October 2013
n a i l l i v e z n o r B e th
nt Suppleme A newsletter from the An electronic newsletter from the Department of African African American American and and African African Studies Studies Community Extension Extension Center Center Community
Bronzeville Neighborhood Association (BNA) hosts big fight at CEC By: Judson L. Jeffries, Ph.D.
Features Pages 1, 3: Bronzeville Neighborhood Association (BNA) hosts big fight at CEC – Judson L. Jeffries, Ph.D. Page 4: The Success of Failure To Educate America’s Black Children – C. Earl Campbell DA III Pages 5-6: US has a hidden hand in Kenya-Somalia crisis of relations – Abayomi Azikiwe Pages 7-8: Enemies of the State – Alecia Shipe Awards/ Honors Page 9: John B. Williams to be inducted into Ohio Veterans Hall of Fame
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hree weeks ago, Floyd Mayweather Jr. showed why he is pound-for-pound the best fighter of his generation, weight class notwithstanding. A fighter of tremendous ring generalship, uncanny technical skills and an innate ability to make the other guy miss, Mayweather put on a boxing clinic against the much younger and stronger Canelo Alvarez, thus unifying the WBA and WBC Junior middleweight titles. Former champion Oscar De la Hoya of Golden Boy Promotions predicted that Alvarez would win the bout by knockout, a prediction that this writer found just plain silly. Some thought Mayweather and his camp would be so concerned about Alvarez’s size and power that Mayweather would be forced to ride his bike throughout the evening. Not so. From the opening bell Mayweather schooled the young champion, defying logic by trading punches with Alvarez in the middle of the ring (think Leonard v. Duran I); other times both fighters mixed it up on the ropes (remember Pryor v. Aguello I and II) with Mayweather getting the better of most of the exchanges even though Alvarez was the aggressor. Throughout the contest (and I use that word loosely), Mayweather flicked his jab on Alvarez’s nose, forehead, cheekbone, chin and eyebrow with relative ease (remember Hearns v. Duran). Conversely, Alvarez’s punches were largely ineffective as Mayweather proved as elusive as Sweet Pea Whitaker in his prime. Alvarez’s punches often found air. Unable to land a clean punch, Alvarez tried to slow Mayweather down by luring Mayweather to him. It didn’t work. From a distance Mayweather was content to take pot shots at Alvarez that seemed to frustrate the young champ. Determined to give a good account of himself, Alvarez tried to stalk and crowd Mayweather, to no avail. When he did connect, it was to the body, but Mayweather was un-phased. When Mayweather elected to channel Willie Pep Alvarez had no answer for the swifter, more experienced and faster fighter, even at thirty six, thirteen years Alvarez’s senior. Apparently Mayweather was so confident that he would beat Alvarez that he agreed to Continued on page 3
Department of African American and African Studies Community Extension Center 905 Mount Vernon Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43203-1413
Phone: (614) 292-3922 Fax: (614) 292-3892 http://aaascec.osu.edu aaascec@osu.edu
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of the CEC 12Core Programs 6 T he Ohio State University’s AAAS Community Extension Center is the outreach component of the Department of African American and African Studies. The CEC is one of the few off-campus facilities of its kind in the nation. Originally housed at two different locations on Ohio Avenue, the CEC moved to its current location in 1986. The CEC plays an integral role in enhancing the life chances of those who live in and around the Mount Vernon Avenue Area. Toward that end, the CEC offers an array of programs at no or nominal cost to the public. Programs include, but are not limited to, the following: conferences, symposia, computer classes, credit and noncredit courses, summer programs, lecture series, and film series. People from all walks of life have participated in these programs. Based on evaluations of our programs and personal testimonies, the CEC is having an impact on residents living in and around the Bronzeville Neighborhood.
1 Black Veterans Day Salute During the salute, Black men and women from Ohio who have served in the U.S. Armed Forces are publicly recognized. Since the salute’s inception in 2006, the CEC has honored the Tuskegee Airmen (2006), Vietnam War veterans (2007), Korean War veterans (2008), African-American servicewomen (2009), World War II veterans (2010), Gulf War Era veterans (2011) and Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans (2012).
