Tanzania nba final by ICAR

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Shadowâ&#x20AC;?)National)Baseline) Assessment)of)Current) Implementation)of)Business)and) Human)Rights)Frameworks)) ) Tanzania)

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) â&#x20AC;&#x153;Shadowâ&#x20AC;?)National)Baseline)Assessment)of) Current)Implementation)of)Business)and) Human)Rights)Frameworks) ) Tanzania) ) ) )

November)2016) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) The)Legal)and)Human)Rights)Centre)(LHRC)) ) with)support)from)the) International)Corporate)Accountability)Roundtable)(ICAR)

) ) ) ) ) ) The)Legal)and)Human)Rights)Centre)(LHRC))is)a)nonLpartisan,)nonLprofit)sharing,)nonL governmental)organization)striving)to)empower)the)public,)promote,)reinforce)and) safeguard)human)rights)and)good)governance)in)Tanzania)through)legal)and)civic) education)and)information;)sound)legal)research)and)advie;)monitoring)and)follow)up)of) human)rights)violations;)and)advocacy)for)reforms)of)policies,)laws)and)practices)to) conform)to)international)human)rights)standards.) ) The)International)Corporate)Accountability)Roundtable)(ICAR))is)a civil society organization working to ensure that governments create, implement, and enforce laws and policies to protect against business-related human rights abuse.) )

) Report)Author) ) Pasience)Mlowe) Researcher,)Business)and)Human)Rights) Legal)and)Human)Rights)Centre)(LHRC)) pasience@gmail.com)

) Contributors) ) Sara)Blackwell,)Legal)and)Policy)Coordinator,)ICAR) Teresa)Gilbert,)Legal)and)Policy)Intern,)ICAR) Elizabeth)Thomas,)Legal)and)Policy)Intern,)ICAR) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

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TABLE)OF)CONTENTS) PILLAR)I)...............................................................................................)1) Guiding)Principle)1)............................................................................)1) Guiding)Principle)2)..........................................................................)22) Guiding)Principle)3)..........................................................................)27) Guiding)Principle)4)..........................................................................)52) Guiding)Principle)5)..........................................................................)56) Guiding)Principle)6)..........................................................................)57) Guiding)Principle)7)..........................................................................)60) Guiding)Principle)8)..........................................................................)66) Guiding)Principle)9)..........................................................................)68) Guiding)Principle)10)........................................................................)73) PILLAR)III)...........................................................................................)77) Guiding)Principle)25)........................................................................)77) Guiding)Principle)26)........................................................................)84) Guiding)Principle)27)........................................................................)89) Guiding)Principle)28)........................................................................)94) Guiding)Principle)31)........................................................................)96) ENDNOTES).......................................................................................)101) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) )

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PILLAR&I& GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&1& States!must!protect!against!human!rights!abuse!within!their!territory!and/or!jurisdiction!by!third!parties,! including!business!enterprises.!This!requires!taking!appropriate!steps!to!prevent,!investigate,!punish!and! redress!such!abuse!through!effective!policies,!legislation,!regulations!and!adjudication.! Commentary!! The!United!Republic!of!Tanzania!(hereinafter!‘Tanzania’)!is!a!sovereign!state!formed!in!1964!after!the!Union!of!Tanganyika!territory! obtained!its!independence!in!1961!and!merged!with!the!People’s!Republic!of!Zanzibar,!which!obtained!its!independence!in!1962! via!revolution.1! The!country!principles!require!the!state!to!protect!the!people!within!its!jurisdiction!from!human!rights!abuse!caused!by!business.! To!protect!human!rights,!the!State!must!ratify!and!domesticate!international!and!regional!human!rights!instruments.!National!legal! mechanisms!that!support!the!protection!of!human!rights!include!The!Constitution!of!the!United!Republic!of!Tanzania!of!1977!and! the!Constitution!of!Zanzibar!as!amended!in!2010,!legislations,!policies,!regulations,!byQlaws!and!directives.2! Tanzania!must!have!fully!functional!executive,!judiciary,!and!parliament!organs!to!carry!out!clear!obligations!and!duties!between! rightsQholders!and!dutyQbearers.! 1.1!International!and!Regional!Legal!instruments!

The!United!Republic!of!Tanzania!is!a!dualist!state,!therefore!its!international!legal!obligation!is!governed!by!Article(63(of(the( Constitution(of(United(Republic(of(Tanzania(of(1977! !

Explanations!

International!Legal!Instrument!

Tanzania!has!ratified!or!accessed!a!number!of!core!Human!Rights!Legal! instruments!that!promotes!and!protects!human!rights,!such!as!the!United! Nationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;!(UN)!Convention!for!the!Elimination!of!All!Forms!of!Discrimination! against!Women!(CEDAW),!the!International!Convention!on!Economic,!Social!and! Cultural!Rights!(ICESCR),!the!International!Convention!on!Civil!and!Political!Rights! (ICCPR),!the!Convention!on!the!Rights!od!Persons!with!Disabilities!(CRPD),!and! several!International!Labour!Organization!(ILO)!conventions.3!

Regional!Legal!Instrument!

Tanzania!is!a!party!to!and!has!ratified!a!number!of!regional!and!subQregional!legal! instruments,!including!the!African!Charter!on!Human!and!Peoples!Rights!(Banjul! Charter)!and!its!protocols.4!The!African!Court!on!Human!and!Peoples!Rights!is! based!in!Arusha!city,!Tanzania.5!

SubQRegional!Legal!Instrument!

Tanzania!is!a!memberQstate!to!two!major!subQregional!economic!blocks:!the!East! Africa!Community6!and!the!Southern!African!Development!Community!(SADC).7! These!economic!blocks!have!legal!instruments!that!enhance!the!protection!of! human!rights!by!member!states,!like!the!Treaty!Charter!for!the!Establishment!of! the!East!Africa!of!19998!and!the!SADC!protocol!on!Gender!and!Development! (Maputo!Protocol).9!

International!Legal!Instruments! Implementation!Status!

Gaps!

1. Beijing!Declaration!and!Platform!for!Action!of!1995! 2. Convention!on!the!Elimination!of!all!Forms!of!Discrimination!Against! Women!of!1979! 3. Convention!on!the!Elimination!of!All!Forms!of!Racial!Discrimination!of!1965! 4. Convention!on!the!Protection!and!Promotion!of!the!Diversity!of!Cultural! Expressions!of!2005! 5. Convention!on!the!Rights!of!the!Child!of!1989! 6. Covenant!on!Civil!and!Political!Rights!of!1966! 7. International!Covenant!on!Economic,!Social!and!Cultural!Rights!of!1966! 8. United!Nations!Declaration!on!the!Rights!of!Indigenous!Peoples!of!2007! 9. Universal!Declaration!of!Human!Rights!of!1948! 10. Labour!Conventions10! 11. ILO!Convection!Concerning!Forced!Labour!or!Compulsory!Labour,!1930! (No.!29)!

The!country!has!not!ratified!the! following!International!Human!Rights! Instruments! 1. Convention!against!Torture!and!Other! Cruel,!Inhuman!or!Degrading!Treatment! or!Punishment!of!198411! 2. Convention!on!the!Protection!of!the! Rights!of!All!Migrant!Workers!and! Members!of!Their!Families!of!199012! 3. Convention!on!Biological!Diversity!of! 1992! 4. Convention!Concerning!the!Protection!of! the!World!Cultural!and!Natural!Heritage! of!1972! 5. Convention!for!the!Safeguarding!of!the! Intangible!Cultural!Heritage!of!2003! 6. ILO!169!Convention!on!Indigenous!and! Tribal!Peoples!of!198913!

12. The!1957!ILO!Abolition!of!Forced!Labour!Convention!(No.!105)! 13. The!Workmen's!Compensation!(Occupational!Diseases)!Convention,!1925! (No.!18)! 14. The!Workmen's!Compensation!(Accidents)!Convention,!1925!(No.!17)!! 15. The!Equality!of!Treatment!(Accident!Compensation)!Convention,!1925!(No.! 19)! 16. The!Workmenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!Compensation!(Occupational!Diseases)!Convention! (Revised),!1934!(No.!42)! 17. The!Workmenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!Compensation!(Agriculture)!Convention,!1921!(No.!12)! 18. The!Social!Security!(Minimum!Standards)!Convention,!1952!(No.!102)!!

7. The!Optional(Protocol(to(the( International(Covenant(on(Civil(and( Political(Rights,(1966(which!allows! individuals!to!submit!complaints!directly! to!the!UN!Human!Rights!Committee14! 8. The!Second(Optional(Protocol(to(the( International(Covenant(on(Civil(and( Political(Rights(of(1989,(which!calls!for! the!abolition!of!the!death!penalty15! 9. United!Nations!Declaration!on!the!Rights! of!Persons!belonging!to!National!or! Ethnic,!Religious!or!Linguistic!Minorities! of!1993! 10. Universal!Declaration!on!Cultural! Diversity!of!2001!

1.2.!International!and!Regional!Soft!Law!Instruments! Has(the(government(signed(relevant(international(and(regional(soft(law(instruments?( Indicators!! Explanations! International!Human!Soft!Law!Rights!Instruments! Tanzania!has!signed!the!Universal!Declaration!of! Human!Rights!(UDHR),!the!UN!Charter,!and!is!a! member!state!to!the!UN.16! Tanzania!is!a!member!state!to!the!African!Charter! on!Human!and!Peoples!Rights!of!1981,!the!

Regional!Human!Rights!Soft!Law!Instruments!

African!Charter!on!the!Rights!and!Welfare!of!the! Child!of!1990,!and!the!Protocol!to!the!African! Charter!on!Human!and!Peoples’!Rights!on!the! Rights!of!Women!in!Africa!of!2003!(Maputo! Protocol).17! Other!Human!Rights!Soft!Law!Instruments!!

1.Tanzania!has!signed!the(Abuja(Declaration(of( 200118(!

Implementation!Status!

Gaps!

1. Tanzania!incorporated!Civil!and!Political!Rights!as!provided!in!the!soft!laws! • (Declarations)!and!Regional!Human!Rights!Charters!in!the!Constitution!of! United!Republic!of!Tanzania!of!1977.19! 2. The!Maputo!Protocol!requires!State!parties!to!ensure!there!is!an!equal! representation!of!women!in!all!decisionQmaking!bodies.20!The!government! has!endeavored!to!increase!representation!of!women!and!the!current! • cabinet!of!ministers!has!34%!female!representation.21! 3. Tanzania!has!domesticated!the!African!Charter!on!the!Rights!and!Welfare! of!the!Child!of!1990!by!enacting!the!Law!of!the!Child!Act!of!2009!that! prohibits!all!forms!of!forced!child!labour.! ! 1.3.!UN!Guiding!Principles!on!Business!and!Human!Rights! Indicators!! Explanations!

There!are!gaps!in!the!implementation!of! Economic!and!Social!Rights!in!the! Constitution.!For!instance,!the!Right!to! Education!is!not!enforceable!as!is!provided! for!under!Article!11,!which!does!not!fall! under!the!Bill!of!Rights.! There!is!no!enforcement!to!prevent!child! labour:!children!are!exploited!by!engaging!in! child!labour!in!the!mining,!agriculture,!and! fishing!sectors,!especially!in!rural!areas.22!

Formal!Statement!of!Support!

Tanzania!has!not!yet!given!out!a!statement!with!regard!to!the! UN!Guiding!Principles!on!Business!and!Human!Rights!(UNGPs).!

Implementation!Structures!

No!efforts!so!far.! The!International!Corporate!Accountability!Roundtable,! (ICAR),!the!National!Human!Rights!Institute,!and!the!Danish! Institute!of!Human!Rights!facilitated!Civil!Society!Organization! (CSO)!workshops!the!13th!â&#x20AC;&#x201C;!16th!of!July,!2015.23! The!Legal!and!Human!Rights!Centre!(LHRC)!translated!the! UNGPs!into!Swahili!and!disseminated!it!to!relevant! stakeholders.24! ! The!LHRC!is!in!collaboration!with!the!Commission!for!Human! Rights!and!Good!Governance!working!on!the!National!Baseline! Assessment!(NBA)!on!Business!and!Human!Rights!that!would! lead!to!the!development!of!Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!National!Action!Plan! (NAP).! Including!business!and!human!rights!in!the!National!Action! Plan!on!the!implementation!of!human!rights,!2013Q2017!is! one!initiative!the!government!is!doing!to!promote!human! rights!and!business.25!

CapacityQBuilding!

Information!

Other!UNGPs!Implementation!Measures!

Gaps!

Implementation!Status!

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There!is!no!NAP!on!business!and! human!rights!

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Little!awareness!on!business!and! human!rights!

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Lack!of!legal,!policy!and! institutional!frameworks!to! oversee!the!implementation!of! human!rights!and!business!in! Tanzania!

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Budget!constraints!in!the! implementation!of!items!in!the! NAP!on!human!rights!

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Budget!constraints!in!the! development!of!the!NAP!in! business!and!human!rights!

The!National!Action!Plan!on!Human!Rights!in!Tanzania,!2013Q2018!specifically!mentions! implementing!!human!rights!into!business!practices!

1.4.!Other!Relevant!Standards!and!Initiatives! Is(the(State(supporting(or(participating(in(other(standards(and(initiatives(relevant(to(business(and(human( rights?( Indicators! Scoping!questions/Explanations! The!government!supports!the!OECD!standards,!especially!in! corruption!and!public!procurement.!!

Standards!

There!is!not!sufficient!information!to!substantiate!such! initiatives!of!government!involvement.!

Initiatives!

Implementation!Status!

Gaps!

Little!participation!of!stakeholders!in!the!business!sector.!!

In!the!African!continent,!there!is!a! scramble!to!attract!investors!so!most! African!countries,!including!Tanzania,!are! not!inclined!to!strictly!observe!such! standards!and!initiatives.26!

1.5.!National!Laws!and!Regulations!

Does(the(general(law(of(the(State(provide(protection(against(businessMrelated(human(rights(abuses?! Indicators!

Explanations! The!Constitution!contains!provisions!that!safeguard!human! rights.!In!particular,!Article!27!of!the!Constitution!possesses!an! obligation!to!every!citizen!to!safeguard!the!countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!natural! resources.27! In!2004,!the!government!enacted!comprehensive!labour!rights,! including!

Constitution!

1. The(Employment(and(Labour(Relations(Act,(200428! 2. The!Labour(Institutions(Act,(200429!! 3. Other!regulations!were!made!to!enforce!these!laws,! like!the!Employment(and(Labour(Relations((Code(of(

Labour!Law!

Good(Practice)(Rules,(2007.30! !The!Environmental!Management!Act!(EMA)!provides!for!legal! and!institutional!frameworks!for!the!sustainable!management! of!the!environment.!This!law!established!the!National! Environmental!Management!Council!(NEMC).31! ! The!EMA!also!established!the!Environmental!Impact! Assessment!(EIA)!and!Environmental!Audit,!which!requires! major!projects!or!financing!to!conduct!an!environmental! impact!assessment.32! ! The!law!creates!environmental!offences!and!punishments!for! noncompliance!with!the!EIAs.33! ! The!law!utilizes!a!â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;polluter!paysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;!principle!to!to!safeguard!and! enforce!environmental!protection.34! Land!as!property!in!Tanzania!is!protected!by!multiple!pieces!of! legislation.!Article!24!of!the!Constitution!provides!for!the!right! to!own!property!and!courts!have!construed!this!provision!to! include!the!right!to!own!land35,!however!land!is!not!a! Constitutional!category!because!the!land!tenure!system!is!not! explained!in!the!Constitution!of!Tanzania.! ! The!Land!Act!of!1999!governs!land!ownership,!tenure,!and!

Environmental!Law!

Property!and!Land!Management!Law!

disposition!in!urban!and!planned!areas.36! ! The!Village!Land!Act!of!1999!protects!village!land!in!rural!areas.! It!also!recognizes!customary!land!tenure!in!equal!foot!with! right!of!occupancy.37!! ! Other!legislation! Land!Acquisition!Act,!Cap.!118,!R.E!2002! Land!Registration!Act,!Cap.!334,!R.E!2002! Court!(Land!Disputes!Settlement)!Act,!No.!2!of!2002! The!Tanzania!Investment!Act!Cap!38! The!Environmental!Management!Act!of!2004! The!Forest!Act!of!2002! Legislation!for!land!conservation!includes!the!Wildlife! Conservation!Act!of!2009!and!the!Ngorongoro!Conservation! Act!of!2002.! In!Tanzania,!health!and!safety!in!the!workplace!is!regulated!by! the!Occupational!Health!and!Safety!Act,!200338!(OHSA)!and!the! Law!of!Contract!Act,!Cap.!345.!!! The!government!recently!enacted!the!Workers'!Compensation! Act,!2008,39!which!established!the!Workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;!Compensation!

Health!and!Safety!Law!

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Fund!(WCF).!The!WCF!is!now!fully!operational!after!the! appointment!of!the!Secretary!General,!but!it!still!does!not!have! subQoffices!or!staff!throughout!the!country.40! Corporate!entities!in!Tanzania!are!governed!by!the!Companies! Act,!2002!that!establishes!the!registration!process,!types!of! registration,!and!all!mandatory!requirements!for!foreign! companies!to!incorporate!and!register!in!Tanzania!before! commencing!business,!as!well!as!governing!the!formation!of! subsidiaries!in!the!country.41! ! These!laws!bare!no!reference!to!human!rights!and!business.!

Corporate!and!Securities!Law!

Income!Tax!Act!Revised!Edition!2008! The!Value!Added!Tax!Act,!1997!! The!Tax!Revenue!Appeals!Act,!2006!(revised)! The!Hotels!Act,!2006!(revised)! The!Tanzania!Revenue!Authority!Act,!2006!(revised)! The!Port!Service!Charges!Act,!1973!! The!Motor!vehicle!(Tax!Registration!and!Transfer)!Act,!1972!! The!Airport!Service!Charges!Act,!1992!! The!Road!and!Fuel!Toll!Act,!1985!! The!Stamp!Duty!Act,!1972!! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Management!Act,!2004!! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Management! (Amendment)!Act,!2011!

Tax!Law!

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The!East!African!Community!Customs!Management!Act,!2004! (Revised)! The!Excise!Management!and!Tariff!Act,!2008!(revised)!! Other!tax!laws!! ! Protocol!on!the!Establishment!of!the!East!African!Customs! Union,!2004!! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Union!(Rules!of!Origin)! Rules,!2015! The!Vocational!Education!and!Training!Act!(VETA),!2006! (revised)! Regulations!under!the!Income!Tax!Act! The!Income!Tax!Regulation,!2004! The!Income!Tax!Regulations!(Electronic!Fiscal!Devices)! Regulations,!2012! The!Income!Tax!(Transfer!Pricing)!Regulations,!2014! Transfer!Pricing!Guideline,!2014! Regulations!under!VAT! The!Value!Added!Tax!(Registration)!Regulations,!1998! The!Value!Added!Tax!(General)!Regulations,!1998! The!VAT!(Corrections!of!errors)!Regulations,!2000! The!VAT!(Imported!Services)!Regulations,!2001! EFD!Regulation!2010! Regulations!under!the!EAC!Customs!Management!

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Act! EAC!Customs!Management!(Duty!Remission)!Regulations,!2008! EAC!Customs!Management!Regulations,!2010! EAC!customs!Management!(Compliance!and!Enforcement)! Regulations,!2012! Protocols!and!rules! Protocol!on!the!Establishment!of!the!East!African!Customs! Union,!2004!! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Union!(Rules!of!Origin)! Rules,!2015! Other!regulations! The!Excise!(Management!and!Tariff)!Act,!2013! The!Films!and!Music!Products!(Tax!Stamps)!Regulations,!2013!!! The!Tourism!(Tourism!Development!Levy)!Regulations,!2012! Road!Traffic!(Motor!Vehicles!Registration)!Regulations!(1),! 2001! Road!Traffic!(Motor!Vehicles!Registration)!Regulations!(2)! Road!Traffic!(Motor!Vehicles!Registration)!Regulations!(3)! The!Road!Traffic!(Motor!Vehicle!Registration)!(Amendments)! Regulations,!2014!

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Banking!and!Financial!Institutions!Act,!1991!! The!Bankruptcy!Act,!1930! Business!Licensing!Act,!1972!! The!Business!Names!(Registration)!Act!(Cap!213),!1930!! Capital!Market!and!Securities!Act,!1994! The!Companies!Act,!2002!! The!Fair!Competition!Act,!2003! The!Copyright!and!Neighbouring!Rights!Act,!1999!! Trade!Law!

The!Customs!and!Excise!Management!Act,!1977!! Employment!and!Regulations!Act,!2004! The!Labour!Institutions!Act,!2004!! The!Executive!Agencies!Act!No.!30,!1997! The!Insurance!Act,!1996!! Law!of!Contract!Ordinance,!1961! The!Patents!Act,!1987! The!Public!Procurement!Act,!No!21,!2004!! Security!of!Employment!Act,!1964!

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Stamp!Duty!Act,!1972!! The!Tanzania!Investment!Act,!1997!! Trusteeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!Incorporation!(Cap!375)!! The!Tax!Revenue!Appeals!Act,!2000!! An!Act!to!Amend!National!Industries!(Licensing!and! Registration)!Act,!1967! The!Law!of!Limitations!Act,!No!20,!1971!and!its!Amendments! Food,!Drugs!and!Cosmetics!Act!No.!1,!2003! Private!Hospitals!(Registration)!Act,!1997!! Private!Healthy!Laboratories!Act,!1997!! Contractors!Registration!Act!No!7,!1997!! Tanzania!Communication!Regulatory!Authority!Act,!2003!! The!Foreign!Exchange!Act,!1992!! The!Banking!and!Financial!Institutions!Act,!1991!! Foreign!Exchange!(Bureau!de!Change)!Regulations,!1999! Liquor!License!Act!No.!28,!1968!! The!Hotel!Levy!Act,!1972!!

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The!Hotel!Levy!Regulations,!1982!! The!Hire!Purchase!Act,!1966!! The!Board!of!External!Trade!Act,!1978!! The!crop!Marketing!Board,!Act!No!11,!1993!! Crop!Industry!Legislations!2001!! Most!of!these!laws!do!not!safeguard!human!rights!in!the! business!environment.! It’s!very!difficult!to!obtain!corporate!information!in!Tanzania.! Information!regarding!mining!companies!is!only!available!at!the! ministry!level.42!This!has!been!a!major!concern!because!leaders! at!the!local!level!are!not!furnished!with!information!from!major! companies!operating!in!their!district!authorities.!Only!the! central!government!can!demand!disclosure!and!reports.! The!Public!Procurement!Act!of!2011!regulates!the!conduct!of! the!Public!Procurement!Regulatory!Authority!(PPRA).43!! ! The!PPRA!prohibits!corrupt!practices!and!other!illicit! inducements!that!might!arise.44! ! The!PPRA,!however,!does!not!clearly!consider!the!issue!of! “value!for!money”.45! !

Disclosure!and!Reporting!

Procurement!Law!

