1-feCaQX-feBUD8-feSPWb-bWzYUr-cdXfhh-feBJav-feCB34

6. https://www.flickr.com/photos/lanstil/7387381592/in/photolist-cfNgb9-8w1Y-

CB-9QrMhH-4SmuUa-cfNfFy-3Vxj89-hfNMYH-hfMNVf-qVqWQV-hfNJsK-hfMCjC-9f6GbG-31Pi6J-bWGZNc-nUqNxd-pBpDjG-ek6Ba9-iXqhrr-a65MF3-9veJDF-qVzT5K-6SvfDZ-MtV2X-4qkaya-qVzVo2-9GfH9Y-igH5f-cPew7G-4qkamc-7c5BBB-kt68NM-qVvpcL-5fxAbL-4aGNom-j26NW9-aYgxYR-7giFNv-9vReJY9vhJsC-buwDbZ-9H2Hu2-8tTrML-btcQJc-7rVaFL-7HAjtA-doZhbw-6oXcYD-5AyjkC-GbA9Ce-orzz9P

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