arms 2009 3

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C O N T E N T S NAVY 2 French flagship of the Russian Navy

Director General Evgeny Osipov Executive Director Alexander Kiryanov Production Editor Eduard Voytenko Editors Alexander Gudko Svetlana Komagorova Marketing Director Vadim Isaev Sales Director Vladimir Zilinko Sales Manager Yana Zhvirbo Dmitry Kuprin Maria Balanuk

NAVY 10 South-East Asia in the world naval arms import

Art Director Alvina Kirillova Designers Alexander Cheredayko Alexander Strelyaev Elena Shishova IT Manager Pavel Chernyak Translation Ilya Balkanov Photos and graphics in this issue: Marina Lystseva, Alexey Mikheev, osk.ru, testpilots.ru, flickr.com Circulation: 8000 The magazine is registered in the Committee for Press of the Russian Federation. Certificate № 016692 as of 20.10.1997. Certificate № 77-15450 as of 19.05.2003.

LAND FORCES 30 Russian Tank Export.

Does the T-80 have any outlook?

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ARMS, 2009 ADDRESS P.O. Box 77, Moscow, 125057, Russia Tel.: + 7 495 626-52-11 Fax.: + 7 499 151-61-50 E-mail: af@airfleet.ru

TECHNOLOGIES 40 Industrial undersea robotics: Russia and the West

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FRENCH FLAGSHIP OF THE RUSSIAN NAVY 2

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

NAVY Col. Gen. Nikolai Makarov, the chief of the General Staff, said that Russia was going to buy French Mistral-class helicopter carrier and he added that Russian shipyards would then produce more such carriers with France's aid. So the Ministry of Defense officially confirmed the information about the negotiations between Russia and France. The purchase, if successful, would be the first largescale arms import deal concluded by Russia since the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Ivan Konovalov military analyst of the Commersant newspaper for the Arsenal magazine

HISTORY OF NOT COMPLETED YET DEAL At the 21st Euronaval international show in France Russian Navy chief Adm. Vladimir Vysotcky first expressed interest in buying foreign military equipment for the Russian Navy. The admiral said then that the Russian Navy was interested "in joint research and also direct purchases of French naval equipment." As the reporters noticed Navy Chief was especially interested in the models of L-90 French universal amphibious assault ships – Mistral and Tonnerre exposed by the DCN State Shipbuilding Company from France.

In the result the Russian Defense Ministry started to negotiate with their French colleagues on purchasing of this class French universal amphibious assault ship (Mistral). There were only rumors on the subject. The Ministry of Defense and the Naval Commander remained silence. In the beginning of August La Tribune published several details of the ongoing negotiations. According to the newspaper the Russian party presented a proposal to the French military that Russia was going to purchase a French ship of this class and produce three more such ships at the Russian shipyards when technology transfer was made.

The French newspaper also quoted French Minister of Defense Herve Morin who in the middle of June wrote to his Russian counterpart Anatoly Serdyukov that “shares his (Serdyukov) opinion on the bilateral interest in the immediate beginning of the technical consultations between Russian and French experts” on the issue. He supposed then that the special group of experts from both countries and representatives of the defense industry should have been created “to initiate operational and technical dialogue”.

According to La Tribune Mr. Morin suggested that the talks be started at the naval show in St. Petersburg in June this year. We do not know whether the consultations took place. But in a month everything was confirmed at the top level.

Col. Gen. Nikolai Makarov, the chief of the General Staff, officially confirmed that Russia intended to purchase a Mistral class amphibious assault ship a type of helicopter carrier and on receiving a license produce at least 3(50).2009

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four more ships of this type. Mr. Laurent Tessier, the official representative of the French Ministry of Defense, confirmed the Russian interest in such a universal amphibious assault ship and noted that “the Russian inquiry is general”. As noted by Arnaud Kalik, the chief editor of the French TTU military strategic newsletter, the Elysée palace, the French Defense Ministry and DCNS waited for the Russian final decision, namely political decision, on the agreement. But there was no such a decision.

UNIVERSAL AND ASSAULT The USA was the pioneer in the development of the universal assault amphibious ships. The war in Vietnam was an incitement to it. Pentagon decided that they were needed in the ship able to decide its own tactical tasks during the amphibious operations. The US Navy received into operation five Tarawa universal amphibious assault ships in 1970s. The Wasp ships succeeded them. Eight ships of this type entered the service in the US Navy in 1989-2007. They are very similar to Mistral amphibious assault ships but they are twice as large as Mistral. The Wasp displacement is 40500 tons.

These ships are one of the key elements of the US strategic force demonstration doctrine. The American allies in NATO followed the US example a bit later. The necessity of such ships was 4

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

very topical for France who conducted operations in its overseas possessions and African colonies. In whole the military and humanitarian activity including amphibious, transport and evacuation operations significantly increased in the end of XX - beginning of XXI centuries. That is why more universal amphibious assault ships were built.

The Mistral designation started in the late 80s. In 1992 the DCN French Shipbuilding Department exhibited the perspective project of the universal amphibious assault ship called BIP (Batiment D'Intervention Polyvalent – universal interventional ship) with the displacement of 15 000 tons. In fact that was a light aircraft carrier which was capable to carry helicopters and VTOL (vertical take-off and landing) aircrafts along with amphibious troops and military equipment. The French Naval Commander met a problem of writing off two Ouragan class landing platform docks (displacement 8 500 tons) – Ouragan and Orage built in the 60s. Foudre and Sirocco landing platform docks of the Foudre class were built in the 1990s (displacement 12 400 tons). In 1997 within the Army Model 2015 national program the French Naval Commander started NTCD special program (Nouveau Transport de Chalands de Debarquement –new landing platform dock). Under the program two new universal amphibious

assault ships were to be built for the French Navy.

Actually they could continue the building of the Foudre class vessels.

But after a long parliamentary debate between the parties concerned it was solved that the French Navy needed new more modern BIP project ship.

Based on the project four variants were designed (BIP 8, BIP 10, BIP 13 and BIP 19). The main difference was in their dimensions. BIP 8, the smallest one, had a length of 102 meters and displacement of 8 000 tons. BIP 19, the largest one, had a length of 190 meters and displacement of 19 000 tons. According to the French Naval Commander’s demands BIP 19 was chosen in the middle of 2000.

The new ship’s type was classified as “amphibious assault carrier (ship)” (Bâtiments de Projection et Commandement - BPC). L9013 Mistral, the first ship of the class, was constructed at various French shipyards in two major and several minor components, which would be united on completion. DCNS, which was designated the head of construction, made the front half of the ship in Brest. ALSTOM Marine-Chantiers de l'Atlantique constructed the forward half of the ship in Saint-Nazaire and was responsible for transporting it to the DCNS's shipyard in Brest for the final assembly. Some Polish companies were also involved

NAVY in the construction. Finally the first Mistral ship was commissioned into the French Navy in 2006. Following the start of the 2006 Lebanon War, Mistral was one of the four French ships deployed into the waters of Lebanon.

Jean Bart and Jean de Vienne Frigates and landing platform dock were also deployed. These ships were to protect, and if necessary evacuate, European citizens in Lebanon and Israel. L9014 Tonnerre amphibious assault ship was built soon after Mistral and entered the service in February, 2007. It was predicted that these two helicopter carriers would take 34 months to complete, with design and construction for both ships costing 685 million Euros, 30% less than it was planned because of the different engineering innovation decisions and component building.

In December 2008 new contract was signed. According to it a new Mistral ship will have been built by 2011-2012.

STX Company (former ALSTOM MarineChantiers de l'Atlantique) will build the main part (75 % of the contract) and DCNS will work with the ship combat system. This ship costs 420 million Euros. The French Naval Commander considers the possibility of the 4th ship building by 2020.

32 meters (100 ft) Draught: 6.2 meters (21 ft). Speed: 18.8 knots (35 km/h) Range: 19 800 nautical miles.

The flight deck of the ship is approximately 199 meters long and 32 meters wide. The deck has six helicopter landing spots. The 1,800-square-metre (19,000 sq ft) hangar deck can hold 8 helicopters, and includes a maintenance area. The ship can carry 16 helicopters maximum (half of the air group of the Mistral is to be constituted of NH90s transport helicopters, the other half being composed of Tigre assault helicopters). The flight and hangar decks are connected by two aircraft lifts, one on the left and second on the right side, and the main lift located near the aft of the ship, on the centerline.

The difference with the basic BIP 19 project is the absence of the front skijump. That is why Mistral is not capable to carry VTOL aircrafts.

The Mistral class ships can accommodate up to 470 soldiers, although this can be doubled for short-term

deployments. The 122 meters long and 13.5 meters wide vehicle hangar can carry 1200 tons of cargo - up to 13 tanks or 60 armored vehicles or 70 cars. The 57.5 meters long and 15.4 meters wide 885-square-metre (9,530 sq ft) well deck can accommodate four landing crafts. The ship is capable of operating two LCAC hovercrafts or four middle landing crafts (French LCMs or Russian 11770 Serna crafts).

The French ship is not well armed.

Its armament is limited by the tasks of self-defense against point air targets and terrorist vessels. The Mistral class ships were armed with two Simbad launchers for Mistral Air Defense missile system and four 12.7 mm M2-HB Browning machine guns. Two Brenda Mauser 30 mm guns are also included in the design. The ship is also equipped with electromagnetic warfare assets, improved systems of communication, command and control. Information from the ship's sensors is centralized in SENIT 9 system, the modernization

UNIVERSAL FRENCH HELICOPTER CARRIER A universal amphibious assault Mistral class ship is capable of transporting and deploying landing troops and equipment and is able to be used as a command ship. Displacement: 16 500 tones (empty), 21300 tones (full load), 32 300 tones (with ballasts).

Length: 199 meters (650 ft) Beam:

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Mistral (L9013)

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of SENIT 8 used by the French aircraft carriers. The ship is equipped with a 69-bed hospital. There are two surgery blocks and a radiology room fitted with a scanner. Capacity is 69 beds, but it can be extended. The Mistral class ship can be used as command and control ship, with a command centre for 150 personnel.

Mistral is powered by modern electric power plant controlled by the special automatic system. Main propulsion motors are installed inside the steerable propellers. Mistral is the first ship in the world to use steerable propellers (14 MW). The propellers are powered by electricity from four Wartsila Company diesel alternators (21 MW) and can be oriented in any angle. The alternators also produce power supply for all the ship systems. This propulsion technology gives the ships significant maneuvering capabilities, as well as freeing up space normally reserved for machinery and propeller shafts. The Mistral ship is additionally equipped with front azimuth thrusters. On the sides there are also two wing rudders used at a strong rolling. When the water is still the rudders are kept inside the ship’s hull.

When started the main priorities of the Mistral class were universality, multitask capability, usage of the civil shipbuilding standards and complete automation. It allowed the complement to be reduced and the command and control on the ship and air group to be improved. The complement is 177 persons (20 officers) excluding air group personnel. SIC-21information exchange system can be easily integrated into the analog systems of the West European and American Navies.

As far as civil standards are concerned it is worth saying of ecological component. So the Mistral has a biological wastes collecting and processing

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

system. All the wastes are thrown into the sea.

RIVALS However when such a purchase is being planned Russia is to announce a tender. It was officially confirmed

by Russian Navy chief Adm. Vladimir Vysotcky on September 11. According to Mr. Vysotcky France, Spain and the Netherlands will participate in it. There are no talks with the USA by obvious reasons. But the Dutch interfered in the sensational deal much earlier. On September, 11 Hein Van Ameiden, the Director of Damen Schedle Shipyard, said in his interview to the Dutch NRC Handelsblad newspaper that Russia was interested in the Dutch Rotterdam class ship.

Its type is very close to the Mistral class. Johan de Vitt Landing Platform Dock or LPD amphibious warfare ship (the second ship of the Rotterdam class) was exhibited at the international naval show in St Petersburg in the end of June. Mr. Van Ameiden said that the Russian Navy representatives saw the ship and “fell in love with it design”. The Dutch ship builder avowed “If the agreement is made the Russians will purchase four such ships”.

If the ships are built by the license the total cost of the contract will be about 1-1.5 billion Euros. And the Dutch Damen Schelde is going to rival French DCNS, the Mistral builder, in the tender.

The Spanish Navantina Shipbuilding Company may participate in the tender too. In 2008 DCNS rivaled Schedele in the Moroccan corvette tender. The contract was signed with Schedele in spite of the fact that the French defense industry is traditionally very strong on the North African arms market (Morocco ordered DCNS a FREMM class Frigate later). In 2007 Navantia rivaled and won DCNS in the Australian tender for the universal amphibious assault ship.

However it is known that the Dutch Rotterdam ship is not a universal amphibious assault ship. It is a Landing Platform Dock or LPD amphibious warfare ship. As Mistral Rotterdam is capable to transport and land equipment and troops and it can be operated as a hospital or a command and control ship. But Rotterdam belongs to the lower class than the Mistral assault ship. Rotterdam carries fewer helicopters. There are two ships in this class. L800 Rotterdam, the first one, was commissioned into the Dutch Navy in 1997. Modernized L801 Johan de Witt entered the service in 2007. It is interesting that the hulls of both ships were built by the Rumanian Damen Shipyard. The displacement of Johan de Witt shown to the Russians during the international naval show in St Petersburg is 16 800 tons. Length: 176.35 meters. Beam: 29.0 meters.

Draft: 5.5 meters.

The flight deck of Johan de Witt is approximately 58 meters long and 25 meters wide. The deck has two

Johan de Witt (L801) Rotterdam

NAVY helicopter landing spots. It is capable to carry up to six helicopters (Mistral – sixteen helicopters). This ship can accommodate up to 611 soldiers. The vehicle hangar can carry different cargo - up to 30 tanks or 170 vehicles.

The 900-square-metre well deck can accommodate six LCVP middle landing crafts and up to four of LCU or LCM type. That was a bilateral project of the Netherlands and Spain. Spain built two Rotterdam class ships – L51 Galicia and L 52 Castilla.