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In!Tanzania,!the!Prevention!and!Combating!of!Corruption!Act! of!2007!establishes!the!Prevention!and!Combating!of! Corruption!Bureau!(PCCB).46!The!primary!mandate!of!the!antiQ corruption!bureau!is!to!investigate!and!prosecute!corruption! and!bribery!allegations!in!Tanzania.47!

AntiQBribery!and!Corruption!

The!Whistleblowers!and!Witness!Protection!Act!was!passed!in! Human!Rights!Defender!and/or!Whistleblower!Protection! 2015!to!protect!human!rights!defenders!and!whistleblowers!in! general.48! The!Cybercrime!Act!of!2015!passed!and!is!in!effect.49! ! Electronic!Transaction!Act,!2015! ! The!Statistics!Act!of!2015!limits!publication!of!statistics!works! that!have!not!been!approved!by!the!chief!government! statistician.50! ! Information!and!Communications!Technologies!(ICT)!Law! The!Media!Services!Bill!is!a!proposed!bill!that!has!yet!to!be! enacted!by!parliament!and!would!replace!the!existing! Newspaper!Act!of!1972!and!the!Broadcasting!Services!Act.51! The!existing!Newspaper!Act!limits!freedom!of!expression!by! giving!powers!to!the!minister!to!ban!publication!of!any! newspaper!as!the!minister!sees!fit.52!While!the!new!bill!would! bring!minor!improvements,!it!contains!a!provision!to!require! permission!from!regulatory!bodies!under!the!government!to!

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practice!journalism.!This!would!have!an!overall!negative!effect! on!freedom!of!expression!in!Tanzania!and!is!in!breach!of!the! country’s!international!obligation!to!uphold!freedom!of! expression.53! ! Has(the(government(put(in(place(any(other(relevant(laws(and( regulations(aimed(at(protecting(and(promoting(human(rights( from(businessMrelated(harms,(including(torture,(genocide,(and( crimes(against(humanity?(Do(such(laws(and(regulations(extend( extraterritorially,(as(permitted(by(the(UNGPs(and(international( human(rights(law?( ! The!AntiQHuman!Trafficking!in!Persons!Act!(ATPA),!2008!was! enacted!to!combat!human!trafficking!in!all!forms,!including! Other!Laws!and!Regulations! forced!labour!and!sexual!harassment,!while!mandating!stricter! investigation!and!prosecution!standards,!and!affording! protection!to!victims!of!trafficking.54! ! OTHER!LAWS:! • Prevention!of!Terrorism!Act,!2002! • Tanzania!Penal!Code!Cap!16! ! Implementation!status! Gaps! • Rights!under!the!Constitution!of!Tanzania!are!enforceable! • No!Economic!and!Social! 55 • Enactment!of!the!Basic!Rights!and!Duties!Enforcement!Act,!1994 ! Rights!

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Several!Constitutional!Cases!have!been!filed!before!the!court!of!law;!such!as;! Independent(Candidate(Rev.(Christopher(Mtikila(Versus(Attorney(General56,!LHRC(and( others(versus(Hon.(Mizengo(Pinda(and(Attorney(General57!!

•

Presence!of!claw!back! clauses,!the!rights!to!life!is! subject!to!other!laws58!! No!clear!provisions!on! rights!to!safe,!healthy!and! clean!environment!

1.6!Investigation,!Punishment,!and!Redress!Measures! Do(relevant(State(agencies(responsible(for(law(enforcement(address(business(and(human(rights?( Indicators! Explanations! • The!National!Environmental!Management!Council! (NEMC)!is!doing!ground!work!on!environmental! protection!! • The!Occupational!Health!and!Safety!Authority!was! Sector!Risk!Assessment! established!to!secure!the!safety,!health!and!welfare!of! persons!at!work.!It!also!protects!others!against!risks!to! safety!or!health!in!connection!with!the!activities!of! persons!at!work.59!! The!local!government!authorities!in!each!district!have!set!funds! for!vulnerable!groups,!but!there!are!cumbersome!procedures! to!secure!these!funds.!The!source!of!the!funding!is!from!the! central!government!(budget!allocated),!not!from!the!business! Vulnerable!Group!Assessment! sector.60! ! Some!business!sectors!have!started!providing!voluntary! support!to!vulnerable!groups!but!not!statutorily.61!

19!

The!Police!Forces!are!not!trained!on!human!rights!and!are!not! even!involved!in!handling!issues!of!business!and!human!rightsQ related!harm.!! Occupational!Health!and!Safety!Authority!(mainland! Tanzania):!Every!year,!OHSA!runs!health!and!safety!courses! available!to!all!workplaces!in!the!mainland!of!Tanzania.62!! The!Ministry!of!Environment!under!the!Office!of!the!Vice! President!deals!with!environmental!issues!as!a!sector!but!not! within!the!context!of!business!and!human!rights.63! Have(relevant(tax(authorities(been(provided(with(information( and(training(on(issues(related(to(business(and(human(rights( and(connections(to(local(tax(laws?(Are(such(State(actors(given( statutory(authority(to(address(businessMrelated(human(rights( harms?( ! There!is!no!clear!evidence!on!such!capacity!building,! however!LHRC!initiated!a!discussion!with!the! Tanzania!Revenue!Authority!(TRA)!and!came!up!with! a!draft!Memorandum!of!Understanding!(MOU)!on! areas!of!working!together!as!the!means!of! introducing!human!rights!in!their!business! operations.! Are(the(judiciary,(including(civil,(criminal,(and(commercial( courts,(as(well(as(employment(and(other(administrative( tribunals,(and(those(with(prosecuting(authority(informed(and(

Police!

Labour,!Health,!and!Safety!

Environment!

Tax!!

Judicial!Grievance!Mechanisms!

20!

trained(on(issues(related(to(business(and(human(rights?(Is(the( judiciary(given(statutory(authority(to(address(businessMrelated( human(rights(harms,(including(through(civil,(criminal,(or( administrative(penalties(for(businessMrelated(human(rights( harms?( ! The!area!of!human!rights!and!business!in!Tanzania!is!still!very! new.!!As!a!general!observation,!all!the!institutions!mentioned! do!not!have!expertise!on!human!rights!and!business.!There!is! no!university!in!Tanzania!that!offers!a!course!at!any!stage!on! business!and!human!rights.!There!are!only!a!few!civil!society! organisations!that!are!trying!to!build!capacity!and!work!in!the! area. Does(the(State(support(and/or(participate(in(nonMjudicial( grievance(mechanisms(aimed(at(securing(redress(for(businessM related(human(rights(harms,(including(through(entities(such(as( National(Human(Rights(Institutions,(OECD(National(Contact( Points,(or(ombudsmen?( ! No.!! Does(the(State(support(legal(aid(and(assistance(that(aims(to( address(barriers(in(accessing(remedy(for(businessMrelated( human(rights(harms?( ! Legal!aid!in!Tanzania!is!mainly!carried!out!by!civil!society!

NonQJudicial!Grievance!Mechanisms!

Legal!Aid!and!Assistance!

21!

organisations.!The!government!only!provides!legal!aid!for! murder!cases.!In!Tanzania,!there!is!no!legal!aid!legislation.64! Are(there(any(other(measures(taken(by(the(State(to(promote( the(investigation,(punishment,(and(redress(of(businessMrelated( Other!Measures! human(rights(harms?( ! No.! Implementation!status! Gaps! â&#x20AC;˘ Lack!of!political!will!on!the!part!of! â&#x20AC;˘ Various!stakeholders!including!the!Legal!and!Human!Rights!Centre!(LHRC),!the! State!leaders! Tanganyika!Law!Society,!and!other!likeQminded!organisations!are!pushing!for!the! â&#x20AC;˘ Lack!of!awareness!of!issues!on! enactment!of!Legal!Aid!law! business!and!human!rights!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&2& States!should!set!out!clearly!the!expectation!that!all!business!enterprises!domiciled!in!their!territory!and/or!jurisdiction!respect!human! rights!throughout!their!operations.! Commentaries!to!Principle!2! At!present,!States!are!not!generally!required!under!international!human!rights!law!to!regulate!the!extraterritorial!activities!of! businesses!domiciled!in!their!territory!and/or!jurisdiction.!Nor!are!they!generally!prohibited!from!doing!so,!provided!there!is!a! recognized!jurisdictional!basis.!Within!these!parameters!some!human!rights!treaty!bodies!recommend!that!home!States!take!steps!to! prevent!abuse!abroad!by!business!enterprises!within!their!jurisdiction.!! ! There!are!strong!policy!reasons!for!home!States!to!set!out!clearly!the!expectation!that!businesses!respect!human!rights!abroad,! especially!where!the!State!itself!is!involved!in!or!supports!those!businesses.!The!reasons!include!ensuring!predictability!for!business!

22!

enterprises!by!providing!coherent!and!consistent!messages,!and!preserving!the!State’s!own!reputation.!! ! States!have!adopted!a!range!of!approaches!in!this!regard.!Some!are!domestic!measures!with!extraterritorial!implications.!Examples! include!requirements!on!“parent”!companies!to!report!on!the!global!operations!of!the!entire!enterprise;!multilateral!softQlaw! instruments!such!as!the!Guidelines!for!Multinational!Enterprises!of!the!Organisation!for!Economic!CoQoperation!and!Development;! and!performance!standards!required!by!institutions!that!support!overseas!investments.!Other!approaches!amount!to!direct! extraterritorial!legislation!and!enforcement.!This!includes!criminal!regimes!that!allow!for!prosecutions!based!on!the!nationality!of!the! perpetrator!no!matter!where!the!offence!occurs.!Various!factors!may!contribute!to!the!perceived!and!actual!reasonableness!of!States’! actions,!for!example!whether!they!are!grounded!in!multilateral!agreement.! 1.7!Home!State!Measures!with!Extraterritorial!Implications! Has(the(State(adopted(domestic(measures(which(set(out(clearly(the(expectation(that(businesses(domiciled(in( their(territory(and/or(jurisdiction(respect(human(rights(abroad?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Has(the(State(set(out(and(fully(disseminated(to(relevant( government(agencies((including(embassies(and( consulates)(clear(policy(statements(on(the(expectation( that(all(companies(domiciled(in(its(territory(and/or( jurisdiction(respect(human(rights?( ! Expectation!Setting! No,!the!State!has!not!set!out!relevant! government!agencies!that!have!created!policy! statements!for!companies!in!Tanzania,!and! therefore!has!not!fully!disseminated!any! information!on!that!matter!because!it!has!not! created!any!information!related!to!business!

23!

and!human!rights!policies.!! Has(the(State(introduced(criminal(or(civil(liability(regimes( that(allow(for(prosecutions(or(civil(lawsuits(against( corporations(based(on(where(the(corporation(is( domiciled,(regardless(of(where(the(offence(occurs?!! ! The!State!has!not!been!involved!in!assigning! criminal!liability!for!businesses.!The!LHRC!sued! African!Barrick!Gold!Mining!Company!in!the!UK! but!the!Tanzanian!Government!was!silent. 65 ! Has(the(State(established(a(“duty(of(care”(for(parent( companies(in(terms(of(the(human(rights(impacts(of(their( subsidiaries,(regardless(of(where(the(subsidiaries( operate?!! ! No.!! Has(the(State(introduced(requirements(on(companies(to( publicly(report(on(their(operations(abroad,(including(on( human(rights(and(labour(issues?(( ! No,!there!is!little!supervision!on!issues!of! business!and!human!rights.!The!government!is! primarily!concerned!with!revenue!collection.! This!is!demonstrated!in!the!government’s!! formation!of!the!Tanzania!Mining!Audit!Agency!

Criminal!or!civil!liability!regimes!

“Duty!of!care”!for!parent!companies!

Reporting!requirements!

24!

(TMAA),!whose!main!responsibility!is!to!audit! the!mining!production!and!revenue!paid!to!the! government. 66 ! Does(the(State(support(and(participate(in(relevant(softM law(instruments,(such(as(the(OECD(Guidelines(and(the( Due(Diligence(Guidance(for(Responsible(Supply(Chains?(( Support!for!soft!law!measures! ! There!is!no!clear!evidence!or!information!so! far.! Do(State(institutions(that(support(overseas(investment( have(and(enforce(performance(standards(that(support( Performance!standards!for!overQseas!investments! the(protection(and(promotion(of(human(rights?(( ! No.! Implementation!status! Gaps! â&#x20AC;˘ There!is!no!clear! evidence/information!that! the!TIC!has!enforced! performance!standards!that! The!Tanzania!Investment!Centre!(TIC)!oversees!all!the!investment!in!the!country!including! support!the!protection!and! supporting!overseas!investments!in!Tanzania.67! promotion!of!human!rights! ! â&#x20AC;˘ Little!involvement!from! private!sector!companies!in! creating!procedures!to!invest! based!on!human!rights!

25!

standards! 2.2.!Implementation!of!Recommendations!from!International!or!Regional!Bodies! Has(the(State(received(and(followedMup(on(recommendations(from(international(or(regional(bodies,(such(as(the( UN(Human(Rights(Council(and(UN(treaty(bodies,(regarding(steps(to(prevent(abuse(abroad(by(business( enterprises(domiciled(within(the(Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s(territory(or(jurisdiction?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Tanzania!was!reviewed!under!Universal!Periodic!Review! (UPR)!in!2011.68!It!received!comments!and!there!is! Human!Rights!Council!Recommendations! currently!an!ongoing!process!to!review!the! implementation!of!the!UPR!recommendations.! Tanzania!submits!reports!to!the!Treaty!Monitoring! Bodies!(TMBs)!as!set!out!in!the!United!Nationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;! UN!Treaty!Body!Recommendations! conventions,!however!Tanzania!often!combines!periodic! reports!from!different!years!and!submits!them!to! multiple!TMBs.69! Tanzania!has!put!very!little!effort!into!creating! recommendations!for!international!or!regional!bodies.! Other!International!or!Regional!Body!Recommendations! For!example,!Tanzania!failed!to!submit!any!reports!to!the! African!Commission!on!Human!and!Peoples!Rights.70! Implementation!status! Gaps! No!clear!evidence!of!any!UN!treaty!or! Nothing!has!been!implemented!so!far! recommendations!!that!have!been! accepted!by!the!State!

26!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&3& In!meeting!their!duty!to!protect,!States!should:! (a) Enforce!laws!that!are!aimed!at,!or!have!the!effect!of,!requiring!business!enterprises!to!respect!human!rights,!and!periodically! to!assess!the!adequacy!of!such!laws!and!address!any!gaps;! (b) Ensure!that!other!laws!and!policies!governing!the!creation!and!ongoing!operation!of!business!enterprises,!such!as!corporate! law,!do!not!constrain!but!enable!business!respect!for!human!rights;! (c) Provide!effective!guidance!to!business!enterprises!on!how!to!respect!human!rights!throughout!their!operations;! Encourage,!and!where!appropriate!require,!business!enterprises!to!communicate!how!they!address!their!human!rights!impacts.! Commentaries!to!principle!3! States!should!not!assume!that!businesses!invariably!prefer,!or!benefit!from,!State!inaction,!and!they!should!consider!a!smart!mix!of! measuresâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;national!and!international,!mandatory!and!voluntaryâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;to!foster!business!respect!for!human!rights.!! The!failure!to!enforce!existing!laws!that!directly!or!indirectly!regulate!business!respect!for!human!rights!is!often!a!significant!legal!gap! in!State!practice.!Such!laws!might!range!from!nonQdiscrimination!and!labour!laws!to!environmental,!property,!privacy!and!antiQbribery! laws.!Therefore,!it!is!important!for!States!to!consider!whether!such!laws!are!currently!being!enforced!effectively,!and!if!not,!why!this!is! the!case!and!what!measures!may!reasonably!correct!the!situation.!! It!is!equally!important!for!States!to!review!whether!these!laws!provide!the!necessary!coverage!in!light!of!evolving!circumstances!and! whether,!together!with!relevant!policies,!they!provide!an!environment!conducive!to!business!respect!for!human!rights.!For!example,! greater!clarity!in!some!areas!of!law!and!policy,!such!as!those!governing!access!to!land,!including!entitlements!in!relation!to!ownership! or!use!of!land,!is!often!necessary!to!protect!both!rightsQholders!and!business!enterprises.!! Laws!and!policies!that!govern!the!creation!and!ongoing!operation!of!business!enterprises,!such!as!corporate!and!securities!laws,!

27!

directly!shape!business!behaviour.!Yet!their!implications!for!human!rights!remain!poorly!understood.!For!example,!there!is!a!lack!of! clarity!in!corporate!and!securities!law!regarding!what!companies!and!their!officers!are!permitted,!let!alone!required,!to!do!regarding! human!rights.!Laws!and!policies!in!this!area!should!provide!sufficient!guidance!to!enable!enterprises!to!respect!human!rights,!with! due!regard!to!the!role!of!existing!governance!structures!such!as!corporate!boards.!! Guidance!to!business!enterprises!on!respecting!human!rights!should!indicate!expected!outcomes!and!help!share!best!practices.!It! should!advise!on!appropriate!methods,!including!human!rights!due!diligence,!and!how!to!consider!effectively!issues!of!gender,! vulnerability!and/or!marginalization,!recognizing!the!specific!challenges!that!may!be!faced!by!indigenous!peoples,!women,!national!or! ethnic!minorities,!religious!and!linguistic!minorities,!children,!persons!with!disabilities,!and!migrant!workers!and!their!families.! National!human!rights!institutions!that!comply!with!the!Paris!Principles!have!an!important!role!to!play!in!helping!States!identify! whether!relevant!laws!are!aligned!with!their!human!rights!obligations!and!are!being!effectively!enforced!and!in!providing!guidance!on! human!rights!also!to!business!enterprises!and!other!nonQState!actors.! Communication!by!business!enterprises!on!how!they!address!their!human!rights!impacts!can!range!from!informal!engagement!with! affected!stakeholders!to!formal!public!reporting.!State!encouragement!of,!or!where!appropriate!requirements!for,!such! communication!are!important!in!fostering!respect!for!human!rights!by!business!enterprises.!Incentives!to!communicate!adequate! information!could!include!provisions!to!give!weight!to!such!selfQreporting!in!the!event!of!any!judicial!or!administrative!proceeding.!A! requirement!to!communicate!can!be!particularly!appropriate!where!the!nature!of!business!operations!or!operating!contexts!pose!a! significant!risk!to!human!rights.!Policies!or!laws!in!this!area!can!usefully!clarify!what!and!how!businesses!should!communicate,!helping! to!ensure!both!the!accessibility!and!accuracy!of!communications.! Any!stipulation!of!what!would!constitute!adequate!communication!should!take!into!account!risks!that!it!may!pose!to!the!safety!and! security!of!individuals!and!facilities;!legitimate!requirements!of!commercial!confidentiality;!and!variations!in!companies’!size!and! structures.! Financial!reporting!requirements!should!clarify!that!human!rights!impacts!in!some!instances!may!be!“material”!or!“significant”!to!the!

28!

economic!performance!of!the!business!enterprise.! 3.1. Development!and!Enforcement!of!Relevant!Laws!and!Regulations! What(laws(and(regulations(exist(that(directly(or(indirectly(regulate(business(respect(for(human(rights?( Indicators! Explanations! !The!Companies!Act!of!2002!and!the!Business!Licensing!Act! of!2002!require!companies!to!furnish!relevant!information! regarding!their!operations!in!Tanzania.71! Corporate!and!Securities!Law! ! The!Capital!Market!and!Securities!Act!established!the!Capital! Markets!and!Securities!Authority!(CMSA),!which!promotes! and!regulates!securities!business!in!Tanzania.72! Tanzania!enacted!the!Employment!and!Labour!Relations! Act73,!the!Labour!Institutions!Act74,!and!the!Workers! Labour!Law! Compensation!Act!of!2009.!The!Constitution!guarantees!the! right!to!work!and!fair!remuneration.75! The!Tanzanian!government!has!enacted!the!Environmental! Management!Act!of!2004,!the!Land!Act!of!1999,!and!the! Village!Land!Act!of!1999,!!providing!safeguards!for!the!land! and!environment.!! Environmental!Law! ! There!are!also!laws!that!focus!on!sectoral!environmental! issues,!including!the!Fisheries!Act,!The!Forestry!Act,!and!the! Wildlife!Act.!!

29!

Land!as!property!in!Tanzania!is!protected!by!a!number!of! legislations.!Article!24!of!the!Constitution!provides!for!the! right!to!own!property!and!courts!have!construed!this! provision!to!include!the!right!to!own!land76,!however!land!is! not!a!Constitutional!Category!because!the!land!tenure! system!is!not!explained!in!the!Constitution!of!Tanzania.! ! The!Land!Act!of!1999!governs!land!ownership,!tenure,!and! disposition!in!urban!and!planned!areas.77! The!Village!Land!Act!of!1999!protects!village!land!in!rural! areas.!It!also!recognizes!customary!land!tenure!in!equal!foot! with!right!of!occupancy.78!! ! Other!legislation!

Property!and!Land!Management!Law!

Land!Acquisition!Act,!Cap.!118,!R.E!2002! Land!Registration!Act,!Cap.!334,!R.E!2002! Court!(Land!Disputes!Settlement)!Act,!No.!2!of!2002! The!Tanzania!Investment!Act!Cap!38! The!Environmental!Management!Act!of!2004! The!Forest!Act!of!2002! Legislation!for!land!conservation!includes!the!Wildlife!

30!

Conservation!Act!of!2009!and!the!Ngorongoro!Conservation! Act!of!2002.! Health!and!safety!in!the!workplace!is!regulated!by!the! Occupational!Health!and!Safety!Act,!200379!and!the!Law!of! Contract!Act,!Cap.!345.!!! The!government!recently!enacted!the!Workers'! Compensation!Act,!2008,!80which!established!the!Workersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;! Compensation!Fund!(WCF).!The!WCF!is!now!fully!operational! after!the!appointment!of!the!Secretary!General,!but!it!still! does!not!have!subQoffices!or!staff!throughout!the!country.81! Corporate!entities!in!Tanzania!are!governed!by!the! Companies!Act,!2002!that!establishes!the!registration! process,!types!of!registration,!mandatory!requirements!for! foreign!companies!to!incorporate!and!register!in!Tanzania! before!commencing!business,!!as!well!as!governs!the! formation!of!subsidiaries.82! ! These!laws!bare!no!reference!to!human!rights!and!business.!

Health!and!Safety!Law!

Consumer!Law!

Tax!laws!

31!

The!Motor!vehicle!(Tax!Registration!and!Transfer)!Act,!1972!! The!Airport!Service!Charges!Act,!1992!! The!Road!and!Fuel!Toll!Act,!1985!! The!Stamp!Duty!Act,!1972!! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Management!Act,! 2004!! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Management! (Amendment)!Act,!2011! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Management!Act,! 2004!(Revised)! The!Excise!Management!and!Tariff!Act,!2008!(revised)!! Other!tax!laws!! ! Protocol!on!the!Establishment!of!the!East!African!Customs! Union,!2004!! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Union!(Rules!of!Origin)! Rules,!2015! The!Vocational!Education!and!Training!Act!(VETA),!2006! (revised)! !Regulations!under!the!Income!Tax!Act! The!Income!Tax!Regulation,!2004! The!Income!Tax!Regulations!(Electronic!Fiscal!Devices)! Regulations,!2012! The!Income!Tax!(Transfer!Pricing)!Regulations,!2014! Transfer!Pricing!Guideline,!2014!

