Large Scale Impact
FTiiltl li en g t h e V o i d B E S : Baltimore
1 mile Radius
Trail Connection
Building & Roads
Vacant Lots
Tree Canopy Coverage
Ecosystem Study +
“Filling the Void” presents a landscape that promotes a dialectic experience while activating misused land as means for a performance based design that promotes and expands upon the current ecological structure of the city of Baltimore, Maryland. A parcel of Interstate Route 40 transects the boundary of Watershed 263 and acts as a literal and metaphorical divide between social and ecological activity. The design looks to utilize this existing infrastructure as a catalytic force to drive forth social interaction through ecological connection and advancement. The site, this parcel of I-40 locally known as the “Highway to Nowhere,” presents an opportunity for a connection between the Gwynns Falls Trail and the Jones Falls trial. This proposed connection allows for a pathway for increased active and passive recreation as well as for improved movement of wildlife between the Gwynns Fall Watershed zone and the Jones Falls Watershed zone. Such movement is facilitated by the site, the depressed portion of I-40. The site provides grounds for staging the propagation and distribution of nursery trees. Through utilizing the existing infrastructure of vehicular and pedestrian bridges, stormwater can be collected and utilized as a means for irrigating the trees. The trees provide the space with a contemplative quality while also promoting such ecosystem services as carbon sequestration, increased canopy coverage to combat the urban heat island effect, and animal life habitat. An angular pathway runs the length of the site providing an opportunity for biking, running, walking, as well as acting as a service road. As the median of the highway is used as grounds for the nursery and trail, the site users are put alongside moving traffic. To combat safety issues and promote more enclosure, landforms become a part of the site via a remediation effort for locally adjacent demolished buildings. Throughout the site, “trays” provide the ability for trucks to dump the rubble, leaving it in place to be remediated and to become a programmed landform of the design. Utilizing the vertical walls of the depressed structure of the highway, an opportunity is presented for the introduction of modular greenways that provide a surface for vegetation growth as well as a bird habitat in correlation with, and to further enhance, the BES Bird Study. Appealing to the social aspect of the ecological framework of Baltimore, the existing lawn panels adjacent to the pedestrian bridge entrances on the upper level of the highway have been used to create plaza spaces that promote community engagement through providing programmed seating areas with oversized planters, decks, and stages. The park functions as a connective strategy that relies upon a multi-level system that promotes a constantly changing landscape, meeting the abstracted idea of “Temporary Permanence” and acts as a theater for ecological activity and social interaction and education.
+ 1 mile Jones Falls Trail
Gwynns Falls Trail
Jones Falls Trail I-40 Site
Trail Lengths
Concept
Legend
Connect
Park Space
Vacant Buildings
Gwynns Falls Trail
(completed)
Tree Canopy Cover
(in construction)
I-40 Site
+
Proposed
30 miles
10.5 % coverage of area
3.2 miles
Goal for Baltimore 40%=256 acres of coverage The existing footprints of the vacant buildings, vacant lots, park space, infrastructure, existing canopy coverage, as well as trails form a unique network in the fabric of Baltimore that can be utilized cohesively to leverage ecological connectivity and function in Watershed 263. These combined footprints aid in allotting connections and function, while promoting a catalytic function for advancing the ecology of Baltimore.
north 0
2
67 acres
2.2 miles
Design Connection (1.0 linear park)
Trail Network in Construction
Concept
29 acres
1,727,674 sf.
In Construction
Completed Trail Network Proposed Trail Network
57 acres
16 miles
Park
Jones Falls Trail
Connect
Void
640 acres
Completed
Park + Vacant= 154.07 + Site= 180 acres proposed design Intervention 28%
4 miles
Projection: MD_State_Plane_North data source: LArch 414.2 datasets
Initial Design Interventions
Tree Species
Carbon Sequestration
Collect & Reuse
o
Baltimore
CO2 Emissions- 11.5 million metric tons Annually (Baltimore)_EPA
10’ typ.
