ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Ran Tao (Louise)
668728
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
WEEK 3
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Mass materials
Bricks A bricks is a standard size masonry unit made out of clay. Its proportions may vary slightly depending on types and countries but it will always be a hand sized unit.
The stone, earth, clay and concrete are used continuously for mass construction. The main properties of these materials are they strong in compression but weak in tension. They are strong to carry compressive loads.
Stone-Hard (Resists abrasion)
Earth-Compressive strength
Clay-good thermal mass
Concrete-durable
Clay bricks-joints
perpend
course
Mortar joints are usually 10 mm (vertical joints are called perpends and horizontal joints are called bed joints). There are a range of joint finishing profiles which are selected depending on type of bricks.
Stretcher face Prodded joint Expansion joint 6-7m
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Absorb moisture and expand (need expand joint)
Draw up through bricks when contact in ground-efflorescence. web
This week studio, tutor took us around campus to gave
panel
the explanation on some of special structure. As we can see from the figure above, most of architecture in campus are made of bricks. According to Ching, bricks
chord
can transfer the compressive lode to the foundation, it will maintain the stability of buildings. As we know
From the diagram above, we can see that there is a truss
when choose the materials we should consider the
below the eave. It consists of triangles. Triangle is the most
property. Brick have medium hardness, it cannot be shaded easily. However, it has low porosity. It will absorb water and become weaker. (Bricks are permeable (non-waterproof)). The advantages
Join with water based mortar
stable shape. When one of angles suffers from pressure, it From the figure above, we can see an I beam fixed on the side of building. The right side of the beam construct a fixed joint which will break the fore form the beam, the load will transfer in one direction. Moreover, according to Ching, it is sensitive to support settlements and thermal
Wetness can escape
Disadvantages
expansion and contraction. However, the I beam will transfer the opposite force which from the
from the horizontal force. These fore will against the live loads in order to keep the structure more stable.
will transfer the force into three loads, the total forces are separate equally. Therefore, it will strengthen the stability. The load will transfer the compressive and tension load in horizontal direction. From the sketch, we can see the midpoint on the one side of triangle. It is called panel point which between a web and chord. It very significant because it prevent secondary stress by put the central axes of truss and the load at joint to pass through a common point.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Spread footings A continuous footing is a reinforced Concrete footing extended to support a row of columns. For example, in the car park we can see the
Strip footings are the continuous
columns which support the upper floor. According to the arrange of the columns, it
spread footings of foundation wall.
seems that the foundation of there is the isolated footing. From the sketch, the solid is high relative to building loads. The static
Isolated footings are the individual spread footings supporting freestanding columns and piers.
loads from upper floor acting vertically downward on the slab, however, the water pressure is the hydraulic force underground water exerts on the slab. The dead loads and live loads establish a compressive load which
A mat or raft foundation is thick
will reach to the highest strength in order to male more stable.
Heavily reinforced concrete slab that serves as single monolithic footing for a number of columnsor an entire building.
In compare of the waffle base, the isolated footings are more suitable for the high rise buildings. Due to that, it could be seen that this is the application of static load theory. When the heavy concrete column stands on the pile, under the dead load the pile responds slowly and its deformation reaches a peak when the static force is maximum. Dead
loads are static loads acting vertically downward on a structure, the mass of concrete permanently attached to it.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Bibliography Ching F.D.K., (2008), Building Construction illustrated (4th ed), Canada
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Week 4
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Structural focus Wood system In my last site visit, we discovered the wood floor system. According to Ching, wood beams
In the site, there is another floor system-concrete
support structural planking or decking. Beams
system. It consists of several spans. Slabs of various
are supported by girders, posts, or loadbearing
types are used to span between structural supports. These can be one-way or two-way span. From the
walls. The gap between the beams concentrate the loads and transfer the loads to support.The Floor system in this building is made of wood. Floor system is important. Because it must support live loads and dead loads. moreover, floor system s must transfer their loads horizontally across space to beams and columns. The floor system is consist of series of beams. Because the material used is LVL, due to the quality of it, the gaps between beams can be larger. What’s more, the floor system connect to the foundation, it ensureAZ the strength and flexibility of the system.
sketch below, the slabs suffer from the stress and then transfer the loads into one or two ways to the beams. The slab between two columns transfer the dead loads to the supporting walls. This kind of system is usually used in car park. Because the distance between the columns are position and efficient.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Steel system Steel framing systems take various Forms, with some utlilising heavy gauge structural steel members and others using light gauge steel framing.