32!

!Regulations!under!VAT! The!Value!Added!Tax!(Registration)!Regulations,!1998! The!Value!Added!Tax!(General)!Regulations,!1998! The!VAT!(Corrections!of!errors)!Regulations,!2000! The!VAT!(Imported!Services)!Regulations,!2001! EFD!Regulation!2010! Regulations!under!the!EAC!Customs!Management! Act! EAC!Customs!Management!(Duty!Remission)!Regulations,! 2008! EAC!Customs!Management!Regulations,!2010! EAC!customs!Management!(Compliance!and!Enforcement)! Regulations,!2012! Protocols!and!rules! Protocol!on!the!Establishment!of!the!East!African!Customs! Union,!2004!! The!East!African!Community!Customs!Union!(Rules!of!Origin)! Rules,!2015! !Other!regulations! The!Excise!(Management!and!Tariff)!Act,!2013! The!Films!and!Music!Products!(Tax!Stamps)!Regulations,! 2013!!! !

33!

The!Tourism!(Tourism!Development!Levy)!Regulations,!2012! Road!Traffic!(Motor!Vehicles!Registration)!Regulations!(1),! 2001! Road!Traffic!(Motor!Vehicles!Registration)!Regulations!(2)! Road!Traffic!(Motor!Vehicles!Registration)!Regulations!(3)! The!Road!Traffic!(Motor!Vehicle!Registration)!(Amendments)! Regulations,!2014! Banking!and!Financial!Institutions!Act,!1991!! The!Bankruptcy!Act,!1930! Business!Licensing!Act,!1972!! The!Business!Names!(Registration)!Act!(Cap!213),!1930!! Capital!Market!and!Securities!Act,!1994!

Trade!Law!

The!Companies!Act,!2002!! The!Fair!Competition!Act,!2003! The!Copyright!and!Neighbouring!Rights!Act,!1999!! The!Customs!and!Excise!Management!Act,!1977!! Employment!and!Regulations!Act,!2004!

34!

The!Labour!Institutions!Act,!2004!! The!Executive!Agencies!Act!No.!30,!1997! The!Insurance!Act,!1996!! Law!of!Contract!Ordinance,!1961! The!Patents!Act,!1987! The!Public!Procurement!Act,!No!21,!2004!! Security!of!Employment!Act,!1964! Stamp!Duty!Act,!1972!! The!Tanzania!Investment!Act,!1997!! Trusteeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!Incorporation!(Cap!375)!! The!Tax!Revenue!Appeals!Act,!2000!! An!Act!to!Amend!National!Industries!(Licensing!and! Registration)!Act,!1967! The!Law!of!Limitations!Act,!No!20,!1971!and!its!Amendments! Food,!Drugs!and!Cosmetics!Act!No.!1,!2003! Private!Hospitals!(Registration)!Act,!1997!! Private!Healthy!Laboratories!Act,!1997!!

35!

Contractors!Registration!Act!No!7,!1997!! Tanzania!Communication!Regulatory!Authority!Act,!2003!! The!Foreign!Exchange!Act,!1992!! The!Banking!and!Financial!Institutions!Act,!1991!! Foreign!Exchange!(Bureau!de!Change)!Regulations,!1999! Liquor!License!Act!No.!28,!1968!! The!Hotel!Levy!Act,!1972!! The!Hotel!Levy!Regulations,!1982!! The!Hire!Purchase!Act,!1966!! The!Board!of!External!Trade!Act,!1978!! The!crop!Marketing!Board,!Act!No!11,!1993!! Crop!Industry!Legislations!2001!! Most!of!these!laws!do!not!safeguard!human!rights!in!the! business!environment.! The!Cybercrime!Act!of!2015!passed!and!is!in!effect.83! ! The!Electronic!Transaction!Act,!2015! ! The!Statistics!Act!of!2015!limits!publication!of!statistics!

Privacy!and!Technology!Law!

36!

works!that!have!not!been!approved!by!the!chief!government! statistician.84! ! The!Media!Services!Bill!is!a!proposed!bill!that!has!yet!to!be! enacted!by!parliament!and!would!replace!the!existing! Newspaper!Act!of!1972!and!the!Broadcasting!Services!Act.85! The!existing!Newspaper!Act!limits!freedom!of!expression!by! giving!powers!to!the!minister!to!ban!publication!of!any! newspaper!as!the!minister!sees!fit.86!While!the!new!bill! would!bring!minor!improvements,!it!contains!a!provision!to! require!permission!from!regulatory!bodies!under!the! government!to!practice!journalism.!This!would!have!an! overall!negative!effect!on!freedom!of!expression!in!Tanzania! and!is!in!breach!of!the!countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!international!obligation!to! freedom!of!expression.87! Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!very!difficult!to!obtain!corporate!information!in!Tanzania.! Information!regarding!mining!companies!is!only!available!at! the!ministry!level.88!This!has!been!a!major!concern!because! leaders!at!the!local!level!are!not!furnished!with!information! from!major!companies!operating!in!their!district!authorities.! Only!the!central!government!can!demand!disclosure!and! reports.! The!Public!Procurement!Act!of!2011!regulates!the!conduct!of! the!Public!Procurement!Regulatory!Authority!(PPRA).89!! The!PPRA!prohibits!corruption!practices!and!other!illicit!

Disclosure!and!Reporting!

Procurement!Law!

37!

AntiQBribery!and!Corruption!

Human!Rights!Defender!and/or!Whistleblower!Protection!

The(Penal(Code(Act,(Cap(16(criminalizes(some(of(the(Human( Rights(Violations(

Criminal!Law!

The(Environmental(Management(Act,(2004(provides( mandatory(requirements(for(Environmental(Impact( Assessment(and(Environmental(Audit.(Failure(to(comply(this( mandatory(processes(a(company(may(be(held(liable(and(pay( fines( Has(the(State(put(in(place(any(other(laws(and(regulations(to( ensure(business(respect(for(human(rights?( ( The!AntiQHuman!Trafficking!in!Persons!Act!(ATPA),! 2008!was!enacted!to!combat!human!trafficking!in!

Civil!Law!

Other!Law!

inducements!that!might!arise.90! ! The!PPRA,!however,!does!not!clearly!consider!the!issue!of! Value!for!Money.! ! In!Tanzania,!the!Prevention!and!Combating!of!Corruption!Act! of!2007!establishes!the!Prevention!and!Combating!of! Corruption!Bureau!(PCCB).91!The!primary!mandate!of!the! antiQcorruption!bureau!is!to!investigate!and!prosecute! corruption!and!bribery!allegations!in!Tanzania.92! The!Whistleblowers!and!Witness!Protection!Act!was!passed! in!2015!to!protect!human!rights!defenders!and! whistleblowers!in!general.93!

38!

all!forms!of!forced!labour!and!sexual!harassment,! mandate!stricter!investigation!and!prosecution,! and!afford!protection!to!victims!of!trafficking. 94 ! OTHER!LAWS:! • Prevention!of!Terrorism!Act,!2002! • Tanzania!Penal!Code!Cap!16! Gaps! The!State!of!Tanzania!has!put!in!place!labour! laws!and!regulations!to!ensure!business! respect!for!workers’!rights,!however!there!are! implementation!and!enforcement!challenges! due!to!insufficient!funds!and!lack!of!skilled! personnel.! Tanzania!enacted!the!Environmental! Management!Act!(EMA)!to!secure!and!manage! the!environment!by!conducting!Environmental! Impact!Assessment!(EIAs),!however!the!act!is! not!effective!in!its!application.!There!are! adequate!human!and!financial!resources!to! perform!EIAs!but!inadequate!accountability!on! the!part!of!the!officers!entrusted!with!the! responsibility!to!ensure!that!the!law!is!adhered! to!as!required.!!!

Implementation!Status!

Labour!Law! !

Environmental!Law! !

•

Property!and!Land!Management!Law!

39!

Poor!enforcement!of!rules!and! regulations!manifest!within!topQdown!

planning!rather!than!the!participatory! engagement!of!stakeholders! • New!land!laws!and!supporting!subQ sector!laws!are!not!always!in!sync!with! other!sectoral!laws!on!minerals,!water,! agriculture,!infrastructure! developments! • The!market!for!land!is!not!regulated! and!still!operates!as!an!informal!activity! • There!are!not!sufficient!resources!to! effectively!manage!occupational!health! and!safety!in!the!work!place.!! • Poor!quality!of!inspection!plans!by! businesses! • Failure!of!employers!to!join!the! Occupational!Health!and!Safety! Committee!as!members,!which!is! required!by!law.!However,!they!do!not! join!the!board!because!they!fear!being! held!responsible!for!nonQcompliance! with!OHSA.!!! Though!Tanzania!has!a!good!amount!of! legislation!and!government!owned!Sectoral! Regulatory!Authorities!(SRAs)!which!aim!to! protect!consumers!and!businesses,!the!

Health!and!Safety!Law! !

Consumer!Law! !

40!

problem!is!actually!due!to!an!increase!of! unscrupulous!traders!who!continue!to!flood! the!Tanzanian!market!with!unsafe!products,! counterfeit!goods,!and!unethical!products!for! trading,!which!adversely!affects!the!lives!of! many!innocent!consumers.95! Despite!the!fact!that!Tanzania!has!ratified! various!International!instruments!and!enacted! laws!which!prohibit!discrimination!in!all!forms,! laws!against!discrimination!still!lack!effective! enforcement!mechanisms.!Apart!from!the! enactment!of!certain!nonQdiscrimination!laws! in!Tanzania,!there!are!still!other!current!laws! that!support!discriminatory!practices,!such!as! the!Law!of!Marriage!Act,!1971,96!Tanzania! Citizenship!Act,97!and!Customary!Law! (Declaration)!order.98! â&#x20AC;˘ Lack!of!proper!information!from!tax! administration!agencies,!which! prevents!the!Tanzanian!government! from!raising!substantial!revenue!from! nonQtax!related!sources!such!as!through! properties!taxes!or!user!fees.!! â&#x20AC;˘ Tax!laws!failing!to!encourage!taxpayers! to!comply!voluntarily!with!the!laws.!

NonQDiscrimination!Law!

Tax!Law!

41!

Increase!of!tax!evasion!and!avoidance! due!to!the!loopholes!in!the!tax!laws.! • Lack!of!citizen!involvement!in!paying! taxes.! Despite!the!government’s!antiQcorruption! efforts,!Tanzania!continues!to!suffer!from! rampant!corruption!due!to!the!complexity!of!its! laws!and!lack!of!administrative!capacity!(PCCB! specifically!lacks!independence!in!taking! corrupt!officials!to!court).!This!tends!to!create! an!environment!conducive!to!corrupt!practices.! Although!Tanzania!has!enacted!the! Whistleblower!and!Witness!Protection!Act,! 2015,!this!Act!along!is!not!adequate!due!to!the! lack!of!government!commitment!to!put! mechanisms!in!place!to!protect! whistleblowers/human!rights!defenders.!! In!Tanzania,!the!power!to!enforce!criminal!law! is!under!the!control!of!Police!force,!whereas! the!administrative!power!over!of!all!of!these! proceedings!is!vested!within!the!Director!of! Public!Prosecutions.!The!main!challenges!facing! the!prosecution!of!criminal!cases!in!Tanzania! are;! • Inadequate!personnel!in!the!Chambers! •

AntiQBribery!and!Corruption!

Human!Rights!Defender!and/or!Whistleblower!Protection!

Criminal!Law!

42!

•

• • •

• Civil!Law!

• •

• • Other!Law!

43!

of!the!Director!of!Public!Prosecutions! (DPP)!which!has!caused!a!serious! problem!in!the!dispensing!of!justice! The!Director!of!Public!Prosecution!has! vested!too!much!power!in!criminal! cases99!! Budgetary!constrain!in!the!DPP! Chambers.!! Lack!of!equality!between!parties!under! the!Civil!!Procedure!Code! Delays!in!bringing!cases!to!conclusions! due!to!procedural!technicalities!set! therein.! Too!Adversarial!and!difficulty!in! enforcing!decree/court!orders! Unpredictability,!too!complex!and! incomprehensible!procedures.! Non!adherence/compliance!to!the! principles!set!out!in!Article!107A!of!the! Constitution!of!the!Tanzania,!1977.! Characterized!by!too!expensive! litigation!in!which!only!few!can!afford.!!! Generally,!the!laws!include!legal! language!that!is!not!familiar!to!laymen! and!not!effectively!enforced!by!the!

â&#x20AC;˘

government.!! The!Cybercrime!Act,!2005!for!instance,! is!unconstitutional!because!it!restricts! the!right!to!information,.!!!

3.2. Relevant!Policies!! Have(policies(that(seek(to(foster(business(respect(for(human(rights(been(adopted(and(publicly(communicated( by(the(State? ! Indicators! Scoping!questions! Has!the!State!introduced!and/or!implemented!policies!to! help!facilitate!business!respect!for!human!rights!through!the! adoption!of!National!Action!Plans!(NAPs)!on!business!and! human!rights,!corporate!social!responsibility,!development,! National!Action!Plans!(NAPs)! antiQdiscrimination,!government!transparency,!womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! rights,!or!human!rights!in!general?!! ! ! No.!! Has!the!State!introduced!and/or!implemented!sectorQ specific!policies!to!help!facilitate!business!respect!for!human! rights!within!particularly!highQrisk!industries,!such!as!the! !SectorQSpecific!Policies! extractive,!apparel,!and!other!sectors?! ! No.! Have(other(policies(been(adopted(by(the(State(that(aim(to( Other!Policies! foster(business(respect(for(human(rights?( !

44!

The(National(Environmental(Policy,(1997 !sets! standards!for!environmental!protection!in!all! operations.!It!mandates!the!responsibility!of!the! investors!to!conduct!Environmental!Impact! Assessment.!! Gaps! Until!now!the!State!of!Tanzania! has!not!introduced!and/or! implemented!policies!to!help! facilitate!business!respect!for! human!rights!through!the! adoption!of!National!Action!Plans! (NAPs)!on!business!and!human! rights,!corporate!social! responsibility,!development,!antiQ discrimination,!government! transparency,!womenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!rights,!or! human!rights!in!general.! The!State!of!Tanzania!has!not! introduced!and/or!implemented! sectorQspecific!policies!to!help! facilitate!business!respect!for! human!rights!within!particularly! highQrisk!industries,!such!as!the! extractive,!apparel,!and!other!

Implementation!status!

National!Action!Plans!(NAPs)!

SectorQSpecific!Policies!

45!

sectors.! 3.3.!Corporate!Reporting!and!Public!Communications! What(types(of(business(enterprise(reporting(and(public(communications,(that(describe(how(they(address(their( human(rights(impacts,(are(required(by(law? ! Indicators! Scoping!questions! Is(corporate(financial(reporting(required(by(the(State?(Is(the( law(clarifying(that,(in(some(cases,(human(rights(impacts(are( Financial!Reporting! “material”(to(the(economic(performance(of(the(reporting( company?( Is(corporate(nonMfinancial(reporting(required(and(enforced( by(the(State?(Is(the(law(clarifying(that,(in(some(cases,(human( NonQFinancial!Reporting! rights(impacts(are(“material”(to(the(performance(and( operations(of(the(reporting(company?( Are(there(legal(requirements(for(companies(to(have(public( consultations(before,(during,(and(after(the(commencement( of(a(major(project(that(may(impact(local(communities?(Is( Public!Consultations! there(a(requirement(to(gain(free,(prior,(and(informed( consent((FPIC)(of(impacted(communities?(Is(there(a( mandatory(public(release(of(environmental(and(social(impact( assessments(by(companies?(

Are(there(any(other(legal(requirements(on(companies(in( terms(of(public(communications?(

Other!Public!Communications! Implementation!status!

Gaps! Corporate!financial!reporting!in!Tanzania! is!governed!and!regulated!by!the!

Financial!Reporting!

46!

National!Board!of!Accountants!and! Auditors!(NBAA).100!The!NBAA!describes! the!mandatory!requirements!that! corporate!entities!must!provide!within! their!financial!reports!as!written!by!their! corporate!directors,!however,!human! rights!impacts!are!not!considered! â&#x20AC;&#x153;materialâ&#x20AC;?!to!the!economic!performance! of!the!reporting!company!according!to! the!NBAA.101! Although!mandatory!nonQfinancial! reporting!includes!Environmental!Impact! Assessments!(EIAs)!and!Social!Impact! Assessments!(SIAs),102!the!greater!issue! at!hand!is!that!the!laws!regarding!nonQ financial!reporting!in!Tanzania,!which!are! not!effectively!implemented!by!either! the!Government!or!Investors.!!!! Although!The!Village!Land!Act,! Environmental!Management!Act,!and!the! Tanzania!Investment!Act103!provide! mandatory!requirements!for!companies! to!have!public!consultations!before,! during,!and!after!the!commencement!of! any!major!project!that!may!impact!local!

NonQFinancial!Reporting!

Public!Consultations!

47!

communities,!as!well!as!a!mandatory! public!release!of!environmental!and! social!impact!assessments!by!companies,! the!government!still!lacks!the!effective! power!to!regulate!the!implementation!of! these!acts!due!to!corruption!and!a!lack!of! qualified!personnel.104! 3.4.!Guidance!and!Incentives! Does(the(State(provide(guidance(and(incentives(for(companies(in(terms(of(respect(for(human(rights?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Has(the(State(developed(guidance(for(businesses(on(respecting( human(rights(that(is(appropriate(to(different(industry(sectors( Guidance!based!on!industry!sectors,!human!rights!issues! (for(example,(highMrisk(sectors(such(as(extractives),(particular( and!company!size! human(rights(issues((for(example,(working(conditions,( discrimination),(and(different(types(of(corporations((for( example,(MNEs,(SMEs)?( Has(the(State(provided(indicators(of(expected(human(rights( outcomes,(information(regarding(relevant(national(laws(and( Guidance!on!expected!outcomes!and!best!practice! regulations,(and(examples(of(best(practice(and(due(diligence( methods?(( Has(the(State(provided(incentives(for(business(respect(for( human(rights,(such(as(favorable(treatment(following(nonM Incentives! mandatory(selfMreporting(by(companies(of(human(rights(policies( and(practices?( Implementation!status! Gaps!

48!

Guidance!based!on!industry!sectors,!human!rights!issues!and! company!size!

Tanzania!has!enacted!various!laws!to! regulate!certain!industry!sectors!such!as! labour!by!prohibiting!discrimination!in!the! workplace,105!as!well!as!health!and! environmental!standards!regarding!human! rights.106!However,!the!implementation!of! each!of!these!Acts!is!still!!challenging.!!!

Guidance!on!expected!outcomes!and!best!practice!

Currently,!there!is!no!guidance!on!the!best! practices!for!industries!regarding!the!issues! of!human!rights!as!they!relate!to!business!in! Tanzania.!There!are,!however,!various!Acts! that!regulate!the!conduct!of!corporate! entities!as!mentioned!above!through! environmental!and!labor!standards.!!!!

Incentives!

Tanzania!has!introduced!a!number!of!acts! regarding!tax!incentives!for!both!local!and! foreign!investors!to!stimulate!economic! growth!and!development!in!the!country.107! However,!these!statutes!that!provide!such! incentives!are!actually!using!taxation!as!a! Government!revenue!collection!tool,! primarily!to!provide!funds!that!meet!social!

49!

demands.!Additionally,!none!of!these!Acts! includes!special!provisions!that!would!allow! the!Tanzania!Revenue!Authority!to!regulate! tax!incentives.!! 3.5.!National!Human!Rights!Institutions!(NHRIs)! Has(the(State(formally(recognized(and(supported(the(role(of(NHRIs(in(promoting(implementation(of(the(UNGPs?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!NRHI!was!established!in!2001!by!the!Constitution!of! United!Republic!of!Tanzania,!1977!as!amended!in!2001!to! accommodate!the!establishment!of!the!Commission!of!Human! Rights!and!Good!Governance!(CHRAGG).108!! CHRAGG!operates!under!the!Ministry!of!Constitutional!and! Legal!Affairs,!and!the!State!of!Tanzania!provides!support!to! CHRAGG,!including!both!employment!and!financial!resources.! Commissioners!are!appointed!to!the!CHRAGG!by!the! Chairperson!of!the!central!government,!who!is!appointed!by!the! president!of!United!Republic!of!Tanzania.!!

NHRI!Establishment,!Recognition,!and!Support!

The!Basic!Duties!and!Enforcement!Act109!more!specifically! provides!the!necessary!procedures!that!should!be!used!to! enforce!sections!12!to!29!of!the!Constitution!of!Tanzania,!while! informing!people!of!their!rights!to!redress!through!the!court! system.!

50!

Tanzania’s!NHRI,!CHRAGG,!works!to!implement!the!country’s! National!Action!Plan!on!Human!Rights!and!has!committed!to! promote!Human!Rights!within!businesses!throughout! Tanzania.110! However,!there!is!little!support!from!the!government!for! implementing!human!rights!into!business!practices.!CHRAGG! primarily!receives!support!for!implementing!business!and! human!rights!through!capacity!building!from!foreign!partners,! such!as!the!Danish!Institute!on!Human!Rights!(DIHR)!and!the! International!Corporate!Accountability!Roundtable!(ICAR).111!!

NHRI!Focus!on!Business!and!Human!Rights!

CHRAGG!has!not!yet!developed!a!guiding!tool!for!business! enterprises!to!monitor!human!rights!abuses,!and!therefore!they! have!yet!to!create!a!system!for!the!implementation!of!the! UNGPs.!! Implementation!status!

Gaps! • The!establishment!of!Tanzania’s!NHRI,!CHRAGG,!is! mandated!by!the!Constitution!of!the!United!Republic!of! Tanzania,112!which!is!implemented!through!the! Commission!for!Human!Rights!and!Good!Governance! Act!of!2001.! • CHRAGG!decisions!are!nonQbinding!and!the!Commission! has!no!legal!authority!to!enforce!its!decisions.113! • CHRAGG!is!partially!independent!in!the!sense!that!the!

NHRI!Establishment,!Recognition,!and!Support!

51!

Commissioners!are!!Presidentially!appointed,!but!that! they!function!as!a!separate!entity!once!appointed.114!! • The!President!has!the!power!to!bar!any!investigation!of! particular!persons!by!CHRAGG,!and!can!also!request! special!reports!from!CHRAGG!Commissioners.115! CHRAGG!is!currently!working!on!Tanzania’s!National!Action!Plan! on!Human!Rights!and!has!committed!to!promote!human!rights! and!business!by!developing!said!National!Action!Plan!with!the! help!of!ICAR!and!the!DIHR.116!