I doubt whether Navantina will participate in the Russian tender as it has its own shipbuilding order which is larger than the Mistral one. Juan Carlos I is the universal amphibious assault ship building for the Spanish Navy. It is planned to be the largest ship in the Navy and is demonstrated as Buque de Proyección Estratégica (ship of the strategic force demonstration). Its displacement when the landing troops and equipment is onboard is 27 079 tons, when carried helicopters – 24 600 tons. Length: 230.8 meters. Beam: 32 meters. Draft: 7 meters. The well deck can accommodate four LCM-1E middle landing crafts or two such crafts and one LCAC hovercraft. It can transport up to 925 landing soldiers including shore reconnaissance group of 23 soldiers. The vehicle hangar can carry up to 46 main battle tanks; on the top deck different vehicles can be located too. In the nearby hangar 12 NH90 medium transport or 8 CH-47 Chinook cargo RW-aircrafts can be carried. Instead of helicopters the ship can also carry up to AV-8B Harrier II or F-35B 7 VTOL FW-aircrafts. Flight deck can be used for transporting of additional aircrafts.

In this case the ship is capable to carry up to 30 NH90 helicopters or 20 VTOL planes. The main feature of Juan Carlos I is its flight deck (203.2 meters length and 32 meters beam) able to operate Harrier II and F-35В FW-aircrafts. It has four landing spots for four cargo and six for medium transport helicopters.

So Juan Carlos I excels Mistral in a great number of characteristics. And the Spanish won the Australian tender with this project and will build two Canberra class universal amphibious ships.

After long negotiations the Australian Ministry of Defense neglected the French Armaris (DCNS и Thales joint company) in building the Mistral class

universal amphibious assault ships. It was announced in June, 2007 that Australian Tenix Defense Company (BAE Systems’ Australia since 2008) in cooperation with Navantina will have built Canberra and Adelaide universal amphibious assault ships based on the Juan Carlos I project by 2013. The hulls of both Australian ships will be built in Spain. The contract total cost is $3 billion.

On the other side unique Juan Carlos I is still being tested and Navantia’s participation in the Russian tender for universal amphibious assault ship has not been officially confirmed yet. Until recently the Spanish company had said nothing. But its officials declared not long ago that the company was going to become “European leader in the military ships export”.

Germany, France and the USA. So the famous Varyag was built at the American William Cramp & Sons Shipyard. In 1930s the Soviet Union bought Tashkent Destroyer built by Italian Odero Terni Orlando. Kirov and Dzerjinsky border guard cruisers were built in Italy too. In 1940 the USSR bought from Germany Lutzow non completed heavy cruiser later renamed in Petropavlovsk (in Tallinn in 1944) but it was not finally completed. As a part of land-lease the USSR got more than 600 British and American ships including Royal Sovereign (Arkhangelsk) warship and Milwaukee (Murmansk) cruiser. After the Great Patriotic War the Soviet Union did not deal with NATO countries on buying military ships.

But the Warsaw Pact shipyards built a great number of ships for the USSR.

Juan Carlos I

As far as the Dutch Rotterdam is concerned the Russian defense industry is able to design and built its own ship of this class. And all the rumors on the Dutch talks are a simple tender formality when the Mistral contract is so close to de signed. And the French party has a significant priority as the bilateral negotiations have started long time ago.

Why does Russia need this helicopter carrier?

Russia has bought military ships abroad since the reign of Peter I. By the beginning of 1917 Russia bought or ordered several hundreds of military ships in Holland, England,

In Gdansk (Poland) several dozens of medium landing ships (770, 771, 773 projects) and 28 large landing ships of 775 project were built and still act as a part of the Russian Navy. The GDR built a line of 12 submarine hunters of 1331M project. A great number of auxiliary vessels were ordered by the USSR in the GDR, Poland, Rumania, Hungary and Finland.

The Director of the Strategy and Technology Analysis Center Ruslan Pukhov believes that the military export will increase as the Russian defense industry cannot satisfy all the requirements of the Russian Armed Forces.

In several areas foreign analogs are 3(50).2009

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Tonnerre (L9014) Mistral

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cheaper and have advantages in price and quality. They can be produced and delivered in the shorter period of time.

However as the expert says this deal is very puzzled: the necessity of such a purchase and the opportunity of the further technology transfer are doubt-

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

ful. A French official working on the contract confirmed it in his interview to La Tribune saying that “the technology transfer must be strictly limited”.

If assigned the Mistral contract will be the first large-scale Russian military order abroad. The Mistral class displacement is only less than the displacement of Admiral Kuznetsov heavy aircraft carrier. A purchase of one ship may be about 400 million Euros. It is twice as large as the total cost given for surface ship contracts

by Russia. The producing of the whole line may reach 1.5 billion Euros.

Michael Barabanov, the famous independent expert in the sphere of naval arms, says “In the situation when we do not have enough money to repair our ships and the Navy is not able to finance the building of corvettes and combatant crafts the purchase of such a ship seems to be really strange”.

There is no sense in neglecting the fact that the Russian defense industry is unable to build the ship of the Mistral class. We do not have any engineering developments. And as the Russian shipbuilding industry does not have enough money every project will finally become a protracted construction. Rather small Stereguschyiy corvette was built for seven years. St Petersburg submarine of project 667 was built for ten years and Severodvinsk submarine of project 885 has been building since 1993. At the same time the Russian Navy does not have any analogs of the French universal amphibious assault ship. We could have hardly called three Russian ships of project 1174 as amphibious assault ships. But Mitrofan Moskalenko and Alexander Nikolaev, the last two of them, were written off by the Russian Ministry of Defense.

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But the absence of such a ship in the Russian Navy is not the only reason of its purchase. What we all hope is when the tender starts the Ministry of Defense will design a special program where the Mistral class ship’s tasks in the Navy will be described.

These ocean helicopter carriers were designed as expeditionary ships for long-term missions. The Russian strategic interests are mainly in the postSoviet territory where such a ship will not be able to demonstrate all its advantages. When the operation is concerned it will look like a white crow among all the other ships as they are very different in its standards. Its combat importance will be extremely questionable.

Officials of the Russian Ministry of Defense seem to like the command and control feature as the main one.

It is rather difficult to find more com-

fortable flagship for the Navy. If purchased the first one Mistral class ship will be delivered to the Pacific Fleet and the second one to the Black Sea Fleet where its landing and air capacities may be used because of a tense situation in the Caucasus. On the other side such missions can be completed be the Russian amphibious assault ship if we will start to build them.

The only impartial reason of the Mistral universal amphibious assault ship class purchase is the economic one. If the contract is signed (though that will be a political decision) the precedent will be established because the large sum of money will be transferred as a lump-sum payment for one military ship. The Russian Ministry of Defense and the Naval Commander realize the market situation and understand that they

will manage to ensure a large or regular sum of money to be transferred for the naval purchase of at least one military ship. At the same time they know the Mistral class ship is to operate as an integrated part of an amphibious assault group. That is why additional Destroyers, Frigates and auxiliary vessels are to be built.

And according to some information the Russian air industry may soon get an order for a new carrier-based helicopter for the Russian Navy. There is no sense in the initiating of such a program for acting Russian carriers.

And if the contract is assigned the Russian mariners will be trained in France where they will gain the Western training and service experience. They will study the maintenance of modern ship systems. That is what the Russian naval personnel extremely needs.

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SOUTH-EAST ASIA IN THE WORLD NAVAL ARMS IMPORT

In the given analysis twelve Southeast Asia countries will be discussed: Brunei, Vietnam, Indonesia, Laos, Cambodia, China, Malaysia, Myanmar, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, Singapore and the Philippines.

In wider aspect the countries of this subregion are the part of the Asian-Pacific region including 27 countries: Australia, Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Brunei, Butane, Vietnam, India, Indonesia, Cambodia, China, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Mongolia, Myanmar, Nepal, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Singapore, Thailand, Taiwan, Fiji, Philippines, Sri Lanka, South Korea, Japan.

In the geographical and economic aspects the Asian-Pacific region is the biggest and a multi-aspect one. It consists of 4 subregions. Besides South East Asia the Asian-Pacific region includes: – Pacific subregion: Australia, New Zealand, Fiji (3 countries).

– South Asia subregion: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Butane, India, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka (7 countries).

– East Asia subregion: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Mongolia, Taiwan, Republic Korea, Japan (5 countries).

– Import of the naval arms is given in comparison with the Asian-Pacific region and world-wide import of naval equipment.

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NAVY

Vladimir Shvarev

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NAVY SOME FEATURES OF NAVAL ARMS MARKET IN THE SOUTH-EAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION Today every third naval vessel built in the world is delivered for export. Within the reduction into the Navies of the leading countries the competition between the third world countries will soon become more aggregative.

The reduction tendency has been shown for the last 15 years. Under forecasts, the present Navy will be reduced twice during till 2017.

Simultaneously with the Navy reduction, some of the ships are increasing. So the number of small-displacement vessels in the Navy is getting more and more every year. One of the most stable trends is the demand for the light universal assault ships with the displacement of 8.5 — 18 thousand tons.

Among the main class vessels the leadership belongs to frigates.

However the export increase is expected in the market of corvettes.

The main feature of the military surface ships (MSS main class) realization is a significant second-

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ary market. That is why we believe that the military surface ships from the Naval Forces of the countriesexporters modernized to the almost new vessels and cost more than $100 million will be demanded.

The strongest positions on the secondary market belong to Great Britain, Belgium, Portugal, the USA and the Netherlands. Russia has entered this market because of the Indian Navy order for the modernization of Admiral Gorshkov into Vikramaditja aircraft carrier.

Until 2015 the world purchases of the vessels of different classes for the national Naval Forces will be reduced. At the same time there will be more military arms deals in the several regions. First of all such a situation will be in the Asian region where China, India and Australia will initiate military ships purchases.

Most of the Southeast Asia countries will continue the strengthening of their naval potential and this region will probably become the only one in the world where the increasing of the military surface ships is expected.

China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan are realizing now or have recently completed their large acquisition programs of the guided missile destroyers and nonnuclear submarines designed for ocean operations and auxiliary vessels for, strengthening the possibilities of their forces deployment.

Australia, Singapore and Malaysia have just completed the renewal of their Navy. The large-scale modernization programs are being realized in those countries now. Such countries as Indonesia, Brunei, Myanmar and the Philippines are supposed to purchase some patrol boats to fight against the marine piracy and control the 200-mile economic area.

India plans to purchase a great number of new military surface ships, nonnuclear submarines and auxiliary vessels of different type. Pakistan is carrying out the acquisition of the new nonnuclear submarines. It has also begun the delivery of the Chinese guided missile frigates.

In recent years Southeast Asia countries showed their interest

NAVY STRUCTURE OF WORLD DELIVERIES OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT IN 2009–2012 ACCORDING TO IDENTIFIED CONTRACTS AND INTENTIONS ($ million in current prices) Military Equipment 2001–2004 2005–2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2009–2012 Naval Equipment %

12718,4

21791,3

6001,2

7584,3

5152,9

10381,9

29120,3

12,8

12,6

8,9

10,0

7,7

15,2

10,5

Submarines

3112,1

5407,5

2590,9

2367,5

655,0

2360,7

7974,1

Surface military ships

8227,6

12811,8

2180,8

3427,6

3057,2

6543,1

15208,7

Boats

1378,7

3572,0

1229,5

1789,2

1440,7

1478,1

5937,5

Overall

99179,5

173625,2

67463,4

75693,0

66614,2

68362,8

278133,4

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

%

* Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

in the development of both unified assault and simplified military ships.

They are mostly interested in missile and the Asian-Pacific regional boats on a unified platform.

In the development programs of some Southeast Asia countries the new trend directed to the creation of national undersea fleets is observed. It is possible to use this factor and "heat-up" the submarine market.

So it is better to offer the delivery of diesel subs with the creation longshore bases and personnel training.

Experts forecast the increasing of demand for new modern small submarines in Southeast Asia in the next 3–5 years. Many countries are equipped with small submarines of their own production. However they have been outdated for a long time now and have depleted the resource.

Feature of the naval equipment market in Southeast Asia and South is the development of its own shipbuilding industry which allows the production of ships under license. At the moment Russian experts say that the Asian-Pacific countries import 40% and produce 60% of their naval equipment.

In Southeast Asia marketing job Russia considers that countries of that region are aimed to create the balanced Navy capable to act both in the offshore and marine zones. Such a policy is being realized by Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Indonesia, etc. At the same time those countries have different financial possibilities. That is why the building of the balanced national Navy will be different in terms from country to country. It will ensure a great demand on the naval equipment in Southeast Asia in shortand medium-term outlook.

The directions of the development of Naval Forces in Southeast Asia are characterized by two basic trends now.

The first trend. Naval Forces of the majority of countries in the given region focus on the conduct of operations. The Navies of those countries is planned to be equipped such armament and a military equipment as nonnuclear submarines and sealaunched cruise missile (SLCM) intended to attack ground targets.

Besides, the increasing interest in the acquisition of air defense and amphibious assault ships is observed.

The second trend. The creation of self-supporting Coast Guard units is planned to control and protect sovereign coastal zones. Southeast Asia countries having Coast Guard will increase them. Countries which have had such forces before are occupied with their creation now. Some of these new brunches were created recently and are still being formed (the Philippines and Vietnam).

Malaysia has recently decided to organize its Coast Guard.

The security of marine zones is of great importance for many countries and especially for such inland states as Indonesia and the Philippines. The increasing necessity of different vessels for the Naval Forces and Coast Guard is observed within the general expansion of marine security forces in this region.

THE COMMON SITUATION IN THE WORLD MARKET OF NAVAL EQUIPMENT The naval equipment takes the third place among all the classes of military equipment by the volume of delivery. In 2001–2008 the volume of naval equipment deals is evaluated in $34.51 billion. It constitutes

STRUCTURE OF WORLD DELIVERIES OF MILITARY EQUIPMENT IN 2001–2008 ($million in current prices) Military Equipment Naval Equipment %

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

2007

2008

2627,8

3176,5

3103,4

3810,7

6012,3

5055,2

5821,5

4902,3

2001– 2008 34509,7

11,9

13,7

11,7

13,9

20,7

14,3

10,9

8,7

12,6

Submarines

879,7

852,5

1015,3

364,6

1763,3

1474,0

1127,6

1042,6

8519,6

Surface military ships

1512,1

1889,7

1816,8

3009,0

3442,8

2838,8

3524,8

3005,4

21039,4

236,0

434,3

271,3

437,1

806,2

742,4

1169,1

854,3

4950,7

Boats Overall %

22071,2 23250,1 26530,9 27327,3 29031,6 35374,6 53189,9 100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

100%

56029,1 272804,7 100%

100%

*Modernization and repair of military equipment is included 3(50).2009

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NAVY 12.65% of all the sales of military equipment ($272.805 billion) in the world.

