Penn State Undergrad LArch 414 Baltimore Ecosystem Study Studio

Page 1

Large Scale Impact

FTiiltl li en g t h e V o i d B E S : Baltimore

1 mile Radius

Trail Connection

Building & Roads

Vacant Lots

Tree Canopy Coverage

Ecosystem Study +

“Filling the Void” presents a landscape that promotes a dialectic experience while activating misused land as means for a performance based design that promotes and expands upon the current ecological structure of the city of Baltimore, Maryland. A parcel of Interstate Route 40 transects the boundary of Watershed 263 and acts as a literal and metaphorical divide between social and ecological activity. The design looks to utilize this existing infrastructure as a catalytic force to drive forth social interaction through ecological connection and advancement. The site, this parcel of I-40 locally known as the “Highway to Nowhere,” presents an opportunity for a connection between the Gwynns Falls Trail and the Jones Falls trial. This proposed connection allows for a pathway for increased active and passive recreation as well as for improved movement of wildlife between the Gwynns Fall Watershed zone and the Jones Falls Watershed zone. Such movement is facilitated by the site, the depressed portion of I-40. The site provides grounds for staging the propagation and distribution of nursery trees. Through utilizing the existing infrastructure of vehicular and pedestrian bridges, stormwater can be collected and utilized as a means for irrigating the trees. The trees provide the space with a contemplative quality while also promoting such ecosystem services as carbon sequestration, increased canopy coverage to combat the urban heat island effect, and animal life habitat. An angular pathway runs the length of the site providing an opportunity for biking, running, walking, as well as acting as a service road. As the median of the highway is used as grounds for the nursery and trail, the site users are put alongside moving traffic. To combat safety issues and promote more enclosure, landforms become a part of the site via a remediation effort for locally adjacent demolished buildings. Throughout the site, “trays” provide the ability for trucks to dump the rubble, leaving it in place to be remediated and to become a programmed landform of the design. Utilizing the vertical walls of the depressed structure of the highway, an opportunity is presented for the introduction of modular greenways that provide a surface for vegetation growth as well as a bird habitat in correlation with, and to further enhance, the BES Bird Study. Appealing to the social aspect of the ecological framework of Baltimore, the existing lawn panels adjacent to the pedestrian bridge entrances on the upper level of the highway have been used to create plaza spaces that promote community engagement through providing programmed seating areas with oversized planters, decks, and stages. The park functions as a connective strategy that relies upon a multi-level system that promotes a constantly changing landscape, meeting the abstracted idea of “Temporary Permanence” and acts as a theater for ecological activity and social interaction and education.

+ 1 mile Jones Falls Trail

Gwynns Falls Trail

Jones Falls Trail I-40 Site

Trail Lengths

Concept

Legend

Connect

Park Space

Vacant Buildings

Gwynns Falls Trail

(completed)

Tree Canopy Cover

(in construction)

I-40 Site

+

Proposed

30 miles

10.5 % coverage of area

3.2 miles

Goal for Baltimore 40%=256 acres of coverage The existing footprints of the vacant buildings, vacant lots, park space, infrastructure, existing canopy coverage, as well as trails form a unique network in the fabric of Baltimore that can be utilized cohesively to leverage ecological connectivity and function in Watershed 263. These combined footprints aid in allotting connections and function, while promoting a catalytic function for advancing the ecology of Baltimore.

north 0

2

67 acres

2.2 miles

Design Connection (1.0 linear park)

Trail Network in Construction

Concept

29 acres

1,727,674 sf.

In Construction

Completed Trail Network Proposed Trail Network

57 acres

16 miles

Park

Jones Falls Trail

Connect

Void

640 acres

Completed

Park + Vacant= 154.07 + Site= 180 acres proposed design Intervention 28%

4 miles

Projection: MD_State_Plane_North data source: LArch 414.2 datasets

Initial Design Interventions

Tree Species

Carbon Sequestration

Collect & Reuse

o

Baltimore

CO2 Emissions- 11.5 million metric tons Annually (Baltimore)_EPA

10’ typ.