NHRI!Focus!on!Business!and!Human!Rights!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&4& States!should!take!additional!steps!to!protect!against!human!rights!abuses!by!business!enterprises!that!are!owned!or!controlled!by! the!State,!or!that!receive!substantial!support!and!services!from!State!agencies!such!as!export!credit!agencies!and!official!investment! insurance!or!guarantee!agencies,!including,!where!appropriate,!by!requiring!human!rights!due!diligence.! Commentaries! States!individually!are!the!primary!dutyQbearers!under!international!human!rights!law,!and!collectively!they!are!the!trustees!of!the! international!human!rights!regime.!Where!a!business!enterprise!is!controlled!by!the!State!or!where!its!acts!can!be!attributed! otherwise!to!the!State,!an!abuse!of!human!rights!by!the!business!enterprise!may!entail!a!violation!of!the!State’s!own!international!law! obligations.!Moreover,!the!closer!a!business!enterprise!is!to!the!State,!or!the!more!it!relies!on!statutory!authority!or!taxpayer!support,! the!stronger!the!State’s!policy!rationale!becomes!for!ensuring!that!the!enterprise!respects!human!rights.!! ! Where!States!own!or!control!business!enterprises,!they!have!greatest!means!within!their!powers!to!ensure!that!relevant!policies,! legislation!and!regulations!regarding!respect!for!human!rights!are!implemented.!Senior!management!typically!reports!to!State! agencies,!and!associated!government!departments!have!greater!scope!for!scrutiny!and!oversight,!including!ensuring!that!effective! human!rights!due!diligence!is!implemented.!(These!enterprises!are!also!subject!to!the!corporate!responsibility!to!respect!human!

52!

rights,!addressed!in!Chapter!II.)!! ! A!range!of!agencies!linked!formally!or!informally!to!the!State!may!provide!support!and!services!to!business!activities.!These!include! export!credit!agencies,!official!investment!insurance!or!guarantee!agencies,!development!agencies!and!development!finance! institutions.!Where!these!agencies!do!not!explicitly!consider!the!actual!and!potential!adverse!impacts!on!human!rights!of!beneficiary! enterprises,!they!put!themselves!at!riskâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;in!reputational,!financial,!political!and!potentially!legal!termsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;for!supporting!any!such!harm,! and!they!may!add!to!the!human!rights!challenges!faced!by!the!recipient!State.! 4.1.!Businesses!Owned!or!Controlled!by!the!State ( Does(the(State(exercise(special(measures(to(support(the(human(rights(performance(of(StateMowned(or( controlled(business(enterprises?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Creating!Human!Rights!Due!Diligence!requirements!is!still!a! major!challenge!in!Tanzania.!There!is!no!legal!framework!that! obliges!business!enterprises!to!conduct!due!diligence,!except!in! the!case!of!the!Environmental!Management!Act,!which!requires! that!each!corporation!conduct!Environmental!Impact! Assessments!that!support!the!human!right!to!a!healthy! environment.117!! Human!Rights!Due!Diligence!Requirements! ! Additionally,!the!Tanzania!Investment!Centre!(TIC)!as!established! by!the!Investment!Act!of!1997!plays!a!minor!role!in!safeguarding! human!rights.118!However,!the!Investment!Actâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!main!purpose!is! to!promote!investment!in!Tanzania,!rather!than!to!promote! human!rights.!! !

53!

Also,!Tanzania!has!not!adopted!a!human!rights!based!approach! in!development!projects,!therefore!human!rights!issues!are!seen! as!being!less!important!than!encouraging!investment!in!the! country!overall.!! ! Apart!from!the!establishment!of!CHRAGG,!the!Tanzanian! Government!has!also!established!the!Public!Ethics!Secretariat! Other!Measures! whose!primary!responsibility!is!to!ensure!the!ethical!behavior!of! public!officials.119! Implementation!Status! Gaps! There!is!very!little!public!participation!in!implementing!various! developmental!programs!for!natural!resources.!Even!local! government!authorities!in!resource!rich!areas!are!not!consulted.! ! For!instance,!all!major!mining!companies!do!not!provide!data!on! their!operations!at!the!district!level,!it!is!only!available!at!the! ministry!level.120! 4.2.!Businesses!Receiving!Substantial!Support!and!Services!from!State!Agencies! Does(the(State(exercise(special(measures(to(support(the(human(rights(performance(of(businesses(receiving( substantial(support(and(service(from(State(agencies((for(example,(export(credit(agencies,(public(banks,(public( pension(funds,(official(investment(insurance(or(guarantee(agencies,(development(agencies,(or(development( finance(institutions)?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Has(the(State(required(that(businesses(receiving(substantial( Human!Rights!Considerations! support(and(services(from(State(agencies(take(into(account( human(rights(considerations?(

54!

What(types(of(human(rights(due(diligence(measures(by(StateM supported(businesses(are(required(by(the(State?(How(do( associated(government(departments(ensure(that(effective( human(rights(due(diligence(is(being(carried(out?(What(type(of( scrutiny(and(oversight(do(such(government(departments(have( over(these(businesses?( Has(the(State(set(out(any(other(special(measures(to(support(the( human(rights(performance(of(StateMowned(or(controlled( business(enterprises?( Gaps! Although!there!are!various!laws!governing! business!in!Tanzania.,!such!as!the!Labour! Laws121!and!The!Company!Act,122!there! are!not!any!specific!laws!that!take!Human! Rights!into!consideration!in!the!corporate! context.! Apart!from!the!enactment!of!various!laws! to!regulate!corporate!operations,123!most! of!the!corporate!enterprises!in!Tanzania! do!not!conduct!due!diligence,!nor!are!they! required!to!do!so!in!order!to!minimize! business!operationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;!negative!impacts!on! society!and!the!environment.!This!is!also! an!issue!due!to!the!Governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!failure! to!effectively!implement!the!enacted!laws.!

Human!Rights!Due!Diligence!Requirements!

Other!Measures! Implementation!status!

Human!Rights!Considerations!

Human!Rights!Due!Diligence!Requirements!

55!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&5& States!should!exercise!adequate!oversight!in!order!to!meet!their!international!human!rights!obligations!when!they!contract!with,!or! legislate!for,!business!enterprises!to!provide!services!that!may!impact!upon!the!enjoyment!of!human!rights.! Commentaries! States!do!not!relinquish!their!international!human!rights!law!obligations!when!they!privatize!the!delivery!of!services!that!may!impact! upon!the!enjoyment!of!human!rights.!Failure!by!States!to!ensure!that!business!enterprises!performing!such!services!operate!in!a! manner!consistent!with!the!State’s!human!rights!obligations!may!entail!both!reputational!and!legal!consequences!for!the!State!itself.! As!a!necessary!step,!the!relevant!service!contracts!or!enabling!legislation!should!clarify!the!State’s!expectations!that!these!enterprises! respect!human!rights.!States!should!ensure!that!they!can!effectively!oversee!the!enterprises’!activities,!including!through!the! provision!of!adequate!independent!monitoring!and!accountability!mechanisms.! 5.1.!Public!Service!Delivery! Does(the(State(ensure(that(human(rights(are(protected(in(situations(where(private(enterprises(provide(for( government(services(that(may(impact(upon(the(enjoyment(of(human(rights?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! There!are!no!legal!frameworks!or!contractual!obligations!to!provide!social! services!in!Tanzania.124!For!instance,!Corporate!Social!Responsibility!(CSR)! Legislative!or!Contractual!Protections! reports!are!just!a!matter!of!good!practice!for!corporations!and!not!a! matter!of!law.!It!is!a!privilege!to!provide!a!CSR!report!and!not!a!right!to! receive!one!in!Tanzania.!! Nothing!has!been!done!to!raise!awareness!of!this!issue!due!to!the!lack!of! expertise!on!human!rights!and!business!in!the!country!generally.!This! AwarenessQRaising! includes!Tanzania’s!NHRI,!CHRAGG,!as!lacking!in!business!and!human! rights!expertise.!

56!

Implementation!Status! None!

Gaps! No!legal!framework!!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&6& States!should!promote!respect!for!human!rights!by!business!enterprises!with!which!they!conduct!commercial!transactions.! Commentaries!! States!conduct!a!variety!of!commercial!transactions!with!business!enterprises,!not!least!through!their!procurement!activities.!This! provides!States—individually!and!collectively—with!unique!opportunities!to!promote!awareness!of!and!respect!for!human!rights!by! those!enterprises,!including!through!the!terms!of!contracts,!with!due!regard!to!States’!relevant!obligations!under!national!and! international!law.! 6.1.!Public!Procurement! Which(types(of(requirements(or(incentives(to(respect(human(rights(can(be(found(in(legislative(measures(or(in( terms(of(public(procurement?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Tanzania!has!enacted!the!Public!Procurement!Act,!which!regulates!public! procurement.125!The!Act!specifically!prohibits!corrupt!practices,!such!as! illegal!bidding!by!contractors126.!However,!the!Act!does!not!stipulate!any! human!rights!considerations!on!part!of!the!contractors!(bidders)!in!the! Planning!for!Procurement!Needs!and!Risks! procurement!process.!! •

Providing!Notice!During!Bid!Solicitation!

There!is!no!human!rights!due!diligence!requirement!for!public! procurement!contractors.!

In!Tanzania,!the!State!emphasizes!the!consequences!for!corrupt! practices,!but!does!not!specifically!detail!human!rights!considerations!as!

57!

Screening!and!Selection!

Award!Stage!

they!relate!to!corruption.! There!are!no!such!screening!and!selection!practices!in!Tanzania,! however,!the!Fair!Competition!Act!provides!room!for!contractors!to! challenge!what!they!consider!to!be!biased!decisions!or!unfair!trade! practices!through!State!agencies.127!Despite!the!protection!of! contractors,!the!problem!is!the!Actâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!failure!to!view!procurement!in! Tanzania!as!requiring!human!rights!due!diligence.!For!instance,!in!2014,! $120!million!USD!was!illegally!withdrawn!from!the!Tanzanian!central! bank!in!a!deal!that!involved!the!Independent!Power!Tanzania!Ltd!(IPTL)! which!is!a!joint!venture!between!a!Tanzanian!and!Malaysian!company,!as! well!as!three!top!tier!government!officials.128!This!act!of!procurement! was!corrupt!and!also!failed!to!take!the!rights!of!taxpayers!into! consideration,!thus!violating!their!human!rights.! Do(State(agencies(have(criteria(and(subMcriteria(for(what(constitutes(the( most(economically(advantageous(tender,(including(human(rights(criteria?( Have(State(agencies(taken(steps(to(clarify(how(human(rights(standards( and(policies(might(be(used(to(form(part(of(the(award(criteria(for(a( particular(contract?(Do(State(agencies(require(contractors(to(disclose( information(on(their(supply(chain,(including(specific(subcontractors(and( the(addresses(of(factories(or(sites(of(supply?(Do(State(agencies(confirm(a( contractorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s(assurances(and(required(development(of(compliance(plans( during(the(award(stage?(! ! This!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania.!! !

58!

Contract!Terms!

Auditing!and!Monitoring!

Enforcement!of!Contract!Terms!and!Corrective! Action!

Implementation!

There!is!no!clear!information!as!contract!terms!between!the!government! and!foreign!corporations!are!confidential!and!not!available!for!the!public.!! There!is!no!such!department!or!institution!that!monitors!contractual! compliance!in!Tanzania.!Instead,!the!Tanzania!Revenue!Authority129! works!alongside!the!Tanzania!Mining!Auditing!Authority!(TMAA)130!to! ensure!that!mining!revenue!is!collected!for!the!State.!However,!the! interest!is!on!revenue!collection!and!not!on!human!rights!compliance.! Only!CHRAGG!monitors!human!rights!violations!in!Tanzania,!while!NGOs! and!CSOs!are!the!main!reporters!on!nonQstate!actors.131!Ultimately,!there! is!no!enforcement!of!contractual!terms!that!include!human!rights,!and! corrective!actions!for!contractual!issues!are!taken!up!in!private!actions! amongst!the!parties.!! Gap! â&#x20AC;˘ Investment!Contracts!are! confidential.! â&#x20AC;˘ No!State!bodies!exist!that!monitor! or!audit!the!performance!of! different!State!or!nonQstate!actors! in!regards!to!human!rights.!!

6.2.!Other!Commercial!Activities! Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(promote(awareness(of(and(respect(for(human(rights(by(other(enterprises(with( which(the(State(conducts(commercial(activities?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Tanzania!has!not!taken!any!measures!to!promote!respect!for!human! Business!Partnerships! rights!in!business!that!are!working!under!partnerships!for!economic!

59!

Implementation!Status! None!

development!and!innovation!(for!example,!growth!funds,!or!strategic! support!for!innovation!in!certain!sectors,!such!as!green!energy!or!medical! technology).! Gaps! There!are!no!legal!or!policyQbased!frameworks! that!provide!guidance!on!business!conduct! regarding!human!rights!in!Tanzania.!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&7& Because!the!risk!of!gross!human!rights!abuses!is!heightened!in!conflictQaffected!areas,!States!should!help!ensure!that!business! enterprises!operating!in!those!contexts!are!not!involved!with!such!abuses,!including!by:! (a) Engaging!at!the!earliest!stage!possible!with!business!enterprises!to!help!them!identify,!prevent!and!mitigate!the!human!rightsQ related!risks!of!their!activities!and!business!relationships;! (b) Providing!adequate!assistance!to!business!enterprises!to!assess!and!address!the!heightened!risks!of!abuses,!paying!special! attention!to!both!genderQbased!and!sexual!violence;! (c) Denying!access!to!public!support!and!services!for!a!business!enterprise!that!is!involved!with!gross!human!rights!abuses!and! refuses!to!cooperate!in!addressing!the!situation;! Ensuring!that!their!current!practices,!legislation,!regulations!and!enforcement!measures!are!effective!in!addressing!the!risk!of! business!involvement!in!gross!human!rights!abuses.! Commentaries! Some!of!the!worst!human!rights!abuses!involving!business!occur!amid!conflict!over!the!control!of!territory,!resources!or!a! Government!itselfâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;!where!the!human!rights!regime!cannot!be!expected!to!function!as!intended.!Responsible!businesses!increasingly! seek!guidance!from!States!about!how!to!avoid!contributing!to!human!rights!harm!in!these!difficult!contexts.!Innovative!and!practical!

60!

approaches!are!needed.!In!particular,!it!is!important!to!pay!attention!to!the!risk!of!sexual!and!genderQbased!violence,!which!is! especially!prevalent!during!times!of!conflict.!! ! It!is!important!for!all!States!to!address!issues!early!before!situations!on!the!ground!deteriorate.!In!conflictQaffected!areas,!the!“host”! State!may!be!unable!to!protect!human!rights!adequately!due!to!a!lack!of!effective!control.!Where!transnational!corporations!are! involved,!their!“home”!States!therefore!have!roles!to!play!in!assisting!both!those!corporations!and!host!States!to!ensure!that! businesses!are!not!involved!with!human!rights!abuse,!while!neighboring!States!can!provide!important!additional!support.!! ! To!achieve!greater!policy!coherence!and!assist!business!enterprises!adequately!in!such!situations,!home!States!should!foster!closer! cooperation!among!their!development!assistance!agencies,!foreign!and!trade!ministries,!and!export!finance!institutions!in!their! capitals!and!within!their!embassies,!as!well!as!between!these!agencies!and!host!Government!actors;!develop!earlyQwarning!indicators! to!alert!Government!agencies!and!business!enterprises!to!problems;!and!attach!appropriate!consequences!to!any!failure!by! enterprises!to!cooperate!in!these!contexts,!including!by!denying!or!withdrawing!existing!public!support!or!services,!or!where!that!is! not!possible,!denying!their!future!provision.!! ! States!should!warn!business!enterprises!of!the!heightened!risk!of!being!involved!with!gross!abuses!of!human!rights!in!conflictQaffected! areas.!They!should!review!whether!their!policies,!legislation,!regulations!and!enforcement!measures!effectively!address!this! heightened!risk,!including!through!provisions!for!human!rights!due!diligence!by!business.!Where!they!identify!gaps,!States!should!take! appropriate!steps!to!address!them.!This!may!include!exploring!civil,!administrative!or!criminal!liability!for!enterprises!domiciled!or! operating!in!their!territory!and/or!jurisdiction!that!commit!or!contribute!to!gross!human!rights!abuses.!Moreover,!States!should! consider!multilateral!approaches!to!prevent!and!address!such!acts,!as!well!as!support!effective!collective!initiatives.! ! All!these!measures!are!in!addition!to!States’!obligations!under!international!humanitarian!law!in!situations!of!armed!conflict,!and! under!international!criminal!law.! 7.1.!Guidance!

61!

Does(the(home(State(play(a(role(in(assisting(both(corporations(and(host(States(to(ensure(that(businesses(are( not(involved(with(human(rights(abuse(in(conflictMaffected(areas?( Indicators! Scoping!questions!

Host!State!relationship!

Does(the(State(seek(to(ensure(that(it(is(informed(of(the(role(of( corporations(headquartered(within(its(jurisdiction(in(conflictMaffected( areas?(Does(the(home(State(engage(with(the(host(State(in(ensuring(that( businesses(are(respecting(human(rights?( This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because!there!are! no!Tanzanian!corporations!that!operate!outside!of!Tanzania.!!

Business!Guidance!

Does(the(State(provide(guidance(for(companies(operating(in(conflictM affected(areas(on(what(specific(human(rights(issues(that(the(companies( should(be(aware(of(and(pay(specific(attention(to(in(their(due(diligence( process((such(as(gender(and(sexual(violence,(discrimination,(and( contributing(to(conflict(through(finance)?(( This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because!Tanzania! is!not!involved!in!any!conflictQaffected!areas.!!

7.2.!International!Frameworks!and!Initiatives! Has(the(State(officially(supported(or(implemented(international(frameworks(and(initiatives(on(the(private( sector(role(in(conflictMaffected(areas?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Promotion!of!Initiatives! Does(the(State(participate(in(and/or(promote(relevant(initiatives((for(

62!

example,(the(Voluntary(Principles(or(the(International(Code(of(Conduct( for(Private(Security(Service(Providers)?( ! This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because! Tanzanian!is!not!involved!in!any!conflictQaffected!areas.! 7.3.!Supportive!Measures! Does(the(State(investigate(company(activities(in(conflictMaffected(areas,(act(upon(these(investigations,(and( provide(redress?( Indicators! Scoping!questions!

Investigative!Measures!

Does(the(State(have(a(procedure(for(investigating(company(activities(in( conflictMaffected(areas((for(example,(through(the(appointment(of(a( mission(that(may(report(to(the(Parliament(or(asking(the(local(embassy(to( investigate(in(the(host(State(and(report(to(relevant(authorities(in(the( home(State)?( This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because! Tanzanian!is!not!involved!in!any!conflictQaffected!areas.!!

FollowQUp!and!Remedial!Measures!

Does(the(State(have(a(procedure(for(followMup(on(issues(identified( through(the(investigative(process((for(example,(through(the(denial(or( withdrawal(of(existing(public(support(or(services(to(business(enterprises( that(are(involved(in(human(rights(abuse(or(other(crimes)?(Has(the(State( developed(mechanisms(of(extraterritorial(criminal(liability?(Is(it(possible( for(the(State(to(impose(sanctions(on(persons(and(entities(for(example,(by( seizing(equipment(or(freezing(assets?((

63!

! This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because! Tanzanian!is!not!involved!in!any!conflictQaffected!areas.!! 7.4.!Gross!Human!Rights!Abuses! ( Has(the(State(put(in(place(measures(for(addressing(the(risk(of(business(involvement(in(gross(human(rights( abuses?( ! Indicators! Scoping!questions! Has(the(State(put(in(place(procedures(to(warn(business(enterprises(of(the( heightened(risk(of(being(involved(with(gross(abuses(of(human(rights(in( conflictMaffected(areas?( EarlyQWarning!Procedures! ! This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because!there!are! no!Tanzanian!corporations!that!operate!outside!of!Tanzania.! Has(the(State(put(in(place(efforts(with(the(aim(of(fostering(closer( cooperation(among(its(development(assistance(agencies,(foreign(and( trade(ministries,(and(export(finance(institutions(in(its(capitals(and(within( CrossQUnit!Cooperation! its(embassies,(as(well(as(between(these(agencies(and(host(State(actors?( ! This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because!there!are! no!Tanzanian!corporations!that!operate!outside!of!Tanzania.! Has(the(State(introduced(civil(or(criminal(liability(for(enterprises( Civil!and/or!Criminal!Liability! domiciled(or(operating(in(their(territory(and/or(jurisdiction(that(commit( or(contribute(to(gross(human(rights(abuses,(including(abuses(outside(of(

64!

its(territorial(jurisdiction,(as(permitted(by(the(UNGPs(and(international( human(rights(law?( ( No.!! Has(the(State(engaged(in(multilateral(approaches(to(prevent(and(address( acts(of(gross(human(rights(abuses?(Does(the(State(accept(the(jurisdiction( of(the(International(Criminal(Court((ICC)?( Multilateral!Approach! ! This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because!there!are! no!Tanzanian!corporations!that!operate!outside!of!Tanzania.! 7.5!Role!of!Export!Credit!Agencies!and!Insurance!Agencies! Does(the(State(ensure(that(Export(Credit(Agencies(and(Insurance(Agencies(do(not(contribute(or(financially( benefit(from(negative(human(rights(impacts(and(abuse?( Indicators! Scoping!questions! Has(the(State(put(in(place(special(measures(to(ensure(that(export(credit( agencies(and(insurance(companies(are(not(contributing(to,(or(financially( benefitting(from,(negative(human(rights(impacts(and(abuse?(Are(there( rules(and(incentives(for(such(institutions(to(take(human(rights(impacts( Special!Measures! into(consideration(in(their(financing(and(investment(procedures?(( ! This!question!is!not!applicable!in!Tanzania!because!there!are! no!Tanzanian!corporations!that!operate!outside!of!Tanzania.!

65!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&8& States!should!ensure!that!governmental!departments,!agencies!and!other!StateQbased!institutions!that!shape!business!practices!are! aware!of!and!observe!the!State’s!human!rights!obligations!when!fulfilling!their!respective!mandates,!including!by!providing!them!with! relevant!information,!training!and!support.! Commentaries! There!is!no!inevitable!tension!between!States’!human!rights!obligations!and!the!laws!and!policies!they!put!in!place!that!shape! business!practices.!However,!at!times,!States!have!to!make!difficult!balancing!decisions!to!reconcile!different!societal!needs.!To! achieve!the!appropriate!balance,!States!need!to!take!a!broad!approach!to!managing!the!business!and!human!rights!agenda,!aimed!at! ensuring!both!vertical!and!horizontal!domestic!policy!coherence.! ! Vertical!policy!coherence!entails!States!having!the!necessary!policies,!laws!and!processes!to!implement!their!international!human! rights!law!obligations.!Horizontal!policy!coherence!means!supporting!and!equipping!departments!and!agencies,!at!both!the!national! and!subnational!levels,!that!shape!business!practices—including!those!responsible!for!corporate!law!and!securities!regulation,! investment,!export!credit!and!insurance,!trade!and!labour—to!be!informed!of!and!act!in!a!manner!compatible!with!the!Governments’! human!rights!obligations.! 8.1.!Policy!Coherence! Have(efforts(been(made(within(the(State(to(support(knowledge(and(understanding(for(human(rights(and( business(and(the(State(duty?( Indicators! Scoping!questions!