2 Ray Miller Institute for Change & Leadership This 10-week long leadership course trains young Black professionals from the Columbus community in various areas of leadership. The Institute was founded in 2006 by former State Senator and Minority Whip Ray Miller. Miller has built a reputation as a strong advocate for those who have historically not had access to power. Admission to the Institute is highly competitive. The Institute is offered during OSU’s autumn and spring semesters with the support of OSU’s Office of Continuing Education. Participants who complete the course receive three CEU credits.
3 Senior Citizens Movie Matinee The movie matinee is a chance for senior citizens to watch a film that otherwise might be cost prohibitive in an accommodating environment. A discussion, usually led by an OSU professor or administrator, is held at the end of the film.
4 Computer Literacy Program Throughout the academic year, the CEC offers free and reduced-cost computer technology courses. The program is geared toward seniors but open to everyone. Courses include the following: Senior Computer Orientation, Internet, Email, Word, Excel, PowerPoint and Publisher.
5 Lecture Series Presentations given by OSU faculty, students and/or community members about topics pertinent to the Black community.
Math and Science Program
The Math and Science Program was established in partnership with the OSU Medical Center in 2003. The Math and Science Program exposes students in grades 4 through 12 to the wonders of math and science using hands-on activities. The purpose of the program is three-fold: 1) To increase competency in math and science among students of color; 2) To expose students of color to math and science related careers; and 3) To encourage students of color to major in math or science. The program meets on the fourth Monday of each month from October to May.
7 Summer Residential Program The Summer Residential Program (SRP) was established in 1999 and is designed to provide students with both an appreciation for and an understanding of African-American and African culture and history. The SRP also helps students strengthen their computer literacy skills. Past themes include: “The Underground Railroad” (2012), “All Eyez On Me: Deconstructing Images of African-American Women in Hip Hop” (2011), “letz b down: Social Justice Advocacy for Blacks During the American Revolutionary War Era” (2010), “The Low Country: Black Culture, Literacy and History in Charleston, South Carolina” (2009), and “Hip Hop Literacies” (2008). The program is held every June and is for rising 11th and 12th graders. Students live on OSU’s campus.
8 African Affairs Symposium This one-day symposium brings members of the African American and African communities together to discuss issues of particular interest to Africa. The inaugural symposium in 2007 examined the life of South African civil rights activist Steve Biko. “Africa in the Age of Globalization” was the theme of the 2008 symposium. The 2009 symposium examined the life of Dr. Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of Ghana, West Africa. In 2010, the focus was on Pan-Africanism and the Diaspora. The Democratic Republic of the Congo was the theme of the 2011 symposium.
9 Summer Enrichment Program This week-long, non-residential day program is designed to help rising 9th and 10th graders improve their reading and writing skills. The program, which was founded in 2009, is hosted annually in June and accepts approximately 15 students.
10 History of Black Columbus Conference This one-day conference celebrates the rich history of African Americans in Columbus and increases awareness of the significant contributions African Americans have made in all areas of city life. This annual conference is held in the spring.
11 Black History Month Forum The forum is in its fourth year and is focused on celebrating African descended peoples from all over the world. This year, documentaries about the following influential Black historical figures were shown: John Henrik Clarke, Kwame Nkrumah, Fannie Lou Hamer, James Baldwin, Minister Elijah Muhummad.
12 Enemies of the State The annual event features activists from America’s most notorious radical organizations, people who pressured America to live up to its highest ideals. In past years, activists from The Us Organization (2012), The Black Panther Party (2011) and the Young Lords Organization (2010) were invited to speak.
About Bronzeville During the 1930s, African-American leaders in Columbus named the predominately African-American neighborhood between the boundaries of Woodland Avenue (East), Cleveland Avenue (West), Broad Street (South) and the railroad tracks (North) “Bronzeville.” The population was approximately 40,000 residents. In 1937, the same African-American leaders elected a mayor of Bronzeville and created an eight member Cabinet to address social, political and economic issues in the neighborhood. Now, as a result of the establishment of several Neighborhood Civic Associations such as the Woodland Civic Association (East) and the Discovery District (West), Bronzeville was reduced to its current boundaries: Taylor Avenue (East), Jefferson Avenue (West), Broad Street (South), and I-670 (North). The Bronzevillian is inspired by this rich history.