* note trees per acre fluctuates throughout park design based
10 0,000 00 m tu mat ure tre eess
+
441 mature trees per 10’ typ.
acre
Red Maple Acer rubrum process: uptake contaminant: leachate
River Birch Betula nigra River Birch Betula pendula process: process: phytodegradation phytodegradation contaminant: PAHs contaminant: PAHs +PCBs +PCBs
(irrigation)
Produce
50%
Fecal Coliform
25%
40%
2,092
green wall module
10% of Rubble (Baltimore)
=
runoff capture
(through existing voids)
1,139,968 cu. yd
plantings
Containment & Phytomining/Phytoremediation Capacity of Design Existing Vertical Space: 238, 700 sf.
20,000 cu. yd
BES Bird Study_16 species
Phytomining/Phytoremediation Plant Palette
Lotus Corniculatus Birds-foot trefoil
Panicum virgatum Switch grass
1,452,862 gallons
50%
American Crow American goldfinch Common grackle European starling House sparrow Mourning Dove Northern mocking bird American robin Carolina chicadee
Carolina wren Downy woodpecker gray catbird House finch iceland gull Kildeer Northern cardinal
Existing Vertical Space: 409,500
sf
Program Areas
Needed for 10,000 trees annually
Rubble Storage + Remediation + Mining
1,040,000 gallons
(pollutant removal)
(nursery production + tree canopy coverage)
16,596
10% Rubble of Watershed 263
Alyssum bertolonii Sweet alyssum
From Stormwater
Heavy Metals
Stormwater
Tree Canopy
Revelatory Formal Expression
existing bridge(s)
Sand Filter Pollutant Removal Rates
80% Program Areas
* calculated with 3” caliper * tree plantings closest to infrastructure alloted for only
sand filter(s)
Nitrogen
Watershed 263
127,000 cu. yd
10,000 20,000 = gallons
proposed irrigation
Suspended Solids Phosphorous
living surface utilized as linear park + nursery staging ground
* to supplement rainfall
proposed trees Swamp White Oak Honey Locust Gleditsia Sweet Gum Liquidambar styraciflua Quercus bicolor tricanthos process: phytoextraction process: phytodegradation process: phytoextraction contaminant: Perchlorate contaminant: Metals contaminant: lead
1.5-3.0 gallons per weeks
Baltimore
(per caliper)
= 24.32 inches = 1,452,862 gallons of runoff per year
6.5 tons per acre reduced = 18.85 x 23.60 = 445.04 tons
23.60 acres
1 =
Surface Area for Capture: 2.2 acres Runoff: 58% (source_EPA Stormwater Calculator)
collecting + utilization
existing infrastructure + runoff
existing living surface
41.94 inches per year
Site
C
rain fall + storm events
Irrigation Needs
Annual Rainfall Average:
o
Bird Habitats
Vacant Housing/Buildings
Habitat Creation
(pollutant removal)
(Bird + Vegetation)
enlarged
Compile
(vacancies + tree canopy coverage + park space)
Isolate
Connect
Locate
(soild + void)
(triangulation)
(densities)
Resultant
Further Form Study
(formal expression)
(formal expression)
Measurable Landscape Time Matrix
0-5yrs
Implementation Phasing Strategy
+ Quantifications:
5-10yrs
t.
f 0 4
3
1.2
mi
.
Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
- 3,528 trees added
- 3,528 trees (previous phase) - 110,000 sf of Demolition Rubble Storage + Remediation added
- 3,528 trees (phase 1) -110,000 sf of Demolition Rubble Storage + Remediation (previous phase) - 6, 472 trees added
- 3,528 trees (phase 1) -110,000 sf of Demolition Rubble Storage + Remediation (phase 2) - 6, 472 trees (previous phase) - 380,500 sf of Green Wall + Habitat (added)
- 3,528 trees (phase 1) -110,000 sf of Demolition Rubble Storage + Remediation (phase 2) - 6, 472 trees (phase 3) - 380,500 sf of Green Wall + Habitat (previous phase) - 6.0 acres of Programed Area (added)
5-10yrs (post implementation)
0-5yrs (post implementation) Landscape Change
30’-35’
Tree Rotation + Canopy Covera Coverage
Soil Horizon Creation
15 % maintained = 1500 trees Year 2 top soil = 1.5’ depth 85 % relocated = 8,500
o
C
Carbon Sequestration
9.5 tons
+
+
o
Tree Rotation Rotati + Cov Canopy Coverage
10-20yrs (post implementation) o
o
Soil Horizon Creation
30 % maintained = 3,000 trees Year 2 top soil = 3.5’ depth 70 % relocated = 7,000 trees Year 8 top soil
53 tons (accounting for matured trees
5555’ ’ 55’
Phytoremedi Phytoremediation + Phytomining Phytomin 20,000 cu. yd - 30% pollutant removed Phytomining rotation 1 occurs
Tree Rotation + Canopy Coverage Coverag
Module Green Wall Nesting Habitat 30 % green coverage + 10 % Habitat Increase
Phytorem Phytoremediation + Phyto Phytomining 20,000 cu. yd - 60% pollutant removed Phytomining rotation 2 occurs
o
o
C
Soil Horizon Creation
60 % maintained = 6,000 trees Year 2 top soil 40% relocated = 4,000 trees Year 8 top soil Year 14 top soil Year 18 top soil = 4’ depth
+
+
50 5 0-5 -52’ 2’ 50-52’
+
+
C
55 5’ 55’
50-52’
BES: Baltimore Ecosystem Study_ Studio
+
+
+ Quantifications:
10-20yrs
97 tons (remaining trees)
+ Module Green Wall Nesting Habitat 70 % green coverage + 30 % Habitat Increase
Phytoremedia Phytoremediation + Phytomining Phytomin 20,000 cu. yd - 90% pollutant removed Phytomining rotation 3 occurs
Module Green Wall Nesting Habitat 100 % green coverage + 60 % Habitat Increase
Madl_Andrew_Larch 414_BES Spring 2015_Gorenflo_Kew
Filling the Void B E S : Baltimore
The trees propagated in the nursery zones of the design have the reach to be used as street trees and to be utilized as a means to promote urban forestry as a strategy to handle the abundance of vacant lots present in the urban fabric of Baltimore. The transverse of I-40 spikes through the landscape, but through the site design intervention, the rigid linear form becomes an expanding entity. The site has the possibility to extend and connect ecologically in both an east-to-west direction (via the highway) and a north-to-south direction, via the spreading of planted nursery trees from the site.
Ecosystem Study
to Jones Falls Trail
to Gwynns Falls Trail
north 0
Site Plan (1�=200’)
200
600
1200ft
Tree Nursery
Plaza Area
Plaza Area
Plaza Area
Sand Filter
Plaza Area
Green Wall Habitat
Demo. Remediation Trays
Seating Nodes
Section Perspective BES: Baltimore Ecosystem Study_ Studio
Madl_Andrew_Larch 414_BES Spring 2015_Gorenflo_Kew
Filling the Void B E S : Baltimore
Ecosystem Study
Legend
W Franklin St.
01_ Dense Nursery 06
06
02_ Bridge Irrigated Nursery
03 01
03_ Demolition Rubble Remediation Trays/Mounds 05_ Irrigation Lines
I-40 02
04
04
05
04
N Calhoun St.
04
N Gilmor St.
04_ Sand Filter Locations 06_ Plaza Areas (Raised Planters, Seating, Stage, 04
Decks)
north
06
06 W Mulberry St.
0
30
90
180ft
Enlarged Plan (1”=30’) Site Details of Interventions
Sand Filter (gravity feed)
Collection Cut
Irrigation Pipe (Typology 1)
Nursery Trees Conveyance to Trees (Typology 2) Angled Pipe (time dependent, angled to cistern) (Typology 3) Pot in Pot Nursery Cistern
0
4
12
20ft
Irrigation/Conveyance System
Phytoremediation Plantings
6 ‘ max
Planting Soil (8”) Existing Grade
Finished Grade Plaza Pavers
2.00%
Soil Barrier Layer (12”) Demolition Rubble (varies) Impermeable Plastic Liner (3”) CIP Concrete Gravel Base (6”) Sub-grade 0
4
12
20ft
Demolition Rubble Trays for Remediation
Nursery Trail Perspective BES: Baltimore Ecosystem Study_ Studio
Madl_Andrew_Larch 414_BES Spring 2015_Gorenflo_Kew
Filling the Void
Ver tical H a b i ta t i on to Jones Falls Trail
to Gwynns Falls Trail
north 0
Site Plan (1”=200’)
600
The sub-initiative of the project “Filling the Void,” Vertical Habitation, seeks to provide the depressed section of Route 40 with an increase in aesthetic value along with also providing various ecosystem services. At present, there are vertical retaining walls that run the length of the depressed section of the highway. The walls range between 25 to 30 feet in height. This vertical space is currently under utilized, and once activated the surface will have the capability to provide a new medium for urban ecology. The project identifies with the proposal for a green wall system that heavily relies upon vine plantings. This strategy in planting allows for fewer individual plants but provides a larger degree of vegetation coverage. The increase in vegetation coverage has the ability to provide a means for carbon sequestration, habitat connection, reduced noise pollution, reduced urban heat, and the reuse/ remediation of stormwater collected locally on site. The project expresses itself through a connection to the local community as the modules can become a program where they are removed from their place on the wall and propagated and wintered by the residents. Such a program has the capacity to provide community pride through education of urban ecology. The modules used in this green wall system will provide space for growing vines (screen) and forbs (trays), for creating bird habitats through specialized modules that promote the necessary habitats for specific bird species that can be found on site, and for aiding in the advancement of BES research. The project will become a catalyst for an increased quality of life through ecosystem services that promote knowledge and a sense of place.