Clear!Commitment!

The!State!has!made!no!clear!commitment!to!directly!support! knowledge!and!understanding!regarding!business!and!human! rights!however,!in!some!State!Acts!there!are!commitments! for!businesses!to!pay!royalties!that!bring!money!back!into!

66!

the!economy!that!could!be!used!to!support!human!rights. 132 !!

Roles!and!Responsibilities!

Has(the(State(developed(a(clear(division(of(responsibilities(to(help( coordinate(human(rights(and(business(issues(between(and(across( different(government(agencies(and(departments?(( No,!it!has!not.!!

Resources!

Has(the(State(provided(the(responsible(entity(or(office(with(adequate( resources(in(terms(of(economic(funding(and(political(backing,(in(order(for( it(to(work(actively(in(contributing(to(meeting(the(duty(of(the(State(to( protect(human(rights(within(individual(areas(of(responsibility(and( expertise?( No.!Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!political!will!to!safeguard!human!rights!is!not! promising.!In!fact,!Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!National!Human!Rights! Institution!(CHRAGG)!is!underfunded!every!year.!!

Guidance!and!Training!

Has(the(State(developed(guidance(and(training(materials(to(help(clarify( the(roles(of(different(departments(in(promoting(and(protecting(human( rights(with(regard(to(the(role(of(business?(Does(this(guidance(include( specific(information(on(protection(of(human(rights(and(how(this(relates( to(international(and(regional(obligations(and(commitments((for(example,( UN,(OECD,(and(regional(obligations(and(commitments)?(Does(this( guidance(include(specific(information(on(the(protection(of(human(rights(

67!

in(trade,(with(an(emphasis(on(the(role(of(regional(bodies(and( international(organizations((for(example,(the(WTO,(IFIs((WB,(IFC,(etc.),( and(regional(IFIs((EBRD,(EIB,(etc.))?(Further,(does(the(guidance(provide( information(on(the(roles(and(responsibilities(across(ministries(or(agencies( (for(example,(enterprise,(labor,(development,(foreign(affairs,(agriculture,( environment(and(climate(change,(financial(sector,(health,(information( society(policy,(and(national(financial(institutions(and(funds)?(( Not!enough!available!information!to!answer!this!question.!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&9& States!should!maintain!adequate!domestic!policy!space!to!meet!their!human!rights!obligations!when!pursuing!businessQrelated!policy! objectives!with!other!States!or!business!enterprises,!for!instance!through!investment!treaties!or!contracts.! Commentaries! Economic!agreements!concluded!by!States,!either!with!other!States!or!with!business!enterprisesâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;such!as!bilateral!investment! treaties,!freeQ!trade!agreements!or!contracts!for!investment!projectsâ&#x20AC;&#x201D;create!economic!opportunities!for!States.!But!they!can!also! affect!the!domestic!policy!space!of!Governments.!For!example,!the!terms!of!international!investment!agreements!may!constrain! States!from!fully!implementing!new!human!rights!legislation,!or!put!them!at!risk!of!binding!international!arbitration!if!they!do!so.! Therefore,!States!should!ensure!that!they!retain!adequate!policy!and!regulatory!ability!to!protect!human!rights!under!the!terms!of! such!agreements,!while!providing!the!necessary!investor!protection.! 9.1.!Bilateral!and!Multilateral!Investment!Agreements!and!Arbitration!of!Disputes!

68!

Has(the(State(put(in(place(policies,(guidance,(monitoring,(and(reporting(for(relevant(ministries(or(agencies(with( regard(to(the(conclusion(of(bilateral(and(multilateral(investment(agreements(and(with(regard(to(the(arbitration( of(disputes?( Indicators!

Scoping!questions!

Has(the(State(worked(at(promoting(the(inclusion(of(specific(human(rights( provisions(in(International(Investment(Agreements((IIEs)(and(Bilateral( Investment(Treaties((BITs)?(

Human!Rights!Provisions!in!IIAs!and!BITs!

Inclusion!of!Social!Issues!in!IIAs!and!BITs!

From!an!NGO!perspective,!there!is!little!evidence!regarding! the!Stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!support!for!human!rights!based!provisions!within! IIEs!and!BITs!because!these!agreements!remain!confidential.! Although!Members!of!Parliament!(the!Legislature)!strive!to! make!sure!that!such!agreements!are!made!freely!available!in! public!domain,!the!reality!is!that!the!confidentiality!standard! prevents!NGOs!from!being!involved!in!promoting!human! rights!through!these!agreements!and!treaties.!!

Has(the(State(worked(at(promoting(the(inclusion(of(social(issues,(such(as( the(environment,(labor(rights,(or(social(rights,(in(International(Investment( Agreements(and(Bilateral(Investment(Treaties?( ! The!Investment!Act!includes!a!mandatory!requirement!for! foreign!companies!to!guarantee!the!availability!of!

69!

Stabilization!Clauses!

employment!opportunities!to!native!Tanzanians. 133 ! Therefore,!labour!rights!are!safeguarded!to!a!certain!extent! because!foreign!companies!must!respect!employment!laws! such!as!those!in!the!Employment!and!Labour!Relations!Act! and!the!Labour!Institutions!Act.!These!laws!act!as!safeguards! for!employment!related!human!rights!in!Tanzania. 134 !! ! Additionally,!mandatory!environmental!impact!assessments! and!audits!under!the!Environmental!Management!Act! presumably!require!that!corporationsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;!contracts!include! provisions!to!safeguard!the!human!right!to!a!healthy! environment. 135 !! Has(the(State(put(in(place(measures(to(ensure(that(stabilisation(clauses( do(not(limit(the(host(governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s(ability(to(meet(its(human(rights( obligations?( ! Stabilisation!clauses!included!in!many!foreign!investment! contracts!play!a!great!role!in!limiting!the!governmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! ability!to!meet!its!human!rights!obligations. 136 !This!is! evidenced!in!Tanzania!particularly!by!the!inability!of!the! government!to!alter!any!provisions!of!said!contracts!for!the! betterment!of!its!people. 137 !The!government!cannot!increase! taxes!or!royalties!from!foreign!businesses!because!they!are! not!politically!stable!enough!to!request!those!changes.!Thus,! without!being!able!to!change!the!political!climate!and!

70!

poverty!within!the!country,!the!government!cannot! concentrate!on!the!development!of!its!country!or!the! livelihoods!of!its!people.!While!Tanzania!is!endowed!with!a! significant!amount!of!natural!resources, 138 !making!it!ripe!for! foreign!investment,!poverty!encourages!stabilisation!clauses,! which!in!turn!prevents!the!government!from!requesting!more! money!to!aid!in!development.!! Implementation!status!

Gaps!

Labour!laws!are!enforceable!by!the!government!and!companies!do!respect!these! rights!in!particular.!! â&#x20AC;˘

As!far!as!social!rights!are!concerned,!corporations!have!ensured!that!the! neighbouring!villages!close!to!their!operations!have!access!to!health,! education,!water!services,!and!in!some!areas,!they!have!offered!electricity.139!

9.2.!Government!Agreements!

71!

There!is!a!particularly!important!challenge! with!mining!companies!in!Tanzania!when! employees!are!denied!their!right!to!join!and! form!trade!unions!near!mining!sites.140! Additionally,!!the!government!closely! monitors!companies!that!have!allowed! workers!to!form!trade!unions.141! Social!services!are!frequently!provided!as! part!of!corporate!charity!initiatives!and!not! in!the!form!of!CSR.!It!is!sometimes!argued! that!corporate!offers!for!social!services!are! used!as!advertisements!for,!or!promotions! of,!the!corporations.142!!

Has(the(State(put(in(place(policies(and(guidance(for(relevant(ministries(and(agencies(with(regard(to(the( conclusion(of(government(agreements?( Indicators!

Scoping!questions!

Does(the(State(take(measures(to(ensure(that(human(rights(considerations( are(made(in(agreements(between(the(State(and(corporations?(Are(such( agreements(aligned(with(the(UNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s(principles(for(responsible(contracts?( Human!Rights!in!Government!Agreements!

The!Role!of!the!Home!State!

There!is!no!publicly!available!information!to!determine! whether!the!State!takes!human!rights!into!consideration! when!creating!contracts!because!government!agreements!are! confidential!and!citizens!cannot!gain!access!to!this! information.!

How(does(the(home(State(ensure(that(companies(headquartered(within(its( jurisdiction(respect(the(principles(of(responsible(contracting(when(those( companies(enter(into(agreements(with(host(States?(

Implementation!

Gaps! There!is!no!clear!evidence!to!show!that!the! State!normally!takes!measures!to!ensure!that! human!rights!considerations!are!part!of!the! agreements!between!the!State!and! corporations.!However,!some!agreements!are!

Human!Rights!in!Government!Agreements!

72!

said!to!be!aligned!with!the!United!Nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! Principles!for!Responsible!Contracts.143!! Typically,!the!issue!with!most!of!these! agreements!is!the!lack!of!transparency.144! Not!only!are!the!contracts!unavailable!to!the! public,!but!they!are!also!unavailable!to!most! members!of!the!parliament.145!Thus,!we!are! unable!to!furnish!any!evidence!of!these! contracts!actually!supporting!the!UN! Principles!for!Responsible!Contracts!or! human!rights!generally.! There!is!no!clear!information!on!the!role!of! the!home!state!(Tanzania)!in!ensuring!that! companies!headquartered!within!its! jurisdiction!respect!the!Principles!of! Responsible!Contracting!when!those! companies!enter!into!agreements!with! Tanzania.!

The!Role!of!the!Home!State!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&10& States,!when!acting!as!members!of!multilateral!institutions!that!deal!with!businessQrelated!issues,!should:!! (a) Seek!to!ensure!that!those!institutions!neither!restrain!the!ability!of!their!member!States!to!meet!their!duty!to!protect!nor!

73!

hinder!business!enterprises!from!respecting!human!rights;!! (b) Encourage!those!institutions,!within!their!respective!mandates!and!capacities,!to!promote!business!respect!for!human! rights!and,!where!requested,!to!help!States!meet!their!duty!to!protect!against!human!rights!abuse!by!business!enterprises,! including!through!technical!assistance,!capacityQbuilding!and!awarenessQraising;!! Draw!on!these!Guiding!Principles!to!promote!shared!understanding!and!advance!international!cooperation!in!the!management!of! business!and!human!rights!challenges.! Commentaries! Greater!policy!coherence!is!also!needed!at!the!international!level,!including!where!States!participate!in!multilateral!institutions!that! deal!with!businessQrelated!issues,!such!as!international!trade!and!financial!institutions.!States!retain!their!international!human!rights! law!obligations!when!they!participate!in!such!institutions.! ! CapacityQbuilding!and!awarenessQraising!through!such!institutions!can!play!a!vital!role!in!helping!all!States!to!fulfill!their!duty!to! protect,!including!by!enabling!the!sharing!of!information!about!challenges!and!best!practices,!thus!promoting!more!consistent! approaches.! Collective!action!through!multilateral!institutions!can!help!States!level!the!playing!field!with!regard!to!business!respect!for!human! rights,!but!it!should!do!so!by!raising!the!performance!of!laggards.!Cooperation!between!States,!multilateral!institutions!and!other! stakeholders!can!also!play!an!important!role.! ! These!Guiding!Principles!provide!a!common!reference!point!in!this!regard,!and!could!serve!as!a!useful!basis!for!building!a!cumulative! positive!effect!that!takes!into!account!the!respective!roles!and!responsibilities!of!all!relevant!stakeholders.! 10.1. Membership!in!Multilateral!Institutions!

74!

How(does(the(State(seek(to(ensure(that(the(institutions(it(is(a(member(of(neither(restrain(its(duty(to(protect( nor(hinder(the(business(responsibility(to(respect?( Indicators!

Gaps!

Internal!Procedures!and!Commitment!

There!is!no!established!procedure!in!Tanzania!to!ensure!State!support!for! business!and!human!rights.!In!fact,!even!within!the!UN!Guiding!Principles! on!Business!and!Human!Rights,!there!is!no!such!established!procedure.!!

Promotional!Activities! ! !

There!is!not!any!promotion!of!an!understanding!about!business!and! human!rights!by!the!government.!Only!a!few!NGOs!are!now!championing! the!movement!towards!holding!corporations!accountable!for!human! rights!abuses.146!

Implementation!status!

Gaps! The!State!has!not!taken!the!initiative!to! establish!procedures!and!measures!that!ensure! its!support!for!business!and!human!rights! frameworks,!including!the!UNGPs.!Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s! position,!both!internationally!and!regionally,! does!not!yet!include!human!rights!screening!or! the!documentation!of!negotiating!positions,!nor! does!it!include!the!training!of!trade!and!

Internal!Procedures!and!Commitment!

75!

development!officials!on!business!and!human! rights!frameworks.!Currently,!the!only!State! initiative!supporting!business!and!human!rights! has!been!undertaken!by!CHRAGG!in! collaboration!with!the!Legal!and!Human!Rights! Centre!(LHRC)!to!ensure!respect!for!human! rights!in!the!business!realm.147! Very!few!NGOs,!including!LHRC,!are!trying!to! disseminate!the!UNGPs!throughout!the! country.148!For!instance,!LHRCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!research!shows! that!most!mining!companies!in!Tanzania!have!a! history!of!human!rights!violations,!however,!the! government!affords!these!corporations!with! protection!rather!than!condemnation.149!Thus,! it!appears!that!the!government!does!not! actively!engage!in!its!duty!to!protect!and!ensure! corporate!responsibility!nor!does!it!adequately! protect!the!human!rights!of!its!citizens.!

Promotional!Activities!

! !

76!

PILLAR&III& GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&25& As!part!of!their!duty!to!protect!against!businessQrelated!human!rights!abuse,!states!must!take!appropriate!steps!to!ensure,!through! judicial,!administrative,!legislative!or!other!appropriate!means,!that!when!such!abuses!occur!within!their!territory!and/or!jurisdiction! those!affected!have!access!to!effective!remedy.! COMMENTARIES! The!essence!of!this!principle!is!to!ensure!that!states!guarantees!access!to!remedies!as!part!of!the!access!to!justice!in!human!rights! violations!caused!by!corporates.!It!is!indeed!interest!of!the!public!to!have!access!to!all!available!remedies!that!is!judicial!or!nonQjudicial! In!rural!rich!resource!areas!sometimes!the!citizens!might!be!limited!to!access!remedies!in!nonQjudicial!bodies!but!the!level!of! awareness!should!be!considered!on!how!such!society!can!have!access!to!redress.! 25.1!Redress!for!BusinessQRelated!Human!Rights!Abuses!!

Has(the(State(put(in(place(measures(to(ensure(redress(for(businessMrelated(human(rights(abuses?( Indicator!

Scoping!questions!

77!

•

The!Environmental!Management!Act!lists!both!the!environmental!offences! and!sanctions!for!those!offences.150!!

•

The!Employment!and!Labour!Relation!Act!also!lists!specific!offences!and! sanctions,!including!fines!and!imprisonment,!for!any!employer!who!fails!to! adhere/comply!with!requirements!of!the!act.151!The!Act!also!empowers!the! district!and!resident!Magistrate’s!Courts!to!impose!penalties!such!as!fines!not! exceeding!five!million!shillings,!imprisonment!for!a!term!of!one!year,!or!both,! depending!on!the!circumstances!of!the!case.152!Additionally,!the!act!provides! civil!sanctions!against!employers!for!the!unfair!termination!of!an!employee.153!

•

The!Labour!Institutions!Act!gives!power!to!labour!officers!to!inspect!and! prosecute!enterprises!for!nonQcompliance/violation!of!any!labour!laws.154!!

•

The!Occupational!Health!and!Safety!Act!(OHSA)!allows!inspectors!to!issue! improvement!notices!for!corporations!with!a!deadline!to!remedy!the! problem.155!

•

The!Worker’s!Compensation!Act!gives!power!to!the!Director!General!of!the! Workers!Compensation!Fund!to!institute!proceedings!for!civil!liability!in!cases! where!an!occupational!injury!or!disease!resulting!in!the!disablement!or!death! of!an!employee!based!on!the!theory!of!negligence!can!be!attributed!to!an! employer!or!any!individual!working!under!the!employer.156!Additionally,!if!the! injury!or!disease!was!caused!by!a!breach!of!statutory!duty,!a!wrongful!act,!or! omission!of!the!employer,!or!any!person!under!the!employer!for!whose!act!or! omission!the!employer!is!responsible,!then!courts!will!allow!the!victim!to!

Sanctions!

78!

recover!compensation!for!their!harms!under!civil!law.157!

Financial!or!NonQFinancial! compensation!

Prevention!of!harm!

•

The!National!Social!Security!Fund!Act!also!details!the!offences!and!penalties! for!any!person!or!enterprise!that!fails!to!pay!at!or!within!the!time!prescribed! under!or!by!the!Act.158!Moreover,!the!regulations!state!that!any!contributions! or!payments!for!which!a!person!or!corporation!is!liable!to!pay,!and!for!which! they!fail!to!do!so,!is!considered!to!be!in!contravention!to!the!Act!and!is! therefore!labeled!as!an!offence!allowing!for!fines,!a!term!of!imprisonment!not! exceeding!six!months,!or!both.159!

•

The!Environmental!Management!Act!provides!for!fines!as!compensation!to! the!affected!communities!where!the!right!to!a!healthy!environment!has!been! violated.160!

•

The!Employment!and!Labour!Relations!Act,!also!provides!both!financial!and! nonQfinancial!compensation!against!an!employer!who!unfairly!terminates!an! employee!without!implementing!fair!procedures!and!providing!substantive! reasons!for!termination.161!!

•

The!Occupational!Health!and!Safety!Act’s!(OSHA)!primary!objective!is!to! ensure!the!creation!and!maintenance!of!ideal!work!environments!which!are! free!from!occupational!hazards!that!may!cause!injuries!or!illness!to!all! employees!within!the!workplace.162!Implementation!under!the!Act!is! supported!by!Labour!Inspectors!whose!duties!include!inspecting!workplaces! to!ensure!workers’!access!to!their!rights!of!health!and!safety.163!It!also!

79!

provides!for!the!protection!of!persons!against!hazards!to!health!and!safety! arising!out!of!or!in!connection!with!activities!of!persons!at!work..! â&#x20AC;˘

The!Environmental!Management!Act!also!lays!out!a!legal!and!institutional! framework!for!the!prevention!of!harm!and!for!sustainable!management! procedures.164!These!sections!outline!the!principles!for!environmental! management,!impact!and!risk!assessments,!prevention!and!control!of!harms! such!as!pollution,!waste!management,!environmental!quality!standards,! public!participation,!and!compliance!and!enforcement.165!

Apart!from!the!mandatory!requirement!of!conducting!Environmental!Impact! Assessments,!there!are!no!clear!mechanisms!that!introduce!processes!for!the! prevention!of!harm,!such!as!injunctions!or!assurances!of!nonQrepetition,!for!human! rights!abuses.!

StateQbased!Mechanisms!

In!Tanzania!there!are!judicial,!nonQjudicial,!criminal,!and!civil!mechanisms!where! grievances!can!be!raised!and!addressed.!However,!access!to!such!mechanisms!is!not! freely!accessible!as!there!are!not!only!court!fees!but!also!lawyers!fees.166!The!StateQ based!mechanisms!in!place!do!not!adequately!address!extraterritorial!harms,!which! should!be!addressed!if!Tanzania!takes!the!UNGPs!and!international!human!rights!law! into!account.!

NonQState!mechanisms!

NonQstate!based!mechanisms!in!Tanzania!are!not!common.!

Other!measures!

None.!

80!

Implementation!Status! •

•

Claims!of!human!rights!violations!are! admissible!in!the!High!Court!of! Tanzania.167! Labour!disputes!are!adjudicated!by! labour!institutions!(The!Commission! for!Mediation!and!Arbitration!and!The! High!Court!!for!the!Labour!Division)! established!under!the!Labour! Institutions!Act.168.!

Gaps!

•

Lack!of!nonQstate!mechanisms!!

•

Cumbersome!procedures!in!filling!Human!rights!petitions!in!the!High!Court!

•

Lack!of!protection!for!Social,!Economic!and!Cultural!Rights!in!the!Constitution! of!the!United!Republic!of!Tanzania!

•

Government!Agreements!with!corporations!remain!confidential,!preventing! public!access!to!information!

! 25.2.!Roles!and!Responsibility!Within!States!!

Has(the(State(defined(clear(roles(and(responsibilities(within(the(State(on(access(to(effective(remedy?( Indicators!

Competent!Authorities!! !

Scoping!questions!

Has(the(State(defined(competent(authorities(to(investigate(allegations(of(businessM related(human(rights(abuse?(If(so,(are(these(authorities(equipped(with(the( knowledge(necessary(in(order(to(attribute(the(abuses(to(the(relevant(redress( mechanism?((

81!

( No.!There!are!not!any!authorities!designed!specifically!for! investigating!human!rights!abuse,!however,!the!National! Environmental!Management!Council!has!been!investigating!issues!of! environmental!management!especially!when!there!are!pollutionQ related!harms!involved!or!other!forms!of!degradation!to!the! environment. 169 !Additionally,!the!Occupational!Safety!and!Health! Authority!is!mandated!to!inspect!companies!to!ensure!compliance!with! the!Occupational!Safety!and!Health!Act,!which!supports!a!healthy! workplace!and!workers’!rights. 170 !!!! Implementation! •

•

The!National!Environmental! Management!Council!(NEMC)!is! mandated!to!protect!the!environment! by!the!Environmental!Management! Act.171! Some!violations!are!investigated!by!the! Tanzanian!police!force,!but!only!those! of!criminal!nature.172!

Gap!

•

There!is!no!specific!authority!that!investigates!human!rights!abuse!related!to! human!rights!and!business.!!

•

Law!enforcement!cannot!investigate!human!rights!violations,!furthermore,! some!abuse!may!also!be!caused!by!police!themselves.173!

25.3.!Public!InformationQSharing!and!Accessibility!!

Has(the(State(developed(measures(through(which(to(inform(about(grievance(mechanisms(available,(grievances(

82!

received,(and(relevant(processes?(( Indicator!

Scoping!!

Public!Information!on!the!Mechanism!!

Has(the(State(made(efforts(to(promote(public(awareness(and(understanding(of( remediation(mechanisms,(including(how(they(can(be(accessed(and(their(accessibility?( Does(the(State(inform(about(the(outcome(of(grievances(and(actions(for(followMup( when(systemic(issues(are(identified?(( Tanzania!has!no!such!initiatives!to!promote!public!awareness!of! remedial!mechanisms.!!!

Accessibility!!

Does(the(State(ensure(that(the(mechanisms(are(available(to(all(affected(stakeholders( (including,(for(example,(women,(peoples(with(disabilities,(children,(and(indigenous( peoples)?(This(includes(providing(services(such(as(legal(aid(and(legal(counselling,(as( well(as(support(to,(for(example,(the(NHRI,(CSOs,(or(trade(unions(that(work(to(ensure( greater(accessibility(within(grievance(mechanisms.(( No,!only!civil!society!organizations!are!striving!to!empower! communities!and!ensure!greater!accessibility!to!grievance! mechanisms.!!