CEC Advisory Board Paul Cook Wanda Dillard Francisca Figueroa-Jackson Mark S. Froehlich Ray Miller, former State Senator Lupenga Mphande, Ph.D. William E. Nelson, Jr., Ph.D. (Deceased) *Ike Newsum, Ph.D. and Chair Rick Pfeiffer, City Attorney Thomas Simpson, Ph.D. Reita Smith Charleta Tavares, State Senator Nana Watson
CEC Director *Judson L. Jeffries, Ph.D.
CEC Staff Sarah Twitty Senior Program Coordinator & Fiscal Officer Kevin L. Brooks, Ph.D. Program Coordinator Alecia Shipe Technology Program Coordinator
Address Department of African American and African Studies Community Extension Center 905 Mount Vernon Avenue Columbus, Ohio 43203-1413 *Ex officio members.
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father time, an opponent that no fighter has been able to overcome. To date, Mayweather has, in Willie Pep fashion, kept father time at bay. Whether or not he can continue to do so, time will tell.
Photo courtesy of www.examiner.com
fight him on Mexican Independence Day in Vegas where earlier that day the Fiesta Las Vegas Parade & Festival permeated the city. It was apropos that the fight coincided with the observance of Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement). In Levicitus 16:30, it is written that Yom Kippur is the holiest day of the year—the day on which we are closest to God. On this day God will forgive you, to purify you, that you be cleansed from all your sins before him. It can be argued that Alvarez’s handlers sinned when they chose to put their fighter in the ring with such a talented and experienced pugilist. It is a sin that, over the years, numerous promoters and trainers have committed. Many promising fighters have been ruined by being placed in the ring with an opponent for whom he was ill-equipped to challenge. It was a sin for which Alvarez’s people should beg forgiveness and avoid repeating. Clearly, Alvarez was not ready for a fighter of Mayweather’s caliber. Still, he took it on the chin, literally, but the results could have been disastrous (see Marvis Frazier v. Larry Holmes). How this loss will impact Alvarez mentally as he moves forward remains to be seen. At fight’s end, Mayweather showed good sportsmanship saying “Canelo still is the future of boxing.” Although the bout lacked the excitement of some of Mayweather’s previous fights, the (invitation only) crowd at the Community Extension Center where the fight was shown seemed pleased. What the fight lacked in electricity Mayweather made up for in his surgical execution of the sweet science before per usual Hollywood stars, music industry moguls and big name athletes who sat ringside in the MGM Grand Garden Arena in Vegas to witness what had been billed as the Fight of the Year. Not only is Mayweather, pound-for-pound the best fighter of his generation, but he is arguably the best fighter ever post age thirty. Mayweather’s biggest challenge may not be in the form of another fighter, but rather
Photo courtesy of www.theguardian.com
Photo courtesy of www.usatoday.com
Photo courtesy of www.zimbio.com
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The Failure To Educate America’s Black Children By: C. Earl Campbell DA III
W
hy are Blacks so surprised that public education is failing their children? Politicians continue to maintain an unfair, unjust, unethical and immoral school funding method in Ohio that was designed to produce the results we are getting. Wait, maybe some are under the impression that those who run our public school systems have the children’s best interests at heart. That would explain why we keep voting for and electing the same usual suspects year after year. Parents want to blame the teachers for implementing racist policies designed to ensure that Black children fail. Teachers blame the parents for being poor and struggling, which leaves them little time for parent/teacher conferences or homework tutorials. I know, these sound like excuses to those in the “Personal Responsibility Camp”. The truth is that our children are wonderful, smart, talented and gifted. They can and will learn if they are loved and nurtured, inspired and motivated, disciplined and trained. They are blessings to their parents, community, country and this planet. They each have unique gifts and talents and it’s our responsibility to help develop them. Instead of “Zero Tolerance Policies”, public schools, should replace them with “Zero Failure Policies”, where we refuse to allow any child to fail. It is not just the parent’s responsibility; it is the responsibility of the teachers, preachers, politicians, administrators, school, community, city, county and nation to put the student in a position to succeed. Mass shootings and pain and suffering are often an outcome of a community’s failure. Society has failed when a child has a greater value to “The Prison Industrial Complex” than to the community from which the child sprang. Blacks pretend to care about their children, but some do not do a good enough job of protecting and/or helping them navigate the racist system into which they were born. It’s the “Deer In Headlights” effect, where Black Faces In High Places confuse Black Folks to the reality and the results of policies and programs that are hurting our most precious