* note trees per acre fluctuates throughout park design based

10 0,000 00 m tu mat ure tre eess

+

441 mature trees per 10’ typ.

acre

Red Maple Acer rubrum process: uptake contaminant: leachate

River Birch Betula nigra River Birch Betula pendula process: process: phytodegradation phytodegradation contaminant: PAHs contaminant: PAHs +PCBs +PCBs

(irrigation)

Produce

50%

Fecal Coliform

25%

40%

2,092

green wall module

10% of Rubble (Baltimore)

=

runoff capture

(through existing voids)

1,139,968 cu. yd

plantings

Containment & Phytomining/Phytoremediation Capacity of Design Existing Vertical Space: 238, 700 sf.

20,000 cu. yd

BES Bird Study_16 species

Phytomining/Phytoremediation Plant Palette

Lotus Corniculatus Birds-foot trefoil

Panicum virgatum Switch grass

1,452,862 gallons

50%

American Crow American goldfinch Common grackle European starling House sparrow Mourning Dove Northern mocking bird American robin Carolina chicadee

Carolina wren Downy woodpecker gray catbird House finch iceland gull Kildeer Northern cardinal

Existing Vertical Space: 409,500

sf

Program Areas

Needed for 10,000 trees annually

Rubble Storage + Remediation + Mining

1,040,000 gallons

(pollutant removal)

(nursery production + tree canopy coverage)

16,596

10% Rubble of Watershed 263

Alyssum bertolonii Sweet alyssum

From Stormwater

Heavy Metals

Stormwater

Tree Canopy

Revelatory Formal Expression

existing bridge(s)

Sand Filter Pollutant Removal Rates

80% Program Areas

* calculated with 3” caliper * tree plantings closest to infrastructure alloted for only

sand filter(s)

Nitrogen

Watershed 263

127,000 cu. yd

10,000 20,000 = gallons

proposed irrigation

Suspended Solids Phosphorous

living surface utilized as linear park + nursery staging ground

* to supplement rainfall

proposed trees Swamp White Oak Honey Locust Gleditsia Sweet Gum Liquidambar styraciflua Quercus bicolor tricanthos process: phytoextraction process: phytodegradation process: phytoextraction contaminant: Perchlorate contaminant: Metals contaminant: lead

1.5-3.0 gallons per weeks

Baltimore

(per caliper)

= 24.32 inches = 1,452,862 gallons of runoff per year

6.5 tons per acre reduced = 18.85 x 23.60 = 445.04 tons

23.60 acres

1 =

Surface Area for Capture: 2.2 acres Runoff: 58% (source_EPA Stormwater Calculator)

collecting + utilization

existing infrastructure + runoff

existing living surface

41.94 inches per year

Site

C

rain fall + storm events

Irrigation Needs

Annual Rainfall Average:

o

Bird Habitats

Vacant Housing/Buildings

Habitat Creation

(pollutant removal)

(Bird + Vegetation)

enlarged

Compile

(vacancies + tree canopy coverage + park space)

Isolate

Connect

Locate

(soild + void)

(triangulation)

(densities)

Resultant

Further Form Study

(formal expression)

(formal expression)

Measurable Landscape Time Matrix

0-5yrs

Implementation Phasing Strategy

+ Quantifications:

5-10yrs

t.

f 0 4

3

1.2

mi

.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5

- 3,528 trees added

- 3,528 trees (previous phase) - 110,000 sf of Demolition Rubble Storage + Remediation added

- 3,528 trees (phase 1) -110,000 sf of Demolition Rubble Storage + Remediation (previous phase) - 6, 472 trees added

- 3,528 trees (phase 1) -110,000 sf of Demolition Rubble Storage + Remediation (phase 2) - 6, 472 trees (previous phase) - 380,500 sf of Green Wall + Habitat (added)

- 3,528 trees (phase 1) -110,000 sf of Demolition Rubble Storage + Remediation (phase 2) - 6, 472 trees (phase 3) - 380,500 sf of Green Wall + Habitat (previous phase) - 6.0 acres of Programed Area (added)

5-10yrs (post implementation)

0-5yrs (post implementation) Landscape Change

30’-35’

Tree Rotation + Canopy Covera Coverage

Soil Horizon Creation

15 % maintained = 1500 trees Year 2 top soil = 1.5’ depth 85 % relocated = 8,500

o

C

Carbon Sequestration

9.5 tons

+

+

o

Tree Rotation Rotati + Cov Canopy Coverage

10-20yrs (post implementation) o

o

Soil Horizon Creation

30 % maintained = 3,000 trees Year 2 top soil = 3.5’ depth 70 % relocated = 7,000 trees Year 8 top soil