Implementation!Status!

Gaps! â&#x20AC;˘

Human!rights!based!education!is!not!embedded!in!either!formal!or!informal! education!systems!

â&#x20AC;˘

The!State!plays!no!role!in!empowering!communities!to!understand!their!

No!Implementation!

83!

rights!or!to!educate!them!about!their!rights! â&#x20AC;˘

The!National!Action!Plan!(NAP)!on!Human!Rights!mentions!human!rights!and! business!in!the!plan,!however,!little!effort!is!made!to!implement!those!plans! on!behalf!of!the!State!!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&26& States!should!take!appropriate!steps!to!ensure!the!effectiveness!of!domestic!judicial!mechanisms!when!addressing!businessQrelated! human!rights!abuses,!including!considering!ways!to!reduce!legal,!practical!and!other!relevant!barriers!that!could!lead!to!a!denial!of! access!to!remedy.! COMMENTARIES! Access!to!justice!should!be!guaranteed!as!per!countryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!constitution.!The!Constitution!of!United!Republic!of!Tanzania!under!Article!13! provides!on!the!rule!of!law!and!access!to!justice!to!its!citizens.!The!Access!to!justice!should!not!be!a!matter!of!privilege!but!itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!a! matter!of!right!without!undue!influence!or!political!will!of!the!rulers.! 26.1.!Judicial!Mechanisms!!

Has(the(State(put(in(place(a(judicial(mechanism(with(the(competency(to(adjudicate(businessMrelated(human(rights(abuses(within(the( national(jurisdiction(of(the(State?(If(so,(are(these(mechanisms(in(line(with(the(criteria(of(impartiality,(integrity,(and(ability(to(accord( due(process?(( No,!there!are!not!any!judicial!mechanisms!is!in!place!with!the!competency!to!adjudicate!business Qrelated!

84!

human!rights!abuse!in!the!United!Republic!of!Tanzania.!! INDICATOR!

Explanation!

National!and!Regional!Courts!!

Do(the(national(and(regional(courts(have(the(competency(to(adjudicate(business(and( human(rights(abuses,(including(for(abuses(that(take(place(outside(of(their(territorial( jurisdiction,(as(permitted(by(the(UNGPs(and(international(human(rights(law?(If(so,(do( they(do(so(in(a(way(that(is(impartial(and(with(integrity(and(ability(to(accord(due( process?(( No,!at!National!and!Regional!levels,!businessQrelated!human!rights! abuse!is!still!a!new!concept,!which!is!why!the!courts!have!no! competency!to!adjudicate!the!issues.!

Labour!Tribunals!!

Do(national(labour(tribunals(have(the(competency(to(adjudicate(business(and(human( rights(abuses?(If(so,(do(they(do(so(in(a(way(that(is(impartial(and(with(integrity(and( ability(to(accord(due(process?(( No,!national!labour!tribunals!do!not!have!the!competency!or!the! authority!to!adjudicate!business!and!human!rights!abuses.!!

Other!Mechanisms!!

Do(other(judicial(mechanisms(have(the(competency(to(adjudicate(business(related( human(rights(abuses?(If(so,(do(they(do(so(in(a(way(that(is(impartial(and(with(integrity( and(ability(to(accord(due(process?(( No.!There!are!no!judicial!mechanisms!that!are!competent!to! adjudicate!business!and!human!rights!related!abuses!because!there!is!

85!

not!even!public!knowledge!of!businessQrelated!human!rights!abuses!in! the!first!place.!! 26.2.!Barriers!for!Access!to!Judicial!Remedy!!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(there(are(no(barriers(to(access(to(judicial(remedy(for(addressing( businessMrelated(human(rights(abuses?(( No,!the!State!has!not!taken!any!measures!to!ensure!that!these!barriers!are!removed!because!they!do!not! recognize!that!there!are!barriers!in!the!first!place.!! Indicators!

Legal!Barriers!!

Scoping!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(there(are(no(legal(barriers(to(prevent( legitimate(cases(from(being(brought(before(the(courts?(This(includes:((1)(ensuring( that(it(is(possible(to(hold(corporations(accountable(under(domestic(criminal(and(civil( laws,(meaning(that(liability(exists(under(the(law;((2)(ensuring(that(all(members(of( society(can(raise(complaints,(including(indigenous(peoples,(migrants,(women,(and( children,(and(are(afforded(the(same(legal(protection(as(for(the(wider(population;((3)( ensuring(that(extraterritorial(harms(can(be(addressed(within(the(courts,(as(permitted( by(the(UNGPs(and(international(human(rights(law;(and((4)(ensuring(that(issues(such( as(conflicts(of(law,(statutes(of(limitation,(parent(company(liability,(and(standards(of( liability(do(not(result(in(barriers(to(victims(of(businessMrelated(human(rights(harms(in( accessing(the(courts?(( â&#x20AC;˘

There!is!little!development!in!terms!of!creating!a!legal!regime! that!safeguards!human!rights!in!Tanzania,!however,!there!are! some!instances!where!corporations!are!held!liable!for!human!

86!

rights!abuses.!For!instance,!corporations!can!be!held! accountable!under!the!domestic!Criminal!and!Civil!laws. 174 ! â&#x20AC;˘

Practical!and!Procedural!Barriers!!

In!some!cases,!however,!the!State!has!taken!measures!to! prevent!legitimate!cases!from!being!brought!before!the!court! due!to!the!heated!issues!brought!up!by!the!cases. 175 !Yet,!even!in! civil!cases,!there!are!legal!barriers!stipulated!under!the!Law!of! Limitations!Act,!1971,!including,!more!specifically,!creating!a! short!time!limit!for!instituting!a!civil!suit!in!a!court!of!law.!!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(there(are(no(practical(or(procedural( barriers(to(prevent(legitimate(cases(from(being(brought(before(the(courts?(This( includes:((1)(ensuring(financial(support,((2)(providing(legal(representation(or( guidance,((3)(providing(opportunities(for(classMactions(and(multiMparty(litigation;((4)( allowing(for(recovery(of(attorneysâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;(fees;((5)(preventing(retaliatory(actions(against( claimants;((6)(reforming(access(to(evidence;(and((7)(providing(training(for( prosecutors(and(judges.(( No.!There!is!no!clear!available!information!from!the!judicial!branch!of! the!Tanzanian!government!describing!best!practices!on!procedural! requirements!for!adjudicating!business!and!human!rights!cases.!

Social!Barriers!!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(there(are(no(social(barriers(to(prevent( legitimate(cases(from(being(brought(before(the(courts?(This(includes:((1)(addressing( imbalances(between(the(parties,((2)(targeted(awarenessMraising(among(vulnerable( groups((for(example,(women,(indigenous(people,(and(children),((3)(availability(of( childMsensitive(procedures(to(children(and(their(representatives,((4)(legal(aid(and( other(type(of(assistance,((5)(efforts(to(combat(corruption,(and((6)(protection(of(

87!

human(rights(defenders.(( No,!the!State!has!not!taken!any!measure!to!ensure!that!there!are!no! social!barriers!to!prevent!cases!from!being!brought!before!the!courts.! As!stated!earlier,!there!are!many!barriers!within!the!court!systems! themselves.!! 26.3.!Remedy!for!Abuses!Taking!Place!in!HostQStates!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(address(the(issue(of(access(of(victims(to(judicial(remedy(for(abuses(by( domiciliary(companies(in(host(States?(( Indicators!

Scoping!

Remedy!of!Extraterritorial!Effect!!

Has(the(State(put(in(place(measures(to(promote(access(to(remedy(of(claimants( (including(vulnerable(groups(such(as(indigenous(peoples,(women,(and(children)(that( have(been(denied(justice(in(a(host(State,(enabling(them(to(access(home(State(courts?( No,!the!State!has!not!put!any!measures!in!place!to!promote!access!to! remedy.!!

Forum!Non!Conveniens!

Does(the(State(allow(a(court(considering(a!forum!non!conveniens(motion(to(consider( factors(against(dismissal(in(addition(to(factors(in(favour(of(dismissal?(( Not!applicable!in!Tanzania.!!

88!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&27& States!should!provide!effective!and!appropriate!nonQjudicial!grievance!mechanisms,!alongside!judicial!mechanisms,!as!part!of!a! comprehensive!StateQbased!system!for!the!remedy!of!businessQrelated!human!rights!abuse! 27.1.!Types!of!NonQJudicial!Mechanisms!!

Has(the(State(provided(effective(and(appropriate(nonMjudicial(grievance(mechanisms?(( Indicators!

Scoping!

Does(the(State(provide(access(of(claimants(to(mediationMbased(nonMjudicial( mechanisms(such(as(National(Contact(Points(under(the(OECD(Guidelines?(Can(these( mechanisms(be(used(for(remedying(businessMrelated(human(rights(abuses?(Do(these( mechanisms(meet(the(effectiveness(criteria(set(out(in(UNGP(31?(( MediationQBased!Mechanisms!! No,!the!State!does!not!provide!mediation!based!or!nonQjudicial! mechanisms!for!claimants.!Although!Tanzania!is!a!member!of!the! Southern!African!Development!Community,!it!does!not!have!a!National! Contact!Point!under!the!OCED!Guidelines.!!

Adjudicative!Mechanisms!!

Does(the(State(provide(access(of(the(claimant(to(adjudicative(mechanisms(such(as( governmentMrun(complaints(offices?(Can(these(mechanisms(be(used(for(remedying( businessMrelated(human(rights(abuses?(Do(these(mechanisms(meet(the(effectiveness( criteria(set(out(in(UNGP(31?((

89!

Yes,!there!is!an!adjudicative!mechanism!used!by!claimants!of!business! â&#x20AC;&#x201C;related!human!rights!abuse,!namely,!the!High!Court!of!Tanzania.!The! High!Court!has!heard!businessQrelated!human!rights!cases!even!though! it!is!not!specifically!created!for!that!purpose!and!such!cases!are!heard! despite!cumbersome!procedures!and!cost. 176 !Thus,!these!mechanisms! do!not!meet!the!effectiveness!criteria!set!out!in!UNGP!31.!!

Other!Mechanisms!!

Does(the(State(provide(access(to(other(types(of(nonMjudicial(mechanisms?(Can(these( mechanisms(be(used(for(remedying(businessMrelated(human(rights(abuses?(Do(these( mechanisms(meet(the(effectiveness(criteria(set(out(in(UNGP(31?(( No,!the!State!does!not!provide!access!to!any!other!types!of!nonQ judicial!mechanisms.!!

27.2.!Role!of!the!NHRI!!

Has(the(State(provided(specific(competency(to(the(national(human(rights(institution((NHRI)(to(perform(the(role( as(a(nonMjudicial(mechanism(for(addressing(grievances?(( Indicators!

Scoping!

Has(the(State(given(the(NHRI(the(mandate(that(allows(it(to(receive(and(handle( complaints(relating(to(corporate(human(rights(abuses?(( ComplaintsQHandling!Role!!

Yes,!Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!NHRI!has!a!mandate!that!allows!it!to!receive!and! handle!complaints!relating!to!human!rights!abuses!and!to!give! recommendations!to!the!parties,!although!such!recommendations!are!

90!

not!binding. 177 !

Has(the(State(given(the(NHRI(the(mandate(that(allows(the(NHRI(to(be(in(a(supportive( role(to(claimants,(such(as(through(mediation,(conciliation,(expert(support,(or(legal( aid?(( Supportive!Role!!

Yes,!Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!NHRI!(Commission!for!Human!Rights!And!Good! Governance)!is!mandated!to!receive!allegations!and!complaints! regarding!violations!of!human!rights!and!to!institute!the!proceedings! in!a!court!designed!to!prevent!and!stop!activities!involving!the! violation!of!human!rights!or!redress!the!right!or!rights!violated,!as! stipulated!in!the!Constitution!of!the!United!Republic!of!Tanzania. 178 !

Has(the(State(given(the(NHRI(the(mandate(to(promote(awareness(on(remedy(to(and( redress(for(corporate(human(rights(abuses?(( AwarenessQRaising!!

Yes,!Tanzaniaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!NHRI!has!given!the!mandate!to!promote!awareness!on! the!aspects!of!Human!rights!generally!by!educating!the!public!about! such!issues,!although!it!does!not!specifically!require!the!NHRI!to! educate!corporations!about!those!same!issues.!

Has(the(State(given(the(NHRI(the(mandate(to(provide(training(of(relevant( stakeholders(on(their(access(to(remedy(for(corporate(human(rights(abuses?(( Training!!

No,!the!NHRIâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!mandate!does!not!include!corporate!training!for!human! rights!abuse,!rather,!it!only!provides!for!training!of!the!public!on! human!rights.!!

91!

Counselling!!

Has(the(State(given(the(NHRI(the(mandate(to(provide(counselling(on(which(remedy(to( access?((

Implementation!!

Gap! â&#x20AC;˘

There!are!no!adequate!enforcement!mechanisms!to!ensure!that!businesses! respect!human!rights.!

â&#x20AC;˘

Most!stakeholders,!including!government!actors,!the!business!community,! civil!society,!the!public!and!the!media!are!not!fully!aware!of!the!frameworks! available!on!business!and!human!rights!

â&#x20AC;˘

The!absence!of!policies!and!laws!to!regulate!business!and!human!rights!in! Tanzania!also!prevents!realisation!of!human!rights!

27.3.!Barriers!for!Access!to!NonQJudicial!Remedy!!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(there(are(no(barriers(to(access(to(nonM(judicial(remedy(for( addressing(businessMrelated(human(rights(abuses?(( Indicators!

Scoping!

Practical!and!Procedural!Barriers!!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(there(are(no(practical(or(procedural( barriers(to(prevent(legitimate(cases(from(being(heard(by(nonMjudicial(mechanisms?( Measures(to(prevent(procedural(barriers(include:(( 1.(Financial(support;((

92!

2.(Providing(guidance;(( 3.(Ensuring(that(the(information(on(the(mechanism(is(provided(in(a(language(that(is( understandable(to(potential(complainants;(( 4.(Ensuring(accessibility(despite(geographical(issues(or(difficulties((for(example,(long( distances).(( Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(there(are(no(other(barriers(to(prevent( legitimate(cases(from(being(heard(by(nonMjudicial(mechanisms?(Measures(to(prevent( other(barriers(include:(( 1.(Addressing(imbalances(between(the(parties;(( 2.(Targeted(awarenessMraising(among(vulnerable(groups((such(as(women,(indigenous( peoples,(or(children);(( 3.(Expert(advice(or(type(of(assistance;(( Other!Barriers!!

4.(Efforts(to(combat(corruption;(( 5.(Protection(of(human(rights(defenders.(( No,!the!State!has!not!taken!measures!to!ensure!that!there!are!not! barriers!because!these!barriers!emanate!from!both!procedural!and! substantive!law.!For!example,!Civil!procedure!and!Court!Rules!(both! the!High!Court!and!the!Court!of!Appeals)!still!prevent!legitimate!cases! from!being!heard!by!the!courts. 179 !Additionally,!decisions!made!from! nonQjudicial!mechanisms!have!no!legal!enforceability!unless!the!matter! is!brought!before!the!High!court.!

93!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&28! States!should!consider!ways!to!facilitate!access!to!effective!nonQStateQbased!grievance!mechanisms!dealing!with!businessQrelated! human!rights!harms.! 28.1.!Facilitating!Access!to!Mechanisms!!

Has(the(State(supported(access(to(effective(nonMStateMbased(grievance(mechanisms(dealing(with(businessM related(human(rights(harms?(( INDICATOR!

Scoping!

Has(the(State(supported(access(to(businessMbased(grievance(mechanisms((such(as( whistle(blower(mechanisms(or(projectMlevel(and(operationalMlevel(grievance( mechanisms)(through(efforts(such(as(dissemination(of(information(and(support(for( access((for(example,(through(guidance(documents(and(tools)?(( BusinessQBased!Grievance!Mechanisms!! Despite!the!fact!that!Tanzania!has!ratified!various!International!and! Regional!instruments!on!Human!Rights, 180 !there!are!still!no!nonQ judicially!based!mechanisms!in!place!to!support!citizen!access!to! businessQbased!grievance!mechanisms!outside!of!the!cumbersome! court!system.! MultiQStakeholder!Grievance! Mechanisms!!

Has(the(State(supported(access(to(multiMstakeholder(grievance(mechanisms(through( efforts(such(as(dissemination(of(information(and(support(for(access?((

94!

No,!there!is!no!State!supported!access!to!multiQstakeholder!grievance! mechanisms.!!

Has(the(State(supported(access(to(organizationalMbased(grievance(mechanisms( (including(the(union(systems)(through(efforts(such(as(dissemination(of(information( and(support(for(access?((( OrganizationalQBased!Grievance! Mechanisms!!

International!Grievance!Mechanisms!! !

Regional!Grievance!Mechanisms!! !

No,!there!is!no!State!support!for!organisationalQbased!grievance! mechanisms!either,!primarily!due!to!the!absence!of!policies!and!laws! that!would!govern!such!grievances!as!they!relate!to!business!and! human!rights.!

Has(the(State(supported(access(to(international(grievance(mechanisms(through( efforts(such(as(dissemination(of(information,(support(for(access((for(example,( through(legal(aid)(as(well(as(support(for(establishing(contact(between(the(claimant( and(the(international(system?(( No.!Tanzania!does!not!support!access!to!international!grievance! mechanisms.!Even!the!NGOs!that!strive!to!educate!the!public!about! human!rights!are!not!able!to!provide!information!about!such!grievance! mechanisms.!!

Has(the(State(supported(access(to(regional(grievance(mechanisms(through(efforts( such(as(dissemination(of(information(and(support(for(access((for(example,(through( legal(aid)?(( No.!The!State!has!not!supported!access!to!regional!grievance! mechanisms!because!there!arenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t!any.!

95!

Other!Grievance!Mechanisms!!

Has(the(State(supported(access(to(other(grievance(mechanisms(through(efforts(such( as(dissemination(of(information(and(support(for(access?(

No.!Tanzania!has!not!supported!any!other!grievance!mechanisms!other! than!its!court!system.!!

IMPLEMENTATION!STATUS!

GAP!

The!Commission!for!Human!Rights!and! Good!Governance!(CHRAGG)!act!as!an! Ombudsman!office!that!can!receive! complaints!from!citizens!and!make! nonQbinding!recommendations!to!the! state.!

•

Although!CHRAGG!is!in!the!process!of!developing!a!National!Action!Plan!on! Business!and!Human!Rights!in!collaboration!with!the!LHRC,!the!challenge!is! that!all!current!policies!and!laws!are!not!being!used!to!regulate!business!and! human!rights!based!harms!in!Tanzania.!Moreover,!there!is!no!government! commitment!to!adopt!or!support!the!National!Action!Plan!on!Business!and! Human!Rights!from!these!groups.!

•

The!fact!that!CHRAGG’s!Chairman!is!appointed!by!the!President!of!Tanzania! also!undermines!the!independent!and!objective!nature!of!CHRAGG’s!NAP.181.!

•

There!are!limited!resources!for!CHRAGG,!which!thereby!limits!its! effectiveness!as!an!organization.!

GUIDING&PRINCIPLE&31& In!order!to!ensure!their!effectiveness,!nonQjudicial!grievance!mechanisms,!both!StateQbased!and!nonQStateQbased,!should!be:! (a) Legitimate:!enabling!trust!from!the!stakeholder!groups!for!whose!use!they!are!intended,!and!being!accountable!for!the!fair!

96!

conduct!of!grievance!processes;! (b) Accessible:!being!known!to!all!stakeholder!groups!for!whose!use!they!are!intended,!and!providing!adequate!assistance!for! those!who!may!face!particular!barriers!to!access;! (c) Predictable:!providing!a!clear!and!known!procedure!with!an!indicative!time!frame!for!each!stage,!and!clarity!on!the!types!of! process!and!outcome!available!and!means!of!monitoring!implementation;! (d) Equitable:!seeking!to!ensure!that!aggrieved!parties!have!reasonable!access!to!sources!of!information,!advice!and!expertise! necessary!to!engage!in!a!grievance!process!on!fair,!informed!and!respectful!terms;! (e) Transparent:!keeping!parties!to!a!grievance!informed!about!its!progress,!and!providing!sufficient!information!about!the! mechanismâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!performance!to!build!confidence!in!its!effectiveness!and!meet!any!public!interest!at!stake;! (f) Right!â&#x20AC;&#x201C;compatible:!ensuring!that!outcomes!and!remedies!accord!with!internationally!recognized!human!rights;! (g) A!source!of!continuous!learning:!drawing!on!relevant!measures!to!identify!lessons!for!improving!the!mechanism!and! preventing!future!grievances!and!harms;! (h) OperationalQlevel!mechanisms!should!also!be:!Based!on!an!engagement!and!dialogue:!consulting!the!stakeholder!groups!for! whose!use!they!are!intended!on!their!design!and!performance,!and!focusing!on!dialogue!as!the!means!to!address!and!resolve! grievances.! 31.1.!Alignment!with!the!Effectiveness!Criteria!!

Does(the(State(ensure(that(StateMbased(nonMjudicial(grievance(mechanisms(meet(the(effectiveness(criteria?((

97!

Indicator!

! 1.!Legitimate!! !

! 2.!Accessible!! !

Scoping!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(the(mechanisms(enable(trust(from(the( stakeholder(groups(for(whose(use(they(are(intended((including(that(it(has(a(firm( mandate,(is(independent(and(transparent,(includes(ensuring(nonMinterference(with(fair( conduct,(and(includes(feedback(mechanisms(for(when(foul(play(is(detected)?(( No.!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(the(mechanisms(are(accessible((including( language(and(literacy(issues,(cost(associated(with(raising(complaints,(geographical(issues,( fear(of(reprisal,(and(vulnerability(of(claimant,(for(example,(due(to(gender,(age,(religion,( or(minority(status)?(( No.!!

3.!Predictable!!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(the(mechanisms(are(predictable((including( clear(and(public(information(about(the(procedure,(timeframes(for(the(procedure,(and( information(on(the(process(and(outcome(of(the(mechanism)?((

No.!!

! 4.!Equitable!!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(the(mechanisms(are(equitable((including( access(of(all(parties(to(information,(advice,(and(expert(resources)?((

No.!!

98!

! 5.!Transparent!! !

! 6.!Rights!compatible!! !

! 7.!A!source!of!continuous!learning!! !

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(the(mechanisms(are(transparent((including( regular(communication(about(grievance(resolution(progress(as(well(as(wider(public( information(on(cases(received(and(in(process(in(order(to(identify(and(address(societal( trends)?(( No.!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(the(mechanisms(are(rightsMcompatible( (including(that(grievances(are(framed(in(terms(of(human(rights(when(they(do(raise( human(rights(concerns(and(that(the(institutions(and(authorities(managing(the( mechanisms(are(aware(of(human(rights(and(how(these(relate(to(the(cases(dealt(with)?( No.!!!

