Project 3 : Final Design Report
TABLE OF CONTENTS 01 FORWARD
Forward Research Journey Research Timetable Challenges of COVID-19 Photomontage of Urban Life Under Pandemic Pandemic's Impact Special Pandemic Risks and Solutions Mission Goal
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
02 INTRODUCTION Introduction Mission Location History Catchment Demographic
03 CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND ASSUMPTIONS Literature Review Precedent Study Conceptual Framework
10 11 12 13 14 15
17 18 19
04 SITE CONTEXT SITE RATIONALE
Covid-19 Influence Challenges : Water Pollutants Opportunity : Different Types of Sport Opportunities Challenges : Social Disconnection
21 22 23 24
Opportunity : Rich Urban Waterfront Typologies Opportunity : Strong Water Narrative Challenges : Sea-Level Rising Flooding Hazard Opportunity : Rich Local Habitat Challenges : Local habitat Lost Opportunities & Challenges Conclusion
05 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES Scenario Planning Precedent of Scenario Planning Scenario Planning Framework
25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33
06 TESTING OF METHODS Scenario Planning I Scenario Planning II Scenario Planning III Scenario Planning Conclusion
35-37 38-40 41-43 44
07 DESIGN RESEARCH Photomontage Final Proposal Masterplan Final Proposal Detail Sector I Final Proposal Detail Sector II Final Proposal Detail Sector III Assessment Conclusion
08 REFERENCES Figure List Reference List
46 47 48-49 50-51 52-53 54-55 56-57 58 59
What are we facing?
The COVID-19 Coronavirus pandemic has changed the way we live. The entire society and industry will be subject to long-term and significant shocks, many of which will inevitably affect the way we design our cities. In the past few months, although Australia and many other countries have gradually controlled the spread of the new coronavirus, many parts of the world have been tired of supervision and even outbreaks have occurred multiple times. Seeing that it is increasingly difficult for viruses to be eliminated worldwide, long-term confrontation with viruses may become the new normal in the world, and effective management of viruses will also face challenges.
The chain reaction caused by the pandemic is huge. On the one hand, physical health, medical health and how the diseases affect people have attracted strong attention; on the other hand, emotional break down and mental health, change of urban living forms also need to be re-examined.
01 FOREWARD 1
RESEARCH JOURNEY City As Site
Final Design Research Project Proposal
Phase 3: Strategic Landscape Plan
(Figure 1: Photograph of Homebush Bay) (Chan, 2020)
LAND 7313 2020 T3 Master of Landscape Architecture PROJECT 1
How the Practice of Water-Sensitive Urban Design and Water Management Plan enhances human–nature interaction with Parramatta River ? UNSW LANDSCAPE ARCHITECTURE LAND7312 Capstone 1
MING YAM CHAN Z5083941 Project 3 : Final Design Presentation
Term 2 2020 By Ming Yam Chan Z5083941 Fig. 1 Sydney Olympic Park Plan (Author, 2020)
Sydney Olympic Park Plan by Floms Freya S, Lei Z, Ming C, Oscar E, Sasa L
WSUD Water Security
1
Studio Topic
Theory & Research Resilience
34.6 wks Catchment Study
2 wks
Phase 9 Here
COVID – 19 / Campus Lockdown
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
4 wks
OCT
NOV
DEC
Jan 1
24 FEB
Site Visit 2
Site Visit 1
2 NOV
26 NOV
Interim Final TERM 1
LAND7301-Master Studio 5
TERM 2
LAND-7312 Studio-Cap1 Figure 1 : Research Journey Diagram
2
TERM 3
LAND7313-Studio 6 Capstone Part 2
Phase 10 Here
RESEARCH TIME-TABLE
Term 3
Term Week 1
Week 2
Week 3
Week 4
Week 5
Week 6
Week 7
Week 8
Week 9
Week 10
27-Nov
Design Research Project Proposal Research Question Theoretical Framework Site Analysis Design Strategy Design Proposal Prsentation Design Proposal Submission On Site Observation II Review of Design Proposal Develop Design Strategy Develop Design Principal Develop Theoretical Framework FInialise Design Principal Scanerio Testing Intergrated Design Large-scale Deisgn Small-scale Design Montage and Section Detail Design Resolution Drafting Research Project Research Project Report Research Project Panel Research Project Prsentation Figure 2 : Project Timeline
3
Figure 1 : Large Scale Map of Sydney Region with COVID-19 Analysis
CHALLENGES OF COVID-19 The COVID-19 pandemic hits Greater Sydney Region
The COVID-19 disease has swept the world since January of 2020. As of June
For example, Chatswood and Liverpool seem to be more vulnerable to the
8, it had infected more than 6.88 million people and claimed more than 400,000
destructive spread of the virus. Its high infection rate has caused many people
lives. (WHO,2020) It is one of the most tragic human tragedies since entering
to question the density, zoning, and transportation system of the city. Some
the 21st century. Although the epidemic in Mew South Wales is relatively
commentators even pointed the finger at public transportation and urban
under control, after a period of lockdown, the citizens stayed at home and their
density. Some believes that the virus is promoting the migration of people
living and working patterns changed drastically. From the current data, high
from densely populated urban centres to the sub-urban area, thus ending the
population suburbs seem to have higher transmission and prevalence rates.
process of high-density urbanization in the past. WHO, 2020. “WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard,� World Health Organization, https://covid19.who.int/, last modified June 8, 2020.
Light COVID-19 Breakout Suburbs High COVID-19 Breakout Suburbs Study Area
4
Figure 3: Large Scale Map of Sydney Region with COVID-19 Analysis
WHAT ARE WE FACING? Figure 4: Photomontage of urban life under the pandemic Image by author
5
WHAT ARE WE FACING? Pandemic's Impact on emotional, physical and mental health. With the spreading of the coronavirus pandemic, everyone’s daily life is facing earthshaking changes. Just like different diseases happened in history, the city is the centre of this new coronavirus pandemic. The coronavirus disease first broke out in a densely populated city. It spread from city to city and took many lives in worldwide. Sydney has also become the centre of the worst and most tragic pandemic in the State. The prosperity of the city comes from the wide variety of work and opportunities provided by the city, as well as the endless goods and services. If the fear of disease becomes a new normal, the future of the city will decay, and we may even face a dystopian future. Meanwhile, people who are still living under strict restriction measures, are also beginning to worry about how their lives will continue under the lockdown. The pandemic had not only causing physical disease towards people, but the “Social Distance” restriction had also causing mental and emotional breakdown. According to some study, the pandemic will make people nervous and addicted to disease, which is very harmful to our mental health. (Kramer, 1980) Since the outbreak of the COVID-19, anxiety of people has increased, and some people may not feel normal and safe for a long time afterwards.(Department of Health, 2020) Department of Health. 2020. Looking After Your Mental Health During Coronavirus (COVID-19) Restrictions. [online] Available at: <https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novel-coronavirus2019-ncov-health-alert/ongoing-support-during-coronavirus-covid-19/looking-after-your-mentalhealth-during-coronavirus-covid-19-restrictions> [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Figure 5: Word Cloud montage of feeling of COVID-19
6
Kramer, M., 1980. The rising pandemic of mental disorders and associated chronic diseases and disabilities. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 62(S285), pp.382-397.
