Master's Design Publication - Growing Underground

GROWING UNDERGROUND: A SUBTERRANEAN NETWORK CULTIVATING MYCELIUM FOR CONSTRUCTION GLASGOW 2045

EUAN CAMPBELL ALEXANDRA ADAMS MAY 2020

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We would like to both acknowledge the advice and guidance given to us throughout this thesis by Marianne Partyka and CatrĂŹona MacDonald at The University of Strathclyde, for which we are extremely grateful.

We also owe a lot to our friends and families for their support, time and energy during an exciting period of study which has seen unprecedented challanges put before us.

Euan Campbell and Alexandra Adams Design Studio 01 - Ecology

The University of Strathclyde Architecture School, Glasgow PG Diploma Advanced Architectural Design

Supervised by Marianne Partyka and CatrĂŹona MacDonald 2

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Euan Andrew Campbell

Alexandra Jenny Adams

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D E C LARAT I O N

AB 964 Design Studies 5B 2019/20 MArch/PG Dip Advanced Architectural Design (AAD) MArch Architectural Design International

“We hereby declare that this submission is our own work and has been composed by ourselves. It contains no unacknowledged text and has not been submitted in any previous context. All quotations have been distinguished by quotation marks and all sources of information, text, illustration, tables, images etc. have been specifically acknowledged.

We accept that if having this declaration our work should be found at examination to show evidence of academic dishonesty the work will fail and we will be liable to face the University Senate Discipline Committee.�

Names: Reg Number:

Euan Andrew Campbell 201965496

Alexandra Jenny Adams 201977636

Signed:

Date: 6th May 2020

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CONTENTS

Acknowledgements

- Connection to Nature

List of Figures & References

- Site Layout

Declaration

Contents p11

01 - Introduction

- Brief

p41

p73

- Manifesto

- Building Programming

- Site Users

- Environmental Change

- Mycelium - A New Industry

- Masterplan Processes

- Mycelium Growth Process

- The Cork House - Site Allocation

p127

02 - Site Analysis

- Masterplan

- Kirklee Station

- Botanic Gardens Station

- Reusing Railway Infrastructure - Kelvinbridge Station

- Site Opportunities and Constraints

03 - Concept Development and Testing - Kirklee Water Tower Concept - Arrangement of Massing

- Botanics Pavilion Concept - Hierarchy of spaces - Public to Private

- The Purpose of the Shadow

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- Site Layout

- Kelvinbridge Concept

- Facilitating a moving object - Massing and layout - Growing Mycelium - Wild Plants

- An External Skin

- External Materials and Precedent - An Internal opposite to skin - Window Box Layout

- Window Box Materiality

- Ornate Metalwork Detailing - Balustrade Detailing 04 - Final Proposal

- Kirklee Research Campus - Botanic Gardens Pavilion - Growing Underground

- Kelvinbridge Distribution Hub - Conclusion

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LIST OF FIGURES

**Unless stated below, all images are property of the

Figure 21 - Great Western Road historic photos,

Authors.