Bird Habitat Creation Connection to BES
Existing
BES Bird Monitoring Project: Birds in Everyday Baltimore BES Study Bird Habitat Categories Urban Shoreline
Proposed
3 monitoring Stations (1 mile) 7 mo n Statio itoring ns (2 14 mile) St mo ati ni on tor s ( ing 3m ile )
north 0
2
4 miles
0
Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)
36 ft apart
x16
330
p.
Buildings & Shrubs
Mature Residential
* with the increase of canopy coverage on site a similar characteristic of the Mature residential habitat can be reached
Eastern Blue Bird (Sialia sialis)
north 4 miles
Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)
25-30’ typ.
Eastern Blue Bird (Sialia sialis)
“New Bird House”
100 ft apart
+
Eastern Blue Bird (Sialia sialis) White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)
+
+
+
Facilitation
= 14 Habitat Modules per
source: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Promotes Habitation
White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis) Food
span
source: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology
Soil Collection
Increasing vegetation in “street canyons” can reduce street level concentrations in the “canyons” by 40% NO2 and 60% for PM (particle matter)
o
Existing Vertical Space: 409,500
80’
-60%
C o
28’
source: http://www.co2science.org/subject/v/summ aries/vines.php (accessed 4.16.15) source: http://pubs.acs.org/doi/ abs/10.1021/es300826 w (accessed 4.16.15)
= 1 medium tree
sf
Activated Vertical Space: 380,500
sf
800 pounds (annually)
The carbon that is sequestered from a 20 m2 (215 ft2) wall is about the same as a medium sized tree.
Noise Pollution/Acoustics
380,500 sf / 215 sf =1,800 sf x 800 = 1,500,000 pounds (annually)
Current Conditions ‘ The proposed plant material will absorb and/or reflect solar radiation. This will help to reduce the “urban heat island effect” as the energy from the radiation will used for photosynthesize or omitted through evaportransporation.
Coefficient of Reduction
0.41-0.99
Stormwater
- dB source: Ismail, et al
3x >
source: Minke 1982, http://www.utsa.edu/lrsg/Teaching/EES5053_Geo4093/Labs/Wengetal.pdf (accessed 4.15.15)
Hardscape
Vegetation
Cooler
Warmer
Temperature Reduction
Stormwater Collection + Remediation +Reuse proposed trees
Increased Aesthetics
Increased Vegetation Coverage
Increased Habitat
Stormwater Reuse & Remediation
proposed irrigation water tank/conveyance irrigation lines overflow tray
Increased Quality of Life
BES
Baltimore Ecosystem Study
sand filter(s)
Surface Temperature Range:
5 - 30 degrees C
Projected Conditions ‘
existing bridge(s)
1,875 medium
source: http://www.greenovergrey.com/green-wall-b enefits/sustainability.php (accessed 4.15.15)
Urban Heat Reduction The proposed green wall planting system will help to further reduce noise levels created by the traffic on the highway. According to studies vertical greenwall systems can reduce and disperse both horizontal and vertical sound emissions.