WHAT ARE WE FACING? Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning Victoria Transport Policy Institute
Special Pandemic Risks and Solutions City residents / Sub-urban residents This COVID-10 pandemic is highly related to the density of population, this incident gave people an idea: Does high-density cities make us more susceptible to infectious diseases? In fact, density is a double-edged sword. It means high efficiency, but also bring inconvenience to pandemic management and many urban problems. Therefore, cities in the post-epidemic era will not reject density, but perform more refined density management, and the public transportation-oriented model is a powerful density management method.
From the current data, it seems that some cities have higher transmission and prevalence. For example, area like Homebush and Chatswood seem to be more vulnerable to the destructive spread of the virus. Its high infection rate has caused many people to question the density, zoning, and transportation system of the city. Some com-mentators even pointed the finger at public transportation and urban density. This part of the comment believes that
Density Connectivity To reduce the stresses of isolation, homes and need adequate space, light and ventilation. Houses with groundfloor access have the least contagion exposure. Multi-family housing with shared entranceways, indoor hallways and elevators have additional risks, but these can be reduced with appropriate design, frequent cleaning and sanitizing, appropriate hygiene, and physical distancing (Lewyn 2020). Homelessness increases contagion risks, so eliminating homelessness increases resilience. Such efforts, while costly, and therefore requiring state/provincial and federal funding, provide many long-term benefits. Travel modes vary in their risks and affordability, as illustrated at right. All shared vehicles, including airplanes, trains, buses taxis, ridehailing, and private automobiles carrying passengers, can spread contagions. Walking and bicycling tend to have the least contagion TRADITIONAL TOWNHOUSE TOWNHOUSE COURTYARD risk, can serve people who for any reason cannot drive, provide ARRANGEMENT ARRANGEMENT exercise and are affordable, so improving walking and bicycling conditions tends to increase resilience. Improving walking and Figure 6: Simulation of density of building and connectivity bicycling conditions tends to type increase health and resilience.
The table below summarizes special urban and rural pandemic risks and solutions. For equity sake, extra consideration should be given to helping physically, economically and socially disadvantaged groups. Special Pandemic Risks and Solutions Urban
the virus is promoting the migration of people from densely populated urban centres to the countryside, thus ending the process of high-density urbanization in the past. (Litman, 2020)
HIGH DENSITY RESIDENTIAL ARRANGEMENT
Special Risks
Litman, T., 2020. Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning. [online] https://www.vtpi.org/. Available at: <https:// www.vtpi.org/PRCP.pdf> [Accessed 26 May 2020].
Solutions
Crowded buildings and sidewalks Elevators Public transit Homelessness and inadequate housing Targeted cleaning Promote hygiene Promote social distancing Improve walking and bicycling Eliminate homelessness and improve housing quality
Rural Areas
Vulnerable (old, poor, chronic illness, etc.) populations Limited public health resources Physical and social isolation Poor access to medical facilities Inadequate housing Poverty and limited employment options Improve public health services Targeted outreach to isolated households Improve access to essential services High speed internet access and e-services Financial assistance to poor and unemployed Improve housing quality
Urban and rural areas have special pandemic risks that require special solutions. Figure 7: Special Pandemic Risks and Solutions (Litman, 2020)
Pandemics are just one of many risks that communities face, and generally not the most important, so it would be inefficient to implement infectious disease reduction strategies that increase other health, economic, environmental problems, for example, by reducing physical activity which increases cardiovascular disease, or increasing vehicle
Analysis Scope
Litman, T., 2020. Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning. [online] https://www.vtpi.org/. Available at: <https://www.vtpi.org/PRCP.pdf> Planning analysis [Accessed 26 May 2020].
can vary in scope:
1. Infectious disease risks only. 2. All disaster risks. 3. All health impacts.
7
MISSION Building a pandemic-resilient community by enhancing human-nature interaction.
After the pandemic, people became more aware of the multi-dimensional needs of the use of public space, rather than just satisfying social and sportâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s needs. Therefore, in the design of public spaces in the future, we need to consider not only the ecological perspective and user experience, but also the need for people to seek appropriate independent spaces and maintain safe social distance in public spaces. During the lockdown caused by the pandemic, city parks were one of the few places where the visiting number increased. The new form of public open space and parkland should be the core of the pandemic-resilient community by introducing human-nature interaction. The overall planning approach should combine green and blue infrastructure to improve public health, water management (floods can cause many infectious and other diseases after natural disasters), and climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. In addition, the larger public open space in the urban system can be used to help perform emergency services and evacuation tasks for the next pandemic.
8
Figure 8: Montage of new urban living, public space and circulation
GOAL "How can we best prepare for the pandemic, how to build a community that are resilient to economic, social and environmental shocks?" My goal is to improve quality of living by ecoservice provided through the human-nature interaction. The quality of living can be reflected in two aspects: physical health (Physical Wellbeing) and mental health (Mental Wellbeing). (Woodcraft, Hackett, Caistor-Arendar, 2011) Each site has its own unique local habitat and typology. If it is effectively integrated into landscape design, it can enhance the overall ecoservice of a project, so that users of public open space can enjoy a more humanized comprehensive experience, improve mental and physical health, and promote Livable city reconstruction. (Baldwin, 2020)
BALDWIN, C., 2020. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILIT Y, CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND COMMUNIT Y-BASED URBAN DEVELOPMENT. [Place of publication not identified]: ROUTLEDGE. Woodcraft, S., Hackett, T. and Caistor-Arendar, L., 2011. Design For Social Sustainability. [London]: Young Foundation.