Canmore/Pinterest

Figure 22 - Leipzig Lightbulb Factory, Snohetta

Figure 1 - The Cork House, RIBA

Figure 23 - Windermere Jetty Museum, Carmoady

Figure 2 - Kirklee Railway Station, Canmore

Groarke

Figure 3 - Kirklee Historic Map, Digimaps

Figure 24 - Botanic Gardens Historic Photos, Wikiwand

Figure 4 - Botanic Gardens Historic Photos, Wikiwand

Figure 25 - Kimbell Art Museum, Louis Kahn, ArchDaily

Figure 5 - Botanic Gardens Historic Map, Digimaps

Figure 26 - Vaulted Concrete Roof Precedent, Tianjin

Figure 6 - Site photos, Canmore/Railscot

China, ArchDaily

Figure 7 - Engineering drawings, Railscot

Figure 27 - Disused Tunnel Photos Glasgow, Gcat.org

Figure 8 - Kelvinbridge historic photos, Railscot

Figure 28 - Kelvinbridge historic photos, Railscot

Figure 9 - Kelvinbridge Historic Map, Digimaps

Figure 29 - Kelvinbridge Historic Map, Digimaps

Figure 10 - Glasgow Water Towers, Glasgow Punter

Figure 30 - Kelvinbridge historic aerial photo, Railscot

Figure 11 - Amager Residential Restoration, NORD

Figure 31 - Ngamwongwan House, Bangkok, Junsekino

Figure 12 - St Cecilia’s Hall, Page\Park Architects

Architecture

Figure 13 - Windermere Jetty Museum, Carmoady

Figure 32 - Kelvinbridge historic photos, Railscot

Groarke

Figure 33 - Kimbell Art Museum, Louis Kahn, Architectuul

Figure 14 - National Museum of Scotland, Weber

Figure 34 - Scottish Parliament Building, Main Hall, Enric

Figure 15 - Ca D’Oro Building Glasgow, Lost Glasgow

Miralles, Arc Magazine

Figure 16 - Kirklee Railway Station, Canmore

Figure 35 - VELUX Commercial, ArchDaily

Figure 17 - Aeration Tower, Grafham Water Sailing Club Figure 18 - Aqua Alta Venice, Wikipedia

National Museum of Scotland, Weber

Casa BC, 3 ARCH, Pinterest

Figure 19 - Beatrix Potter Fungi Illustrations, BBC Earth Figure 20 - Botanic Gardens Historic Photos, Wikiwand

Tatlin’s Tower, Royal Academy, Flickr

REFERENCES Campbell, E. & Adams, A., 2019. THE PRODUCTION LINE: CULTIVATING MYCELIUM FOR CONSTRUCTION, Glasgow: s.n.

Haneef, M., Ceseracciu, L. & Canale, C., 2017. Advanced Materials From Fungal Mycelium: Fabrication and Tuning of Physical Properties. s.l.:s.n.

The Glasgow Story, 2019. John Kibble. [Online]

Available at: https://www.theglasgowstory.com/image/?inum=TGSA00052 [Accessed 05 02 2020].

UKGBC, 2019. UK Green Building Council. [Online] Available at: https://www.ukgbc.org/climate-change/ Watts, J., 2018. The Guardian. [Online]

Available at: https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/oct/08/global-warming-must-not-exceed-15c-warnslandmark-un-report [Accessed 10 October 2018].

Williams, C., 2019. Glasgow Live. [Online] Available at: https://www.glasgowlive.co.uk/news/history/king-queen-botanicgardens-1917-15773930 [Accessed 2020].

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INTRODUCTION - Manifesto - Brief - Programming - Environmental Changes - New Industrial Process 11

CS5 Submission

Euan’s Cultural Studies graphic highlights the need for waste products from a linear economy to be repurposed as new raw resources. By reassessing how society defines waste within our production model, the embodied energy of what we build can be reduced massively.

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MANIFESTO This thesis investigates the ongoing crisis of Climate Change being faced globally, looking for a solution which addresses construction and demolition waste’s impact on the environment. It does so by redefining the manufacturing process of carbonrich construction materials with a carbon neutral, circular alternative.

By 2045, a new industrial process is created using Mycelium hyphae and local organic waste to create a new, fully recycleable, construction material.

An abundance of coffee waste from the West End of Glasgow sits as a prime opportunity to reuse what is currently regarded as a waste product. By recovering and reusing this, it can act as a natural substrate which the Mycelium absorbs and digests as it grows. As the multi-cellular organisms develop, the Mycelium acts as a glue, binding the material into a new, usable construction material. The 5A research publication has analysed and evaluated the feasibility of this new construction process within a circular economy to understand the necessary programme for this thesis.

The advantage of using Mycelium over conventional construction materials is its ability to consume organic waste, thus, removing the need to rely on new resources to be extracted from the earth. These extensively-used virgin materials require secondary processing and manufacturing, releasing Carbon Dioxide and various toxic pollutants into the Biosphere. As a result, global temperatures are steadily rising with a serious knock-on effect for ecosystems across the planet.

IPCC scientists predict that current levels of carbon pollution are set to take global warming within touching distance of a +2.0 degrees Celsius rise which would create devastating and irreparable repercussions for our planet (Watts, 2018). The construction industry is now rooted within a linear economy of take, use, construct and dispose of raw materials, contributing destructive levels of CO² towards Climate Change.

This thesis will use a new model for the sustainable development of construction systems by merging them within an agriculturally-based cycle where waste can be consumed naturally. As a result, a processing system across three sites of an existing subterreanean network will set the precedent for cultivating Mycelium within an urban context. The scheme will use a section of the disused Caledonian railway line for both the growth and the distribution of the material, reusing an existing framework in order to reduce the environmental impact of the intitial construction and ongoing operation of the process. A zero-carbon, industrial approach which re-assesses the value of local waste as a raw material, will engage the community in a way that prevents any further environmental destruction, whilst sustaining a local economy. This will redefine Glasgow’s attitude to waste for a future generation who will inevitably judge their predecessors for not acting sooner.