Has(the(State(taken(measures(to(ensure(that(the(mechanisms(are(a(source(of(continuous( learning((including(State(support(for(regular(analysis(of(the(frequency,(patterns,(and( causes(of(grievances(to(promote(a(strengthening(of(the(mechanism)?(Has(the(State( incorporated(lessons(learned(through(operation(of(the(mechanisms(to(improve(the( mechanisms'(effectiveness?(( No.!!

Implementation!!

Gaps!

99!

Although!the!Commission!for!Human!Rights!and!Good!Governanceâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s!(CHRAGG)!mandate! is!to!promote!human!rights!and!it!has!planned!to!create!a!nonQjudicial!grievance! mechanism!in!Tanzania!to!that!end182,!there!is!still!no!specific!State!institution!or!agencyQ based!nonQjudicial!grievance!mechanism!on!the!issue!of!business!and!human!rights!in! Tanzania.!

100!

ENDNOTES& 1

!The!Constitution!of!United!Republic!of!Tanzania!of!1977,!Art.!2!available(at!http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf.! !Id..!Arts.!12Q30!(Bill!of!Rights);!The!Constitution!of!Zanzibar,!Arts.!11Q25A!available(at!http://www.wipo.int/edocs/lexdocs/laws/en/tz/tz028en.pdf.! 3 !Ratification(of(International(Human(Rights(Treaties(–(Tanzania,!UNIVERSITY!OF!MINNESOTA!HUMAN!RIGHTS!LIBRARY,!http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/ratificationQ tanzania.html!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 4 !Ratification(Table:(African(Charter(on(Human(and(Peoples’(Rights,!AFRICAN!COMMISSION!ON!HUMAN!AND!PEOPLES’!RIGHTS,! http://www.achpr.org/instruments/achpr/ratification/!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 5 !Establishment(of(the(Court,!AFRICAN!COURT!ON!HUMAN!AND!PEOPLES’!RIGHTS,!http://en.africanQcourt.org/index.php/aboutQus/establishment!(last!visited!June!21,! 2016).! 6 !Overview(of(EAC,!EAST!AFRICAN!COMMUNITY,!http://www.eac.int/about/overview!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 7 !Member(States,!SOUTHERN!AFRICAN!DEVELOPMENT!COMMUNITY,!http://www.sadc.int/memberQstates/!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 8 !See(generally,!The!Treaty!for!the!Establishment!of!the!East!African!Community,!Nov.!30,!2000,!EAC:!2002!xiv,!111p.:!230mm!(EAC!Publication,!No.!1)!available(at( http://www.eac.int/sites/default/files/docs/treaty_eac_amendedQ2006_1999.pdf.! 9 !See(generally,!SOUTHERN!AFRICAN!DEVELOPMENT!COMMUNITY,!SADC!PROTOCOL!ON!GENDER!AND!DEVELOPMENT!(Aug.!17,!2008),! http://www.sadc.int/files/8713/5292/8364/Protocol_on_Gender_and_Development_2008.pdf.!! 10 !Ratifications(for(United(Republic(of(Tanzania,!INTERNATIONAL!LABOUR!ORGANIZATION,! http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11200:0::NO::P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103476!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).!! 11 !Ratification(of(International(Human(Rights(Treaties(–(Tanzania,!UNIVERSITY!OF!MINNESOTA!HUMAN!RIGHTS!LIBRARY,!http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/ratificationQ tanzania.html!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 12 !International(Convention(on(the(Protection(of(the(Rights(of(All(Migrant(Workers(and(Members(of(their(Families,!UNITED!NATIONS!TREATY!COLLECTION,! https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=IVQ13&chapter=4&lang=en!(last!visited!June!23,!2016).!! 13 !Ratifications(for(United(Republic(of(Tanzania,!INTERNATIONAL!LABOUR!ORGANIZATION,! http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11200:0::NO::P11200_COUNTRY_ID:103476!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 14 !Status(of(Ratification(Interactive(Dashboard,!UNITED!NATIONS!HUMAN!RIGHTS!OFFICE!OF!THE!HIGH!COMMISSIONER,!http://indicators.ohchr.org!(last!visited!June!22,! 2016).!! 15 !Id.! 16 !Member(States,!UNITED!NATIONS,!http://www.un.org/en/memberQstates/!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 17 !Ratification(of(International(Human(Rights(Treaties(–(Tanzania,!UNIVERSITY!OF!MINNESOTA!HUMAN!RIGHTS!LIBRARY,!http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/research/ratificationQ tanzania.html!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 2

101!

!See(generally(The(Abuja(Declaration:(Ten(Years(On,!WORLD!HEALTH!ORGANIZATION!(2011),!http://www.humanrights.or.tz/downloads/THRR%20REPORT%20Q %202014.pdf.! 19 !TANZ.!CONST.,!1977,!at!art.!2!available(at!http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/constitution.pdf.! 20 !Protocol!to!the!African!Charter!on!Human!and!Peoples’!Rights!on!the!Rights!of!Women!in!Africa!art.!9,!July!11,!2003,!available(at! http://www.achpr.org/files/instruments/womenQprotocol/achpr_instr_proto_women_eng.pdf.!! 21 !Anna!Louise!Strachan,!Women(in(Politics(and(the(Public(Sector(in(Tanzania,!GSDRC!(2015),!http://www.gsdrc.org/wpQcontent/uploads/2015/10/1286QWomenQ inQpoliticsQandQtheQpublicQsectorQinQTanzania.pdf.!! 22 !2014(Findings(on(the(Worst(Forms(of(Child(Labor:(Tanzania,!UNITED!STATES!DEPARTMENT!OF!LABOR,!BUREAU!OF!INTERNATIONAL!LABOR!AFFAIRS,! https://www.dol.gov/agencies/ilab/resources/reports/childQlabor/tanzania!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).! 23 !Project(Update:(Workshops(on(Business(&(Human(Rights(in(Tanzania(&(South(Africa,!ICAR,!http://icar.ngo/analysis/projectQupdateQworkshopsQonQbusinessQ humanQrightsQinQtanzaniaQsouthQafrica/!(last!visited!June!23,!2016).!! 24 !Kanuni(za(Haki(za(Binadamu(na(Biashara,!LEGAL!HUMAN!RIGHTS!CENTRE((2011),!https://businessQhumanrights.org/sites/default/files/documents/UNQGuidingQ PrinciplesQinQSwahili.pdf.! 25 !United(Republic(of(Tanzania(National(Human(Rights(Action(Plan(2013M2017,!MINISTRY!OF!CONSTITUTIONAL!AND!LEGAL!AFFAIRS,!p.!142!(2013),! http://www.chragg.go.tz/docs/nhrap/NHRAP_Final_December_2013.pdf.!! 26 !LHRC,!HUMAN!RIGHTS!AND!BUSINESS!REPORT!OF!2012,!142,!(Dr.!Helen!KijoQBisimba!et!al.!eds.,!2012)!available!at! http://www.humanrights.or.tz/downloads/tanzania_human_rights_report_2012.pdf.!! 27 !TANZ.!CONST.,1977,at!art.!27.!! 28 !The!Employment!and!Labour!Relations!Act,!6!of!2004!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/SERIAL/68319/66452/![hereinafter!ELRA,!2004]! 29 !The!Labour!Institutions!Act,!7!of!2004!(Tanz.)!available(at(http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/2211/Labour%20Institutions%20Act%202004.pdf.!! 30 !ELRA,!2004!at!§!99(1)!(regarding!the!formulation!of!rules!and!guidelines!to!supplement!the!enforcement!of!ELRA,!2004).!! 31 !The!Environmental!Management!Act,!No.!20!of!2004!§!16!available(at!http://www.tic.co.tz/media/Environmental%20Audit%20Regulations%202005.pdf! [hereinafter!EMA,!2004].! 32 !Id.!at!§!81.!! 33 Id.!at!§!6,7!(mandating!compliance!to!the!Environmental!Impact!Assessment!and!other!assessments).! 34 !Id.!at!§!2!(requiring!that!any!person!causing!adverse!effect!on!the!environment!shall!be!required!to!pay!in!full!social!and!environmental!costs!of!avoiding,! mitigating,!and/or!remedying!those!adverse!effects).!! 35 !Attorney(General(v.(Aknonaay(and(Lohay!1994!(High!Ct.!of!Tanz.),!Civil!Appeal!No.!31!(holding!that!customary!rights!in!land!are!real!property!protected!by!the! provisions!of!article!24!of!the!Constitution).!! 36 !The!Land!Act!4!of!1999!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan23795.pdf.!! 37 !The!Village!Land!Act!5!of!1999,!§!4!(Tanz.),!available(at!http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan53306.pdf.!! 38 !The!Occupational!Health!and!Safety!Act!5!of!2003!(Tanz.)![hereinafter!OHSA,!2003].!

102!

!The!Workers’!Compensation!Act!20!of!2008!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/QQQed_protect/QQQprotrav/QQQ ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_174667.pdf.!! 40 !The!Workers’!Compensation!Act,!2008!was!established!to!provide!compensation!for!employees!injured!or!incapacitated!in!the!course!of!employment.!The!Act! applies!to!all!employers!and!employees!from!both!the!private!and!government!sector!in!Mainland!Tanzania,!and!employees!who!ordinarily!work!outside! Mainland!Tanzania!but!have!been!stationed!in!Tanzania!for!more!than!12!months.!Newly!introduced!regulatory!procedures!provide!that,!under!the!Act,!all! employers!are!now!obliged!to!make!contributions!to!the!Workers’!Compensation!Fund!(WCF).!!The!rates!of!mandatory!contribution!differ!for!public!sector!and! private!sector!employers.! 41 !The!Companies!Act!12!of!2002,!§!430Q437!(Tanz.),!available(at!http://www.tic.co.tz/media/COMPANY%20ACT%202002.pdf.!! 42 !LHRC,!HUMAN!RIGHTS!AND!BUSINESS!REPORT!–!2013!(Dr.!Helen!KijoQBisimba!et!al.!eds.,!2013)!available(at! http://www.humanrights.or.tz/downloads/LHRC%20Business%20Rep%202013.pdf.! 43 !The!Public!Procurement!Act,!9!of!2011!§!3!(Tanz.)!available(at(http://www.unpcdc.org/media/389145/tanzania_public_procurement_act_2011.pdf! [hereinafter!PPA,!2011];!see(generally(PUBLIC!PROCUREMENT!REGULATORY!AUTHORITY,!https://www.ppra.go.tz/!(last!visited!June!24,!2016).!! 44 !Id.(PPA,!2011!at!§!8.!! 45 !BUSINESSDICTIONARY.COM,!http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/valueQforQmoneyQVFM.html!(last!visited!June!24,!20156)!(defining!'Value!for!Money'! as!A!utility!derived!from!every!purchase!or!every!sum!of!money!spent.!Value!for!money!is!based!not!only!on!the!minimum!purchase!price!(economy)!but!also! on!the!maximum!efficiency!and!effectiveness!of!the!purchase).! 46 !The!Prevention!and!Combating!of!Corruption!Act,!2007!§!2!(Tanz.)!available(at( http://www.gov.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/PREVENTION_AND_COMBATING_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_sw.pdf.!! 47 !Id.(! 48 !See(generally,(Whistleblower!and!Witness!Protection!Act!14!of!2015!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.docfoc.com/theQwhistleblowerQandQwitnessQprotectionQ actQ2015! 49 !Tanzania:(Cybercrime(Bill(Enacted,!LIBRARY!OF!CONGRESS!(June!15,!2015),!http://www.loc.gov/law/foreignQnews/article/tanzaniaQcybercrimesQbillQenacted/.!! 50 !The!Statistics!Act!9!of!2015!§!22!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbstz/index.php/english/aboutQus/legislation/acts/214QstatisticsQactQ2015QactQnoQ9Q ofQ2015.!! 51 !Legal(Analysis:(Tanzania(–(Media(Services(Bill,!ARTICLE!19!(Aug.!10,!2015),!https://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/38078/en/legalQanalysis:QtanzaniaQ QmediaQservicesQbill.! 52 !Id.!! 53 !Id.!! 54 !LHRC,!TANZANIA!HUMAN!RIGHTS!REPORT!–!2011!(Dr.!Helen!KijoQBisimba,!et!al.!eds.,!2011)!available(at(http://www.policyforumQ tz.org/files/TANZANIAHUMANRIGHTSREPORT2011.pdf.!! 55 !The!Basic!Rights!and!Duties!Enforcement!Act,!No.!33!of!1994,!available(at! http://www.judiciary.go.tz/downloads/AMENDMENTS%20ON%20ESSENTIAL%20STATUTES/BASIC%20RIGHTS%20AND%20DUTIES%20ENFORCEMENT%20ACT %20CAP.%203.pdf.!!

103!

!Mtikila!and!others!v.!Tanzania,!Application!No.!009/2011!&!No.!011/2011,!Afr.!Ct.!on!Hum.!&!Peoples’!Rts.![Afr.!Ct.!H.P.R.]!(2011),!http://www.africanQ court.org/en/images/documents/Court/Cases/Judgment/Judgment%20Application%20009Q011Q 2011%20Rev%20Christopher%20Mtikila%20v.%20Tanzania.pdf.! 57 !LHRC(and(others(v.(Hon.(Mizengo(Pinda(and(Attorney(General,!2013!(High!Ct.!of!Tanz.)!Civil!Cause!No.!024/2013!(Unreported).! 58 !TANZ.!CONST.,!1977,!at,!art.!14.! 59 !See(OHSA,!2003.! 60 !Human(Rights(and(Business(Country(Guide:(Tanzania,!COMMISSION!OF!HUMAN!RIGHTS!AND!GOOD!GOVERNANCE,!http://hrbcountryguide.org/countries/tanzania/!(last! visited!June!24,!2016).!! 61 !Aloysius!Marcus!NewenhamQKahindi,!A(global(mining(corporation(and(local(communities(in(the(lake(Victoria(zone:(The(case(of(Barrick(Gold(multinational(in( Tanzania,!99!J.!OF!BUS.!ETHICS!2,!253Q266!(2011)!(explaining!how!Barrick!Gold!offered!electricity!to!neighboring!villages!close!to!their!operations).! 62 !LHRC,!HUMAN!RIGHTS!AND!BUSINESS!REPORT!–!2013!(Dr.!Helen!KijoQBisimba!et!al.!eds.,!2013)!available(at! http://www.humanrights.or.tz/downloads/LHRC%20Business%20Rep%202013.pdf.! 63 !See(generally,!The(Environment(Division,!THE!UNITED!REPUBLIC!OF!TANZANIA:!THE!VICE!PRESIDENT’S!OFFICE,!http://www.vpo.go.tz/environment/utawala.php!(last! visited!June!24,!2016).!! 64 !DANISH!INSTITUTE!FOR!HUMAN!RIGHTS,!ACCESS!TO!JUSTICE!IN!EAST!AFRICA:!A!COMPARISON!OF!THE!LEGAL!AID!SCHEMES!USED!IN!THE!REGION!AND!THE!LEVEL!OF!COOPERATION!AND! COORDINATION!BETWEEN!THE!VARIOUS!ACTORS!48!(2011)!available(at! http://www.humanrights.dk/files/media/billeder/udgivelser/legal_aid_east_africa_dec_2011_dihr_study_final.pdf! 65 !Magige!Ghati!Kesabo!v!African!Barrick!Gold!Plc,!(2011)!High!Court!of!Justice,!Queen’s!Bench!(UK)!Division,!Case!No.!HQ13X02118,!available!at! http://www.zenithchambers.co.uk/cms/document/Kesabo___jment.pdf.! 66 !See!The!Mining!Act!14!of!2010!(Tanz.)!available(at!https://mem.go.tz/wpQcontent/uploads/2014/02/0013_11032013_Mining_Act_2010.pdf.!! 67 !See!About(TIC,!TANZANIA!INVESTMENT!CENTRE:!MINISTRY!OF!INDUSTRY,!TRADE,!AND!INVESTMENT,!http://www.tic.co.tz/Team?l=en!(last!visited!June!24,!2016).!! 68 !See!Universal(Periodic(Review(–(United(Republic(of(Tanzania,!OHCHR,!http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/UPR/Pages/TZSession12.aspx!(last!visited!June!24,! 2016).! 69 !!Tanzania!submitted!its!last!periodic!report!on!CEDAW!on!Nov.!10,!2014.!The!last!report!sent!to!the!ICCPR!was!in!2007,!the!last!report!to!ICESCR!was!in!2009,! and!the!last!report!sent!to!the!CRC!was!in!2012.!Tanzania!has!never!submitted!any!report!to!the!African!Commission!on!Human!and!Peoples!Rights!since!its! establishment!as!a!country.!According!to!this!trend,!Tanzania!normally!does!not!submit!timely!reports!to!TMBs!as!provided!for!in!the!relevant!conventions.! Thus,!it!is!difficult!to!monitor,!implement,!and!explain!followQup!mechanisms.!Also,!TMB!recommendations!and!some!issues!of!the!combined!reports!are! normally!outdated.! 70 !State(Reports(and(Concluding(Observations,!AFRICA!COMMISSION!ON!HUMAN!AND!PEOPLES’!RIGHTS,!http://www.achpr.org/states/reportsQandQconcludingQ observations/!(last!visited!June!24,!2016).!! 71 !!The!Companies!Act12!of!2002!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.tic.co.tz/media/COMPANY%20ACT%202002.pdf.! 72 !CAPITAL!MARKETS!AND!SECURITIES!AUTHORITY,!http://www.cmsaQtz.org!(last!visited!June!24,!2016).! 73 !See(ELRA,!2004!.!

104!

!The!Labour!Institutions!Act!7!of!2004!(Tanz.)!available(at(http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/2211/Labour%20Institutions%20Act%202004.pdf.! !TANZ.!CONST.,!1977,!at!art.!11.! 76 !Attorney(General(v.(Aknonaay(and(Lohay,1994!(High!Ct.!Tanz.)!Civil!Appeal!No.!31!(holding!that!customary!rights!in!land!are!real!property!protected!by!the! provisions!of!article!24!of!the!Constitution).!! 77 !The!Land!Act!4!of!1999!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan23795.pdf.!! 78 !The!Village!Land!Act!5!of!1999,!§!4!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan53306.pdf.!! 79 !OHSA,!2003.! 80 !The!Workers’!Compensation!Act!20!of!2008!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/QQQed_protect/QQQprotrav/QQQ ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_174667.pdf.!! 81 !The!Workers’!Compensation!Act,!2008!was!established!to!provide!compensation!for!employees!that!are!injured!or!incapacitated!in!the!course!of!employment.! The!Act!applies!to!all!employers!and!employees!from!both!the!private!and!government!sector!in!mainland!Tanzania,!and!employees!who!ordinarily!work! outside!mainland!Tanzania!but!have!been!stationed!in!Tanzania!for!more!than!12!months.!Newly!introduced!regulatory!procedures!provide!that,!under!the! Act,!all!employers!are!now!obliged!to!make!contributions!to!the!Workers’!Compensation!Fund!(WCF).!!The!rates!of!mandatory!contribution!differ!for!public! sector!and!private!sector!employers.! 82 !The!Companies!Act,!12!of!2002,!§!430Q437!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.tic.co.tz/media/COMPANY%20ACT%202002.pdf.!! 83 !Tanzania:(Cybercrime(Bill(Enacted,!LIBRARY!OF!CONGRESS!(June!15,!2015),!http://www.loc.gov/law/foreignQnews/article/tanzaniaQcybercrimesQbillQenacted/.!! 84 !The!Statistics!Act!9!of!2015!§!22!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.nbs.go.tz/nbstz/index.php/english/aboutQus/legislation/acts/214QstatisticsQactQ2015QactQnoQ9Q ofQ2015.!! 85 !Legal(Analysis:(Tanzania(–(Media(Services(Bill,!ARTICLE!19!(Aug.!10,!2015),!https://www.article19.org/resources.php/resource/38078/en/legalQanalysis:QtanzaniaQ QmediaQservicesQbill.! 86 !Id.!! 87 !Id.!! 88 !LHRC,!HUMAN!RIGHTS!AND!BUSINESS!REPORT!–!2013!(Dr.!Helen!KijoQBisimba!et!al.!eds.,!2013)!available(at! http://www.humanrights.or.tz/downloads/LHRC%20Business%20Rep%202013.pdf.! 89 !The!Public!Procurement!Act,!No.!9!of!2011!§!3!available(at(http://www.unpcdc.org/media/389145/tanzania_public_procurement_act_2011.pdf;!see(generally( PUBLIC!PROCUREMENT!REGULATORY!AUTHORITY,!https://www.ppra.go.tz/!(last!visited!June!24,!2016).!! 90 !The!Public!Procurement!Act!9!of!2011!§!8!(Tanz.).!! 91 !The!Prevention!and!Combating!of!Corruption!Act,!2007!§!2!(Tanz.)!available(at( http://www.gov.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/PREVENTION_AND_COMBATING_OF_CORRUPTION_ACT_sw.pdf.!! 92 !Id.(! 93 !See(generally,(Whistleblower!and!Witness!Protection!Act14!of!2015!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.docfoc.com/theQwhistleblowerQandQwitnessQprotectionQ actQ2015! 75

105!