Figure 9: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences
9
Final Design Report
This is a Final Design Research Report completed in Term 3 of LAND7313 Master Landscape Studio 7: Capstone 2. Across design and other exploration, research undertaken through the mode of practice is being recognized as making a distinctive contribution to knowledge. Design is seen as a powerful processing activity, ideally suited to generating and exploring conceptual ideas, as well as modelling and testing alternatives and scenarios.
In this Capstone 2 Studio I had set out to investigate the area of Sydney Olympic Park and Powells Creek after the pandemic of COVID-19 Coronavirus. Beginning with a question â&#x20AC;&#x153;What will happen to the cities we know today? â&#x20AC;&#x153;and working through that question to see what myself, as a landscape architect can do. I test possibilities and are open to discovery to different scenarios. This approach is dynamic in that the goal is not a fixed endpoint but rather something that keeps developing as the process unfolds.
02 INTRODUCTION 10
MISSION
Building a pandemic-resilient community by enhancing human-nature interaction
Interpersonal interaction and community cohesion are the core elements for maintaining mental health. Large urban parkland can attract visitor while separate some physical distance, and cooperate with the nature element and local habitat, can increase the stay time of users and promote the communication between people. Pleasant public spaces can encourage the elderly to go out for exercise, and increase opportunities for interaction with others, helping to maintain a cheerful mood and promote the healthy physical life. From the perspective of urban planning, introduction of cycle paths and walking communities can encourage people to integrate sports into their lives and create a unique local life culture. (Woodcraft, Hackett, Caistor-Arendar, 2011) Building a pandemic-resilient community will be a new trend in landscape design. According to needs of community, local culture and existing local habitat, I will use diversified sensory dimensions to extract different elements from the natural ecology to form a healthy community, achieve social equity and sustainability.
Woodcraft, S., Hackett, T. and Caistor-Arendar, L., 2011. Design For Social Sustainability. [London]: Young Foundation.
Figure 10: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic
11
LOCATION Location of Study Area in relation to Sydney CBD
Figure 11: Location of Powells Creek, SOP in relation to Sydney CBD in a greater scale
12
History of Powells Creek, SOP and Homebush bay area
HISTORY
Figure 12: History of Powells Creek, SOP and Homebush bay area
13
CATCHMENT Large-scale Catchment Analysis Waterfront Typologies Analysis
Natural // Natural
Natural // Residential
Residential // Residential
Residential // Commercial 14
Figure 13: Waterfront Typologies Analysis
Figure 14: Large-scale Catchment Analysis
DEMOGRAPHIC
Figure 15: Demographic Analysis
15
"How can we best prepare for the pandemic, how to build a community that are resilient to economic, social and environmental shocks?" This project explores and discusses relevant concept, literature, and precedent about social sustainability and the impacts of the pandemic. This proposal gathers evidence of different influences cause by pandemic in the contexts of urban catchment and determine possible future developments and review strategies that had been proposed in various case study. It aims to test and refine the current framework to ensure different existing solution being
16
03
included. The study area is the catchment systems of Powells Creek. It has a waterfront
CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS AND ASSUMPTIONS
opportunities and crises co-exist to further resolve through the design stage.
landscape provides opportunities for people to get close to nature in the daily life; meanwhile also facing the concern on a 0.74 meters sea level rise estimated at 2100 (Department of Climate Change, 2020), and need to enhance the resilience at flood risk. The Site have both
Department of Climate Change. 2020. Climate Change Risks to Australia Coast. [online] Environment.gov.au. Available at: <https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/fa553e97-2ead47bb-ac80-c12adffea944/file
LITERATURE REVIEW Worldwide
Casestudy
01
Figure 16: Cover of 100 Resilient Cities (100RC)(UNDRR, 2020)
The 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) UNDRR. 2020. 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) | Preventionweb.Net. [online] Available at:<https://www.preventionweb.net/organizations/18316#:~:text=Mission-,100%20 Resilient%20Cities%E2%80%94Pioneered%20by%20the%20Rockefeller%20 Foundation%20(100RC),part%20of%20the%2021st%20century.> [Accessed 26 November 2020].
02
F igure 17: C ove r of P and e mic - Resilie nt C o m muni t y Planning(Litman, 2020)
Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning Litman, T., 2020. Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning. [online] https:// www.vtpi.org/. Available at: <https://www.vtpi.org/PRCP.pdf> [Accessed 26 May 2020].
03
Figure 18: Cover of Design For Social Sustainability: A Framework For Creating Thriving New Communities(Woodcraft, Bacon, Hackett and Arendar, 2020)
Design For Social Sustainability Woodcraft, S., Bacon, N., Hackett, T. and Arendar, L., 2020. Design For Social Sustainability: A Framework For Creating Thriving New Communities. [online] Research gate. Available at: <https://www.researchgate.net/ publication/328581636_Design_for_Social_Sustainability_ A _framework_ for_creating_thriving_new_communities> [Accessed 26 November 2020].
17
PERCEDENT STUDY Different way to enhance water-resilient
01
02
With the rapid development of urbanization, todayâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s hydrology issues are becoming increasingly prominent. Wetland parks have become an important carrier for strategically preventing flooding and drouth event, preserving important green spaces and providing leisure and entertainment for urban residents, and ensuring water security for resident daily usage. Through the analysis of iconic projects and some policy framework from local and global, taking the urban development direction and the needs of citizens as the starting point, the functional characteristics and design principles of wetland parks and water management plan are elaborated, to showcase how these precedents can enhance different perspectives of water security, included quantity, risk and quality of water resources. Figure 19: Masterplan and location of Water Re-use Project of Sydney Park
Water Re-use Project of Sydney Park
Turf. 2020. accessed 20/3/20, <https://turfdesign.com/sydney-parkwater-re-use-project/>
Figure 18: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic
18
Figure 20: Masterplan and location of Qiao Yuen Park
QiaoYuan Park
Yu, k., 2010. QIAOYUAN PARK. [online] Turenscape.com. Available at: <https://www.turenscape.com/en/paper/detail/6.html> [Accessed 1 December 2020].
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK Research Methods The research methods of this project will be ‘Research into Design’ and ‘Research through design’, :
‘Research into Design’ will form a theoretical framework for the research by conducting an abstract
How can we best prepare for the pandemic, how to build a community that are resilient to economic, social and environmental shocks?
to detail investigation of the academic idea, article and case study. Current policy framework of the site, Literature review for relevant ideas, and case studies will be conducted to have an understanding of background knowledge of the research ;
‘Research through design’ will be started by site investigation, including mapping and layering, onsite observation, and site analysis, to conduct a summarize of opportunities & constraints about the precinct. And targeted to the site issues, combined with the theoretical framework, a comprehensive design strategy from large to small scale will be formed, and further design proposals will be brought out at the next stage of the Capstone studio.