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CS5 Submission

THE PRODUCTION LINE: CULTIVATING MYCELIUM FOR CONSTRUCTION

Alexandra’s Cultural Studies Submission illustrates the relationship between the initial consumption of coffee waste on the surface and the recycling of this material into a new sustainable cycle underground. Complementing this is the journey of the subterranean infrastructure from primary function to delapidation and then repurposed into a new industry 14

BRIEF The process needs to address the issue of construction waste, whilst fully utilising local opportunities and site conditions to provide a successful design solution.

This design solution consists of three sites connected by the abandoned Caledonian Railway line. The sites contain stations with varying levels of remaining infrastructure, which act as unique architectural opportunities, providing interesting spaces that not only pay homage to their industrial past, but also look forward to a new sustainable industrial future.

Kirklee will be the start of the production process with space for research, experimenting and testing of Mycelium, alongside exhibition spaces to showcase to the public the potential applications of the material. The site will also contain the machinery for water treatment to take place, to be filtered and stored. The building will largely control and monitor the conditions needed for the tunnels to provide sterile and comfortable conditions for the Mycelium’s growth.

The Botanic Gardens site will have spaces for the public to view the processing as well as contributing to the coffee waste through a coffee pavilion. There will be areas in which the public can connect with the Botanic Gardens, however, the site will largely be for the reception of the coffee waste into the the process, requiring large storage drums before pasteurisation. Here, the Mycelium spawn will be stored also and combined with the pasteurised coffee waste in the Mycelium moulds. At this point the moulds will travel down the tunnel to the next site over 4 weeks, allowing time for the growth of the final product.

Kelvinbridge will act as a distribution hub for the Mycelium construction product to be released from its moulds and packaged onto the railway line. Here, the final construction materials will travel through a further tunnel towards Exhibition Centre Station on the Clyde, linking into the current Scottish railway network.

Transportation along the Clyde is another opportunity for the materials to be distributed further afield.

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Kirklee

Botanics

Kelvinbridge

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BUILDING PROGRAMMING Kirklee Entrance Space Toilets Locker Space 1:1 Mock-Up Space Exhibition Space Materials Library Storage for Exhibition Spaces Lecture Theatre Staff Room Research Lab Plant for Water Storage and Temperature Control Controls for Environmental Conditions Water Filtration Tower Courtyard Space Botanic Gardens

Entrance Space Coffee Stall Public Seating Area Public Toilets Staff Toilets Staff Office Tower for Storage of Mycelium Spawn Coffee Waste Collection and Pasteurisation Mycelium Innoculation Uninhabited Mycelium Moulds Filled Kelvinbridge

Reception Space Waiting Area Staff Area Toilets Meeting Room Exhibition Space Control Room Mycelium Baking/Storage Covered Work Yard Railway for Mycelium Product Distribution Flexible Staff Office Space

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User: Researcher

Purpose: Exploring additional uses for Mycelium including

subjects such as conditions for growing Location: Kirklee Research Labs

Approximate Hours: 0900 - 1700 hrs, full day Frequency: Monday to Friday

User: Manufacturer

Purpose: Ensuring conditions are stable and checking Mycelium moulds before sending them for growth and distribution

Location: Tunnel between Kirklee and Botanic Gardens Approximate Hours: 0900 - 1700 hrs, full day Frequency: Monday to Friday

User: Head of Distribution

Purpose: To oversee the workings of the distribution centre including demand, timings and shipments Location: Kelvinbridge Offices

Approximate Hours: 0900 - 1700 hrs, full day Frequency: Monday to Friday

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User: Retireree and former Civil Engineer

Purpose: Interest in Glasgow’s new emerging industry and environmental concerns Location: Kirklee Exhibition and Lecture Spaces Approximate Hours: 0900 - 2000 hrs, 1-2 hours Frequency: Monthly visits, any day

User: Primary school child

Purpose: Attending interactive sessions to understand environmental concerns with a school group Location: Kirklee Exhibition Spaces

Approximate Hours: 0900 - 1500 hrs, 1-2 hours Frequency: Once a term, Monday to Friday

User: Consumer, works locally

Purpose: To purchase coffee on a lunch break to take round the Botanic Gardens Location: Botanic Gardens Coffee Kiosk

Approximate Hours: 1200 - 1400 hrs, 10 minutes Frequency: Weekly, Monday to Friday

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“In September 1917, King George and Queen Mary spent three nights in a tunnel under the gardens on board the Royal Train between Botanic Gardens and Kirklee Stations.