!LHRC,!TANZANIA!HUMAN!RIGHTS!REPORT!–!2011!(Dr.!Helen!KijoQBisimba,!et!al.!eds.,!2011)!available(at(http://www.policyforumQ tz.org/files/TANZANIAHUMANRIGHTSREPORT2011.pdf.!! 95 !The!Fair!Competition!Commission!Procedure!Rules,!2010,!Gov't!Notice!No.!259!(Cap.!285,!2010)!(Tanz.)!available(at! http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/the_fcc_procedure_rulesQ2010_sw.pdf;!The!Standards!Act!3!of!1975!(Tanz.),!which!created!the!Tanzania! Bureau!of!Standards!(TBS);!Tanzania!Food,!Drugs!and!Cosmetics!Act!1!of!2003!(Tanz.)!available(at! https://www.unodc.org/res/cld/document/tza/2003/tanzania_food_drugs_and_cosmetics_act_2003_html/Tanzania_Food_Drugs_and_Cosmetics_Act_2003_ official.pdf;!The!Energy!and!Water!and!Utilities!Regulatory!Authority!Act!11!of!2001!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan34584.pdf! (establishing!the!Surface!and!Marine!Transport!Regulatory!Authority!"EWURA");!TANZANIA!COMMUNICATIONS!REGULATORY!AUTHORITY,!http://www.tcra.go.tz/!(last! visited!June!24,!2016).! 96 !The!Law!of!Marriage!Act!of!1971!as!amended!by!Act!23!of!1973,!!Act!15!of!1980,!and!Act!9!of!1996!(Tanz.)!available( at(http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/Marriage%20Ordinance,%20%28cap%2029%29_1.pdf.! 97 !The!Tanzania!Citizenship!Act!6!of!1995!(Tanz.),!available(at(http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b5734.html.!! 98 ![1]!Local!Customary!Law!(Declaration)!(NO.4)!Order,!Gov’t!Notice!No.!436!of!1963!(Tanz.)!available(at( http://www.africanchildforum.org/clr/Legislation%20Per%20Country/Tanzania/tanzania_guardianship_1963_en.pdf.! 99 !Criminal!Procedure!Act!9!of!1986.! 100 !The!National!Board!of!Accountants!and!Auditors!are!governed!by!the!Auditors!and!Accountants!(Registration)!Act!33!of!1972,!§!31,!as!amended!by!Act!No.!2! of!1995!(Tanz.)!available(at(http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/The_Auditors_and_Accountants_(Registration)_Act,_33Q1972_sw.pdf( [hereinafter!the!Auditors!and!Accountants!Act].!! 101 !Id.!! 102 !!The!EMA,!2004,!as!amended!by!The!Environmental!Impact!Assessment!and!Audit!Regulations!of!2005!(Tanz.)!available(at( http://www.tic.co.tz/media/Environmental%20Audit%20Regulations%202005.pdf![hereinafter!Environmental!Management!Act];!The!Tanzania!Investment!Act! 7!of!1997!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.tic.co.tz/media/INVESTMENT%20ACT.pdf![hereinafter!Tanzania!Investment!Act];(The!Occupational,!Health!and!Safety! Act!5!of!2003!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/QQQed_protect/QQQprotrav/QQQilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_151291.pdf! [hereinafter!OHSA]!! 103 !The!Village!Land!Act!5!of!1999,!§!8(I)(3)(b)!(Tanz.)!available(at(http://faolex.fao.org/docs/pdf/tan53306.pdf![hereinafter!Village!Land!Act];!See(generally,( Environmental!Management!Act!at!§!17,!18;!Tanzania!Investment!Act.!! 104 !The!Village!Land!Act!at!8(I)(3)(b);!The!Environmental!Management!Act!at!Part!IV!§12(c);!The!Investment!Act(at!Part!II!§!6(c).!! 105 !ELRA,!2004,!§!7!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/QQQed_protect/QQQprotrav/QQQ ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_125591.pdf![hereinafter!Employment!and!Labour!Act].! 106 !EMA,!2004!at!2(4)(1),!“Every!person!living!in!Tanzania!shall!have!a!right!to!a!clean,!safe!and!healthy!environment.”! 107 !Tax!incentives!in!Tanzania!are!regulated!by!The!Tanzania!Investment!Act!at!Chap.!38!(2002!R.E)!and!its!regulations.!Under!this!act,!the!Tanzania!Investment! Centre!has!been!given!the!power!to!grant!Certificates!of!incentive!and!other!tax!relief!to!foreign!companies!that!invest!in!Tanzania.!Additionally,!tax!incentives! are!embedded!in!some!tax!statutes!such!as;!the!East!African!Community!Customs!Management!Act,!2004,!as!amended!in!2009!(Tanz.)!available(at!

106!

http://www.tra.go.tz/tax%20laws/EAC_Customs_Management_Act_(Revised)[1].pdf;!The!Value!Added!Tax!Act,!Cap.!148!of!2004,!as!amended!in!2006!under! the!Laws!revision!Act,!Cap.!4!of!2006!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.tic.co.tz/media/valueaddedtax%20regulations.pdf;!The!Income!Tax!Act!11!of!2004,!Gov’t! Notice!No.!464,!under!Section!129!(Tanz.)!available(at(!http://www.tra.go.tz/tax%20laws/The%20Income%20Tax%20Regulation.pdf;!and!The!Customs!Tariff! Act!12!of!1976!(Tanz.)!available(at(http://www.egov.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/The_Customs_Tariff_Act,_12Q1976_sw.pdf.(Moreover,!additional!tax! incentives!are!also!stated!in!other!Sectoral!Laws!including;!The!Mining!Act!14!of!2010!(Tanz.)!available(at(https://mem.go.tz/wpQ content/uploads/2014/02/0013_11032013_Mining_Act_2010.pdf!and!The!Export!Processing!Zones!Act!11!of!2002,!as!amended!in!2004!(Tanz.).!! 108 !TANZ.!CONST.,!1977,!Art.!129(1)!as!amended!by!Act!3!of!2000!(Tanz.)![hereinafter!The!Constitution!of!Tanzania].!The!Commission!for!Human!Rights!and!Good! Governance!(CHRAGG)!is!an!independent!governmental!department.!It!was!established!as!the!national!focal!point!for!the!promotion!and!protection!of!human! rights!and!good!governance!in!Tanzania.!!! 109 !See(generally,(The!Basic!Rights!and!Duties!Enforcement!Act!33!of!1994!(Tanz.)!at!§!1Q.5.!!! 110 !Commission!for!Human!Rights!and!Good!Governance!(CHRAGG),!NHRAP(Project,!http://www.chragg.go.tz/index.php/ourQprojects/nhrapQproject!(last!visited! June!16,!2016).!! 111 !See(The!Danish!Institute!for!Human!Rights,!available(at!http://www.humanrights.dk/;!The!International!Corporate!Accountability!Roundtable!(ICAR),!available( at(http://icar.ngo.(( 112 !TANZ.!CONST.,!1977!at!arts.!129Q131.!! 113 !Id.,(at!§!17!(Commission!for!Human!Rights!and!Good!Governance!Act!of!2001)![hereinafter!CHRAGG!Act].! 114 !Id.(at!§!7(2)!(Security!of!tenure!is!given!by!the!President!of!Tanzania!to!CHRAGG!Commissioners!under!§10!of!of!the!CHRAGG!Act).! 115 !Id.(at!§!10!of!the!CHRAGG!Act.((( 116 !CHRAGG,!About(Us,!http://chragg.go.tz/chragg/index.php/2015M01M28M10M16M41/introduction((referring!to!the!NHRAP!Project).!! 117 !See(EMA,!2004.!! 118 !See(the!Tanzania!Investment!Act;!The(Tanzanian(Investment(Centre((TIC),!Embassy!of!Tanzania,!Germany!available(at!http://www.tanzaniaQ gov.de/tourism/theQcoastalQcircuit/2Qstories/documents/15QtanzaniaQinvestmentQcentreQticQorQcentre!(The!TIC!indirectly!supports!human!rights!by!ensuring! that!all!investors,!“including!those!who!are!not!bound!by!the!provisions!of!the!Tanzania!Investment!Act,!1997…obtain!all!necessary!permits,!licenses,!approvals,! consents,!authorizations,!registrations!and!other!matters!required!by!law!for!a!person!to!set!up!and!operate!an!investment[.]”)!! 119 !TANZ.!CONST.,!1977!at!art.!132;!“The!Ethics!Secretariat!is!an!Independent!Department!of!the!Government!under!the!President’s!Office!which!is!established! under.!Its!main!function!is!to!implement!the!Public!Leadership!Code!of!Ethics!Act!13!of!1995!(Chapter!398),!specifically!to!monitor!the!ethical!behavior!and! conduct!of!Public!Leaders.”!UNITED!REPUBLIC!OF!TANZANIA!PRESIDENT’S!OFFICE!–ETHICS!SECRETARIAT,!http://ethicssecretariat.go.tz/!(last!visited!June!17,!2016).!! 120 !Mining!corporations’!operational!information!is!only!available!through!the!ministry!of!energy!and!minerals;!UNITED!REPUBLIC!OF!TANZANIA,!MINISTRY!OF!ENERGY!AND! MINERALS,!https://mem.go.tz/!(last!visited!June!17,!2016).!! 121 !ELRA,!2004!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/QQQed_protect/QQQprotrav/QQQilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_125591.pdf! [hereinafter!The!Labour!and!Employment!Act].!! 122 !The!Companies!Act!12!of!2002!(Tanz.)!available(at(http://www.tic.co.tz/media/COMPANY%20ACT%202002.pdf!(detailing!corporate!law!in!Tanzania)! [hereinafter!The!Companies!Act].!!

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!See(e.g.,!EMA,!2004;!OHSA,!2003;!The!Employment!and!Labour!Act,!2004.!! !See(generally,!Karin!Mader,!CSR!Advisor!and!certified!sustainability!reporter,!“Corporate!Social!Responsibility!in!Tanzania:!An!Overview”!Presentation!(June,! 2012)!available(at(!https://csroverviewtanzania.files.wordpress.com/2012/08/csrQoverviewQtanzania3.pdf!(discussing!the!lack!of!mandatory!CSR!reporting!in! Tanzania!as!well!as!the!influx!of!voluntary!reporting!in!mining!corporations).!! 125 !See(generally,(The!Public!Procurement!Act!9!of!2011!(Tanz.)!available(at(https://www.ppra.go.tz/index.php/95Qlegislation/140QpublicQprocurementQactQ2011! (focusing!on!public!procurement!in!Tanzania).! 126 !Id.!at!§!61Q62!(blacklisting!contractors!that!engage!in!corrupt!practices).!! 127 !See(The!Fair!Competition!Act!8!of!2003,!at!§!61!(Tanz.)!available(at!http://www.competition.or.tz/PUBLISHED%20DOCUMENTS/FCA/fca_no_8Q2003.pdf.!! 128 !Erick!Kabendera,!Tanzania(House(committee(wants(heads(to(roll(over(IPTL(saga,!THE!EASTAFRICAN!(Nov.!22,!2014!at!4:06!PM)! http://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/Q120mQscandalQonQheadsQofQTanzaniaQcentralQbankQofficialsQ/Q/2558/2531654/Q/ik7o59z/Q/index.html.!! 129 !TANZANIA!REVENUE!AUTHORITY,!http://www.tra.go.tz/index.php/others.!! 130 !THE!UNITED!REPUBLIC!OF!TANZANIA!MINISTRY!OF!ENERGY!AND!MINERALS,!TANZANIA!MINERALS!AUDIT!AGENCY,!http://www.tmaa.go.tz/.!! 131 !Se!LEGAL!HUMAN!RIGHTS!CENTRE!(LHRC),!NGO!REPORT!ON!THE!IMPLEMENTATION!OF!THE!ICCPR!(2009)!available(at( http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/docs/ngos/T_NGO_Coalition_HRC95_Tanzania.pdf;!RESEARCH!AND!EDUCATION!FOR!DEMOCRACY!IN!TANZANIA,!BTI!2016! TANZANIA!COUNTRY!REPORT!(2016)!available(at(!https://www.btiQproject.org/fileadmin/files/BTI/Downloads/Reports/2016/pdf/BTI_2016_Tanzania.pdf.!! 132 !See(e.g.,!The!Mining!Act,!2010.!! 133 !See(The!Tanzania!Investment!Act!at!§!24.!! 134 !See(The!Employment!and!Labour!Act,!2004;!The!Labour!Institutions!Act!7!of!2004!(Tanz.)!available(at! http://www.ilo.org/dyn/travail/docs/2211/Labour%20Institutions%20Act%202004.pdf.!! 135 !See!EMA!at!§!24.! 136 !See(Prem!Sikka,!Accounting(for(human(rights:(The(challenge(of(globalization(and(foreign(investment(agreements,!22!CRITICAL!PERSPECTIVES!ON!ACCOUNTING!8,!811! (2011).! 137 !See(generally,(Sarah!Lauwo!&!Olatunde!Julius!Otusanya,!Corporate(accountability(and(human(rights(disclosures:(A(case(study(of(Barrick(Gold(Mine(in(Tanzania,! 38!ACCOUNTING!FORUM!2!(2014)!(stating!that!Tanzania!in!particular!is!limited!by!stabilization!clauses!because!they!restrict!the!ability!of!the!government!to! enforce!regulations!that!promote!corporate!accountability).!! 138 !See(generally,(Jens!Friis!Lund,!Is(small(beautiful?(Village(level(taxation(of(natural(resources(in(Tanzania,!27!PUB.!ADMIN.!&!DEV.!4,!307!(2007)!(stating!that!there! is!an!abidance!of!natural!resources!in!Tanzania!that!could!generate!significant!tax!increases!for!corporations).!! 139 !Aloysius!Marcus!NewenhamQKahindi,!A(global(mining(corporation(and(local(communities(in(the(lake(Victoria(zone:(The(case(of(Barrick(Gold(multinational(in( Tanzania,!99!J.!OF!BUS.!ETHICS!2,!253Q266!(2011).! 140 !Manfred!A.!Bienefeld,!Trade(unions,(the(labour(process,(and(the(Tanzanian(state,!17!J.!OF!MOD.!AFR.!STUD.!4,!553Q554!(1979).!! 141 !Id.(at!267Q.69(( 142 !Jody!Emel!et!al.,!Problems(with(reporting(and(evaluating(mining(industry(community(development(projects:(A(case(study(from(Tanzania,!4!SUSTAINABILITY!2,! 257Q277!(2012).!! 124

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!Human!Rights!Council,!Report(of(the(Special(Representative(of(the(SecretaryMGeneral(on(the(issue(of(human(rights(and(transnational(corporations(and(other( business(enterprises,(John(Ruggie,(The!U.N.!GAOR,!17th!Sess.,!U.N.!Doc.!A/HRC/17/31/Add.3!(May!25,!2011)![hereinafter!the!Principles!for!Responsible! Contracts].!! 144 !Heike!MainhardtQGibbs,!Transparency(of(Extractive(Industry(Contracts:(Understanding(World(Bank(Group(Influence,!Issue!Brief((2007)!WORLD!BANK!GROUP! available(at(http://www.bankinformationcenter.org/proxy/Document.10796.pdf;(See(generally,(Egidius!Mwaijage(Mweyunge,!The!potential!impacts!of! contract!review!on!foreign!direct!investments!in!mining!resources:!case!study!of!Tanzania!and!Democratic!Republic!of!Congo!(2012)!(unpublished!LLM!thesis,! University!of!the!Western!Cape,!S.!Afr.)!available(at(!http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4574!(discussing!mining!contract!review!programs!and!their!lack!of!efficiency! in!Tanzania).!! 145 !In!2014,!a!leaked!document!between!Norway’s!Statoil!and!the!Tanzania!Petroleum!Development!Corporation!brought!this!issue!to!light,!creating!debate!over! whether!Tanzania’s!lack!of!transparent!contracts!was!grossly!unfair!to!the!country;!See(C.O.!&!E.B.,!Tanzania’s(troubles(over(gas(revenue:(Sharing(the(spoils,! THE!ECONOMIST!(Sept.!9,!2014!at!4:13!PM)!http://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/09/tanzaniasQtroublesQoverQgasQrevenue;!David!Manley!&!Thomas! Lassourd,!Tanzania(and(Statoil:(What(Does(the(Leaked(Agreement(Mean(for(Citizens?,!Natural!Resource!Governance!Institute!(Aug.,!2014)!available(at( http://www.resourcegovernance.org/sites/default/files/Tanzania_Statoil_20140808.pdf.(! 146 !For!example,!CHRAGG!and!the!Legal!and!Human!Rights!Centre!(LHRC)!are!two!of!the!most!prolific!NGOs!involved!in!this!struggle.!! 147 !International!Corporate!Accountability!Roundtable!(ICAR),!Project(Update:(Workshops(on(Business(&(Human(Rights(in(Tanzania(and(South(Africa,! http://icar.ngo/analysis/projectQupdateQworkshopsQonQbusinessQhumanQrightsQinQtanzaniaQsouthQafrica/!(last!visited!June!21,!2016).!! 148 !See(Legal!and!Human!Rights!Centre!(LHRC),!About(Us,!http://www.humanrights.or.tz/!(last!visited!June!21,!2016);!LHRC,!TANZANIA!HUMAN!RIGHTS!REPORT!2014! (2014)!available(at(http://www.humanrights.or.tz/downloads/THRR%20REPORT%20Q%202014.pdf![hereinafter!LHRC!2014!Report].!! 149 !Id.(LHRC!2014!Report!at!227Q231,!287.!! 150 !EMA,2004!at!XVI!(providing!for!the!compliance!and!enforcement!of!environmental!laws,!where!several!offences!are!listed!alongside!the!punishment!for!those! offenses,!which!includes!fines!and!imprisonment).!! 151 !ELRA,!2004!at!§102!(2)!(explaining!that!is!an!offence!to!employ!a!child!or!to!procure!a!child!for!employment,!thus!the!sanctions!listed!for!these!activities!are! under!this!section!of!the!act).!! 152 !Id.(!at!§!102.!! 153 !Id.(at!§!37.!! 154 !The!Labour!Institutions!Act,!2004!at!Part!VI,!§!45,(however,!this!power!is!subject!to!the!National!Prosecutions!Service!Act!27!of!2008!(Tanz.)!which!first! requires!that!the!labour!officer!be!appointed!as!a!public!prosecutor!by!the!Director!of!Public!!Prosecution.)! 155 !See!OHSA,!2003;!In!the!case!of!imminent!danger,!the!inspector!can!issue!a!stop!work!order!or!prohibit!the!use!of!certain!hazardous!equipment.!If!such!an! order!is!not!respected!and!the!employer!takes!no!action!to!remedy!the!problem,!a!case!may!be!put!before!the!courts.!For!this!last!procedure,!the!OHSA!legal! adviser!is!in!charge!of!preparing!the!legal!claim.!Instead!of!taking!the!case!to!court,!OHSA!also!has!the!option!of!levying!an!administrative!fine!(a!“compound”).! However,!experience!shows!that!going!to!court!is!the!only!option!for!dealing!with!an!uncooperative!employer.! 156 !See(generally,(The!Worker’s!Compensation!Act!20!of!2008!(Tanz.)!available(at(http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/QQQed_protect/QQQprotrav/QQQ ilo_aids/documents/legaldocument/wcms_174667.pdf![hereinafter!Worker’s!Compensation!Act]!(citing!to!employer!negligence!as!a!fineable!offence).!!

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!Id.(at!Part!IV.!! !The!National!Social!Security!Fund!Act!45!of!2013!(Tanz.)!at!Part!VII!available(at(http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/nssfact_sw.pdf( (providing!the!amount!of!sanctions!against!the!employers!who!fail!to!remit!the!contributions!to!the!Fund).!! 159 !Id.(!at!Part!VIII,!§!72!(1)Q(2).!! 160 !EMA,!2004!at!Part!XX.!! 161 !ELRA,!2004!at!§!37.!! 162 !OHSA,!2003,!at!Part!I.!! 163 !Id.(at!§!100Q105.!! 164 !EMA,!2004!at!Part!V!§18!(1)(m)( 165 !Id.(at!§!45!–!75.!! 166 !See(Siri!Gloppen,!The(accountability(function(of(the(courts(in(Tanzania(and(Zambia,!10!DEMOCRATIZATION!4,!112Q!114!(2003)!(The!study!concludes!that!there!are! signs!in!the!Tanzanian!judiciary!of!a!certain!willingness!to!hold!the!government!accountable!in!politically!salient!cases,!but!that!their!opportunity!to!do!so!is! limited,!due!to!institutional,!social!and!political!factors!restricting!the!flow!of!constitutional!cases).! 167 !See(e.g.,!Mtikila!and!others!v.!Tanzania,!Application!No.!009/2011!&!No.!011/2011,!Afr.!Ct.!on!Hum.!&!Peoples’!Rts.![Afr.!Ct.!H.P.R.]!(2011),! http://www.africanQcourt.org/en/images/documents/Court/Cases/Judgment/Judgment%20Application%20009Q011Q 2011%20Rev%20Christopher%20Mtikila%20v.%20Tanzania.pdf.(! 168 !The!Labour!Institutions!Act,!2004!at!Part!VII.!! 169 !See(National!Environment!Management!Council!(NEMC),!The(National(Environmental(Research(Agenda(for(Tanzania(2008M2013,!Prepared!by!the!NEMC!(2007)! available(at(http://www.nemc.or.tz/uploads/publications/en1463385199QNERA%20SIGNED.pdf.!! 170 !See(generally,(OHSA,!2003!(speaking!about!the!repercussions!for!companies!that!do!not!adhere!to!the!standards!laid!out!in!this!Act!for!a!safe!working! environment).!!! 171 !EMA,!2004!from!No.!4,!Regulation!27.!! 172 !The!United!Republic!of!Tanzania,!Attorney(General’s(Chambers,!http://www.agctz.go.tz/index.php/aboutQus/divisions/publicQprosecutions!(last!visited!June!21,! 2016)!(listing!the!functions!of!the!police!force!and!public!prosecutions!by!the!police!force.)! 173 !HUMAN!RIGHTS!WATCH,!TANZANIA:!UPR!SUBMISSION!2015,!(2015)!https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/09/22/tanzaniaQuprQsubmissionQ2015.!(“Human!Rights!Watch! documented!numerous!cases!of!grave!rights!violations!against!vulnerable!groups!by!the!police!in!Dar!es!Salaam,!Zanzibar,!Tanga,!Arusha,!Mwanza,!Mbeya,!and! Chunya,!including!torture,!rape,!assault,!arbitrary!arrest,!extortion,!and!a!refusal!to!accept!complaints!by!victims!of!crime.!Police!have!also!sexually,!physically,! and!emotionally!abused!girls!who!were!victims!of!commercial!sexual!exploitation.”)! 174 PENAL!CODE![PRINCIPAL!LEGISLATION!ISSUED!UNDER!CAP.!1,!S.!18]!Cap.16!(Tanz.,!1981)! http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/TZA_penal_code.pdf;!CIV.!PRO.!CODE![CHAP.!33,!NO.!49]!(Tanz.!1966)! http://www.tanzania.go.tz/egov_uploads/documents/CIVIL%20PROCEDURE%20CODE.pdf.!! 175 !Id.( 176 !Id.( 158

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!The!United!Republic!of!Tanzania,!National!Human!Rights!Action!Plan!2013Q2017.! !The!Commission!for!Human!Rights!and!Good!Governance!(CHRAGG)!is!established!under!Article!129!of!the!Constitution!of!United!Republic!of!Tanzania.!The! mandate!and!functions!of!CHRAGG!are!governed!by!the!Commission!for!Human!Rights!and!Good!Governance!Act!of!2001.! 179 !Cases!where!the!High!Court!of!Tanzania!has!dealt!with!the!right!to!a!clean!and!satisfactory!environment!are!usually!unreported!and!also!are!difficult!to!bring! before!the!court!in!the!first!place,!as!evidenced!by!there!being!only!two!cases!involving!this!right:!Joseph(D.(Kessy(and(Others(v.(The(City(Council(of(Dar(es( Salaam,!High!Court!of!Tanzania!at!Dar!es!Salaam,!Civil!Case!No.!299!of!1998!(unreported),!Lugakingira!J.!157;!Festo(Balegele(and(794(Others(v.(Dar(es(Salaam( City(Council,!High!Court!of!Tanzania!at!Dar!es!Salaam,!Miscellaneous!Civil!Cause!No.!90!of!1991!(Unreported),!Rubana,!J.!163.! 180 !See!page!4!of!this!document,!listing!all!of!the!human!rights!based!instruments!to!which!Tanzania!is!a!signatory.! 181 !CHRAGG,!ORGANISATION!BACKGROUND,!http://www.chragg.go.tz/index.php/featuresQmainmenuQ47/styleQandQlayoutQoptions/organisationQbackground.!! 182 !See(generally,(COMMISSION!FOR!HUMAN!RIGHTS!AND!GOOD!GOVERNANCE,!TANZANIA,!http://www.chragg.go.tz/.!! 178

111!