commodity, our kids. We have a psychological need to see someone who looks like us in positions of power, and we refuse to criticize them even when they behave in ways, both personally and professional; that adversely impact our children. The situation is not dire. This problem can indeed be rectified, but it will take personal and collective courage. First, we must affirm the value of our children. We must demand that teachers, preachers, politicians and administrators publically say on a daily basis to our children that they love them. They should voluntarily sign a “Pledge Of Black Love” committing themselves to changing racist policies, programs and schools that are failing Black children everyday. Parents, preachers, administrators and teachers must be willing to pool their money to create new private and charter schools as direct
competition to failing public schools. Any new levy must cap administrative spending at 15% and ensure that 85% of the levy funding pay for field/exposure trips for school age children, after-school learning programs, meals, transportation, tutoring and extracurricular activities and clubs. It should provide free SmartTablets with free wifi enable connection, etc. This will eliminate costly and outdated text books and provide students with additional online learning resources. It should also provide free parenting education classes and training that include acquiring indispensable job skills. When we love our children, we fight for them. In the 21st Century racist systems are protected by policies, programs and people who are allowed to remain in positions of power or influence, where they can support and maintain that system. The Honorable William “Bill” Moss and my personal hero Mr. Jerry Lee Doyle, were two Blacks who worked tirelessly on behalf of Black children and their parents. They were without question African Americans warrior for our children, who fought against corruption in Columbus Public Schools and sacrificed so much for our children. We should honor their memory by having the courage to do the same.
Photo courtesy of www.blackyouthproject.com
Photo courtesy of www.urbanfaith.com
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US Has a Hidden Hand in Kenya-Somalia Crisis of Relations By: Abayomi Azikiwe
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illows of smoke emanated from the Westgate Shopping Mall in Nairobi, Kenya, on the third day of a standoff between Kenyan, Israeli and United States forces (FBI) against the seizure of the facility by members of the Al-Shabaab Islamic resistance movement based in Somalia. Reports indicated that at least 67 people had been killed since the incident began on Saturday September 21. Eyewitnesses reported that a group of armed men and women stormed the entrance of the mall during a midday shooting at random and tossing hand grenades. Members of the armed group were quoted as saying that their operation was in response to the ongoing occupation by approximately 2,500 Kenya Defense Forces (KDF) troops of southern Somalia. Kenya, which shares a long border with Somalia, entered the troubled Horn of Africa state in October 2011 in what was called Operation Linda Nchi (protect the nation in Kiswahili). The Kenyan government at that time was led by President Mwai Kibai and Prime Minister Raila Odinga, two close allies of the U.S. administration. The invasion was neither sanctioned by parliament as required by the constitution nor by the African Union or the United Nations Security Council. KDF forces bombed the strategic port city at Kismayo in the early phase of the operation. The city was a financial base for Al-Shabaab which controlled the lucrative charcoal exports from the country. Since the intervention of Kenya in Somalia, unrest has continued in the south of the country where resistance is escalating outside Kismayo involving Al-Shabaab guerillas who attack KDF positions on a daily basis. Even local politicians and elders not associated with Al-Shabaab have complained about the activities of the Kenyan forces which are accused of interfering in the internal affairs of the region as well as human rights violations against civilians. THE ROLE OF THE U.S. IN THE SOMALIA CRISIS The attack on the Westgate Mall is being portrayed by the corporate and capitalist government-controlled media in the U.S. and Europe as a new episode in the so-called “war on terrorism.” Yet the role of the White House through the Pentagon and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) goes without mention. U.S. imperialism has been involved in attempts to influence the political situation in Somalia and the Horn of Africa for many decades. During the late 1970s, former Somali military leader Mohamed Siad Barre was courted by the Jimmy Carter administration and convinced that an invasion of Ethiopia, then in alliance with the