Timber system
Framing beams into girders minimizes
Traditional timber floor framing systems use a combination of bearers and joists. The span of the bearers determines the spacing of bearers equals the span of joists. This joints will
floor depth. The distance between beams should accommodate in a suspended ceiling space below. The beams transfer the load into two direction, because the lateral forces tend to be more critical in the short direction. From the plan sketch left, each line represents the long-spanning beam or girder. Two-layer system increases floor depth considerably but provide more space to transfer forces. Girders spanning the short axis of a building can contribute to the lateral stability of the structure.
transfer dead load to the concrete or masonry foundation wall. From the sketch below, the beam will supported by the two ends of lateral beams. The beam carry loads along the length of beam and transfer load to the vertical support.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Scale, annotation and working drawing conventions Constructing drawing is consist of title block, plan elevation, section and detail. It describes the outline of the architectures. 1
TITLE BLOCK Consultants Client
2 Drawing content-Plan The doors, windows, room number and space are shown in the floor plan. Under the description, there is an example of dimension on the floor plan.
This grid system is used to identify the specific location of rooms. Under the drawing, there are
Project
annotation which to describe
Drawing title
information which in symbols and
Drawing Number
code which cannot in text.
This block provide the information of the plan
The symbols on the right show the direction of drawing, windows and doors in specific level or room
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Bibliography Ching F.D.K., (2008), Building Construction illustrated (4th ed), Canada
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Week 5
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Effective length id the distance between inflection points in a column subject to bulking. We choose the both fixed long column, we cut the effective length in order to increase the load-carrying to make the structure more stable.
According to Ching, columns are designed primarily to support axial compressive loads applied to the ends of members. Because we used the long columns, this is subject to failure by This week activity we did the structure
pushing rather than crushing. The
model according to the drawing plan.
beam gives the stress to the column,
We use foam paper to cut pieces of
the lateral and torsional accept is
columns to make model. Firstly, we use
buckling and transferring the axial
the scale to calculate the 1:10.This
loads. Under the load, a column begins
model is consist of beams and columns.
to deflect and to restore original liner
As we can see from the sketch, we apply
condition. In order to make the model
the long column. There are four types of
more stable, we should consider the
fixed on the basement and beams.
efficiency of the columns.
According to the load path principle, the beam suffers from the vertical stress. The beam carry and transfer the loads across space to the supporting elements. In order to keep the model stable, we use the column to strengthen the internal strength. When the vertical load exceeds the compressive load of the column, the column will be bended. However, we hen we put the items on the beam, the eccentric load, it can balance the deflection on the column. Dead loads are static loads acting vertically downward on a structure, the mass of concrete permanently attached to it.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
According to the load path principle, the load on the model is divided into two directions. And the load go down each column. The column is strong in compressive load. Under a bulking load, a column begins to deflect laterally and cannot generate the internal forces
In the model, we use the fixed joint most. It depend on the timber frame. It typically uses a grid of timber posts or poles connected to timber beam. Bracing of members between bays or at the corners of post/beam junction is required to stable the structure.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
A rigid frame-A beam simply supported by two columns is not capable of resisting lateral forces unless it is braced. The vertical loads cause a rigid frame to develop horizontal thrusts at its base. Fixed frame- a rigid frame connected to its supports with fixed joints. It is more resistant to deflection than hinged frame but also more sensitive to support settlements and thermal expansion and contraction.
Hinged frame-connected to its supports with pin joints. It prevent high bending stresses from developing by allowing the frame to rotate. Three-hinged frame is a structural assembly of two rigid sections connected to each other and to its supports with pin joints.
This frame is supported by the fixed joint. Because the vertical loads downward from upper storage cause a ridge frame to develop horizontal thrusts at its basement. Moreover, the fixed frame can reduce the degree of the deformation which occur on the beams and walls. In comparison, the hinged frame which supported by pin joints is weaker than the fixed one. When the loads transfer to beams, the bending loads enable the frame rotate and the foundation of frame also suffer from strained force. The stability is threaten. In contrary, fixed frames have superior points on support settlements and overcome the influence brought by temperature. Therefore, it is better to use fixed frames in building structure.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Bibliography Ching F.D.K., (2008), Building Construction illustrated (4th ed), Canada
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Week 6
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Reinforced concrete slabs Flat timber or steel trusses Timber or steel beams and decking Wood or steel joists and sheathing Concrete roofs: Low-slope roofs require roll or continuous membrane roofing, some singles and sheet materials may be used on 3:12 pitches. Medium-and high-slope roofs may be covered with shingles, tiles, or sheet materials.