In 2001–2008 the deliveries of naval equipment in the structure of world military equipment were fluctuated in the limits of 8.75% minimum in 2008 and 20.7% maximum in 2005. The decreasing trend of the naval equipment sales was observed in 2007 and 2008.

The minimum actual cost volume in the naval equipment sales was fixed in 2001 — $2.628 billion.

The market stabilized at the level of $3.1 billion in 2002-2003. The maximum rating was reached in 2005 ($6.012 billion). Then it began to decrease and attained local minimum in 2008 — $4.902 billion.

The leader of the naval equipment sales are military surface ships of the main class — $21.039 billion in 2001-2008. It constitutes 61% of total amount of naval equip-

ment sales. In the given period maximum volume of military surface ship deals was in 2007 — $3.525 billion and minimum one in 2001 — $1.512 billion. The volume of deliveries in the given segment constituted $3,005 billion in 2008.

The second place the naval equipment sales belongs to submarines — $8.52 billion in 2001-2008. It constitutes 24.7% of total amount of naval equipment sales. In the given period maximum volume of submarines deliveries was in 2005 — $1.763 billion, minimum — in 2004 — $365 million. In 2008 the volume of deliveries in the given segment constituted $1.043 billion. After reaching its maximum in 2005 the level of sales started to decrease in 2006-2008.

The third place the naval equipment sales belongs to boats and light amphibious assault ships — $4.951 billion in 2001-2008. It constitutes 14.35% of total amount of na-

val equipment sales. In the given period maximum volume of the deliveries of boats and light amphibious assault ships was in 2007- $1.169 billion, minimum — in 2001 — $236 million. In 2008 the volume of deliveries in the given segment was $854 million (the second result in the considered period).

SOUTHEAST ASIA COUNTRIES IN THE COMMON STRUCTURE OF WORLD MILITARY EQUIPMENT IMPORT SURFACE MILITARY SHIPS MARKET IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION In 2001-2008 in the military surface ship segment Southeast Asia countries store up the common backlog of naval equipment delivery (the order of the new vessels, production under license, repair and modernization of the acting ships) for $8476.5

COST ESTIMATE OF THE ORDERS OF MILITARY SURFACE SHIPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION IN 2001-2008 ($ million in current prices) 2000 2001– Country For the 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 inquiry Australia — — — — — — 5964,0 — 5964,0 Indonesia

50

—

—

150,0

2900,0

—

Malaysia

—

—

—

—

India

—

—

—

—

●

—

—

4050,0

—

—

900,0

1632,5

2532,5

—

1608,0

—

—

1608,0

Pakistan

—

—

—

—

750,0

—

600,0

65,0

1415,0

China

—

1400,0

—

—

—

—

—

—

1400,0

Taiwan

875,0

—

—

—

—

—

100,0

—

975,0

Vietnam

—

—

—

—

—

350,0

—

—

350,0

Thailand

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

144,0

144,0

—

—

—

—

—

—

2900,0

0

1350,0

900,0

1776,5

8476,5

2900,0

750,0

2958,0

7564,0

1841,5

18438,5

100%

0%

45,6%

11,9%

96,5%

46%

4260,0

2819,1

3772,0

8628,0

7127,5

31238,0

68%

0%

35,8%

10,4%

24,9%

27,1%

68%

26,6%

78,4%

87,7%

25,8%

59%

Singapore 1600,0 — — — Total Southeast 0 1400,0 150,0 Asia Total Asian— 875,0 1400,0 150,0 Pacific Region Share of Southeast Asia in 0% 100% 100% the Asian—Pacific Region Total in the world 1838,4 1522,0 1271,0 Share of Southeast Asia in 0% 92% 11,8% the world Share of the Asian—Pacific 47,6% 92% 11,8% Region in the world * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

14

1000,0

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

NAVY COST ESTIMATE OF THE ACTUAL IMPORT OF MILITARY SURFACE SHIPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION IN 2001-2008 ($ million in current prices) 2001– Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 Australia 350,0 450,0 250,0 250,0 250,0 250,0 — — 1800,0 Singapore

—

—

—

Indonesia

—

—

50,0

—

China

—

—

—

—

Taiwan Pakistan India

—

266,7

—

266,7

1066,7

1600,1

37,5

—

937,5

537,5

1562,5

700,0

700,0

—

—

1400,0

375,0

—

—

—

437,5

437,5

—

100,0

1350,0

—

—

666,7

333,3

—

—

48,0

—

1048,0

Brunei

—

—

—

—

—

—

790,0

—

790,0

South Korea

—

—

433,3

216,7

—

—

—

—

650,0

Malaysia

—

—

—

—

—

473,3

—

—

473,3

Bangladesh

100,0

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

100,0

Myanmar

25,0

25,0

—

—

—

—

—

—

50,0

Vietnam

10,0

—

—

Total Southeast Asia 35,0 25,0 50,0 Total the Asian-Pacific 860,0 475,0 1400,0 Region Share of Southeast Asia in 4,1% 5,25% 3,6% the Asian-Pacific Region Total in the world 1512,1 1889,7 1816,8 Share of Southeast Asia in 2,3% 1,3% 2,75% the world Share of the Asian-Pacific 56,9% 25,1% 77% Region in the world * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

million that constitutes 46% of the Asian-Pacific region and 27.1% of the world military surface ships orders.

Indonesia was the leader in the segment in 2001-2008 ($4050.0 million).

Indonesia signed its largest contracts in 2004 ($2.9 billion) and 2006 ($1 billion). The second place belongs to Malaysia — $2532.5 million.

Its maximum order was in 2008 — $1632.5 million. The third place holds China — $1.4 billion. Vietnam ordered military surface ships for $350 million and Thailand — for the sum of $144 million.

It is necessary to mark Singapore.

But the whole package of orders of that country was only in 2000 — $1.6 billion As a whole we should mention the large share of Southeast Asia in the Asian-Pacific region orders (46%) and in the world military surface ship orders (27.1%).

In 2001-2008 the actual import of military surface ships in Southeast Asia was evaluated in $5885.9 million.

It constitutes 54.3% of military surface ship actual import in the Asian-

—

—

—

—

—

10,0

0,0

1004,2

1173,3

1994,2

1604,2

5885,9

800,0

1691,7

1860,8

2042,2

1704,2

10833,9

0%

59,3%

63%

97,6%

94,1%

54,3%

3009,0

3442,8

2838,8

3524,8

3005,4

21039,4

0%

29,2%

41,3%

56,6%

53,4%

28%

26,6%

49,1%

65,6%

57,9%

56,7%

51,5%

Pacific region and 28% of the world import. Singapore was the leader in the segment in 2001-2008 ($1.6 billion). Its largest import was in 2008 ($1066.7 million). The second place in the actual import of military surface ships belongs to Indonesia — $1562.5 million. Its maximum import was in 2007 — $937.5 million. The third place holds China — $1.4 billion. Brunei imported military surface ships for $790 in 2007 but the contract was disputed and it was decided to look for a new customer. The actual import of Malaysia was $473.3 million, Myanmar — $50 million and Vietnam — for the sum of $10 million.

As a whole we should mention the Southeast Asia became the world leader in the actual import of military surface ships in 20012008 with the share of 54.3% in the Asian-Pacific region import and 28% in the world military surface ship actual import.

According to the orders and intentions acting on January 1, 2009 the military surface ship import

in Southeast Asia will constitute $4040.6 million in 2009-2012. It constitutes 40.4% of military surface ship import of the Asian-Pacific Region and 26.6% of world-wide deliveries during the given period.

According to the orders and intentions acting on January 1, 2009 Malaysia will be the leader by the imported volume in 2009-2012 ($2479.1 million). The second place will belong to Indonesia — $1067.5.

Vietnamese import will be more than $350 million, Thai — $144 million. It should mention that the given cost is minimum as during 20092012 new contracts can be signed.

But as in the given segment time from contract signing to the delivery of new completed product is long enough, the market may change a little in 2009 — 2012. More significant changes among the leaders in Southeast Asia may be expected because of the possible deliveries of military surface ships modernized to the level of almost new vessels from the Naval Forces of the countries-exporters (deliveries of military 3(50).2009

●

15

NAVY COST ESTIMATE OF THE ACTUAL IMPORT OF MILITARY SURFACE SHIPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIANPACIFIC REGION IN 2001-2008 IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PACKAGE OF IDENTIFIED CONTRACTS AND INTENTIONS IN 2009-2012 ($ million in current prices) Country 2001–2004 2005–2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2009–2012 India

1000,0

48,0

—

—

4985,0

0,0

473,3

473,3

773,3

850,0

382,5

2479,1

Indonesia

50,0

1512,5

537,5

265,0

265,0

—

1067,5

Pakistan

0,0

0,0

187,5

252,5

187,5

337,5

965,0

Vietnam

10,0

0,0

175,0

175,0

—

—

350,0

Thailand

0,0

0,0

—

—

—

144,0

144,0

Singapore

0,0

1600,1

—

—

—

—

0,0

China

0,0

1400,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Taiwan

375,0

975,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Brunei

0,0

790,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Australia

1300,0

500,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

South Korea

650,0

0,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Bangladesh

100,0

0,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Myanmar

50,0

0,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Total Southeast Asia

110,0

5775,9

1185,8

1213,3

1115,0

526,5

4040,6

1373,3

1465,8

1997,5

5154,0

9990,6

86,4%

82,7%

55,8%

10,2%

40,4%

2180,8

3427,6

3057,2

6543,1

15208,7

54,4%

35,4%

36,5%

8,05%

26,6%

63%

42,8%

65,4%

78,8%

65,7%

surface ships with the cost of more than $100 million are considered).

In regional aspect the countries of Southeast Asia will save their high rating both in region the AsianPacific region (40.4%) and in the world (26.6%) in 2009-2012.

SINGAPORE Purchase of Formidable class frigates became the largest program of Singapore in the considered period. In January, 2009 the Naval Forces of Singapore took into service the last two stealth frigates of the Formidable class (Stalwart and Supreme). The frigates became the fifth and sixth vessels in a line of six frigates produced under the French project of DCNS and Singapore Technologies marines (ST marines) companies.

On their entering the service the Formidable frigate squadron of the Naval Forces of Singapore was declared ready to fulfill operational tasks. ●

4290,0

Malaysia

Total the Asian-Pacific Region 3535,0 7298,9 Share of Southeast Asia in the 3,1% 79,1% Asian-Pacific Region Total in the world 8227,6 12811,8 Share of Southeast Asia in the 1,3% 45,1% world Share of the Asian-Pacific 43% 57% Region in the world * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

16

695,0

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

In March, 2000 the Singaporean Ministry of Defense signed a contract for $1.6 billion total cost with DCNS Company on designing and construction of six frigates for the Naval Forces. According to the contract the first frigate of this type was built in France, all the others — under the license in Singapore.

The head Formidable frigate was laid down in Lorient on January 7, 2004. In July, 2005 it arrived in Singapore and entered the service with the Navy in May, 2007. The remaining five frigates had been built by ST marines since 2003. The second Intrepid frigate was laid down on July 3rd, 2004. The third, fourth and fifth ships Steadfast, Tenacious and Stalwart had been laid down since 2005. The ceremony of Supreme launch took place in 2006.

In February, 2008 the Naval Forces of Singapore took into service the second, third and fourth frigates. The fifth and sixth frigates

were passed to the Navy for tests in October, 2007 and August, 2008.

The Formidable class multi-role stealth frigates are the latest surface platforms to enter into service with the Republic of Singapore Navy, and are multi-mission derivatives of the French Navy’s La Fayette class frigate. They are equipped with the latest weapons systems which allow using the vessels against aircrafts, ship and submarines.

Another large program of Singapore provides the modernization of their mine-sweepers. In 2009 Tales Company was contracted to modernize four Bedok class mine-sweepers of the Republic of Singapore Navy.

The Singapore agency of a defense science and technique selected Tales Company the basic contractor of the program by results of the tender. Singaporean ST Electronics acted as subcontractor.

The need for modern mine hunting vessels saw Singapore entering

NAVY into an agreement with Sweden in 1991 to purchase four Landsort class MCMVs. The first Bedok class was built by Kokums Company in Sweden in 1991. on the basis of the design of the vessels of the design "Landsort". Under the additional license agreement Singapore Shipbuilding built three more vessels of that class which entered the service with the Naval Forces of Singapore in 1995.

THAILAND In November, 2008 the Thai Naval Forces signed the contract with Singapore Technologies Marin LT for 5 billion bahts ($144 million) on designing and construction of 141-metre LPD (Landing Platform Dock) and several landing crafts. The contract was signed by results of the tender.

The agreement includes the building of 23-metre LCM vehicle landing crafts and two 13-metre personnel landing crafts LCVP. As it is scheduled, the construction of the vessels will begin in the middle of 2009. And they will be delivered to the customer in the second half of 2012.

One vehicle-landing ship is in the service with the Naval Forces of Thailand now.

INDONESIA PT Pal Indonesia state ship-building company prepares for the delivery of the first Makassar class landing-platform dock (LPD) built in Indonesia to the Navy. This LPD is the third of four that class ships purchased by the Naval Forces of Indonesia.

The Indonesian Ministry of Defense signed an agreement with South Korean Daesun Shipbuilding & Engineering Co. The total cost of the agreement constituted $150 million. Two first helicopter carriers were built in South Korea.

The contract for the 3rd and 4th LPD to be built in Indonesia under license was signed with PT PAL in 2005.

The first vessel of the Makassar class was launched in December, 2006 and entered the service with the Navy in April, 2007. The Indonesian fleet gained the second Surabaya vessel in 2007 too.

In April, 2009 the Dutch Schelde Naval Shipbuilding Company de-

clared the end of the program of the building of four corvettes for the Naval Forces of Indonesia. On April, 11 the fourth and last Sigma class corvette ordered in 2004 was delivered to Indonesia entered the service with the Indonesian Navy in the beginning of March.

The initial contract on design, construction and delivery of two 9113 Sigma class corvettes was signed with Damen Schedle on November 6, 2004. The agreement on the acquisition of the second pair of corvettes was attained in January, 2006.