Soviet Union and Cuba, would result in Washington’s economic and military support to the beleaguered state which had attempted to adopt a socialist-orientation in 1969. The invasion of the Ogaden region of Ethiopia in 1978, where a large population of Somalis lived, proved to be a monumental disaster for Mogadishu. Cuban internationalist forces then in Ethiopia to assist the government of Mengistu Haile Mariam fought alongside the national army of Addis Ababa to defeat Barre’s forces. This ill-advised military adventure plunged Somalia into a deeper economic and political crisis that lasted for well over a decade. By early 1991, the Barre regime had collapse leaving a vast security and political vacuum inside the country. Later in December 1992, the administration of George H.W. Bush sent 12,000 marines into Somalia in what was called “Operation Restore Hope.” The intervention was sold to the people of the U.S. and the world as a “humanitarian mission” designed to address problems stemming from the drought and famine which had long plagued the country. Nonetheless, by early 1993, Somalis had risen up against the intervention by the U.S., other western-imperialist states and United Nations forces occupying the nation. Dozens of Pentagon and UN troops lost their lives in a humiliating defeat that drove these military occupiers from Somalia in 1994. Since that defeat in Somalia, the U.S. has never given up on controlling this region of Africa. With the overthrow of the socialistoriented government of Mengistu of Ethiopia in 1991, Washington enhanced its influence through working with the federal government in Ethiopia headed by the late Prime Minister Meles Zenawi. By 2006, the U.S. “war on terrorism” was well underway with occupations taking place simultaneously in Afghanistan, Iraq and Haiti. In order to avoid the political fallout of another direct intervention, the Bush II administration encouraged Ethiopia to invade Somalia in order to displace the Islamic Courts Union (ICU) which had begun to consolidate its influence and stabilize the country after years of war and factional strife. The main problem the U.S. had with the Islamic Courts was that it was operating outside of Washington’s influence. After two year of the intervention by Ethiopia, Somalia was again facing famine with the worst humanitarian crisis in the world at that time. Ethiopian military forces withdrew in early 2009 and sections of the Islamic Courts were won over to a Washington-backed Transitional Federal Government (TFG). A youth wing of the Islamic Courts arose known as Al-Shabaab (the youth) and began to wage war against the TFG demanding that all foreign forces be withdrawn from Somalia. Beginning 2007, the African Union Mission to Somalia (AMISOM) was formed with the bulk of its forces coming from the U.S.-
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allied government of President Yoweri Museveni of Uganda. Fighting has continued in Somalia since that time, with periodic and direct intervention by the Pentagon and the CIA. U.S. and British bombing operations have been carried out against alleged Al-Shabaab and Al-Qaeda bases in Somalia. The country is also a base of operations for the U.S. drone programs which extends from the Horn of Africa all the way to the Indian Ocean islands of Seychelles. In addition, the CIA has a major field station in Mogadishu and has maintained detention facilities inside Somalia imprisoning purported suspects in the “war on terrorism.” The combined AMISOM forces now consisting of some 17,500 troops receives training and funding from Washington. The Somalia operation of the U.S. is part and parcel of the United States Africa Command (AFRICOM) which was formally started in 2008 under Bush but has been strengthened and enhanced by the Obama administration. Kenya’s intervention in southern Somalia in October 2011 had been planned for at least two years. The release of WikiLeaks cables in 2010 documented the plans and the role of the State Department. In an article published by the Kenyan Daily Nation on December 17, 2010, it reports that “The cables also say the military action took years of planning and was not a spontaneous reaction to abductions conducted by the Islamist group on Kenyan soil as repeatedly stated by government officials. The abductions seemed to provide Kenya with a convenient excuse to launch the plan, which, officials argued, was necessary to ensure protection against threats posed by an unstable neighbour.” This secret plan, dubbed “Jubaland Initiative,” outlined the creation of an artificial state in southern Somalia in an effort to choke off Al-Shabaab from the border areas near Kenya. At a meeting in Ethiopia in January 2010, the Kenyan delegation led by the-then Foreign Affairs Minister Moses Wetang’ula appealed for U.S. support in the operation. In addition to U.S. involvement in Somalia and Kenya, the state of Israel also has close ties with the government in Nairobi. Israeli economic interests are much in evidence in Kenya, where tourist hotels and other businesses such as the Westgate Shopping Mall, are owned by capitalists who are citizens of the Zionist state. Developments in Kenya and throughout the entire region of East Africa must be viewed within the context of U.S. economic and strategic interests in partnership with its NATO allies and the state of Israel. In recent years new findings of oil and natural gas all along the coast of East Africa are of course a source of imperialist interests in the region. At the same time flotillas of U.S. and European Union