According to Ching, concrete roofs are generally flat plates of reinforced concrete (or precast slabs with a topping of concrete). The top surface is sloped towards drainage points and the entire roof surface finished with applied waterproof
Sloping roofs may have a structure of:
membrane.
Wood or steel rafters and sheathing
The concrete slab is consist of:
Timber or steel beams, purlins, and decking
Wear course
Timber or steel trusses
Roofing membrane
Rigid foam or lightweight
Concrete insulation
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Flat structural steel roofs consist of combination of primary and secondary roof beams for heavier roof finishes such as metal deck/concrete, or roof beams and purlins for
Trussed roofs:
lighter sheet metal roofing.
Truss roofs are framed roofs constructed from Sloping structural steel roofs consist of roof beams and purlins and lighter sheet metal roofing. Portal frames consist of a series of braced rigid frames (two columns and a beam) with purlins
A series of open web type steel or timber elements Trusses are manufactured from steel or timber components, fixed together to form efficient elements Able to span long distances.
for the roof and girts for the walls. The walls and roof are usually finished with sheet metal).
The shape and material of the structural elements is often determined by the roofing material selected and the functional requirements of the roof.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Foundation: Around the foundation there are several pips, due to the factor that the precipitation in Melbourne is unforeseen, these pips are used to extraction groundwater in order to avoid the pressure which will cause foundation settlement. Because the water pressure is the hydraulic force groundwater exerts on a foundation system. When the live load occurs, the loads act vertically down to the foundation, however, the forces from water give a contrary direction force to the foundation. The compression forces will weaker the foundation, the stability will be threaten. As we can see the sketches on the right side. In the centre of foundation, there is a pile. It usually used to do the examination to check how much loads this foundation suffers from the whole structure. According to Newton’s third law of motion, this kind of structure as shown above could be used to test the stability of the foundation. In response to the degree of foundation settlement to stabilize the foundation.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Bibliography Ching F.D.K., (2008), Building Construction illustrated (4th ed), Canada
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Week 8
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Fixed frame used most in the building. This frame is supported by the fixed joint. Because The vertical loads downward from upper storage cause a ridge frame to develop horizontal thrusts at its basement. Moreover, the fixed frame can reduce the degree of the deformation which occur on the beams and walls.
As the dead loads push the vertical force on the beam, the beam happens the deflection. Because the beam is strong in compressive, and weak in tension, the beam affects the bulking force to the upper floor. The load and deformation are need to describe. As we can see from the center of beam, the resisting moment is an internal moment equal and opposite to a bending moment, generated by a force couple to maintain equilibrium of the section being consider.
From the sketch above. When the force push on the beam, the load transfer into two direction. However, the deflection of the beam, the bending stress is a combination of compressive and tension stresses developed at a cross section of a structural member to resist a transverse force, having a maximum value at the surface furthest from the neutral axis.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Swinging-door normally turns on hinges about a side jamb when pushed or pulled, may be pivoted from head jamb Requires space around doorway for door swing
In order to make the beam more stable, it is necessary to boost the efficiency of the beam. To make the beam more stronger in compressive load. The efficiency of
Bypass Sliding-doors slide on overhead track and along
beam can be increased by configuring the cross section
guides or track on the floor. Requiring no operating space
to provide the required moment of inertia or section
but is difficult to seal against weather and sound.
modulus with the smallest possible area, usually by making the section deep with most of the material at the
Surface Sliding-Similar to a bypass sliding door but provides
extremities where the maximum bending stress occur.
access through full width of doorway. No operating space required but is difficult to weatherproof. Door is surface-
Moment of inertia is the sum of products of each element of an area and the square of its distance
hung on an exposed overhead track.
from a coplanar axis of rotate.
Pocket Sliding-Door slides on an overhead track into and out of a recess within the width of a wall. Doorway has a finished appearance when fully open.
Folding-Hinged door panels fold flat against one another when opened. Bifold doors divided into two parts.
Section modulus is a geometric property of a cross section, defined as the moment of inertia of the section divided by the distance from the neutral axis to the most remote surface.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Types of glasses Float glass 1. Clear float glass-The simplest and cheapest glass product available in the market. Ideal in low risk, low cost and small size glazing scenarios. 2. Laminated glass-A tough plastic interlayer is bonded together between two glass panes.
This week activity we took the site visit in order to draw the details for window sill. The material use for the window are glass, wood, and steel. Here, I mainly talk about the glasses. It consist of formers, fluxes and stabilizers.