With Britain at the time in the midst of the First World War, the royals came to Glasgow on a morale boosting three-day mission to visit the shipyards and industrial plants of the city - at a time when industrial unrest on ‘Red’ Clydeside was at its height.” (Williams, 2019)

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“In 1865 Kibble built a large iron-framed conservatory at his home Coulport House in Cove on Loch Long. In 1871 the structure was shipped along the Clyde and re-erected and extended in the Botanic Gardens in Hillhead and two years later the Kibble Crystal Art Palace and Royal Conservatory was officially opened to the public. The Kibble Palace remains one of Glasgow’s most famous attractions.”

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E NVI R O N M E NTAL C HAN G E Concluding the 5A research into the causes and effects of climate change, it is clear that construction waste is a key contributor. 55% of the construction industry’s CO² emissions stem from building material production and component manufacturing (UKGBC, 2019). Currently, materials used within construction consume a significant amount of energy, Carbon Dioxide and resources to get them to site. This abundance of CO² is contributing immensely to the Greenhouse Gases, steadily warming up the atmosphere. Analysing the effects of Climate Change on Glasgow (one of Scotland’s highest contributors of landfill waste), research showed that by the year 2045, warmer, wetter and more dramatic changes in weather and climate can be expected as a result.

Concluding this analysis, anew approach to how we build and what we build with, is a key area which needs addressed. The key finding from this was society’s need to treat waste materials as a new resource rather than burying its potential energy in Landfill (Campbell et al 2019).

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Increased, Disruptive Precipitation Levels

Rainfall is predicted to increase substantially in the West of Scotland with a warmer climate leading to more seasonal, stormy weather.

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1. Aeration

2. Research

3. Environmental Control

4. Coffee Consumption

5. Coffee Waste Disposal

6. Coffee Waste Processing

7. Mycelium Growth

8. Secondary Processing/manufacturing

9. Distribution

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MYCELIUM - A NEW INDUSTRY Mycelium is the root structure allowing mushrooms to grow. The microorganisms grow underground, developing a network of threadlike cells. Due to Mycelium’s lack of Chlorophyll, it does not use photosynthesis to create food, instead digesting nutrients from its surroundings, allowing it to spread beneath the surface with no need for sunlight. This micro-organism’s self sufficiency is what makes it an excellent substitute to carbon-rich materials.

This naturally occurring substance is the equivalent of a self-assembling adhesive, binding organic as well as synthetic by-products together. Mycelium can digest cellulose from organic waste, transforming it into Chitin (the same material that exoskeletal insect shells are composed of), giving the material a harder external layer (Haneef, et al., 2017).

As the organism grows outwards, it branches out with small intricate threads called Hyphae. As the process develops these Hyphae knit together, binding the material together into a solid mass. This ability to consume waste and grow into any shape justifies the feasibility the industrial cultivation of this organism as a new construction material.

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MAS T E R PLAN PR O C E S S E S The masterplan includes the repurposing of the disused railway line as a method of hiding the extensive industrial process underground, minimising its visual impact on the city. Consisting of three sites, each uses a former working railway station as the basis of the proposal: Kirklee Station, Botanic Gardens Station and Kelvinbridge Station. Each site houses different industrial processes key to the cultivation, production and distribution of the Mycelium construction material.

Kirklee contains the water filtration, education and research section of the processes and the controlling of the tunnel environment is the outcome of this site.

The Botanics is where the coffee is pasteurised and the Mycelium spawn is stored, these two elements are combined in the moulds to start growing the Mycelium.

By the time the moulds travel down the tunnel and reach Kelvinbridge, the moulds are fully grown and require baking to kill off the fungi and ensure mushrooms do not begin to grow. The material is then ready for distribution to site.

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MYCELIUM GROWTH PROCESS For optimum growth conditions, the components of the process must be kept sterile. At Kirklee, the component used in the process is water. Rainwater is collected and filtered using the process of Aeration. This is done by the water tower which drops the collected rainwater from a great height to remove the impurities and result in clean, sterile water.

The Botanics site is where the coffee waste is introduced to the Mycelium spores from the storage tower. In order to sterilise the coffee waste it is pasteurised before being combined with the Mycelium spores in a large Bronze drum and spun to ensure an even mix for an even growth. This mixture is then placed into the moulds and sent down the tunnel to grow underground.