warships have been occupying the Gulf of Aden off the coast of Somalia for several years under the guise of fighting piracy. Underlying this occupation of the Gulf of Aden is the vast economic resources that are transported through this waterway which is one of the most lucrative in the world. The current government of President Uhuru Kenyatta in Nairobi was not the favoured choice of the Obama administration during the elections in March. Washington supported former Prime Minister Odinga in the race and had issued veiled threats against Kenya if it did not vote the way the U.S. wanted. Both President Kenyatta and Deputy President William Ruto are under indictment by the International Criminal Court (ICC) in The Hague for crimes against humanity they allegedly perpetrated in 2007/8 post-election violence in which at least 1,300 people died and over 600,000 others were maimed and displaced. Ruto requested and was granted an adjournment of his trial that was taking place at the time of the Westgate mall attack pending the outcome of the standoff. Kenyatta and Ruto are accused of human rights violations during the course of a violent dispute over the results of the previous elections held in late 2007. Their prosecution by the ICC has been rejected by the Kenyan government as well as nearly all the 55member nations of the African Union. The ICC has been severely criticized by the African Union due to its exclusive pre-occupation with prosecuting continental leaders. Sudanese President Omar Hassan al-Bashir is also under indictment by the ICC and was denied a visa by the State Department to attend last week’s UN General Assembly in New York even though Washington is not a signatory to the Rome Statue that created the ICC.
Photo courtesy of www.cnn.com
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Enemies of the State
An Evening with Members of the Revolutionary Action Movement By: Alecia Shipe The fourth annual Enemies of the State brought to the African American and African Studies Community Extension Center two members of the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM), Dr. John Bracey and Dr. Muhammad Ahmad. While RAM does not enjoy the level of fanfare commonly associated with highprofile organizations such as the Black Panther Party and Us, it nevertheless played an important role in the Black Power Movement. Longtime professors at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst and Temple University respectively Drs. Bracey and Ahmad sat down for a public interview conducted by Dr. Judson L. Jeffries. The format of Enemies of the State is modeled after the Actor’s Studio. Dr. Jeffries
interviews his subjects for a period of time while the audience looks on; after which audience members are afforded the opportunity to engage the guests in a question and answer session. Many topics were covered, but all revolved around activism and the need to confront various types of oppression. The evening lasted nearly two hours. What Drs. Bracey and Ahmad had to say was not only enlightening, but timely given the developments that have played out here on the Near East side over the past several years. The Enemies of the State is a rare opportunity to interact with figures that “you’ve only heard about or read about, but never in your wildest dreams thought you would meet in person.”
Dr. John H. Bracey
Dr. Muhammad Ahmad
In 1960 Dr. Muhammad Ahmad became a civil rights activist, first supporting the boycott of Woolworth’s Five and Dime stores which were called for by Sit-in leaders in the South and later demonstrating against racial discrimination in Xenia, Ohio while attending Central State College in Wilberforce, Oh from 1960 to 1962. Dr. Ahmad was an activist as an undergraduate while at CSC. Out of activism evolved two organizations, Challenge, a chapter of Students for a Democratic Society, and the Revolutionary Action Movement. Dr. Ahmad dropped out of school for twelve years to work full-time as an organizer in the Civil Rights and Human Rights Movement. Returning to Philadelphia, he helped to co-found the first community branch of the Revolutionary Action Movement (RAM) in 1963.
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Dr. John H. Bracey, Jr., has been a member of the W.E.B. Du Bois Department of Afro-American Studies at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst since 1972. He previously taught Afro-American history at Northern Illinois University and at the University of Rochester. He was born in Chicago, Illinois, and grew up in Washington, D.C. He earned his B.A. at Roosevelt University in Chicago and his M.A. and PhD from Northwestern University. Dr. Bracey is a life member Association for the Study of African American Life and History and the Organization of American Historians.
Dr. John H. Bracey, Jr., ‘s latest publication African American Mosaic: A Documentary History from the Slave Trade to the Twenty-First Century, Volume Ii: From 1865 to the Present (v. 2) (New Jersey, Prentice Hall, 2004)
Dr. Ronald Stephens of Ohio University engages guests during the question and answer session.
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Ohio Veterans Hall of Fame 2013 Induction Ceremony
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