Box 2: Previous work

may be put in place. The Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology and the House of Lords Library also provided valuable assistance.

Box 2: Previous work

This inquiry comes in the context of a variety of other national and international work. • In 2017, the House of Lords Artificial Intelligence Committee published its report, AI in the UK: ready, willing and able?28 This report concluded that putting ethics at the centre of the development and use of AI would enhance the UK’s strong position to be a world leader in its development. • In 2019, the Council of Europe Committee of Ministers appointed an Ad

Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence to consider the feasibility and content of a potential legal framework on AI29 . • In 2020, the Scottish Parliament Justice Sub-Committee on Policing published Facial recognition: how policing in Scotland makes use of this technology.30 • In 2021, the European Parliament Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs published a report on “artificial intelligence in criminal law and its use by the police and judicial authorities in criminal matters”.31 • In 2021, nATO adopted its first Artificial Intelligence Strategy, including principles of the responsible use of AI in Defence and announcing further work to set international AI standards.32 • In 2021, UnESCO adopted a Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial

Intelligence and is working towards establishing the first-ever global normative instrument on the ethics of AI.33

15. We decided to examine the use of these tools throughout the “criminal justice pipeline”34 and in border management, identifying where change was needed, and identifying some principles for the safe and ethical use of such tools. We found, though, that this work had largely been done: academics and civil society alike have produced plenty of work which recommends worthy principles. What no one has quite done yet is to suggest how these principles should be brought together and put into practice.

16. In Chapter 2, we examine the need for a strategic approach and clear governance arrangements for the use of advanced technologies. We examine the legal framework and address a need for clear lines of accountability. In

28 Artificial Intelligence Committee, AI in the UK: ready, willing and able? (Report of Session 2017–19,

HL Paper 100) 29 Council of Europe, CAHAI Ad Hoc Committee on Artificial Intelligence, ‘Terms of Reference’: https://www.coe.int/en/web/artificial-intelligence/cahai [accessed 6 February 2022] 30 The Scottish Parliament, Justice Sub-Committee on Policing, Facial Recognition: How Policing in

Scotland Makes Use of This Technology (1st Report, Session 5, SP Paper 678) 31 Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs, Report on artificial intelligence in criminal law and its use by the police and judicial authorities in criminal matters (13 July 2021): https://www.europarl. europa.eu/doceo/document/A-9-2021–0232_En.html [accessed 6 February 2022] 32 north Atlantic Treaty Organisation, ‘Summary of the nATO Artificial Intelligence Strategy’ (22 October 2021): https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_187617.htm [accessed 6

February 2022] 33 UnESCO, ‘Recommendation on the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence’ (2021): https://unesdoc.unesco. org/ark:/48223/pf0000380455 [accessed 6 February 2022] 34 Written evidence from Dr Miri Zilka, Detective Sergeant Laurence Cartwright and Dr Adrian Weller (nTL0040)

Chapter 3, we look at transparency: its necessity and proposals to increase it. Chapter 4 deals with a crucial rule of engagement—the need always to have a human “in the loop”—and examines how this can be assured in practice. Chapter 5 concludes by focusing on scientific standards, procurement, and oversight.

17. The evidence we have received has been largely related to the use of advanced technologies by police forces, and this is inevitably reflected in the report that follows. The key issues we have identified, however, hold true for a much wider context: their application to all functions of the justice system and to border management. The conclusions and recommendations we have come to present a practicable way to develop the use of advanced technologies safely and ethically.