Vegetation
Module of Green Wall
Water Collection
150 ft apart
CO2 Emissions- 11.5 million metric tons Annually (Baltimore)_EPA
Vegetation
White-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carolinensis)
Habitat Characteristics
(in construction)
Increased Connection + Recreation
Buildings & Shrubs
Tufted titmouse (Baeolophus bicolor)
Bird Species Habitat & Nesting Characteristics
+5’
’ ty
Jones Falls Trail I-40 Site
2
Mature Residential
Nesting Habits
-40%
(completed)
0 <2 2-4 4-6 6-10 >10
“Rare” Species in Baltimore That Can Inhabit the Site & Increase Species Pop.
Inner City
Inner City
Site
source: , Warren (Baltimore Ecosystem Study)
Vertical Habitation Site Scale Concept
Holistic Concept
Site
Site
Carbon Sequestration
Gwynns Falls Trail
Existing Infrastructure
1200ft
Ecosystem Services
Focus Design Concept
Filling the Void
200
+
From Stormwater 1,452,862 gallons
Proximity Temperature Range:
2 - 6 degrees C
source: EPA Stormwater Calculator
A n drew Ma dl_Pro f.( s ) G o ren flo & Kew Da t e: 4.24.15
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Department of Landscape Architecture LArch 414_BES Studio_Spring 2015
01
Filling the Void
The proposed green wall system largely bases the planting scheme on Vine vegetation with a subtle mixture of forbs. Vines, because they grow quickly and are largely composed of leaves uptake more carbon than trees. This allows for the intervention of the green wall to make a tremendous impact on carbon sequestration while increasing the aesthetic value of the space. There are 3 module typologies incorporated into the modular grid system. the first module, Module 1, provides a unique 3 dimensional growing apparatus for vines to creep and grow upon. the screen fixture of the module can be composed of unused recycled iron found throughout Baltimore. Module 2, seeks to be a more typical module that promotes the grow of forb plantings in rows of trays where linear patterns can be created. The final module presents a new way of thinking about the construction of man made bird habitats. The module provides such features as perching opportunities, water collection, cavity nesting, soil collection for insect habit, and entry holes that fit the identified bird species to study along with the BES research.
Vertical Habitation Planting Strategy + Palette Vines
-grow fast - climb = more coverage with
less plantings - hardy, more drought- resistant
- use most of energy to grow leaves not trunks
Forbs Yellow Trumpet Vine Macfadyena unguis-cati Phytodegredation
Pink Trumpet Vine Podranea riscasoliana Phytoextraction
American Vetch Vicia americana Phytodegredation
Stonecrop Sedum album athoum Aesthetics
Evergreen Wisteria Millettia reticulata Phytodegredation
Creeping/Climbing Fig Ficus pumila Phytoextraction
Viola spp. Violets Phytoextraction/ Hyperaccumulation
Lemon Ball Stonecrop Sedum rupestre Aesthetics
Vines
Area rea Coverage
60-100x
Lavendar Trumpet Vine Clytostoma callistegioides
Than
o
Heart-Leaf Philodendron Philodendron scandens Phytoextraction
C
Trees
Vines
Indian Mustard Brassica juncea Rhizofiltration, Heavy Metal Hyperaccumulator
Coppertone Stonecrop Sedum nussbaumerianum ‘Coppertone’ Aesthetics
4’
=
7 plants 9,527
8”
245,000 sf
Pressure Tr e a t e d Eastern White Pine
Module 1
18’
Module 2 4’
4’
Aluminum Frame (Support + Connection)
6”
Package Unit + Module(s) Module
Aluminum Frame (Support + Connection)
Recycled Iron (Screen)
Coroplast Plastic
4’
4’ 6”
Modules Needed for System_
Module 2
212’
Panels
( P l a n t i n g Tr a y )
4’
Module 1
Screen
Planting Module(s)
Green Wall Construction =/- 41 Module Module(s)
BHM
Coroplast Plastic
Coroplast Plastic
Package Unit
Soil Collection Perforated Ribs Entrance
2’
Area a Covrage erage
x
Nesting Cavity
4’
3”
4’
Perching + Water Collection
Coroplast Plastic
= 960,000 plants
source: http://www.worldwatch-europe.org/node/227 (accessed 4.16.15)
BHM
32,000 sf + 132,000
Forbs o
Elevation Spans
Bird Habitat Module
Quantities
25’
Choice of Vines
Module Definition
( P l a n t i n g Tr a y )
Module 1
Module 2
70%
30%
of total modules per span
BHM
10% of total modules per span
of total modules per span
4”
Sand Filter
Transport
6”-8”(varies)
The modular green wall system allows for fairly easily dismantling into sections upon need for maintenance and rotations in plantings. Upon dismantling, and during re-planting of the modules, the community can become involved through a participation method. Resident community members can be given a module to plant and propagate as the system is in a state of transformation. This process provides a means to involve the community and create acceptance and ownership of the design.