Chan, M., 2020. Final Design Research Project Proposal, LAND 7312 Master Landscape Studio 6, University of New South Wales.
Figure 21: Conceptual Framework
19
Challenges and Opportunities at Sydney Olympic Park and Powells Creek.
This proposal gathers evidence of different influences cause by urban catchment and determine possible future developments and strategies that can achieve a better community resilient performance to help communities Prepare for, Respond to, and Recover from Pandemics. The study area is the catchment systems of Powells Creek, located in EastWest area of Sydney Olympic Park with a significant factors on the following perspectives: Health & Wellbeing, Society & Community, Green & Blue Infrastructure, that had been the fundamental factors of the framework on determine the pandemic-resilience community.
Powells Creek has a waterfront landscape provides opportunities for people to get close to nature in the daily life, meanwhile also facing the concern on a 0.74 meters sea level rise estimated at 2100 (Department of Climate Change, 2020), and need to enhance the resilience at flood risk ; It has a rich local habitat background with a Bicentennial Park Wetlands mangrove group listed on JAMBA(Japanâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Australia Migratory Bird Agreement) CAMBA (Chinaâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Australia Migratory Bird Agreement),(Gorton, 2020) but also facing a significant lost on the area of saltmarsh and mangrove ; It has a multi-culture community with different
04 SITE CONTEXT SITE RATIONALE
nationalities and habits that form several cohesive communities, but the high density and high mobility of the urban population has also exacerbated the spread of the pandemic.
Powells Creek will be a great location to test different design scenarios and determine possible future developments and strategies that can achieve a better community resilient performance.
Department of Climate Change. 2020. Climate Change Risks to Australia Coast. [online] Environment.gov.au. Available at: <https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/fa553e97-2ead47bb-ac80-c12adffea944/files/cc-risks-full-report.pdf> [Accessed 23 June 2020]. Gorton, J., 2020. Migratory Birds. [online] Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Available at: <https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/migratory-species/migratory-birds> [Accessed 1 December 2020].
20
COV-19 INFLUENCE SOP/Homebush (05-08/2020)
Special Pandemic Risks Sydney Olympic Park / Powells Creek.
DFO Homebush (08/08/2020) From the spatial arrangement of the COVID_10 Cases breakout, Homebush area is very high risk compared to the rest of Sydney Region, with about 20 cases outbreak and 3 hot spots (Homebush Public School, DFO and SOP). (Education, 2020) About 26% of the COVID positive
Homebush Public School (22/08/2020)
case are contacted via unknown sources, the other 74% are kept in trackable trace, and most of the rest are sealed off as isolation. (Education, 2020) This pandemic has highlighted this spatial inequality: between those who have private gardens and those who do not, between
COVID-19 Breakout Hot Spot
those who have easy access to public green spaces and those who live far away from public green spaces. One way to remedy this inequality in accessibility is to reclaim the space in cars and return them to people. The Garden City Movement at the end of the 19th century aimed to combine the health benefits of nature with the convenience of urban life. What if London freed itself from the Garden City Guide and turned its streets into miniature green
Physical Barrier (Water Catchment )
belts around homes? In Japan, doctors often prescribe prescriptions for spending a period of time in nature for certain diseases. (Kramer, 1980) This type of treatment is increasingly being influenced by the science of biophilia and its numerous benefits to physical and mental health. stand by. Providing London residents with greener, safer, friendly, and further, healthier streets will certainly reduce the pressure on the national medical service system.
Typology Education.nsw. 2020. COVID-19 At Homebush Public School. [online] Available at: <https://education.nsw.gov.au/ news/media-releases/covid-19-at-homebush-public-school> [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Kramer, M., 1980. The rising pandemic of mental disorders and associated chronic diseases and disabilities. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 62(S285), pp.382-397.
Figure 22: Explosion diagram of relation between COVID-19 cases spots and typology
21
HEALTH & WELLBEING Challenges : Water Pollutants Throughout history, Powells Creek hydrology condition has been highly connected with the development of the Homebush area, ravaged by industrial, polluted by dumpsite and reinforced in concrete. All this just made its water quality polluted. From the report of University of Sydney in 2007, a cohesive and overall examination of Homebush Bay and surrounding catchment had been done. (Birch, O’Hea, 2007) They brought important advances in water chemistry analysis on Powells Creek that we still use today. Many dangerous and harmful chemistry of suspended particulate material in a highly contaminated embayment filled the craters left by the industrial period, such as the Ni (Nickel) Co (Carbon monoxide) Cr (Chromium), leading the degradation of catchment and ecological habitat throughout the Powells Creek. Figure 23: Chemistry of suspended particulate material in Powells Creek (Birch, O’Hea, 2007) Birch, G. and O’Hea, L., 2007. The chemistr y of suspended par ticulate material in a highly contaminated embay ment of Por t Jackson (Australia) under quiescent, high-wind and heavyrainfall conditions. Environmental Geology, 53(3), pp.501-516.
22
Figure 24: On site observation of creek crossing and access Image by author
HEALTH & WELLBEING Opportunity : Different Types of Sport Opportunities
In Homebush, the average commute time to sport ground is 12 minutes
Cycling
one way. A resident with an average month spends 5 days on sport and leisure, with a total 7 types of sport opportunities around the waterfront area of Powells Creek. Before the social distancing restriction, 20% of the sport ground only open to school and student, 47% are for public usage, 33% are combined with commercial area.
Although usage on sportsground has been reduced by 85% after the
Handball
lockdown, access to waterfront landscape have increased significantly. This shows that those who are afraid of catching the virus in private space have brought about an increase in commuting and leisure. This trend
Tennis
threatens long-term efforts to the public health. As public transportation will continue to be a source of anxiety for travellers, a reasonable solution is to invest in more sidewalk and cycling infrastructure, enhance the
Basketball
access to sportsgrounds.