Although Mycelium can grow in a variety of conditions, they thrive in dark, humid conditions at approximately 21 degrees celsius. Due to the fact they do not photosynthesise, the moulds can be taken through the tunnels to allow the Mycelium to grow, the conditions provided can allow for the Mycelium to grow in an otherwise abandoned site. This allows for the process to take place in an urban context, below the city, keeping the impact on the sites to a minimum.

When the moulds have grown fully as a construction material, they are removed and need to be stored and baked to kill the fungi and cease the growth process.

From here the material is the finished product and can then be distributed.

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Figure 1

THE CORK HOUSE The Cork House is constructed from solid structural Cork elements and is built from a by-product from other cork products. This combined with the fact the materials are fully recyclable, results in a low embodied carbon project. This project has similarities to the Mycelium process, using by-products (coffee-waste) and being part of a fully reusable circular economy.

The project is formed of prefabricated Cork blocks and this modular, interlocking system inspired the Mycelium mould form shown in the diagram (opposite left). A similar interlocking system could be developed using Mycelium.

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Hydropower Generation Hydropower Hydropower Hydropower generation generation generation

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Storage and Storage Storage and Storage distribution and distribution and Distribution distribution

Kirklee Botanic Gardens

Kelvinbridge

City of Glasgow West End

S ITE ALLO CATI O N The site was selected due to a number of main factors, however, a large driving force was the disused subterranean network that runs below the west end of Glasgow. This network allows us to create three smaller buildings, housing different processes, linked by the railway.

Each site comprises of a different step in the Mycelium processing, highlighted in the concept icons opposite. The site program was organised due to which stages of the process had to be carried out first and follow the direction trains would have taken 100 years prior.

The railway tunnel allows for processing to take place underground and have less impact on the sensitive urban fabric above, whilst allowing the material to be produced within the city, removing the need for long, carbon-intensive distribution networks. By utilising the railway line, we were able to repurpose a forgotten part of Glasgow’s history and reuse the embodied energy of the existing infrastructure.

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S ITE ANALYS I S - Masterplan - Site Approach - Material Studies - Constraints and Opportunities - Disused Railway Infrastructure 41

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B OTAN I C GAR D E N S AN D K I R K LE E These two sites are nestled within the site boundary of The Botanic Gardens. The former Botanic Gardens Railway station was situated on the corner of Great Western Road and Byres Road. Kirklee Station sat on the steep side of the River Kelvin, on the North side of the Gardens.

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KELVINBRIDGE Kelvinbridge is located within the flowing meander of the River Kelvin. Located between Great Western Road bridge and Kelvingrove Park, the site benefits from a bright, green surroundings.

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MAS T E R PLAN The West End of Glasgow is crucial to the success of the process, not only because of its railway infrastructure but also due to the typology of buildings surrounding it. The railway follows Great Western Road from the Kelvinbridge Station to the Botanic Gardens Station, where the station sits on the intersection of Great Western Road and Byres Road. These two roads are prominent within Glasgow’s West End and house many coffee shops, restaurants and cafes. Due to this, there is a thoroughfare with people purchasing and consuming coffee, resulting in a large amount of waste coffee grounds. Usually, these would end in landfill or food waste, however by pasteurising and utilising this waste product to create our Mycelium moulds, we are sending one less substance to landfill, which causes harmful carbon dioxide gases contributing to climate change.

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K I R K LE E STATI O N Kirklee sits within an area of the Botanic Gardens that has steep contours and a valley-shaped cut where the original trainline sat. The site has an embankment to one side which slopes down towards the Kelvin with the opposite side rises up to the highest point of the gardens. The site has no direct building context and remains mostly wooded with the platforms left behind after the existing station was removed.

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K I R K LE E STATI O N When the station was removed, after the railway line fell into disuse, the tunnel front was blocked off. The railway tunnel’s detailed ornate facade is still visible and allows for a glimpse back at the structure which once dominated this landscape.

To the North of the site a road remains between two towering walls which show where the railway once bridged over. The line further North is now built around with residential blocks and little evidence of its past existence.

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Figure 2

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Figure 3

K I R K LE E STATI O N The station at Kirklee was a modest pitched roof building that stood one story in height along the platform of the tracks and dropped down another story to the road level at the other side.

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B OTAN I C GAR D E N S STATI O N The Botanic Gardens Station sits in a unique part of Glasgow which is surrounded by buildings of much historic importance.