Sigma class corvettes are designed to patrol the marine belt and fight with contraband, a fraudulent migration and a piracy. The first Diponegoro corvette was entered the service with the Naval Forces of Indonesia in July, 2007 and the second Hanasuddin — in the end of 2007. The launch ceremony of the third Sultan Iskandar Mada corvette took place at Schelde Shipbuilding Yard in Vlissingen on October 18, 2008. The vessel arrived in Indonesia in the end of the last year. The last Sigma corvette arrived in Indonesia in the end of April, 2009.

3(50).2009

●

17

NAVY

Now PT Pal Company negotiates are intended to support Sigma corwith the government of the country vettes.

The decision on the purchase on the building of two 2400-ton corof that project ships for the Naval vettes for the Indonesian Navy.

If the project is approved, its total Forces of Indonesia will have been cost will constitute $530 million. The accepted by the end of 2009. Italian program is planned to be financed Finkanteri who offers alternative within the national defense budget patrol craft of the Komandante and credits of the Indonesian banks. class and Russia with a corvette Construction of the ships will be of the 20380 Stereguschyi class (on divided between the Indonesian June 29, 2007 Rosoboronexport and foreign wharfs. It is planed and Indonesian Navy signed the contract will provide wide tech- the frame contract on the building nology transfer for PT Pal. New ships of two Stereguschyi corvettes. The

18

●

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

signed contract provides building of the first ship in Spain with the further equipment in St.-Petersburg) will be the rivals of the Dutch Damen Schelde.

According to latest information, only one corvette will be built because of the financial stress. The estimated cost of a corvette will constitute $240 million.

MALAYSIA August, 2009 the last of six Kedah class offshore patrol vessels built

NAVY within the naval modernization pro- of corvettes was passed to Boustead alization of this plan can be put aside gram was launched at Boustead shipyard located at Lumuta sea till 2011.

At the same time, despite the fiShipbuilding yard in Lumuta base (Perak state). In 2006 the Royal Malaysian Navy finally commis- nancial constraints, Malaysia will (Malaysia).

The agreement between sioned Kedah, which was delayed continue the building of two new the Malaysian government, Blohm for 18 months, followed by a second Jebat class frigates. The vessels are and Voss, German Naval Group (GNG) corvette, Pahang, in August of the planned to be jointly built by BA and Boustead Naval Dockyard (PCS- same year, and a third one, Perak, on Systems and Malaysian Labuan ND) was signed in November, 2000. June 3, 2009. All 6 vessels will have Shipyard and Engineering.

Malaysia, who traditionally purAccording to it 6 new generation been launched by 2010.The main patrol vessels were to be build. The task of Kedah class corvettes will be- chased military ships abroad, is contract had been signed by the re- come the patrolling of the Malaysian aimed to develop its own shipbuilding industry. The Letter of intent on sults of the tender (potential cost marine belt.

In November, 2008 the Malaysian purchase of two Jebat ships was 5.3 billion ringgits ($1.5 billion)). The Kedah class is based on the Meko government approved the construc- signed in June, 2006. Negotiations A-100 corvette designed by Blohm tion of the second batch of Kedah on a final frigate cost are being con+ Voss. Terms of the contract speci- class new generation offshore patrol tinued now. According to the govfied that the local shipyard compa- vessels (OPV) for the Royal Malaysian ernment, the vessels may be built ny PSC-Naval Dockyard as the prime Navy. As expected they will be built in Great Britain and completely contractor, the German Naval Group by Boustead Shipyard and accom- equipped in Malaysia.

(GNG) as the main sub-contractor. modated within 2011-2015. Global fiFirst 2 ships Kedah and Pahang were nancial crisis and difficult econom- BRUNEI In June, 2009 sea tests of the first to be built in Germany and equipped ic situation can change these plans.

Malaysia is going to gain new new class patrol craft designed for with weapons system in Malaysia, with the remainder to be built by multi-purpose support vessels. the Naval Forces of Brunei started According to the 9-year financial at Lursen Verft Shipbuilding Yard PSC-Naval Dockyard in Malaysia.

The first vessel left Hamburg program 2006-2010 Malaysia plans in Bremen. Neither the companyon April 1, 2003, the second — on to build three helicopter carriers manufacturer nor the government October 6, 2003. Because of the var- type landing-platform dock (LPD) of Brunei officially confirmed the fact ious problems in 2005 completion for the Malaysian Royal Navy. But re- that the contract had already been

3(50).2009

●

19

NAVY COST ESTIMATE OF THE ORDERS OF NON NUCLEAR SUBMARINES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION IN 2001-2008 ($ million in current prices) 2001– Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 India — 160,0 — 650,0 3330,0 — — — 4140,0 China

—

1600,0

—

—

—

—

—

—

1600,0

Malaysia

—

1174,0

—

—

—

—

—

—

1174,0

Pakistan

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

1000,0

1000,0

South Korea

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

504,0

504,0

Singapore

—

—

—

—

128,0

—

—

—

128,0

Indonesia

—

—

60,0

—

—

—

—

—

60,0

128,0

0,0

0,0

0,0

2962,0

3458,0

0,0

0,0

1504,0

8606,0

3,7%

—

—

0%

34,4%

3618,0

1740,0

0,0

16279,1

28266,1

3,54%

0%

—

0%

10,5%

95,6%

0%

—

9,24%

30,4%

Total Southeast Asia 0,0 2774,0 60,0 0,0 Total Asian-Pacific 0,0 2934,0 60,0 650,0 Region Share of Southeast Asia in the Asian— 94,5% 100% 0% Pacific Region Total in the world 35,0 3102,0 1683,0 1809,0 Share of Southeast 0% 89,4% 3,57% 0% Asia in the world Share of the AsianPacific Region in the 0% 94,6% 3,57% 35,9% world * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

signed. But according to the representatives of the German defense industry the German shipyard received an order for the building of several patrol vessels from the sultanate.

In January, 1998 Brunei signed the contract with BA Systems on manufacture of the three new guided missile frigates of F2000 class.

The first frigate was launched in January, 2001 and began its sea tests in January, 2002.

Three vessels cost $1.5 billion, were scheduled to be delivered to the customer in 2004. But the Bruneian government announced that the frigates did not obey the technical demands and refused to receive them and pay the delivery. The deal was under long-term consideration in arbitration court. In the result according to the court decision the Royal Bruneian Technical Services (RBTS — an equivalent of the Ministry of Defense) accepted all three vessels in April, 2007.

According to the experts, no specification differences in BA Systems frigates were found. On reserving the modern vessels equipped with the latest aggregates in Great Britain, the Bruneian government did not consider the necessity of special per20

●

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

sonnel training. New frigates turned out to be too difficult in operation and maintenance for the Bruneian Navy.

Now the frigates are laid up and delivered on parking in Barrow (Great Britain) where they are maintained by Global Naval Systems, a subdivision of Loursen Company which is to sell them in accordance with the decision of the government of Brunei. The German shipbuilder may deliver the vessels of more suitable class to Brunei.

As it became known, Algeria can become the customer of three short-range F-2000 Brunei class patrol frigates built by BA Systems for the Naval Forces of Brunei.

VIETNAM In June, 2007 Zelenodolsk Shipbuilding Yard started the building of two Gepard 3.9 class frigates for the Naval Forces of Vietnam.

It is scheduled that the first vessel will be delivered to the customer in 31 month, the second one — in 37 months from the beginning of the building.

The export variant of Gepard-3.9 patrol frigate was developed on the base of project 11661 vessel. It is

equipped and organized for searching, tracking and fighting against surface, underwater and air targets as is self-supporting and as a part of group, convoy operations, patrol service, guarding of the marine frontier and economic area.

Now the Vietnamese Ministry of Defense is focused on the building of 30-40 ocean patrol vessels with the displacement of 2500 tons and 20 offshore patrol vessels with the displacement of 200 — 400 tons.

CHINA In November, 1997 China signed a contract on the delivery of two 956E Sovremenny class destroyers. Destroyers are armed with 3М-80MVE supersonic Moskit anti-ship missiles (their delivery cost constituted $100 million). China became the first customer of Moskit anti-ship missiles. The contract total cost constituted $1 billion. Eight shipboard anti-submarine helicopters (three Ka-27 and five Ka-28) were delivered for the destroyers. They entered the service with the Naval Forces of China in December, 1999 and January, 2001 In January, 2002 the building contract on two more 965EM project de-

NAVY stroyers was signed. It constituted $1 billion (according to the other information $1.4 billion).

The first keel was laid down in the end of 2002 and delivered to the customer in the end of December, 2005.

The second destroyer was supposed to be delivered in March, 2006 but there was a fire aboard on April 27, 2005. So the delivery date was changed again and its sea tests were only completed in the beginning of September, 2006. As a result Severnaya Verf’ Company delivered the second destroyer to the representatives of the Chinese Ministry of Defense on September 28, 2006 Russia participates as the subcontractor in a number of national Chinese programs on the modernization of their Naval Forces, in particular, in the program of building of 054 class, etc.

New modernized guided missile destroyers of 052B class (Lukhai class) are equipped with Shtil-1 Russian shipboard complex. In 2002 the Chinese shipyards in Shanghai launched two 052B class destroyers (N168 and N169). According to the contract signed in 2003 they were equipped with the Russian ship systems. Shtil-1 shipboard AD system developed by Altai fires

9М317 AD missiles produced by Dolgoprudnensk R&D. Two 052B class destroyers are equipped with MR-90 Orekh fire control radars. MR-90 Orekh radar station interacts with Shtil AD system and ensures semi-active illumination for 9М317 AD missiles. Four Sovremenny class destroyers (956E and 956EM projects) of the Chinese Navy are armed with Shtil AD system.

The fourth destroyer of Lukhai class is also equipped with the new Russian phased radar consisting of four SPY-1D antenna systems, analogous of Idzhis shipboard AD system.

In the field of military surface ship building cooperation China may cooperate with Russia in the joint development of a specialized air defense ship. The negotiations are on.

Within the modernization of its Naval Forces China intends to build new destroyers. It will be the new generation vessels with the displacement of more than 10 thousand tons. They are planned to be equipped with anti-ship missiles with the range to 500 km.

Military experts correlate the necessity of such destroyers with the Chinese plans on the creation of their own carrier groups.

Those destroyers will be larger than the Russian Sovremenny class destroyers in the Peoples Republic of China Navy.

In April, 2009 China signed a contract with French DCNS on the delivery of naval equipment for shipboard atomic system. The contract was signed with the Chinese CNPEC Company specialized on the electric equipment. According to the contract, DCNS will deliver 14 heat exchangers for onboard atomic power plants.

NON NUCLEAR SUBMARINE MARKET IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION Now there is a new trend directed to the creation of national submarine fleets in some Southeast Asia countries. In 2001-2008 in the non nuclear submarine segment Southeast Asia countries store up the common backlog of naval equipment delivery (the order of the new submarines, production under license, repair and modernization of the acting submarines) for $2962.0 million that constitutes 34.4% of the Asian-Pacific region and 10.5% of the world nun nuclear submarine orders. China was the leader in the segment in 2001– 2008 ($1.6 billion). Russia produced

COST ESTIMATE OF THE ACTUAL IMPORT OF NON NUCLEAR SUBMARINSE IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIANPACIFIC REGION IN 2001-2008 ($ million in current prices) 2001– Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 China — — — 200,0 1200,0 200,0 — — 1600,0 Australia

466,7

South Korea

170,0 — 80,0

Malaysia Indonesia

Pakistan India

466,7

466,7

—

—

—

—

—

1400,1

—

—

—

—

—

249,3

249,3

668,6

—

250,0

—

—

—

—

250,0

500,0

80,0

—

—

80,0

—

—

160,0

400,0

—

200,0

—

—

—

—

—

—

200,0

—

—

—

—

—

60,0

—

—

60,0

Singapore

—

5,0

—

5,0

—

—

—

—

10,0

Total Southeast Asia

0,0

205,0

0,0

205,0

1200,0

260,0

0,0

0,0

1870,0

205,0

1280,0

260,0

249,3

659,3

4838,7

100%

93,75%

100%

0%

0%

38,6%

364,6

1763,3

1474,0

1127,6

1042,6

8519,6

56,2%

68,1%

17%

0%

0%

21,9%

56,2%

72,6%

17%

22,1%

63,2%

56,8%

Total Asian-Pacific Region 716,7 751,7 716,7 Share of Southeast Asia in 0% 27,3% 0% the Asian-Pacific Region Total in the world 879,7 852,5 1015,3 Share of Southeast Asia in 0% 24% 0% the world Share of the Asian-Pacific 81,4% 88,2% 70,6% Region in the world * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

3(50).2009

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21

NAVY COST ESTIMATE OF THE ACTUAL IMPORT OF NON NUCLEAR SUBMARINES IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIANPACIFIC REGION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PACKAGE OF IDENTIFIED CONTRACTS AND INTENTIONS IN 2009-2012 ($ million in current prices) Country 2001–2004 2005–2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2009–2012 India

160,0

240,0

—

650,0

—

Malaysia

200,0

0,0

974,0

—

Vietnam

0,0

0,0

—

—

South Korea

170,0

498,6

249,3

Singapore

10,0

0,0

64,0

Indonesia China

●

1191,7

—

—

974,0

—

600,0

600,0

—

—

84,0

333,3

64,0

—

—

128,0

0,0

60,0

—

—

75,0

—

75,0

200,0

1400,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Pakistan

250,0

250,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Australia

1400,1

0,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Total Southeast Asia

410,0

1460,0

1038,0

64,0

75,0

600,0

1777,0

Total Asian-Pacific Region 2390,1 2448,6 1287,3 Share of Southeast Asia in 17,15% 59,6% 80,6% the Asian-Pacific Region Total in the world 3112,1 5407,5 2590,9 Share of Southeast Asia in 13,2% 27% 40,1% the world Share of the Asian-Pacific 76,8% 45,3% 49,7% Region in the world * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

714,0

75,0

1225,7

3302,0

9%

100%

48,9%

53,8%

2367,5

655,0

2360,7

7974,1

2,7%

11,45%

25,4%

22,3%

30,2%

11,45%

51,9%

41,4%

all the non nuclear submarines for China under the contract signed in 2002. The second place belongs to Malaysia — $1174.5 million (contract was signed with France). The third place holds Singapore — $128 million. Indonesia ordered military surface ships for $60 million. As a whole we should mention that the largest contracts were signed in the first half of the considered period. Now we should expect large-scale contracts on nonnuclear submarines from Vietnam and Indonesia. Singapore and Thailand are considered to be perspective customers too.