Archery
Football
Volleyball
Figure 25: Sport Opportunities along Powells Creek Area
23
SOCIETY & COMMUNITY Challenges : Social Disconnection
Figure 26: Typology Analysis of the Homebush Bay and Powells Creek Area
In Homebush area, Paddy's Markets Flemington, DFO and Rhode residential streets provide most of the commercial area in the neighbourhood for daily food supply, grocessors for residents. Two narrow sidewalks run parallel to the Powells Creek. The place that should have been the creek crossing is often unusable. Many of these spaces are occupied by private owner and natural protection area. Expectation is that the street is transformed into a community space, a public site rather than a through path. Integrated circulation plan creates opportunities to prioritize walking and cycling, and the reclaimed land can be used to create a place with more plants, recreational opportunities, and a centralized garbage chute that can free the urban space. There are a identical road (Parramatta Road) in the area, and each road deserves a customized design feedback.
Commercail Area
24
Car Lane / Highway
Ceek Crossing
Public Green Space
Figure 27 : On site observation of urban street and building characters Image by author
SOCIETY & COMMUNITY Opportunity : Rich Urban Waterfront Typologies
In Powells Creek, waterfront landscape occupies only 5.5% of the land, but provide 35% of the sport opportunities and recreational use. The architectural types in this region alone provide residential and commercial area as much as 5 different waterfront typologies, which explains the crowding of people into these two shorelines of Powells Creek during daily commuting. Due to an unprecedented response to the lockdown and restriction of coronavirus, the number of visitors to Powells Creek waterfront has increased 50%. It is reasonable to say that the gradual evolution to leisure at waterfront has become a community-based revolution. The return of labour to these centralized urban spaces will be a slow process..
Warehouse Town House with Courtyard (High) Multi-levels Residential Block (Low) Multi-levels Residential Block Town House
Figure 28 : Waterfront typology and architectural Analysis
25
GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Opportunity : Strong Water Narrative
Protected Area
Urban Waterway
Concrete Drainage 26
Figure 29: Waterfront landscape Photo Documentation & Analysis Image by author
GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Challenges : Sea-Level Rising Flooding Hazard Facing the concern of a 0.74 metre sea level rise estimated at 2100 (Department of Climate Change, 2020), Homebush and the waterfront area needed to develop a design approach for short and long term to enhance the resilience to flood and sea level rising. The area needs to enhance the resilience at flood risk for current high tide and +0.74 meters had been indicated at the above diagram. The below diagram was conducted by Sasa L.
Chan, M., 2020. Final Design Research Project Proposal, LAND 7312 Master Landscape Studio 6, University of New South Wales. Department of Climate Change. 2020. Climate Change Risks to Australia Coast. [online] Environment.gov.au. Available at: <https://www.environment.gov.au/ system/files/resources/fa553e97-2ead-47bb-ac80-c12adffea944/files/cc-risksfull-report.pdf> [Accessed 23 June 2020].
High-hazard Area Low-hazard Area
Figure 30 : Simulation of Sea level rising in 3D typology
Figure 31 : On site observation of creek poor quality and appearance infrastructure Image by author
2100: +0.74m Highest tide
27
Figure 32 : Flooding Analysis for Homebush Bay and Powells Creek Area
GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Opportunity : Rich Local Habitat
CAMBA (China/Australia Migratory Bird Agreement)
Saltmarsh Waterfront Local Habitat Mangrove Bushland Local Habitat
JAMBA (Japan/Australia Migratory Bird Agreement)
Figure 34 : Local habitat and vegetation typologies with listed area
28
Figure 33 : On site observation of local habitat and vegetation Image by author
Mangrove Waterfront Local Habitat
GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Challenges : Local Habitat Lost Bowie, C. 2015. Mangrove and saltmarsh dynamics in Homebush Bay: implications for management at Sydney Olympic Park, BEnviSci Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2015. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/108
1930.
1965.
2018.
Saltmarsh Groups Mangrove Groups Figure 35 : Local habitat lost Analysis (Mangrove, Saltmarsh)
29
OPPORTUNITIES & CHALLENGES
Figure 36 : Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic , opportunities and challenges
30
Scenario Planning
Scenario analysis is an important method of futuristic research, which can effectively deal with the uncertainty of environmental impact. This method must first identify the driving factors of future development, and analyse the causal relationship between various factors on the basis of assumptions about various future events , Which constitutes the process of events developing along different paths for a period of time in the future, and through detailed and rigorous reasoning to describe a variety of future situations; different scenarios provide reference for decision-makers and strategic planning.
In this project I considers the characteristics of local community of Homebush and exciting catchment of Powells Creek, and establishes a scenario analysis model for predicting resource and environmental issues in urban planning. This model is based on analysing the sources of uncertain factors in future (eg. pandemic), and overall consideration of the driving force of urban development Factors: Construct comprehensive scenarios of urban
05 METHODS AND TECHNIQUES
development and resource and environmental sub-scenarios through network prediction, screening and clustering. This scenario analysis mode also uses traditional impact prediction to combine qualitative scenarios with impact-n-direction analysis, and finally conducts scenarios Evaluation of the impact , and formulate corresponding countermeasures and measures.
31
Scenario Planning for the Boston Metropolitan Region: Exploring Environmental and Social Implications of Alternative Futures Ryan, Robert L.; Warren, Paige S.; Nicolson, Craig; Cheng, Chingwen; Danford, Rachel; and Strohbach, Michael (2013) "Scenario Planning for the Boston Metropolitan Region: Exploring Environmental and Social Implications of Alternative Futures," Proceedings of the Fรกbos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning: Vol. 4 : Iss. 1 , Article 14.Available at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/fabos/vol4/iss1/14
The Boston Metropolitan Area Urban Long-Term Ecological Research Area (BMA-ULTRAEX) project is an interdisciplinary project that is studying how the ecosystem in Boston Metropolitan area causing influence in social, economic and environmental aspects. It is a research lead by University of Massachusetts, under the direction by the city planning authority. It tends to focus on scenario planning to examine whether the greenway planning fulfill the need for the community, target on some existing urban issues: disconnection on commercial area and developed area (social), low-income communities (economic) and local habitat lost (environmental). By estimation and assumption, provide a natural protect policy and focus on urban development to resolve the target issues.