53 tons (accounting for matured trees

5555’ ’ 55’

Phytoremedi Phytoremediation + Phytomining Phytomin 20,000 cu. yd - 30% pollutant removed Phytomining rotation 1 occurs

Tree Rotation + Canopy Coverage Coverag

Module Green Wall Nesting Habitat 30 % green coverage + 10 % Habitat Increase

Phytorem Phytoremediation + Phyto Phytomining 20,000 cu. yd - 60% pollutant removed Phytomining rotation 2 occurs

o

o

C

Soil Horizon Creation

60 % maintained = 6,000 trees Year 2 top soil 40% relocated = 4,000 trees Year 8 top soil Year 14 top soil Year 18 top soil = 4’ depth

+

+

50 5 0-5 -52’ 2’ 50-52’

+

+

C

55 5’ 55’

50-52’

BES: Baltimore Ecosystem Study_ Studio

+

+

+ Quantifications:

10-20yrs

97 tons (remaining trees)

+ Module Green Wall Nesting Habitat 70 % green coverage + 30 % Habitat Increase

Phytoremedia Phytoremediation + Phytomining Phytomin 20,000 cu. yd - 90% pollutant removed Phytomining rotation 3 occurs

Module Green Wall Nesting Habitat 100 % green coverage + 60 % Habitat Increase

Madl_Andrew_Larch 414_BES Spring 2015_Gorenflo_Kew


Filling the Void B E S : Baltimore

The trees propagated in the nursery zones of the design have the reach to be used as street trees and to be utilized as a means to promote urban forestry as a strategy to handle the abundance of vacant lots present in the urban fabric of Baltimore. The transverse of I-40 spikes through the landscape, but through the site design intervention, the rigid linear form becomes an expanding entity. The site has the possibility to extend and connect ecologically in both an east-to-west direction (via the highway) and a north-to-south direction, via the spreading of planted nursery trees from the site.

Ecosystem Study

to Jones Falls Trail

to Gwynns Falls Trail

north 0

Site Plan (1�=200’)

200

600

1200ft

Tree Nursery

Plaza Area

Plaza Area

Plaza Area

Sand Filter

Plaza Area

Green Wall Habitat

Demo. Remediation Trays

Seating Nodes

Section Perspective BES: Baltimore Ecosystem Study_ Studio

Madl_Andrew_Larch 414_BES Spring 2015_Gorenflo_Kew


Filling the Void B E S : Baltimore

Ecosystem Study

Legend

W Franklin St.

01_ Dense Nursery 06

06

02_ Bridge Irrigated Nursery

03 01

03_ Demolition Rubble Remediation Trays/Mounds 05_ Irrigation Lines

I-40 02

04

04

05

04

N Calhoun St.

04

N Gilmor St.

04_ Sand Filter Locations 06_ Plaza Areas (Raised Planters, Seating, Stage, 04

Decks)

north

06

06 W Mulberry St.

0

30

90

180ft

Enlarged Plan (1”=30’) Site Details of Interventions

Sand Filter (gravity feed)

Collection Cut

Irrigation Pipe (Typology 1)

Nursery Trees Conveyance to Trees (Typology 2) Angled Pipe (time dependent, angled to cistern) (Typology 3) Pot in Pot Nursery Cistern

0

4

12

20ft

Irrigation/Conveyance System

Phytoremediation Plantings

6 ‘ max

Planting Soil (8”) Existing Grade

Finished Grade Plaza Pavers

2.00%

Soil Barrier Layer (12”) Demolition Rubble (varies) Impermeable Plastic Liner (3”) CIP Concrete Gravel Base (6”) Sub-grade 0

4

12

20ft

Demolition Rubble Trays for Remediation

Nursery Trail Perspective BES: Baltimore Ecosystem Study_ Studio

Madl_Andrew_Larch 414_BES Spring 2015_Gorenflo_Kew


Filling the Void

Ver tical H a b i ta t i on to Jones Falls Trail

to Gwynns Falls Trail

north 0

Site Plan (1”=200’)