In 2001–2008 the actual import of non nuclear submarines in Southeast Asia was evaluated in $1870.0 million. It constitutes 38.6% of non nuclear submarines actual import in the Asian-Pacific region and 21.9% of the world import.

China was the leader in the segment in 2001-2008 ($1.6 billion). Its largest import was in 2005 ($1.2 billion).

The second place in the actual import of non nuclear submarines belongs to Malaysia — $200 million. All the import was in 2005. The third place holds Indonesia — $60 billion. Singapore imported non nuclear submarines for $10. The actual 22

541,7

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

import of Myanmar was $50 million and Vietnam — for the sum of $10 million.

As a whole we should mention the Southeast Asia became the world leader in the actual import of military surface ships in 20012008 with the share of 54.3% in the Asian-Pacific region import and 28% in the world military surface ship actual import.

According to the orders and intentions acting on January 1, 2009 non nuclear submarines import in Southeast Asia will constitute $1777.0 million in 2009-2012. It constitutes 53.8% of non nuclear submarines import of the Asian-Pacific Region and 22.3% of world-wide deliveries during the given period.

According to the orders and intentions acting on January 1, 2009 Malaysia will be the leader by the imported volume in 2009-2012 ($974 million). The second place will belong to Vietnam- $1067.5 million.

Vietnamese import will be more than $600 million, Singapore — $128 million, Indonesia — $75 million. It should mention that the given cost is minimum as during 20092012 new contracts may be signed.

In regional aspect the countries

of Southeast Asia will increase their high rating both in the Asian-Pacific region and in the world in 20092012.

VIETNAM In May, 2009 Vietnam declared that it is close to sign the contract with Russia cost of $1.8 billion on the delivery of six 636 Kilo class diesel-electric submarines. Admiral Verf’ Shipbuilding Yard will execute the order.

The first submarines entered the service with the Vietnamese Navy for about 10 years ago. Two small Northern Korean submarines became a preparatory stage to the acquisition of modern dieselelectric submarines.

CHINA The program of building of dieselelectric submarines for the Chinese Navy became the largest order of Russia during the considered period. The building contract on eight 636 project diesel-electric submarines armed with Klab-S guided-missile system was signed in May, 2002.

Sevmash was ordered two submarines, Admiralty Verf’ — five and Red Sormovo Plant — one submarine.

NAVY Now there are four ex-SwedThe total cost of the contract ex- SINGAPORE The Archer class Singaporean ish diesel-electric submarines ceeded $1.6 billion. Within the contract one submarine was delivered submarine was solemnly launched of A-14 Challenger project (exto China in 2004. In 2005 the basic at Kockums Shipyard in Karlskrune Sjöormen class) in the Naval Forces of Singapore which were built deliveries were made (6 submarines (Sweden) In June, 2009.

Archer is the first of two ex- in 1960th and purchased in 1995 unwere given to the customer). The 8th boat was sent to China in the first Swedish submarines purchased der Riken I and Riken II programs. for the Naval Forces of Singapore Modernized non nuclear submarines quarter of 2006 China might have contracted and modernized by Kockums. Archer are planned to substitute Challenger the delivery of six more 636 project and Swordsman submarines (ex- class submarines.

On April 13, 2009 Kockums and ST Hälsingland and ex-Västergötland) diesel-electric submarines.

China plans to equip all its sub- have been manufactured by com- Merin Singaporean Shipbuilding marines built in Russia with Klab-S pany Kockums and entered the serv- Company signed the memorancomplex (two submarines of project ice with the Swedish Navy in 1987- dum on creation of the joint ven1988. In 2004 those nonnuclear sub- ture for providing the technical sup877EKM and two of project 636).

In the building of diesel-electric marines were written off and sold to port of the submarines of the Naval submarines Russia rendered assist- the Singaporean Ministry of Defense Forces of Singapore.

It is expected that after beance to China in removal of the prob- in 2005.

Official cost of the agreement ing modernized the second lems originated during the developwas not published. According to Västergötland submarine will be ment of Sun class submarines.

Tip-093 nuclear submarine the Swedish mass-media, it consti- launched in the middle of 2010. was armed with Russian weap- tuted 1 billion crones ($127.6 million).

As it is scheduled, after being THAILAND ons and noise blanking systems.

In 1990th Naval Forces of Thailand According to information received equipped and completing sea tests head nuclear powered BM subma- Archer will enter the service with planned to purchase diesel-electric rine of project 094 was built with the Naval Forces of Singapore in the submarines. But they had to reject the program because of the economend of 2010. the usage of Russian technologies.

COST ESTIMATE OF THE ORDERS OF BOAT AND LIGHT AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT SHIPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION IN 2001-2008 ($ million in current prices) 2001– Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 Vietnam 40,0 — 1000,0 — — — — — 1040,0 New Zealand — — — 300,0 — — — — 300,0 South Korea — 100,0 — — — — — — 100,0 Cambodia — — — — 20,0 60,0 — — 80,0 Thailand — 70,0 — — — — — — 70,0 India — — — — — 40,4 — — 40,4 The Philippines 10,0 — — — — 20,0 10,0 — 40,0 Australia — — — — — — 35,7 — 35,7 Sri-Lanka — — — 6,9 11,3 — — — 18,2 Pakistan — — — 9,0 — 3,0 — — 12,0 Bangladesh — 10,0 — — — — — — 10,0 Indonesia — — — — — 10,0 — — 10,0 Tonga — — — — — — — 6,0 6,0 Singapore — — — — — — — 0,4 0,4 Total Southeast Asia 50,0 70,0 1000,0 0,0 20,0 90,0 10,0 0,4 1240,4 Total Asian-Pacific 50,0 180,0 1000,0 315,9 31,3 133,4 45,7 6,4 1762,7 Region Share of Southeast Asia in the Asian100% 87,5% 100% 0% 63,9% 67,5% 21,9% 6,25% 70,3% Pacific Region Total in the world 269,0 454,0 1714,3 546,7 1746,1 307,4 824,6 4312,9 10175,0 Share of Southeast 18,6% 15,4% 58,3% 0% 1,14% 29,3% 1,2% 0,01% 12,2% Asia in the world Share of the AsianPacific Region in the 18,6% 39,6% 58,3% 57,8% 1,79% 43,3% 5,5% 0,15% 17,3% world * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included 3(50).2009

●

23

NAVY COST ESTIMATE OF THE ACTUAL IMPORT OF BOAT AND LIGHT AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT SHIPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION IN 2001-2008 ($ million in current prices) 2001– Country 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2008 Vietnam 25,0 40,0 — — 25,0 — 166,7 166,7 423,4 New Zealand

—

—

—

—

—

—

India

—

30,0

30,0

30,0

30,0

Indonesia

—

65,0

65,0

—

—

300,0

30,0

30,0

30,0

210,0

—

10,0

—

140,0

Cambodia

—

—

—

—

20,0

—

60,0

—

80,0

4,0

—

—

—

—

70,0

—

—

74,0

South Korea

—

—

—

—

—

66,7

—

—

66,7

10,0

10,0

—

—

33,3

—

—

—

53,3

Australia

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

35,7

35,7

The Philippines

—

—

—

10,0

—

—

20,0

3,6

33,6

Sri-Lanka

—

—

—

6,9

—

11,3

—

—

18,2

Pakistan

—

—

—

—

—

3,0

6,0

3,0

12,0

Bangladesh

—

—

6,0

4,0

—

—

—

—

10,0

The Maldives

—

2,0

—

—

—

—

—

—

2,0

Singapore

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

0,4

0,4

45,0

70,0

256,7

170,7

751,4

108,3

181,0

421,3

410,8

1459,3

41,7%

38,7%

60,9%

41,6%

51,5%

806,2

742,4

1169,1

854,3

4950,7

5,58%

9,4%

21,95%

20%

15,2%

13,4%

24,4%

36%

48,1%

29,5%

Total Southeast Asia 29,0 105,0 65,0 10,0 Total Asian-Pacific 39,0 147,0 101,0 50,9 Region Share of Southeast Asia in the Asian74,3% 71,4% 64,3% 19,6% Pacific Region Total in the world 236,0 434,3 271,3 437,1 Share of Southeast 12,3% 24,2% 24% 2,29% Asia in the world Share of the AsianPacific Region in the 16,5% 33,9% 37,3% 11,7% world * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

ic crisis burst in 1997. In 2001 they announced their plans of acquisition of second-hand diesel submarines.

Russia, Israel, Spain and Germany are considered to be the potential suppliers. The decision on the number of diesel-electric submarines has not been accepted yet (minimum two submarines are supposed to order). 10-15 years service life submarines are under discussion. The alternative of leasing with the subsequent purchase is possible.

INDONESIA In the middle of 2009 Indonesia was going to make the acquisition of minimum two new diesel-electric submarines.

Now the Naval Forces of Indonesia gain two submarines Tip-209/1300 Cakra and Nanggala built by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft of Germany in 1980. Head die●

171,4

Thailand Japan

24

128,6

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

sel-electric Cakra submarine entered the service in May, 1981.

South Korea (Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering) and Russia are considered to be the main candidates for the delivery of new diesel-electric submarines.

Other tender candidates are German Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft and also French DCNS with their Agosta-90B or Skorpen projects.

Daewoo Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering intends to present Indonesia the engineering specifications of two 1400-ton Tip209submarines.

According to the company, cost of hulls of both submarines will constitute $350 million for each one. Combat and underwater sound systems for each submarine will constitute $250 million.

It is necessary to mark that Daewoo has long-term experience of cooperation with the Naval Forces

of Indonesia. In April, 2009 Daewoo signed a contract on modernization of Nanggala, the second Cakra class diesel-electric submarine of the Indonesian Navy. Head Cakra class diesel-electric submarine was modernized by the South Korean company in 2004 — 2006.

Indonesia plans to build a head submarine by the company which will win the tender, and the second submarine — at PT Pal national state shipbuilding company under the license agreement.

According to the latest information, the decision will be announced in 2010.

According to the Indonesian Ministry of Defense the Naval Forces plan to have 6 submarines.

MALAYSIA The first of the two diesel submarines purchased by the Royal Naval

NAVY Forces of Malaysia Tanku Abdul Rahman of the Scorpen class arrived at the Malaysian sea base SeppangarBay in September, 2009 where it will be equipped with some systems.

The agreement cost 3.4 billion Malaysian rupees ($1.2 billion) on the delivery of two Skorpen class diesel-electric submarines was signed by the government of Malaysia, French DCNS and Spanish Navantija on June 5th, 2002. Within the program Navantija carried out the assemblage of the submarine front sections and DCNS — bow sections which were joint in Cherbourg (for the first submarine) and in Cartagena (for the second one). The option to the agreement provides the submarine to be equipmed with the airindependent power plant.

Tanku Abdul Rahman submarine was laid down at DCNS shipyard in Cherbourg on December 2, 2003.

On October 23, 2007 the diesel submarine was launched. In the end of January, 2009 the submarine officially entered the service with the Royal Naval Forces of Malaysia.

The second Tun Abdul Razak submarine was solemnly laid down at Navantija shipbuilding in Cartagena (Spain) in October, 2008. Now the submarine is being tested. It is planned to be given to the Malaysian Royal Navy on October 25, 2009. It will arrive in Malaysia in March-April, 2010.

BOAT AND LIGHT AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT SHIPS MARKET IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIANPACIFIC REGION In 2001-2008 in the boat and small amphibious assault ship segment Southeast Asia countries store up the common backlog of naval equipment delivery (the order of the new boats, production under license, repair and modernization of the acting

boats) for $1240.4 million that constitutes 70.3% of the Asian-Pacific region and 12.2% of the world boat and small amphibious assault ship orders. Vietnam was the leader in the segment in 2001-2008 ($1040.0 million). Russia produced most of the boats for Vietnam. Under the contract Russia built the Molniya class boats armed with Uran missile complex. The second place belongs to Cambodia — $80 million. The third place holds Thailand — $70 million.

The Philippines ordered military boats for $40 million, Indonesia — $10 million, Singapore — $0.4 million. As a whole we should mention the large share of 70.3% in the AsianPacific region orders.

In 2001-2008 the actual import of boats and small amphibious assault ships in Southeast Asia was evaluated in $751.4 million. It constitutes 51.5% of boat and small amphibious assault ship actual import

COST ESTIMATE OF THE ACTUAL IMPORT OF BOAT AND LIGHT AMPHIBIOUS ASSAULT SHIPS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA AND ASIAN-PACIFIC REGION IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE PACKAGE OF IDENTIFIED CONTRACTS AND INTENTIONS IN 2009-2012 ($ million in current prices) Country 2001–2004 2005–2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2009–2012 Vietnam

65,0

358,4

166,7

166,7

166,7

166,7

666,8

India

90,0

120,0

48,4

52,0

50,0

40,0

190,4

The Philippines

10,0

23,6

6,4

—

—

—

6,4

Tonga

0,0

0,0

2,0

4,0

—

—

6,0

Singapore

0,0

0,4

0,5

—

—

—

0,5

New Zealand

0,0

300,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Cambodia

0,0

80,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Thailand

4,0

70,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

South Korea

0,0

66,7

—

—

—

—

0,0

35,7

—

—

—

—

0,0

Australia

0,0

Japan

20,0

33,3

—

—

—

—

0,0

Pakistan

0,0

12,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Sri-Lanka

6,9

11,3

—

—

—

—

0,0

Indonesia

130,0

10,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

Bangladesh

10,0

0,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

The Maldives

2,0

0,0

—

—

—

—

0,0

166,7

166,7

166,7

673,7

222,7

216,7

206,7

870,1

75,3%

77%

80,7%

77,5%

1789,2

1440,7

1478,1

5937,5

9,3%

11,6%

11,3%

11,35%

12,45%

15%

14%

14,65%

Total Southeast Asia

209,0 542,4 173,6 Total Asian-Pacific Region 337,9 1121,4 224,0 Share of Southeast Asia in the Asian-Pacific Region 61,8% 48,3% 77,7% Total in the world 1378,7 3572,0 1229,5 Share of Southeast Asia in the world 15,2% 15,2% 14,15% Share of the Asian-Pacific Region in the world 24,5% 31,4% 18,2% * Modernization and repair of military equipment is included

3(50).2009

●

25

NAVY in the Asian-Pacific region and 15.2% and 11.35% of world-wide deliveries joint design of high-speed boats with the displacement of 100 — 400 of the world import. Vietnam was during the given period.