(Ryan, Warren, Paige Nicolson, Craig, Cheng, Danford, Rachel, Strohbach, Michael, 2013)
32
PRECEDENTS OF SCENARIO PLANNING Figure 37 : Stages in Scenario Development (Ryan, Warren, Paige Nicolson, Craig, Cheng, Danford, Rachel, Strohbach, Michael, 2013)
SCENARIO PLANNING FRAMEWORK FOR SOPVID Scenario Planning Before identifying the determinants of the future development of Powells Creek (Study Area), it is necessary to conduct a retrospective analysis to understand the factors to form a better community resilient performance to help communities Prepare for, Respond to, and Recover from Pandemics. The analysis shows that the catchment system of Powells Creek of Homebush Area will be the same as resource utilization and environmental protection in the future. Therefore, the certain factors I identified from the system will be focus on Health & Wellbeing, Society & Community, Green & Blue Infrastructure, aspects proposed at the framework â&#x20AC;&#x153; 100 Resilient Cities: The City Resilience Framework â&#x20AC;? by United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction.
& Identify the focal question: How to build a PandemicResilient Community?
Identify the key drivers: Public Health, Social Equity (Social Engagement), Environmental Protection
Determinate the scenario logic: Health & Wellbeing, Society & Community, Green & Blue Infrastructure
Describe scenario assumption
Assess the scenario outcome and proposed an integrated proposal
Figure 38 : Scenario Planning Stages for SOPVID
Figure 39 : Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 1
33
Scenario Planning
In this following section, I consider the opportunities and challenges of Powells Creek and surrounding area, and establishes a scenario planning model for predicting resource and environmental issues in urban planning, focus on different direction: Green & Blue Infrastructure, Society & Community, Health & Wellbeing. This model is based on analysing the sources of uncertain factors in future (eg. pandemic), and overall consideration of the driving force of urban development Factors: Construct comprehensive scenarios of urban development and resource and environmental sub-scenarios through network prediction, screening and clustering. All scenario plannings will be examined and rated under the same framework which had mentioned at last part. This scenario analysis mode also uses traditional impact prediction to combine qualitative scenarios with impact-ndirection analysis, and finally conducts scenarios Evaluation of the impact, and formulate
06 TESTING OF METHODS 34
corresponding countermeasures and measures.
SCANERIO PLANNING I GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE
35
SCANERIO I GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE What if we revalue the ecosystem and ocal habitat ? In this scenario, I focused on the direction of environmental: Blue & Green Infrastructure. Beyond the personal needs of urban green space, What if people revalue the local habitat, saltmarsh and mangrove, it is believes that if pandemic become a part of people's lives, cities will need stronger resilience, and ecoservice provided by local habitat may be a solution. The pandemic reflects that cities need to reserve space to meet the urgent need for social activity and nature interaction for physical and mental benefit.
Figure 40 : Scenario 1 Design Diagram
WSUD SANITATION
36
CATCHMENT RESTORED
NATURAL POTECTION AREA
Figure 41: Scenario 1 Masterplan
Figure 42: Scenario 1 Detail Section
RESIDENTIAL WSUD STREET
Figure 43: Scenario 1 Ecological Filter Diagram
&
Figure 44: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 2
37
SCANERIO PLANNING II SOCIETY & COMMUNITY
38
SCANERIO II SOCIETY & COMMUNITY What if we go into another stage of lockdown, and people only allow to travel within 1km from home ? Many people have stayed at home for a long time because of the pandemic and began to pay more attention to their living environment. The improvement of the health of residents by introducing more natural lighting, improving ventilation, reducing toxic substances, and eachable daily food supply in community is essential. In addition, being trapped at home all day long, especially if the living space of sub-divided households is narrow, may also affect mental health. It is believes that 20 minutes a day to get close to nature will help the public respond to the current situation in a healthy and humane way. It should also improve the green space in natural area, so that residents have space to exercise and breathe fresh air, allowing citizens to experience the green environment near their homes. With the planning concept of rural cities, citizens can reach nearby natural spaces such as parks, green corridors, and rivers, and easily contact nature.
Figure 45: Scenario 2 Design Diagram
COMMERCIAL STREET
COHESIVE CENTRE
ACCESS TO SAFE FOOD SUPPLY
39 Figure 46: Scenario 2 Masterplan
Figure 47: Scenario 2 Detail Section
RECREATIONAL WATERFRONT AREA
&
Figure 49: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 3
40
NEW BUSINESS CENTRE // ACCESS TO SYDNEY MARKET
Figure 48: Scenario 2 Detail Section 2
SCANERIO PLANNING III HEALTH & WELLBEING
41
SCANERIO III HEALTH & WELLBEING What if we go into another stage of lockdown, and people avoid taking public transport ? Citizens crowded on public transport, like bus and train during rush hours to get to work, and the risk of infection is higher. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that people should consider cycling or walking if feasible, keeping distance from others, and preventing the pandemic spread while meeting the daily minimum amount of exercise. (WHO, 2020) When travel demand picks up, the total distance people travel on bicycles may increase and extended to CBD, and the amount of walking will be more than before of the outbreak. It is estimate a long-term transportation plans for cycling and walking across the community in this scenario planning.
WHO. 2020.Moving around during the Covid-19 outbreak. 2020. Canto. [online] Available at: <https://who.canto.global/pdfviewer/viewer/ viewer.html?v=coronavirus&portalType=v%2Fcoronavirus&share=share%2Calbum%2CMFSQ0&column=document&id=94covo1rdl4snc0dv h3f7uc956&suffix=pdf> [Accessed 1 December 2020].
Figure 50: Scenario 3 Design Diagram
CAR-FREE LANEWAY
42
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONGREEN SPACE
COMPLETE ACCESS THROUGH CREEK
Figure 51: Scenario 3 Masterplan
POWELLS CREEK LOOP // CAR-FREELANEWAY
Figure 52: Scenario 3 Detail Section
&
NEW PARRAMATTA ROAD //SHARED ROAD
Figure 53: Scenario 3 Detail Section2
Figure 54: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 4
43
Figure 55: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic, opportunities, challenges, with designed strategy
44
Scenario Planning TO Final Proposed Plan How can we intergrate all 3 scenarios together?
The construction of a pandemic resilient community must achieve three aspects as mentioned in scenario planning: Blue Infrastructure, Society & Community, Health & Wellbeing. In terms of an urban design strategy, it must shift from singular design focus to multi-aspect integrated design focus, and also concern on urban economic development to strengthening community construction, with more emphasis on community governance and public services. To build a pandemic resilient community, we need to introduce three new things: new ideas; more people-oriented; new supervision and more attention to public health.