Hanging Bracket W a t e r Ta n k / C o n v e y a n c e Pipe 12”Diameter Length (varies)
Existing Retaining Wall
Module 1 (Vine Planting)
Aluminum Frame/Irrigation Channels
BHM Habitat Creation Steel Grid Support Structure
Module 2 (Forb Planting)
I r r i g a t i o n Tu b i n g System W a t e r Ta n k + O v e r f l o w C o l l e c t i o n Tr a y
community
+ module
+ Grow
Distribute for Propagation
Modules
Flanged Aluminum Frame/Irrigation Channel
Steel Grid Frame/Support Structure
I r r i g a t i o n Tu b i n g 1 / 4 ” D r i p L i n e
O v e r f l o w + S t o r m w a t e r C o l l e c t i o n Tr a y + P u m p S y s t e m
BES
Baltimore Ecosystem Study
Section Perspective of Green Wall Construction A n drew Ma dl_Pro f.( s ) G o ren flo & Kew Da t e: 4.24.15
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Department of Landscape Architecture LArch 414_BES Studio_Spring 2015
02
Filling the Void
Construction Implementation Strategy Phase 1
Phase 2
Phase 3
Phase 4
Phase 5
Vertical Habitation The construction process that can be utilized to install the green wall system looks to use both the sub-grade road plane as well as the at-grade lawn panels above the highway. A lane of traffic will be closed during installation that will allow for introduction of temporary scaffolding equipment, both horizontal and vertical. This scaffolding equipment will be used to install both temporary and permanent aspects of the wall. A smaller crane operation will also be used to elevate, flip, and place the modules onto a grid panel as part of the permanent infrastructure of the green wall system.
Installation ation of Aluminum Framing 1 Lane e of Traffic Closed + Temporary orary Scaffolding
Installation nstallation of o Water Tank 1L Lane ane of of Traffic Tra Closed
Preparation for Module Installation Temporary Horizontal Scaffolding
Modules + Steel Structural Grid Panel Raised, Flipped, & Placed
Modules Placed on Steel Structural Grid Panels
Change Over Time + Landscape Measure 1-4 years
8-10 years
5-7 years
Tu r n - O v e r P e r i o d - ( W i n t e r ) A f t e r 1 0 y e a r I n t e r v a l
+ Community Participation C
Vegetation Coverage
20%
o
C o
Carbon Sequestration
300,000 lbs
Noise Reduction
1x -dB
Habitat Creation
5%
Urban Heat Reduction
1-2 degrees
Vegetation Coverage
50%
o
C o
Carbon Sequestration
750,000 lbs
Noise Reduction
2x -dB
Habitat Creation
10%
Urban Heat Reduction
4-10 degrees
Vegetation Coverage
90%
o
o
Carbon Sequestration
1,350,000 lbs
Noise Reduction
3x -dB
Habitat Creation
20%
Urban Heat Reduction
10-30 degrees
The proposed interval and rotation of the planting on the green wall provide a need for a seasonal value of the infrastructure of the wall system. The remaining grid and supports of the structure can provide a basis for sculpture quality through the path of freezing ice.
source: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology, http://www.greenovergrey.com/green-wall-benefits/sustainability.php (accessed 4.15.15), https://www.audubon.org/birds (accessed 4.16.15), Ismail, et al, Minke 1982,
1 0 y e a r I n t e r v a l s b e f o r e Tu r n o v e r o f P l a n t R e - e s t a b l i s h m e n t
BES
Baltimore Ecosystem Study
Image Credit: Michael Van Valkenburg Associates
Perspective Rendering While Under Construction A n drew Ma dl_Pro f.( s ) G o ren flo & Kew Da t e: 4.24.15
1855
Department of Landscape Architecture LArch 414_BES Studio_Spring 2015
03