According to the orders and in- tons. the leader in the segment in 2001In July, 2009 on a repair factory 2008 ($432.4 million). Its largest im- tentions acting on January 1, 2009 port was the license building of the Vietnam will be the leader by the im- «East wharf» in Vladivostok ceremoMolnyia class missile boats. The ported volume in 2009-2012 ($666.8 ny of a backfilling of two next pthe second place in the actual import million). The second place will be- Asian-Pacific regionol crafts of the of boats and small amphibious as- long to the Philippines- $6.4 million. design of 10412 "Svetljak" for Naval sault ships belongs to Indonesia — Singaporean import will be more Forces of Vietnam has taken place.

In the end of June, 2009 two $140 million. The greatest import than $0.5 million. It should mention was in 2002 and 2003 — $65 mil- that the given cost is minimum as Svetljak class boats were laid down lion every year. The third place holds during 2009-2012 new contracts may at Almaz Shipbuilding Company in Vladivostok. They are planned to Cambodia — $80 billion. Thailand be signed. be delivered to the customer in 2010. imported boats and small amphibious assault ships for $74 million. The VIETNAM In 90th Vietnam gained 4 INDONESIA actual import of the Philippines was In October, 2009 on realizing its $33.6 million and Singapore — for 1241Molnyia missile boats armed with Termit guided-missile system. In 2003- budgetary financing, the Indonesian the sum of $0.4 million.

As a whole we should mention 2004 two Svetljak boats were deliv- Naval Forces made a decision in fathe Southeast Asia countries be- ered. Vietnam purchased the license vor of the patrol boats development came the leader of the Asian-Pacific for building missile boats of 1241.8 and transferred the other programs region import of boats and small Molniya with Uran guided-missile sys- of the Naval Forces modernization.

So the signing of the contract tem. The license production of these amphibious assault ships.

According to the orders and in- boats has been on since 2006. Two on the delivery of two diesel-electentions acting on January 1, 2009 boats were built in Russia and 10 mis- tric submarines was postponed to boat and small amphibious assault sile boats will be built in Vietnam un- 2011. So the submarines may enship import in Southeast Asia will der the Russian license. The contract ter the service with the Indonesian constitute $673.7 million in 2009- was to be completed by 2007. In 2006 Naval Forces in 2012 and 2013 New patrol boats are planned 2012. It constitutes 73.5% of boat the license production began.

Vietnam also requested for to be equipped with the Russian and small amphibious assault ship import of the Asian-Pacific Region the technical cooperation in the and Chinese anti-ship missiles.

26

●

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

NAVY sels were sold to the Philippines, Kazakhstan and Bangladesh.

CAMBODIA In 2005 China sold six boats to the Cambodian police.

In November, 2007 Cambodia received nine patrol vessels from China. Cost of the vessels purchased on the Chinese credit constituted

28

●

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

$60 million and china granted favorable credit terms.

South Korea gave 3 patrol boats to Cambodia in 2008. The boat type is unknown. It might have been South Korean written off Sea Dauphin patrol boats. Earlier the same type ves-

CHINA In August, 2009 mass-media announced that the Chinese Naval Forces intended to build four light amphibious assault ships on the aircushion of 1232.2 Zubr class within the agreement signed with Ukraine.

Its cost was evaluated in $315 million.

It is supposed that two vessels will be built by Sea Feodosiya Shipbuilding Company. Two more vessels will be built with the participation of the Ukrainian specialists in China.

In 2007 China negotiated with Russia on the delivery of 10 Zubr class vessels but the sides could not come to an agreement. Nevertheless, China began the negotiations on the acquisition of such vessels with Ukraine.

Zubr class vessels were designed

by Almaz Naval Design Bureau in St.-Petersburg in 1970 — 1980th and were intended for the fast troop’s transportation and landing.

Russian and Ukrainian plants built the ships. So the power plants were produced in Ukraine.

LAND FORCES

3(50).2009

●

29

LAND FORCES

RUSSIAN TANK EXPORT Oleg Zheltonozhko Vladislav Belogrud

DOES THE T-80 HAVE ANY OUTLOOK? Our battle tanks are the best in the world. Is it truth or not? There is no need to explain to both opponents what the T-54, the T-72 or the T-80 is. Experts and specialists are still arguing on it. Why is the list of enthusiastic customers not so large if our tanks are the best? And why are they sold if they are the worst? Where is the root of the Russian tank strength? Why did the Soviet Union simultaneously build three main battle tanks? Is it luxury or foolishness? How did it happen? Which of these tanks is better?

Where do we go and what armor will protect Russia?

BRIEF HISTORY REVIEW OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN TURBINE POWERED TANK Tank is one of the symbols of the Russian Armed Forces. It is not only the main striking force of the Army but at the same it is the realization of that small part of the Russian technologies which we can be proud at.

Nevertheless even in this sphere we are not as good as we were in the Soviet epoch. As in the other areas of Russian defense industry production of export models is the main condition of surviving for the developers of Russian armor shield. Defense industry losses in the hard times were really great and it is not the fact that those times are over for tank builders.

30

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ARMS Defence Technologies Review

Quantitative and qualitative tank superiority over the enemies gained by the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War caused many years’ nightmares of “the sudden tank strike directed to the English Channel”.

Beginning with the T-64 those were the Soviet tanks which became the standard for the tank builders of Great Britain, the USA and France…

When the Soviet Union collapsed the Russian Federation inherited the major part of quite modern Soviet tanks as well as a great number of old-fashioned military equipment.

Those were the T-64, the T-72 and the T-80 main battle tanks. Russia also managed to hold three of the four tank developing centers in Leningrad, Omsk and the Urals. But the most

celebrated Morozov Machine Building Design Bureau in Kharkov with all its products and the best manufacturing capabilities on the Soviet territory was given to Ukraine which also got the production of the powerful two stroke tank diesel engines 5TD and 6TD and the only repairing facility for such engines. That is why Ukraine started the serial line production of the dieselpowered T-80UD main battle tank, the most modern tank at the moment of the collapse of the USSR. The Soviet tank building industry was also inherited by the former “ideological allies” of the USSR which managed to handle their own tank production. Polish, Czechoslovakian, Rumanian, Yugoslavian plants produced their own the T-72s. They had

LAND FORCES lighter armor and referred to as the T-72M (M means “modernized”). The name itself showed the developmental lag of that model form the Soviet T-72A and T-72B models. The USSR gave its technical achievements to the Warsaw Pact allies cautiously creating significant developmental lag.

Nevertheless Yugoslavian developers managed to create a high-performance fire control system for their T-72-M-84. The system was highly appreciated by the Soviet specialists.

The Rumanian developers tried to make more simple improvements and proudly called all their “gismos” as the TR-125! Any bauble of folly will keep the ally jolly…

In fact when we speak about the tank export our tanks compete with their foreign clones of the T-72 Russian main battle tank.

There are two biggest serial plants producing tanks with different power plants in Russia. Omsk Transmash plant produced gas turbine powered the T-80 tank and Uralvagonzavod produced the T-72. The fact that Russia has three main battle tanks (the T-64, the T-72 and the T-80) is usually laughed at. Nevertheless bungling and evil intent were not the reason of it.

The powerful compact engine is the main problem when any tank is being designed. The Soviet tank building industry could not make a decisive breakthrough in the development of four-stroke diesel V-2 engines after the Great Patriotic War. The increasing of the specific output and decreasing of the power plant dimensions were badly needed. The Post-war T-54 and T-55 tanks caused no sensation in it.

The development of two-stroke diesel engines with opposed cylinders 4TD (later 5TD and 6 TD) based on the

Germany technology of aero diesel engine could become a real breakthrough. When designing new medium the T-64 tank A. Morozov gambled on it. But the delay in the creating of such an engine could be calculated in decades not years. Tank could not become as reliable as it was needed by different reasons and the line was delayed. Even forward units were not equipped with the T-64 tanks. The Armed Forces used the T-55 which became more and more unreliable in comparison with new NATO tanks.

Т-64

Т-64

3(50).2009

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31

LAND FORCES Т-72С, India

Т-72 & Т-64

32

●

The reserve variant was needed. The T-64 powered with B-45 engine, less powerful and compact than 5TDF Kharkov one, could be accepted as such a variant. But B-45 succeeded B-2 and it was cheaper. New tank known as “object 172” was planned to be manufactured at Uralvagonzavod plant producing the T-54, the T-55 and their successor the T-62 for the Armed Forces. The large-scale production was to compensate the shortage of new high quality vehicles.

The designers of UVZ were not satisfied with the idea of being a jour-

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

neyman of Kharkov as it was when the T-54 had been designed. After criticizing a great number of Kharkov technical ideas UVZ convinced the customer in the necessity of changes.

They criticized the lightweight running gear, vertical tank automatic loading mechanism and 115-mm gun. UVZ started to design and manufacture not Morozov “object 172” but Kartcev and Venediktov “object 172M” with its own running gear, horizontal tank automatic loading mechanism and 125-mm gun. New tank was marked as the T-72. But the Ural vehicle was

reserve and the Kharkov the main one in the Soviet period. New achievements were first tested and fixed on the T-64 and then on the T-72. It happened with composite armor, missile munitions, active armor and fire control system. However the T-64 was equipped with 125-mm gun.

In the result unlike the T-72, the T-64 was only used by the Soviet Army and never exported even to the closest allies.

Even in the conditions of continuous redesigning of the T-64 the problem of tank engine did not disappear. The two stroke engine cost a lot of money and was modernized very slowly. Its maintenance was still as difficult as the maintenance of the aero engine. The further power increasing was a real problem. The only one plant could produce and repair them in the Soviet Union.

In 60s the decision of the given problem seemed to be in equipping tanks with gas turbine engines. In 1968 the government regulation said that “the designing of the tank powered with gas turbine is the main national goal”.

Gas turbine engine was mounted on the tank by Leningrad SKB 2 under the leadership of the chief designer N.

LAND FORCES Popov. Working on “object 219” they managed to solve the dust filtration problem in gas turbine engine when it is used on a ground combat vehicle.

But they had to accept increased fuel and air consumption and some dust passing through the system.

In the result Klimov R&D designed GTD-1000D gas turbine engine of 1000 horsepower. They managed to fix it in the engine compartment of 2.8 m3. At the same time the T-72 tank was powered with B-46 diesel engine of 780 horsepower fixed in the compartment of 3.1 m3.

Leningrad designers were not satisfied with Kharkov running gear.

That is why they designed the gearbox with five forward and one reverse sprocket. Suspension was reverted from pneumatic to torsion bar, with six forged steel-aluminum rubbertired road wheels on each side, with the tracks driven by rear sprockets.

At the same time the Leningrad tank succeeded the Kharkov loader, armor, and turret construction for a start.

Tank called the T-80 was started to manufacture at Omsk Transmash.

In the end the forward units were equipped with the T-80 not the T-64.

The tank was being gradually modernized to B and BV variants. Its U variant was powered with new 1250 horsepower gas turbine engine and equipped with active armor, new armored turret and better SUO – 1A45 fire control system.

Kharkov plant was let down because of its long work on “perspective” T-64. In the result the T-80 was given for adoption to HKBTM. However Kharkov designers managed to power the T-80 U (modernized T-80) with improved 1000 horsepower two stroke diesel engine. New T-80 UD, D means diesel, was started to manufacture. That was the last tank designed in the USSR.

Т-80B & Т-72А

in the arms trade was made. No one T-80 had been sold abroad even to the Warsaw Pact allies before the collapse of the Soviet Union. It is known that the GDR asked for the T-80 instead of Slovak and Polish the T-72M many times but the USSR always declined.

Former Soviet enemies from NATO were also interested in the new unique samples of military equipment. And Russian Spetcvoentekhnika was eager to cooperate.

Great Britain purchased one T-80U and one Tunguska Air-Defense system with their munitions packages in 1992.

Total cost of 10.7 million USD was really small for the opening of our military secrets. That was a cynical deal for one side and a fool one for the other side.

And the Ministry of Defense got less than a third of the sum. At the same time the USA with the help of Oman bought six T-72Cs. Later in 1994 four

T-80Us were delivered from Morocco to the USA but the information was not officially confirmed.

Because of such scandalous deals new and more effective Rosvooruzhenie was created.

Gas turbine T-80U also known as “flying” tank because of its cross-country and highway mobility seemed to be highly exported …

Cyprus was the first foreign country to officially obtain the T-80 tanks for its national guard. Russia sold 27 T-80Us and 14 T-80UKs for $172 million to Cyprus. The contract was signed in April, 1996. The tanks arrived in three batches of 27, 14 and 18 MBTs in 1996 and 1997. In the result Cyprus officially obtained fourteen T-80UK command MBTs additionally equipped with special assets, 27 standard T-80Us, 4 ARVs (armored-recovery vehicle) and 2 bridge-laying tanks. This significant-

Т-80U, Sweden

NEW TIME – READY TO EXPORT When the Soviet Union collapsed and “the great capitalistic revolution” took place there was no need in confrontation with western countries any longer. And there was no need in the thousands of tanks built in the USSR. We did not have to keep military secrets any longer and the first success 3(50).2009

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LAND FORCES Т-80UК (Cyprus, 2007)

Т-80U

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ly reinforced the army of that country. In 1995 a new unit was formed form those tanks and BMP-3 Infantry Fighting Vehicles which had been bought earlier. The platoon, company and battalion COs received command UK tanks. They could be easily recognized by the TShU-1-7 Shtora countermeasures system on the front of the turret. The average price of one tank bought by Cyprus was $ 3 million.

South Korea was officially given 6 T-80Us in 1996, followed by 27 T-80Us in January, 1997 to pay Russian debts to that country incurred during the

ARMS Defence Technologies Review

time of the USSR of $ 210 million.

According to the other information South Korea had eighty T-80U MBTs in 2007.

Russia has also tried to export T-80 MBTs to Turkey, Greece and Sweden whose armies were at the time looking for new tanks. Those attempts, however, failed. Make matters worse the Greek tender of 1998 turned out to be the most unsuccessful one for the T-80. Thanks to well-known unofficial report we found out several unpleasant details of the new T-80UE participated in that tender. The T-80UE had

new hydrostatic drive and control elements. That variant of the T-80 UM specially designed for the tender had a few “lacks”. And Ukrainian T-84, successor of the T-80UD, was not better. So the tanks produced in the Commonwealth of Independent States (the CIS) did not manage to destroy 80% “tank” targets at the distance of 2 km when going with the speed of 40 km per hour. The practical munitions were to blame as their ballistic performance did not correspond with the performance of real munitions. Russian and Ukrainian tanks could capture laser emission of each other but failed to capture the NATO one. Hydrostatic drive and tracks were so worn out that the T-80UE had to stop its test demonstration. No one of the drawbacks was fatal and could be remedied after the necessary modernization. However “the nightmare of Europe” reputation was not enough to compete with the best models of foreign tank industry.