3. Tempered glass-produced by heating annealed glass to approximately 650 degree, at which point it begins to soften. The surfaces of this heated glass are then outer surfaces of the glass
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Bibliography Ching F.D.K., (2008), Building Construction illustrated (4th ed), Canada
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Week 9
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
The lateral beams carry dead load which are required in both directions, but lateral forces tend to be more critical in the short direction. Each pair of lateral beam supports along spanning beam or girder. This system is suitable for, narrow buildings, especially when a column-free space is desired. This floor use the two-way beam system. When a large, columnfree space is required, long-spanning plate girders or trusses can be used to carry the primary beam, which in turn support a layer of secondary beams.
This week we went to a site which located on the colins street. It is the 28-storey offices. We took the elevator to the 10th level, We can see the floor system on it. It used the steel system. Several steal beams support steel decking or precast concrete planks. Beams may supported by girders, columns, or loadbearing walls. This frame is typically an integral part of a steel skeleton frame system.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
On the ground floor, the floor system is mixed with steel and wooden beams. Moreover, it fixed with steel timbers. The Floor system in this building is made of wood. Floor system is important. Because it must support live loads and dead loads. moreover, floor system s must transfer their loads horizontally across space to beams and columns. The floor system is consist of series of beams. Because the material used is LVL, due to the quality of it, the gaps between beams can be larger. What’s more, the floor system connect to the foundation, it ensure the strength and flexibility.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Bibliography Ching F.D.K., (2008), Building Construction illustrated (4th ed), Canada
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Week 10
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Lateral Forces Lateral load resisting systems
Lateral loads are mostly due to wind and Structures that respond properly to lateral forces must have realative
earthquake. Wind and earthquake forces are dynamic loads. In order to predict their effect and magnitude on structures
elements in both following are horizontal and vertical plan. The following are the basic system used for resisting lateral loads. These systems can be used solely or in combination to reduce the impact of lateral forces on a structure.
and simplify the analysis procedure, they Diaphragms and lateral bracing
can generally be treated as static loads for the purpose of preliminary design.
The water tower is a heavy structure with large inertia. In the earthquake, the top portion of the structure barely moves while the ground and its tower portion move significantly. This puts extreme stress on the structure. However, because the water tower has relatively little surface area and considerable inertia, It is thus minimally affected by wind forces.
A braced horizontal surface can act as a diaphragm transferring lateral loads across the structure to braced walls or shear walls here they can be transmitted into the ground.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Seismic Base Isolators They are connections placed between foundation and the substructure that allow the substructure and superstructure to move independently of the foundation during earthquake.
Shear wall A shear wall acts to stiffen a building against lateral loads. A tall shear wall works like a cantilever beam out of the ground and is loaded mainly in flexure. A short shear wall rsists overtuming. In the building shown above, the lateral loads try to pivot the wall at the foundation, which would tend to lift it off the ground for most of its length. However, the mass of the wall resists this overtuming moment by relating it in the opposite direction.
Moment Resisting Frames They are structural systems that are constructed with rigidly connected joints. The joints of these frames provide a continuous interface between the horizontal and vertical elements and make frame rigid enough to act as monolithic unit under the impact of loads.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Workshop
The workshop asked us to make a structure which use wood. This equipment are used to cut and fix the wood. The cutting map, hammer, saw, saw guide and slide calipers. The main material we used is premium pine. Pines are among the most commercially important tree species valued for their timber and wood pulp. Pine wood is widely used in highvalue carpentry items such as furniture, window frames, panelling, floors and roofing, and the resinof some species is an important source of turpentine
In addition, we used nails to connect and fix the wood together. The fore from hammer give a strong pressure on the nail. The dynamic loads apply suddenly to the timber, with rapid deflection and changes. The loads separate in to two direction. The forces destroy a hole on the timber. However, the timber is weak in tension we need to strength the compressive loads.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
The load is transformed from the floor to the joists than to the bearers, hence bearers need stronger fixed to connect with the columns. During the modeling we used bolts to connect bearers and columns, screws for joists and columns and nails for bearers and joists. When we finished the model we put the model on the specific machine to check how much stress can the model suffer. We put a wooden cube on it and the machine will larger the pressure. According to Newton’s third law of motion, this kind of structure as shown above could be used to test the stability of the foundation. In response to the degree of foundation settlement to stabilize the foundation. therefore, it could be seen that this is the application of static load theory. When the heavy concrete column stands on the pile, under the dead load the pile responds slowly and its deformation reaches a peak when the static force is maximum.
ASSIGNMENT 1 LOGBOOK
Bibliography Ching F.D.K., (2008), Building Construction illustrated (4th ed), Canada