06 DESIGN RESEARCH 45
Figure 56: Photomontage for the proposed integrated plan along Powells Creek
46
FINAL PROPOSED PLAN Differential positioning of the North, Central and South Sectors The whole Powells Creek catchment had been divided to 3 sectors according it's typology and waterfront landscape. Differential sector of the North, Central and South sectors had focused on individual topic. The northern sector I is positioned as the theme of "Blue & Green Infrastructure", mainly for natural landscape features. Without too much decoration and vehicle usage, the area was natural restored and divided from human usage. The central sector II is positioning the theme of "Culture + City" , creating a blend of city and nature, providing a coveted leisure space for busy small businessmen, shoppers and residents, and adding tranquillity to the bustling commercial street . The southern part sector III is positioned as a commuting system, mainly to create a sense of urbanism, bringing unlimited access and circulation to the area and making the region more competitive.
SECTOR I FOCUS : Green & Blue Infrastructure
SECTOR II FOCUS : Society & Community
SECTOR III FOCUS : Health & Wellbeing
Figure 57: Spatial distribution of different sector of final proposal
47
Figure 58: Final Proposal Masterplan
Figure 61: Sector I Masterplan
SECTOR I DETAIL PLAN GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE Celebrate and protect the rich characters for the natural narrative of Powells Creek
Figure 59: Sector I Design Diagram
WSUD SANITATION
CATCHMENT RESTORED
NATURAL POTECTION AREA
Figure 60: Sector I Design Influences on the masterplan
BIORETENTION SYSTEM
48
RESTORED INTO A SINUOUS, NATURAL RIVER
PHYSICAL SPERATION AREA
SECTOR I DETAIL DESIGN GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCTURE
Figure 62: Sector I Detail Section
49
Figure 65: Sector II Masterplan
SECTOR II DETAIL PLAN SOCIETY & COMMUNITY Ceate Social Cohesive Gather Space for Powells Creek Community Figure 63: Sector II Design Diagram
COMMERCIAL & COMMUNITY CENTRE
COHESIVE CENTRE
ACCESS TO SAFE FOOD SUPPLY
Figure 64: Sector II Design Influences on the masterplan
COMMERCIAL STREET (FOREIGN GROCERY STORE) COMMUNITY CENTRE
50
CULTURE PLAZA RECREATIONAL PLACE
PEDESTRIAN & CYCLER ANEWAY TO DAILY FOOD SUPPLY
SECTOR II DETAIL DESIGN SOCIETY & COMMUNITY
Figure 66: Sector II Detail Section
51
SECTOR III DETAIL PLAN HEALTH & WELLBEING Ceate Social Cohesive Gather Space for Powells Creek Community
Figure 67: Sector III Design Diagram
CAR-FREE LANEWAY PROMOTE SPORT
PUBLIC TRANSPORTATIONGREEN SPACE
COMPLETE ACCESS THROUGH CREEK ACCESS TO SPORTGROUND
Figure 68: Sector III Design Influences on the masterplan
ENHANCE PEDESTRIAN & CYCLER NETWORK
52
ACTIVATED PUBLIC OPEN SPACE ALONG EDGES
ELEVATED ROUTE IMPROVED ACCESS AND CIRCULATION
Figure 69: Sector III Masterplan
SECTOR III DETAIL DESIGN HEALTH & WELLBEING
Figure 70: Sector III Detail Section
53
FINAL PROPOSED PLAN Assessment of Effieienct
Figure 71: Planting and Biodiversity of maintenance Timeline
54
FINAL PROPOSED PLAN
Figure 72: Demographic and Sport Opportunities Analysis and Estimation
55
HEALT & WELLBEING Inclusive access to waterfront Effective sanitation Sufficient outdoor green space Dynamic outdoor sport development and opportunity Robust public health system
SOCIETY & COMMUNITY Local community support Cohesive communities Strong city-wide identity and culture Effective transport networks Safe and accessible community
GREEN & BLUE INFRASTRUCUTRE Robust protective infrastructure Effective stewardship of ecosystem Flexible infrastructure Comprehensive hazard & exposure prevention Effectively managed protective ecosystem Figure 73: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic, opportunities, challenges, with designed strategy
56
Figure 74: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 5
08 REFERENCES 57
FIGURE LIST Figure 1: Research Journey Diagram Figure 2: Project Timeline Figure 3: Large Scale Map of Sydney Region with COVID-19 Analysis Figure 4: Photomontage of urban life under the pandemic Figure 5: Word Cloud montage of feeling of COVID-19 Figure 6: Simulation of density of building type and connectivity Figure 7: Special Pandemic Risks and Solutions (Litman, 2020) Figure 8: Montage of new urban living, public space and circulation Figure 9: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences Figure 10: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic Figure 11: Location of Powells Creek, SOP in relation to Sydney CBD in a greater scale Figure 12: History of Powells Creek, SOP and Homebush bay area Figure 13: Waterfront Typologies Analysis Figure 14: Large-scale Catchment Analysis Figure 15: Demographic Analysis Figure 16: Cover of 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) Figure 17: Cover of Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning Figure 18: Cover of Design For Social Sustainability: A Framework For Creating Thriving New Communities Figure 19: Masterplan and location of Water Re-use Project of Sydney Park Figure 20: Masterplan and location of Qiao Yuen Park Figure 21: Conceptual Framework Figure 22: Explosion diagram of relation between COVID-19 cases spots and typology Figure 23: Chemistry of suspended particulate material in Powells Creek (Birch, O’Hea, 2007) Figure 24: On site observation of creek crossing and access Figure 25: Sport Opportunities along Powells Creek Area Figure 26: Typology Analysis of the Homebush Bay and Powells Creek Area Figure 27: On site observation of urban street and building characters Figure 28: Waterfront typology and architectural Analysis Figure 29: Waterfront landscape Photo Documentation & Analysis Figure 30: Simulation of Sea level rising in 3D typology Figure 31: On site observation of creek poor quality and appearance infrastructure Figure 32: Flooding Analysis for Homebush Bay and Powells Creek Area Figure 33: On site observation of local habitat and vegetation Figure 34: Local habitat and vegetation typologies with listed area Figure 35: Local habitat lost Analysis (Mangrove, Saltmarsh) Figure 36: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic, opportunities and challenges Figure 37: Stages in Scenario Development (Ryan, Warren, Paige Nicolson, Craig, 2013) Figure 38: Scenario Planning Stages for SOPVID Figure 39: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 1 Figure 40: Scenario 1 Design Diagram 58