The mass media information of the selling of 150 – 200 T-80Us to the Chinese Republic turned out to be wrong. The Chinese really examined the vehicles and we had photos which could confirm the fact but refused to purchase them. It must have happened because the Chinese realized that they

LAND FORCES would not be able to copy the T-80’s gas turbine engine in the near future.

The fact that they were designing their own tank made a great influence on the decision too. In designing of that tank the Chinese used the T-72 documents received from Eastern Europe.

2A46M smoothbore gun and automatic loader were successfully assimilated in China but they considered German diesel engine to be the best tank power plant.

Anyway such a major customer did not need any T-80s.

Nevertheless the T-80’s customers go on using the tank.

Universally recognized weak point of the entire Soviet and post-Soviet tanks is the absence of IR Imager.

Some of the T-80UKs were equipped with “Agava 2” devices but they were extremely outdated. We should thank the Cypriots who solved the problem.

In the beginning of 2005 the Cypriot Ministry of Defense signed a developmental contract for the modernization of their Plisa fire control system. It cost $12.1 million. The IR imager was to be included into the system. The modernization was made by the consortium consisted of Rosoboronexport, Belarusian Peleng and French Thales Optronics

Т-80UЕ (Greece, 2001)

Company which delivered Catherine FC IR cameras.

Rosoboronexport gained $ 2 million, Peleng – $ 4.6 million and Thales Optronics - $5.4 million.

Thales Optronics was chosen as it had already delivered Catherine FC IR cameras for 52 Cypriots АМХ-30В2 tanks.

According to the Cypriot authorities they are very satisfied with the T-80U. As was known in June, 2009 the Greek Cyprus is going to obtain more Russian tanks for its national guard. They might be thinking about another battalion

set of 41 vehicles. As was announced the negotiations on the issue has been conducted since 2006.

The Cypriots studied prices from the papers on Leopard-1A5 given by the German Defense Acquisition Agency, the AMX-30B2 tank of French General Armament Delegation and the T-84UD of Ukrainian Ukrspetcexport.

In the result the Cypriot Armed Forces chose Russian vehicles.

As was reported earlier Cyprus was going to gain 41 T-90 MBTs for 115 million euro. But finally they decided to purchase well-recommended tanks

Т-80UK (Cyprus, 2007)

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LAND FORCES ed again. In the situation when B-92-C2 diesel engine gives 1000 horsepower there is no need to produce less economic gas turbines which cost more than four stroke diesel engines.

The number of rather old vehicles is big.

According to the officials Russia had 2818 T-80s of all the models in the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe zone on January 1, 2002.

In general Russian Armed Forces had more than 6500 T-80s and T-80Us both in active units and in the reserve in 2009. If it is necessary Russia can operate as much T-80s as it needs.

After withdrawal of the Soviet troops from the GDR Belorussia got 92 T-80 BV MBTs. It has been trying to sell them for a few years but there is no result. Why is it so? It is clear that the main problem holding customers is a gas turbine tank engine.

Т-80UК (Greece)

Т-84-120 "Yatagan"

and economize on maintenance. The spare parts delivering will be included in the contract.

WHERE CAN WE TAKE THE T-80 FROM? Unfortunately even this contract will not save Omsk Plant. The plant mostly produced military equipment (about 80% of general production) has not obtained any orders for a very long time and finally bankrupted. In fact it cannot produce tanks any longer.

Nowadays it produces only main spare parts of the T-80 and track chains. Some territory of the plant was bought by Omsk Design Bureau where they repair

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the equipment and manufacture only limited production. In fact there is no tank building plant in Omsk now.

The active plant repairs the T-80s under government order. Being included in armored holding company under the aegis of Uralvagonzavod Transmash is strictly limited in its activity. The new director of UVZ has already declared that there is no need in gas turbine tanks. He says that Omsk Plant will produce spare parts, tools and accessories for the T-90 and several special vehicles.

It is known that the production of gas turbine tank engines has been stopped and is not planned to be start-

LONG-STANDING RIVALS Ukrainian exports of the T-80UD have been moderately successful and allowed Ukraine to hold and develop its tank building industry. Ukrainian exports of the T-80UD have been moderately successful. Pakistan bought 320 T-80UD (Object 478BE) tanks from Ukraine.

Pakistan who damaged its relations with all western arms producers bought the T-80 UDs because no other country wanted to sell the third generation tanks to Pakistan. That was the beginning and end of the Ukrainian success. Pakistan building its own Al-Haled tanks with the help of China does not need in buying tank sets but they buy 6TDF power plants. There is no other variant of buying such powerful tank engines. It is not confirmed that the Ukrainians managed to interest China in their exotic engines. There are no grounds to suppose that the Pakistani luck will be repeated again.

There are only a few tank-customers and the unstable political situation will never increase the number of potential customers of the Ukrainian tank builders and allow expensive defense industry products to be sold. Kharkov Tank Repairing Plant suggested the T-80B and BV to be repowered from gas turbine to 6TD engines. But there was nobody who agreed on it.

“Ukrainianized” T-80UD was

LAND FORCES referred to as the T-84. The T-84 Oplot tank was specially adopted for hot weather and mountainous conditions.

The T-84-120 Yatagan tank mounts a 120 mm main gun which fires 120 mm NATO rounds. It also has automated gear shifting in the place of mechanical gear selector, driver's T-bar control replacing tiller bars, air conditioning and projectile muzzle velocity sensor as well as differences in the fire control system, communications, etc. It was also armored with dynamic protection, equipped with a new turret containing automatic loader in its back part and powered with 1200 hp 6TD-2 diesel engine. According to the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Ukraine had 271 T-80 MBTs and 6 T-84 MBTs on January 1, 2003.

COMBAT USE While a number of T-80 MBTs were inherited by Ukraine, Belorussia and Kazakhstan, Russia still managed to save the majority of those tanks for itself. The perfectness of the T-80 has never been used I real combat. We cannot call the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis as the operational use when tanks were used against the Russian Parliament. On October 4, 1993 six T-80UD MBTs from 12th Guards Tank Regiment which is a part of 4th

Kantemirovsk Guards Tank Division took positions on a bridge opposite the Russian Parliament building. As in the shooting gallery the building was hit 12 times by Fragment-HE rounds and under caliber AP rounds. It is not the best page of the T-80 combat service.

T-80B and T-80BV and T-80U MBTs were used during the First Chechen War. This first real combat experience for the T-80 MBT was unsuccessful as it

was used for capturing cities, a task for which they were not very well suited.

T-62 MBTs were enough to complete the mission. T-80s were badly damaged during the campaign. When well –trained RPG operators fired from the sides or rear of the tank it had no chances in fact. The average of hits that each destroyed tank received ranged about 8 as eyewitnesses said.

A number of vehicles exploded when the autoloader with vertically

Т-90С (India)

Т-90СА (Algeria)

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Т-90А

placed rounds was hit: in theory it should be protected by the road wheel, but when the tank got hit on its side armor the ready-to-use ammunition exploded. The T-72 horizontal automatic loader fully closed by the road wheels was more efficient. When the crew was located inside the ammunition stowage a few centimeters made no difference. And unfortunately our tanks did not have efficient side protection though it would very effective protection measure.

URAL WINNER The main role among Russian main battle tanks belongs to the T-90. It was designed as a modernization of the T-72B in the late 80s - early 90s and called as the T-72 BU. As UVZ wished to be the main producer of the more modern than the T-80 Russian main battle tank and as the Ukrainians named their tank T-84 the new tank was first named as the T-88 and later renamed to the T-90. In 1992 it entered the service and was officially named T-90.

Short-scale production of the T-90 started in 1992. UVZ delivered 120 T-90 MBTs to the Russian Armed Forces in 1992—1996 and renewed the production only in 2004. 493 T-90 main battle tanks were delivered to the Russian Army by 2008. 63 T-90s are planned to enter the service in 2009. The status of the only one really being produced tank allows the T-90 to gain the best assets and shed off the reputation as “simplified” tank which associates with the T-72.

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On the other side as it succeeded to the T-72 our tank builders could expect the former Soviet customers will be interested in this model too.

More than 500 T-90s have been delivered to India since 2000. At the same time India started its own licensed line production and is going to increase the number of T-90 tanks in the Indian Armed Forces up to 1657.

As it was announced in summer 2009 the T-90 will be additionally equipped with Catherine FC IR cameras produced by French Thales.

These cameras ensure effective target identification in any light conditions during day and night. They are fixed in compact optic electronic modules on any base and can be integrated into any difficult command and control systems.

Algeria and Saudi Arabia signed contracts for the T-90 delivering in 2006-2008. Turkmenistan and Venezuela are also interested in this main battle tank.

The T-90C was allowed to be exported in 1992 when the T-90 came into service of the Russian Armed Forces. But it was not advertised for a long time because of the possible competition with the T-72 C. It should be noted than when exported the T-90 is to compete more with the tanks of its own set than with other tank types.

Nowadays there is a great number of proposals to modernize the T-72 even from the countries where it has never been produced. India (EX tank), Poland (Tvardy PT-91 tank), Rumania (TR-125 tank), Slovakia (Moderna T-72M2 tank), Czech (T-72M3 CZ and T-72 M$ CZ tanks) and Ukraine

Т-90А

(T-72AG, T-72MP, T-72-120 tanks) offer their own variants. Most customers prefer modernization of their own T-72s to new T-90s. For example, Libya acted in this way.

Unfortunately tank export market is less than aviation or Air Defense ones. At the same time it is more competitive. Even in this situation UVZ has its own decision. It is the T-72 Rogatka model. The program will be chosen by the customer and depend on the finances he has. We hope that the T-72 modernization service will be needed for a long time.

INSTEAD OF RESUME The sphere of the usage of the most modern T-80 main battle tank is getting smaller and smaller because of its gas turbine power plant. The repowering may save the situation but it is very expensive. Because of the gas turbine engine, difficult maintenance and high personnel requirements the T-80 looks like a tank aristocrat and it is not quite suitable for usual life.

SPECIFICATIONS OF THE GUNMISSILE LAUNCHER-ARMED T-80U MAIN BATTLE TANK Weight - 46.5 tones. Crew – 3 men.

3 shaft GTD-1250 (1250 hp) gas turbine engine. Speed 70 km/h (43 mph) in highway, 40-45 km/h (30 mph) in cross country. Primary armament – 125-mm 2A46M-1 stabilized smoothbore gun fed by automatic loader, 45 rounds.

Secondary armament - 7.62 mm PKT coaxial machine gun, 12.7 mm Utyos antiaircraft machine gun. It is protected with composite armor, built-in active armor and crew NBC collective defense system.

LAND FORCES

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TECHNOLOGIES

INDUSTRIAL UNDERSEA ROBOTICS: RUSSIA AND THE WEST Mikhail Motsak Stanislav Proshkin Mikhail Kibalnii

Long-term experiment of sea resources industrial use in the whole sea oil and gas extraction in part decisively shows that this practice is referred to the most dangerous. It may go along with the unexpected environmental disasters fraught with financial losses in amount of hundreds of millions or milliards rubles. Industrial undersea robotics is the new direction of sea technologies development which reduces risks by an order.

ROBOTS THAT WILL CHANGE OUR LIFE It’s a question whether undersea robots can really replace the toil work of divers or it is still Jules Vern’s science fiction? The World’s practice shows that they can’t but they certainly should.

Obviously, in this century – undersea work is the function of unmanned technologies. It is the direct mission of undersea robots. The necessary conditions have matured in the World of undersea technologies development for the successful fulfillment of this mission.

Significant positive moves have happened during the recent decade in energetics, microelectronics, mechatronics, information technologies and program software of artificial intellect. Modern control systems have moved to the brand new stage of development. This stage is characterized with the employment of new microprocessor base and creation of the self-contained intellectual integrated network structures. Finally, it brought to the rampant development of multipurpose undersea robots, including military ones. The number of developments has 2.5 times increased.

Absence of on-board personnel allows this machine to: - Significantly decrease the robot’s price comparing with the manned ones (Mir, Rus, Piranha type mini-subs and etc.); 3(50).2009

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TECHNOLOGIES - Eliminate the risk of losses; - Eliminate the limits, determined by the personnel’s physiologic capabilities (independent sailing length; steady stress, determined by the casualty-producing capacity).

Increased technical possibilities of modern undersea robots give a possibility to execute: - Survey-and-search works including search and examination of sunk objects, inspection of underwater constructions and communications (pipelines, cables, water pipes); - Geological survey works including topographic and photo-video exposure of sea bottom, acoustic profiling and terrain mapping; - Subglacial works, including laying of pipelines, cable on the Arctic bottom, maintenance of survey and undersea illumination systems; - Oceanographic research, water environment monitoring; - Military works, including antisubmarine reconnaissance, patrol, drill-

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ing platform security and etc.

For the purposes of craft developments in Arctic Region of Russia it is necessary to use undersea robots for solving the next problems: - Examination of areas for future constructions; - Executing of complicated and hard underwater operations concerning pipelines laying and preparation of grounds for undersea construction and maintenance of occurred damages; - Protection of sea areas from illegal break-in against terrorists’ actions (detection of terrorists’ threat sources, its monitoring, neutralization, including destruction); - integrated monitoring of the current condition of craft development areas; monitoring of their condition, detection of the sectors that should be repaired, determination of damages.

Undersea robots of leading foreign developers

TECHNOLOGIES Large-scale state programs in underwater technologies have been unrolled by the West since the middle of the previous century in order to affirm the prospective oil-andgas regions of World Ocean as the spheres of its influence. A great number of leading water powers has been making the significant investments in the process of robotics creation for military and civilian systems.

Foreign robot enterprises conduct intensive and strong technological update. The USA, Great Britain, Canada, France, Germany, Norway and Japan are the leaders in the undersea robotics area. They make billion-dollar investments.