600

The sub-initiative of the project “Filling the Void,” Vertical Habitation, seeks to provide the depressed section of Route 40 with an increase in aesthetic value along with also providing various ecosystem services. At present, there are vertical retaining walls that run the length of the depressed section of the highway. The walls range between 25 to 30 feet in height. This vertical space is currently under utilized, and once activated the surface will have the capability to provide a new medium for urban ecology. The project identifies with the proposal for a green wall system that heavily relies upon vine plantings. This strategy in planting allows for fewer individual plants but provides a larger degree of vegetation coverage. The increase in vegetation coverage has the ability to provide a means for carbon sequestration, habitat connection, reduced noise pollution, reduced urban heat, and the reuse/ remediation of stormwater collected locally on site. The project expresses itself through a connection to the local community as the modules can become a program where they are removed from their place on the wall and propagated and wintered by the residents. Such a program has the capacity to provide community pride through education of urban ecology. The modules used in this green wall system will provide space for growing vines (screen) and forbs (trays), for creating bird habitats through specialized modules that promote the necessary habitats for specific bird species that can be found on site, and for aiding in the advancement of BES research. The project will become a catalyst for an increased quality of life through ecosystem services that promote knowledge and a sense of place.

Bird Habitat Creation Connection to BES

Existing

BES Bird Monitoring Project: Birds in Everyday Baltimore BES Study Bird Habitat Categories Urban Shoreline

Proposed

3 monitoring Stations (1 mile) 7 mo n Statio itoring ns (2 14 mile) St mo ati ni on tor s ( ing 3m ile )

north 0

2

4 miles

0

Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)

36 ft apart

x16

330

p.

Buildings & Shrubs

Mature Residential

* with the increase of canopy coverage on site a similar characteristic of the Mature residential habitat can be reached

Eastern Blue Bird (Sialia sialis)

north 4 miles

Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)

25-30’ typ.

Eastern Blue Bird (Sialia sialis)

“New Bird House”

100 ft apart

+

Eastern Blue Bird (Sialia sialis) White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)

+

+

+

Facilitation

= 14 Habitat Modules per

source: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Promotes Habitation

White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) Food

span

source: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology

Soil Collection

Increasing vegetation in “street canyons” can reduce street level concentrations in the “canyons” by 40% NO2 and 60% for PM (particle matter)

o

Existing Vertical Space: 409,500

80’

-60%

C o

28’

source: http://www.co2science.org/subject/v/summ aries/vines.php (accessed 4.16.15) source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ abs/10.1021/es300826 w (accessed 4.16.15)

= 1 medium tree

sf

Activated Vertical Space: 380,500

sf

800 pounds (annually)

The carbon that is sequestered from a 20 m2 (215 ft2) wall is about the same as a medium sized tree.

Noise Pollution/Acoustics

380,500 sf / 215 sf =1,800 sf x 800 = 1,500,000 pounds (annually)

Current Conditions ‘ The proposed plant material will absorb and/or reflect solar radiation. This will help to reduce the “urban heat island effect” as the energy from the radiation will used for photosynthesize or omitted through evaportransporation.

Coefficient of Reduction

0.41-0.99

Stormwater

- dB source: Ismail, et al

3x >

source: Minke 1982, http://www.utsa.edu/lrsg/Teaching/EES5053_Geo4093/Labs/Wengetal.pdf (accessed 4.15.15)

Hardscape

Vegetation

Cooler

Warmer

Temperature Reduction

Stormwater Collection + Remediation +Reuse proposed trees

Increased Aesthetics

Increased Vegetation Coverage

Increased Habitat

Stormwater Reuse & Remediation

proposed irrigation water tank/conveyance irrigation lines overflow tray

Increased Quality of Life

BES

Baltimore Ecosystem Study

sand filter(s)

Surface Temperature Range:

5 - 30 degrees C

Projected Conditions ‘

existing bridge(s)

1,875 medium

source: http://www.greenovergrey.com/green-wall-b enefits/sustainability.php (accessed 4.15.15)

Urban Heat Reduction The proposed green wall planting system will help to further reduce noise levels created by the traffic on the highway. According to studies vertical greenwall systems can reduce and disperse both horizontal and vertical sound emissions.