Figure 41: Scenario 1 Masterplan Figure 42: Scenario 1 Detail Section Figure 43: Scenario 1 Ecological Filter Diagram Figure 44: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 2 Figure 45: Scenario 2 Design Diagram Figure 46: Scenario 2 Masterplan Figure 47: Scenario 2 Detail Section Figure 48: Scenario 2 Detail Section2 Figure 49: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 3 Figure 50: Scenario 3 Design Diagram Figure 51: Scenario 3 Masterplan Figure 52: Scenario 3 Detail Section Figure 53: Scenario 3 Detail Section2 Figure 54: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 4 Figure 55: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic, opportunities… Figure 56: Photomontage for the proposed integrated plan along Powells Creek Figure 57: Spatial distribution of different sector of final proposal Figure 58: Final Proposal Masterplan Figure 59: Sector I Design Diagram Figure 60: Sector I Design Influences on the masterplan Figure 61: Sector I Masterplan Figure 62: Sector I Detail Section Figure 63: Sector II Design Diagram Figure 64: Sector II Design Influences on the masterplan Figure 65: Sector II Masterplan Figure 66: Sector II Detail Section Figure 67: Sector III Design Diagram Figure 68: Sector III Design Influences on the masterplan Figure 69: Sector III Masterplan Figure 70: Sector III Detail Section Figure 71: Planting and Biodiversity of maintenance Timeline Figure 72: Demographic and Sport Opportunities Analysis and Estimation Figure 73: Bubble Diagram of Pandemic Influences, Resilient Pandemic… Figure 74: Pandemic Resilient efficient examination rating 5
REFERENCE LIST BALDWIN, C., 2020. SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY, CLIMATE RESILIENCE AND COMMUNITY-BASED URBAN DEVELOPMENT. [Place of publication not identified]: ROUTLEDGE. Birch, G. and O’Hea, L., 2007. The chemistry of suspended particulate material in a highly contaminated embayment of Port Jackson (Australia) under quiescent, high-wind and heavyrainfall conditions. Environmental Geology, 53(3), pp.501-516. Bowie, C. 2015. Mangrove and saltmarsh dynamics in Homebush Bay: implications for management at Sydney Olympic Park, BEnviSci Hons, School of Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Wollongong, 2015. https://ro.uow.edu.au/thsci/108 Chan, M., 2020. Final Design Research Project Proposal, LAND 7312 Master Landscape Studio 6, University of New South Wales. Department of Climate Change. 2020. Climate Change Risks to Australia Coast. [online] Environment.gov.au. Available at: <https://www.environment.gov.au/system/files/resources/ fa553e97-2ead-47bb-ac80-c12adffea944/file Department of Health. 2020. Looking After Your Mental Health During Coronavirus (COVID-19) Restrictions. [online] Available at: <https://www.health.gov.au/news/health-alerts/novelcoronavirus-2019-ncov-health-alert/ongoing-support-during-coronavirus-covid-19/looking-afteryour-mental-health-during-coronavirus-covid-19-restrictions> [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Education.nsw. 2020. COVID-19 At Homebush Public School. [online] Available at: <https:// education.nsw.gov.au/news/media-releases/covid-19-at-homebush-public-school> [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Gorton, J., 2020. Migratory Birds. [online] Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Available at: <https://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/migratory-species/migratory-birds> [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Hunter, A., 2020. Sydney Park Water Re-Use Project / Turf Design Studio, Environmental Partnership, Alluvium, Turpin+Crawford, Dragonfly And Partridge. [online] ArchDaily. Available at: <https://www.archdaily.com/793523/sydney-park-water-re-use-project-turf-design-studio-plusenvironmental-partnership-alluvium-turpin-plus-crawford-dragonfly-and-partridge> [Accessed 26 November 2020].
Ryan, Robert L.; Warren, Paige S.; Nicolson, Craig; Cheng, Chingwen; Danford, Rachel; and Strohbach, Michael (2013) "Scenario Planning for the Boston Metropolitan Region: Exploring Environmental and Social Implications of Alternative Futures," Proceedings of the Fábos Conference on Landscape and Greenway Planning: Vol. 4 : Iss. 1 , Article 14.Available at: https:// scholarworks.umass.edu/fabos/vol4/iss1/14 Turenscape. 2018. Tianjin Qiaoyuan Park By Turenscape Landscape Architecture Landscape Architecture Platform | Landezine. [online] Available at: <http://landezine.com/index. php/2011/03/tianjin-qiaoyuan-park-by-turenscape-landscape-architecture/> [Accessed 26 November 2020]. Turf. 2020. accessed 20/3/20, <https://turfdesign.com/sydney-park-water-re-use-project/> UNDRR. 2020. 100 Resilient Cities (100RC) | Preventionweb.Net. [online] Available at:<https:// www.preventionweb.net/organizations/18316#:~:text=Mission-,100%20Resilient%20 Cities%E2%80%94Pioneered%20by%20the%20Rockefeller%20Foundation%20(100RC),part%20 of%20the%2021st%20century.> [Accessed 26 November 2020]. WHO, 2020. “WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard,” World Health Organization, https://covid19.who.int/, last modified June 8, 2020. WHO. 2020.Moving around during the Covid-19 outbreak. 2020. Canto. [online] Available at: <https://who.canto.global/pdfviewer/viewer/viewer.html?v=coronavirus&portalType=v%2Fcorona virus&share=share%2Calbum%2CMFSQ0&column=document&id=94covo1rdl4snc0dvh3f7uc956 &suffix=pdf> [Accessed 1 December 2020]. Woodcraft, S., Bacon, N., Hackett, T. and Arendar, L., 2020. Design For Social Sustainability: A Framework For Creating Thriving New Communities. [online] Research gate. Available at: <https:// www.researchgate.net/publication/328581636_Design_for_Social_Sustainability_A_framework_ for_creating_thriving_new_communities> [Accessed 26 November 2020]. Yu, k., 2010. QIAOYUAN PARK. [online] Turenscape.com. Available at: <https://www.turenscape. com/en/paper/detail/6.html> [Accessed 1 December 2020].
Kramer, M., 1980. The rising pandemic of mental disorders and associated chronic diseases and disabilities. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 62(S285), pp.382-397. Litman, T., 2020. Pandemic-Resilient Community Planning. [online] https://www.vtpi.org/. Available at: <https://www.vtpi.org/PRCP.pdf> [Accessed 26 May 2020]. PUB Singapore's National Water Agency. 2016. Four National Taps . [online] Available at: <https:// www.pub.gov.sg/watersupply/fournationaltaps> [Accessed 26 November 2020].
59
THE END