More than 300 projects of undersea robots exist nowadays. The production rate annually increases 1500 items. The EU member-states adopted the decision to pool their efforts in this direction in 2007.

Development of brand new decisions in microprocessor technologies, development of powerful supply sources, creation of new generations of propulsive system and their employment in the undersea robotics industries have resulted the possibility to produce machines both for surface and underwater carriers with operational depth 6.000m and more. The progress in undersea robotics industry has been increasing promptly. West countries have produced 7.500 models of multipurpose robots that are actively used in vast programs of underwater space developments.

The production ratio of heavy and super-heavy robots has reached 100 items per year.

Western undersea robots are in high technical readiness and are reliable for the direct employment. This fact allowed some western countries to participate in lifting the Kursk nuclear submarine in the Barents Sea, to provide seasonable aid for the AS-34 on the Far East in search of flight recorder of the airliner crashed in the Black Sea. The main result of research and development in the modern robotics is rejection from hydraulic components and passage to the electrodrive construction components in the control and move systems,

unified modular construction, application of self-testing system and selfimprovement of telemetry equipment.

Modern undersea robots are equipped with: - Manipulators and other special equipment for difficult underwater operations (dozer knives, dozer scopes, drilling cutters and etc.)

- High dimension TV systems; - Adaptive underwater illumination systems.

It is necessary to point out that the technologies applied for production of undersea robots are actually doubled. They are widely used for production of military undersea robots for the purposes of military agencies.

Summing up the results of brief review of conditions and prospects of underwater technologies development of leading water powers, we can reasonably say that the West

forms high-developed industries producing multipurpose robots and its carriers within the frames of national and transnational programs.

It is a purposeful, reasoned and provident state policy which is fueled by the necessary resources (financial, industrial and personnel) and which is led by Russia’s World opponents.

In fact, the parallel process is going in the West industry of underwater robots designed for sea bottom exploration and underwater mil-

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TECHNOLOGIES itary robots for protection of western crafts and forceful seizure of others.

RUSSIAN UNDERWATER ROBOTS Russia has the priority in the competition for the introduction of the notion “underwater robot” (V. Iastrebov, 1977). The USSR developed manned and unmanned underwater robots possessed different searchexamination equipment and had been widely used.

The most famous and reasonable operations: - participation in search-and-rescue navy operations: search and examination of the K-219 ballistic missile submarine sunk in the Sargasso Sea; detail inspection of the K-8 nuclear submarine sunk in North Atlantic, inspection of the K-278 Komsomolets nuclear submarine sunk in the Norwegian Sea; inspection of the K-141 Kursk nuclear submarine sunk in the Barents Sea. - Research and development work: ecological (hydrochemical) research of Lake Baikal, geological survey operations in The Pacific Ocean, geodesic research in The White Sea, special operations in embedded objects in remote areas of World Ocean.

The idea of underwater exploration by multipurpose underwater robots has long-standing native history.

When the postwar recovery period was finished, in 1966, in Leningrad – the main scientific and shipbuilding center of the country, the initia-

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tive youth groups under auspices of experienced tutors designed the Crab2 deepwater robot- geologist and the Katran-2 underwater robot. The Katran-type robots (12 items edition) had been decades ahead the foreign inventions.

They hay-day of the native robot industries has rolled around in the 1970-80th of the bygone century. The significant number of Research and Development Institutes and industries, the Gidropribor Central Research Studies Institute (NPO Uran), Institute of Marine Technology Problems Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences (IMTP FEB RAS), Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Bauman

Research and Development Institute of Special Engineering, CRSI of robotics and engineering cybernetics. The example of this favorable activity is the work of IMTP FEB RAS. The personnel of the Institute have employed 20 types of underwater vehicles designed for the ocean, subglacial and shelf sea operation during the 40 years work.

In some cases the native items of undersea robots either outperformed the foreign items or, at least, were not inferior.

The significant work in development of special robots is done by Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS. The Institute offers the family of the Gnom pigmy survey robots. The robot has passed the successful tests and proved it practice availability.

The Gidropribor Sea Underwater Weapon Company has fundamental groundwork in development of industrial undersea robots.

Along with heavy underwater robots constructed within the frames of the SR-1 international cooperation with China and the OKRO-6000 with South Korea, a number of small vehicles have been designed for the shallow depth operations providing observation of water pipes (tunnels) – self- tethered TSL, so called the solar robot powered by solar cells, remotely operated, towed devices for shallow and deep water.

The successive operations of the Klavesin-1R autonomous underwater vehicle in the Arctic expedition of Russian scientists have become the

TECHNOLOGIES

brightest achievement of the IMTP FEB RAS’s personnel. The personnel’s robot operating in the North Pole together with the Mir manned robot has successfully fulfilled the appointed mission – demonstration of Russia’s seriousness in the Arctic Region. The item possesses artificial intellect and equipment that provides sustainable hydroacoustic communication channel with the carrier’s operator. These factors give a possibility to control the robot. While in free-running mode, the Klavesin-1R performs a number of operations; among them sea bottom high resolution view. Academician Mikhail Dmitrievich Ageev has a hand in creation, saving the scientific facilities of the Institute and successive development of exclusively important direction of undersea robots.

But, much to our regret, Russian modern reality is so, that no native undersea vehicle being necessary for oil-and-gas sea industry, navy, sea rescuers and others has not been serially produced. Moreover, our country, having a possibility to develop its own robotics had to call on foreign producers. The tragic example of this was shipwreck of the Kursk nuclear submarine in august, 2000. The deceased academician M.D. Ageev in his time commented on the authorities’ activities: “After the Kursk tragedy, our government set aside $30millions for buying different underwater equipment, from which $20millions received the Hydrovision Scottish Company for production and sypplying remote control

robots. It is difficult to understand the reasons of this disdain to our enterprises”.

It is hard to neglect the academician’s opinion. There have been no proper lessons or real practice activities. We had to call on the Scorpio undersea robot and specialists from Great Britain five years later, again in august, 2005, in rescue lifting operation of our bathyscaph from 200-m –depth which tied itself in knots of fish nets in the Berezovaia bay on Kamchatka.

The IMT-3000 robot is one of the latest developments of the IMTP FEB RAS’s personnel along with the legendary Klavesin. The Institute’s director,

L.A. Naumov, Doctor of Engineering is sure that this undersea item is unique and no country has it. It can be widely used in actual sea-shelf operations, having been created for 3-km-lowering. Applying various modules, we can construct special underwater robots as a derivative of this model. We have a hope fueled during Mr. Putin’s visit to the Far East that the Institute will continue to solve the fundamental scientific problems of underwater robotics and develop them in future. For this purpose a pilot-scale production and Center for designing and production of unmanned underwater robots is being constructed there.

The state developments being properly invested in can be used in full scale in the following ways.

In crafts’ exploration: - micro, mini and light – for the exploration of regions for future construction; geological survey works including topographic and photo-video exposure of sea bottom, acoustic profiling and terrain mapping; search and inspection of sunk projectiles on pipelines’ routes and cable communication lines; inspection and observation of pipelines, underwater parts of drilling platforms; inspection of underwater constructions and communications (pipelines, cables, water pipes) and their check; detection of the sectors that should be repaired; - Medium and heavy – for execution of technical, construction-engi-

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TECHNOLOGIES neering and repair-mechanical works on pipelines, underwater parts of drilling platforms, cable routes, including participation in rescue operations; repair-works of the occurred damages; - Super-heavy, self-propelled, for preparation of underwater grounds for construction of pipelines’ routes, cable routes laying, direct resources extraction, maintenance of survey and underwater illumination systems.

In protection of crafts: - Light to provide complex monitoring of the current situation of water crafts regions; - Medium, heavy and super-heavy for protection of sea areas from illegal break-in and preclusion of terrorist actions.

Our developments have been unique. Our equipment can do actions that are impossible for the World’s analogues. But it is very hard to organize serial or small-scale production. And very small amount of enterprises in our country can produce such high-tech equipment.

The other side of the problem is that we do not have training centers which will train maintenance specialists. The same trouble, equal to consequences of the Kursk disaster, was about to happen with the bathyscaphe on Kamchatka because the Venom Russian vehicle designed for these purposes was made inoperative by the amateur operators. Really, even the up-to-date equipment, being controlled by an unskilled operator – is a piece of iron. Nowadays, there are

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only Bauman Moscow State Technical University and Saint-Petersburg State Academy MTU which train undersea robotics specialists but, nevertheless, there are no specialists who will work in, but those, who will develop it.

But altogether Russian developments are still experiment and mostly singular, but the hardware components as a rule are foreign-manufactured. And, as have showed the disasters mentioned above, we require not only the involvement of foreign equipment to solve the consequences of sea emergency situations but we have to buy some equipment for daily emergency needs.

The disintegration process of The Soviet Union has adversely affected the activities in undersea robotics creation. The process caused a deep system and financial-economic recession of military-industrial complex enterprises that led to: - lagging from the World’s level of processes of development, production and sale of underwater robots for reconnaissance and exploration of sea oil-and-gas resources; - falldown in technological level of production and designing; - ageing of main industrial funds; - Loss of cooperation links with the industries of former soviet republics and West Europe industries; - import dependence of oil-and-gas area from foreign machinery supplies; - Loss of cooperation and coordination among military-industrial complex areas, Russian MNR (Ministry of

Natural Resources), Russian Ministry of Economic Trade and Industry, Russian Industry and Energy Ministry and leading oil-and-gas companies; - Disinterest of native oil-and-gas companies in ordering the development and production of native robotics; - Lack of exploration technologies of Russian shelf; - Endeavors for technology’s transit which is inconvenient for the Russian shelf conditions and practically lead to loss of time and means; The events concerning the Soviet Union's collapse will celebrate 20 years soon and the situation hasn’t changed basically.

The analysis of the situation in technological provision of oil-andgas potential resources exploration of Russian shelf has showed that protraction of solving the problem of recovering the lost positions of native underwater robotics will lead to: - the groundless import dependence of oil-and-gas sector from foreign supplies of technologies and technical means for survey and exploration of oil-and-gas potential of the Russian shelf; - the groundless (social and economical points of view) non-employment of developmental potential of native industry and the loss of this potential due to the ageing of main industry funds, to the break-down and loss of existing native scientific and research specified personnel; - the loss of investment attraction for Russian oil-and-gas companies in exploration of sea resources in the water area of World Ocean and therefore the level of their sympathy with the solving of the World’s energy security problem.

Problems of research and exploration of oil-and-gas potential of the Russian shelf have been repeatedly considered at the meetings of the Marine Board of the Russian Government and at the meetings of the Russian Government. It has been pointed out that the geostrategic situation of Russia as the Sea Power in the 21st century will be determined by the increasing role of exploration of energetic and mineral resources of continental shelf in the economical and political security of the state.

TECHNOLOGIES

The basic requirement for Russia is sustainable development of its energy economy whereby in the new situation it will occupy and enlarge its niche in the World’s system of the extraction, consumption and sale of oil and gas.

The development will be determined by the provision of sea, transport and coastal infrastructure with ocean vehicles and technological equipment that provides reconnaissance and extraction of hydrocarbon material in extreme natural climatic conditions of the Russian shelf.

But the comparative analysis of the present-day condition of native and foreign robotics demonstrates that the comparison is not to our velvet.

Russian developers possessing doubtless priority in ideas and fairly good science-technological experience have always climbed down the toil-gained positions achieved before.

Certain advance and separate achievements, based on the developments of the previous century, does not allow to stop the increasing habit of Russia’s lagging from the West in modern underwater technologies. The allocated resources for their development are irregular to the scale of the forthcoming tasks appointed by the united state strategy of research and exploration of oil-and-gas potential of Russian shelf.

We have faced the time of changes.

Otherwise we will steep more deeply in to the black hole of the depreciative technologies dependence from foreign enterprises. And we will lose our toil-gained positions in the World energy area.

The necessity to boost the native industry processes of underwater robotics brigs the subject of exploration of the World Ocean’s bottom into the sphere of service interests.

These are interests of nationally ori-

ented Russian and Foreign leaders both civilian and military. It seems that the country is intended to solve this problem. The clean-up program scheduled till 2020 should vitalize the native robotics. The part of this program is technical re-equipment of enterprises, including on the Far East, that will develop and produce native underwater robotics.

Turning back to the beginning of the article it is necessary to admit that the strategy of the US and some of its allies in military and economy directly crosses over with Russia’s interests concerning the issues of access to the resources of World Ocean. As well as 100 years before the interests of monarchic Russia on the Far East got into an argument with interests of imperial Japan supported by the so-called democratic USA and Great Britain. Vice- president John Baiden speaking at the security conference in Munich on February, 7th, 2009 said that they were not against of some countries to limit their spheres of interests or influence. Evidently, he reflected not only his own confidence but the confidence of Obama’s administration represented by him. With reference to it, the USA, as the greatest power, has the sovereign power in space, on the surface, in the sea and under the water.

CONCLUSION Alexis II, patriarch of Russian Orthodox Church shortly before his death said that we knew what would await Russia in the new century, but we had to be ready to fulfill our duty.

The development prospects of the economical recession and possibility of it to overlap into politico-military conflict on account of shortage of energy, raw materials, provisions, water due to over-population, daily living needs for fulfillment of dwin-

dling ground resources determined in the beginning of the 21st century the significant activation of human activities on the sea and ocean shelfs. The results in the undersea technologies achieved by geopolitical and geostrategic opponents of Russia on the world arena indicate the necessity of adoption of urgent measures for the rapid development of native robotics.

Our scientists and engineers have faced the vital problem on the agenda concerning such underwater operations as geological survey, photo-video exposure and mapping of sea bottom in future craft regions; construction and inspection of engineering structures and communications, search and examination of objects in deep-sea accidents, ecological and biological researches in sea waters of continental shelf and craft’s protection. Russian oiland-gas industry should have the possibility to use native undersea robots for underwater exploration instead of wondering among foreign enterprises with its hand outstretched…

We speak about modern, reliable and effective neutralization of direct threat to national security.

Exploration of World Ocean is a large-scale complex problem that is complicated-like exploration of space and it certainly will require significant concentration of industrial and financial state resources, combination of efforts of both leading native producers of undersea technologies and other industries. Each step to the oceanic depth will require brand new innovations and significant expenditures. But they, as history reminds us, are worth of to be done if we do not want to be locked inside our land frontiers. These decisive steps should be done rapidly despite the load of evident financial, research and technology and organization problems..

3(50).2009

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