Vegetation

Module of Green Wall

Water Collection

150 ft apart

CO2 Emissions- 11.5 million metric tons Annually (Baltimore)_EPA

Vegetation

White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)

Habitat Characteristics

(in construction)

Increased Connection + Recreation

Buildings & Shrubs

Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)

Bird Species Habitat & Nesting Characteristics

+5’

’ ty

Jones Falls Trail I-40 Site

2

Mature Residential

Nesting Habits

-40%

(completed)

0 <2 2-4 4-6 6-10 >10

“Rare” Species in Baltimore That Can Inhabit the Site & Increase Species Pop.

Inner City

Inner City

Site

source: , Warren (Baltimore Ecosystem Study)

Vertical Habitation Site Scale Concept

Holistic Concept

Site

Site

Carbon Sequestration

Gwynns Falls Trail

Existing Infrastructure

1200ft

Ecosystem Services

Focus Design Concept

Filling the Void

200

+

From Stormwater 1,452,862 gallons

Proximity Temperature Range:

2 - 6 degrees C

source: EPA Stormwater Calculator

A n drew Ma dl_Pro f.( s ) G o ren flo & Kew Da t e: 4.24.15

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Department of Landscape Architecture LArch 414_BES Studio_Spring 2015

01


Filling the Void

The proposed green wall system largely bases the planting scheme on Vine vegetation with a subtle mixture of forbs. Vines, because they grow quickly and are largely composed of leaves uptake more carbon than trees. This allows for the intervention of the green wall to make a tremendous impact on carbon sequestration while increasing the aesthetic value of the space. There are 3 module typologies incorporated into the modular grid system. the first module, Module 1, provides a unique 3 dimensional growing apparatus for vines to creep and grow upon. the screen fixture of the module can be composed of unused recycled iron found throughout Baltimore. Module 2, seeks to be a more typical module that promotes the grow of forb plantings in rows of trays where linear patterns can be created. The final module presents a new way of thinking about the construction of man made bird habitats. The module provides such features as perching opportunities, water collection, cavity nesting, soil collection for insect habit, and entry holes that fit the identified bird species to study along with the BES research.

Vertical Habitation Planting Strategy + Palette Vines

-grow fast - climb = more coverage with

less plantings - hardy, more drought- resistant

- use most of energy to grow leaves not trunks

Forbs Yellow Trumpet Vine Macfadyena unguis-cati Phytodegredation

Pink Trumpet Vine Podranea riscasoliana Phytoextraction

American Vetch Vicia americana Phytodegredation

Stonecrop Sedum album athoum Aesthetics

Evergreen Wisteria Millettia reticulata Phytodegredation

Creeping/Climbing Fig Ficus pumila Phytoextraction

Viola spp. Violets Phytoextraction/ Hyperaccumulation

Lemon Ball Stonecrop Sedum rupestre Aesthetics

Vines

Area rea Coverage

60-100x

Lavendar Trumpet Vine Clytostoma callistegioides

Than

o

Heart-Leaf Philodendron Philodendron scandens Phytoextraction

C

Trees

Vines

Indian Mustard Brassica juncea Rhizofiltration, Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulator

Coppertone Stonecrop Sedum nussbaumerianum ‘Coppertone’ Aesthetics

4’

=

7 plants 9,527

8”

245,000 sf

Pressure Tr e a t e d Eastern White Pine

Module 1

18’

Module 2 4’

4’

Aluminum Frame (Support + Connection)

6”

Package Unit + Module(s) Module

Aluminum Frame (Support + Connection)

Recycled Iron (Screen)

Coroplast Plastic

4’

4’ 6”

Modules Needed for System_

Module 2

212’

Panels

( P l a n t i n g Tr a y )

4’

Module 1

Screen

Planting Module(s)

Green Wall Construction =/- 41 Module Module(s)

BHM

Coroplast Plastic

Coroplast Plastic

Package Unit

Soil Collection Perforated Ribs Entrance

2’

Area a Covrage erage

x

Nesting Cavity

4’

3”

4’

Perching + Water Collection

Coroplast Plastic

= 960,000 plants

source: http://www.worldwatch-europe.org/node/227 (accessed 4.16.15)

BHM

32,000 sf + 132,000

Forbs o

Elevation Spans

Bird Habitat Module

Quantities

25’

Choice of Vines

Module Definition

( P l a n t i n g Tr a y )

Module 1

Module 2

70%

30%

of total modules per span

BHM

10% of total modules per span

of total modules per span

4”

Sand Filter

Transport

6”-8”(varies)

The modular green wall system allows for fairly easily dismantling into sections upon need for maintenance and rotations in plantings. Upon dismantling, and during re-planting of the modules, the community can become involved through a participation method. Resident community members can be given a module to plant and propagate as the system is in a state of transformation. This process provides a means to involve the community and create acceptance and ownership of the design.

Hanging Bracket W a t e r Ta n k / C o n v e y a n c e Pipe 12”Diameter Length (varies)

Existing Retaining Wall

Module 1 (Vine Planting)

Aluminum Frame/Irrigation Channels

BHM Habitat Creation Steel Grid Support Structure

Module 2 (Forb Planting)

I r r i g a t i o n Tu b i n g System W a t e r Ta n k + O v e r f l o w C o l l e c t i o n Tr a y

community

+ module

+ Grow

Distribute for Propagation

Modules

Flanged Aluminum Frame/Irrigation Channel

Steel Grid Frame/Support Structure

I r r i g a t i o n Tu b i n g 1 / 4 ” D r i p L i n e

O v e r f l o w + S t o r m w a t e r C o l l e c t i o n Tr a y + P u m p S y s t e m

BES

Baltimore Ecosystem Study

Section Perspective of Green Wall Construction A n drew Ma dl_Pro f.( s ) G o ren flo & Kew Da t e: 4.24.15

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Department of Landscape Architecture LArch 414_BES Studio_Spring 2015

02


Filling the Void

Construction Implementation Strategy Phase 1

Phase 2

Phase 3

Phase 4

Phase 5

Vertical Habitation The construction process that can be utilized to install the green wall system looks to use both the sub-grade road plane as well as the at-grade lawn panels above the highway. A lane of traffic will be closed during installation that will allow for introduction of temporary scaffolding equipment, both horizontal and vertical. This scaffolding equipment will be used to install both temporary and permanent aspects of the wall. A smaller crane operation will also be used to elevate, flip, and place the modules onto a grid panel as part of the permanent infrastructure of the green wall system.

Installation ation of Aluminum Framing 1 Lane e of Traffic Closed + Temporary orary Scaffolding

Installation nstallation of o Water Tank 1L Lane ane of of Traffic Tra Closed

Preparation for Module Installation Temporary Horizontal Scaffolding

Modules + Steel Structural Grid Panel Raised, Flipped, & Placed

Modules Placed on Steel Structural Grid Panels

Change Over Time + Landscape Measure 1-4 years

8-10 years

5-7 years

Tu r n - O v e r P e r i o d - ( W i n t e r ) A f t e r 1 0 y e a r I n t e r v a l

+ Community Participation C

Vegetation Coverage

20%

o

C o

Carbon Sequestration

300,000 lbs

Noise Reduction

1x -dB

Habitat Creation

5%

Urban Heat Reduction

1-2 degrees

Vegetation Coverage

50%

o

C o

Carbon Sequestration

750,000 lbs

Noise Reduction

2x -dB

Habitat Creation

10%

Urban Heat Reduction

4-10 degrees

Vegetation Coverage

90%

o

o

Carbon Sequestration

1,350,000 lbs

Noise Reduction

3x -dB

Habitat Creation

20%

Urban Heat Reduction

10-30 degrees

The proposed interval and rotation of the planting on the green wall provide a need for a seasonal value of the infrastructure of the wall system. The remaining grid and supports of the structure can provide a basis for sculpture quality through the path of freezing ice.

source: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, http://www.greenovergrey.com/green-wall-benefits/sustainability.php (accessed 4.15.15), https://www.audubon.org/birds (accessed 4.16.15), Ismail, et al, Minke 1982,

1 0 y e a r I n t e r v a l s b e f o r e Tu r n o v e r o f P l a n t R e - e s t a b l i s h m e n t

BES

Baltimore Ecosystem Study

Image Credit: Michael Van Valkenburg Associates

Perspective Rendering While Under Construction A n drew Ma dl_Pro f.( s ) G o ren flo & Kew Da t e: 4.24.15

1855

Department of Landscape Architecture LArch 414_BES Studio_Spring 2015

03


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