Not only are the surrounding residential terraces and tenements a strong example of a typical Glaswegian residential typology, but the skyline is also dominated by the spire of Ă’ran MĂłr which sits on the crossroads opposite the site.

The gardens themselves contain the Kibble Palace as well as the Victorian glasshouses which attract frequent visitors for thier exotic plant collections. Situated next to the site are the gatehouses to the gardens and although the station no longer standing, the tunnel and platform itself remain below ground.

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Botanic Gardens Gatehouses

Botanic Gardens Greenhouse

Hilton Gosvenor Hotel

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B OTAN I C GAR D E N S STATI O N The Botanics site is the most constrained site by the intersection of the roads limiting the site boundary as well as the three tunnel voids which exist (as shown above).

The structure as well as the dense canopy of trees means a more subtle architectural approach is preferred to this site as it is not to dominate this landscape which is of extreme historic importance. Instead, a structure which compliments what is already there and sits nestled amogst the trees is necessary here.

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Figure 4

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Figure 5

B OTAN I C GAR D E N S STATI O N The site contains many buildings which highlight points in history through their style, form and purpose. However, there are no buildings designed or constructed in this era within the gardens or the immediate context. For that reason, the site lends itself to a new style of architecture in the area.

The surrounding buildings are either heavy stone buildings for the residential buildings or a lightweight metal and glass structure to house the plants. However, below ground are heavy, industrial materials and so this allows for a response to the site which possibly combines a heavy structure with lightweight additions.

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R E U S I N G RAI LWAY I N F RAS T R U C T U R E The remaining railway structure that is still intact and visible is vast.

From large stretches of platform to the entirety of the tunnel, there are constraints, opportunities and inspiration in masses.

The Botanics site has large voids with exposed metal support which although derelict and overcome with nature there is obvious potential for this future use to remain exposed.

The lines of the tracks also inspire long walkways and paths along the sites as well as axes and guides for the buildings that will sit alongside them.

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Figure 7

E N G I N E E R I N G D RAWI N G S Copies of original engineering drawings of important elements of the tunnels and bridges provided us with an insight into technical elements and details of the structure which were impossible to view due to the closure of the tunnel.

They provided another level of detail to enrich our understanding of the construction and the atmosphere of some of the spaces.

The style of these hand drawings and even the paper and pencil and ink smudges set the construction of these elements at a place in time which influenced some of the later design of the metalworks in the buildings.

The levels displayed in the tunnel section diagrams opposite allowed a deeper understanding of the tunnel in relation to the terrain above and the contours of the gardens.

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K E LVI N B R I D G E STATI O N Kelvinbridge is a very different site than the previous two in the process. The site is an urban brownfield site being used as a car park for the Kelvinbridge subway station. The site used to be the shunting yard for the station, storing trains with several tracks converging into one line leading to what is now the Exhibition Centre Station near the River Clyde.

For this reason, the site works well for the distribution of the final material as the track could be reopened and transport materials down the Clyde if needed outwith the city. This is the opposite of the journey the Kibble Palace once took as it was shipped down the Clyde and reconstructed within the Botanic Gardens.

The bridge overlooking the site allows for it to be viewed from above and not impact on the Glasgow skyline, the only immediate context at that level being a few blocks of residential tenement flats.

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Caledonian Mansions

Great Western Road Bridge

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K E LVI N B R I D G E STATI O N The site’s unique opportunities include the ornate detailing of Great Western Bridge and stairs metalwork which bring colour and vibrance to the area. The fast-flowing River Kelvin meanders through the site and the tracks cross over the water whilst the site sits on the banks with views overlooking.

The tunnel disappears under the buildings and does not reappear until much further down Great Western Road at the site of the Botanics.

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Figure 8

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K E LVI N B R I D G E STATI O N The more built up arrangement of massing surrounding Kelvinbridge provides opportunities to react to this eclectic mix of architectural styles, ranging from former warehouses to densely built-up residential areas. For this reason the form and landscaping of the building is more likely to take a more solid, robust massing unlike the Botanics site which requires softer landscpaing with a more sensitive response. Due to how the building will be most frequently viewed, from the bridge at a higher level, the deisgn of the building is able to be pushed in a more monolithic direction, creating a precence at street level

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Woodland

Natural Surroundings

Increased Precipitation

River Kelvin

Varying Demographics

High Coffee Consumption Culture

Dynamic Landscape

Architectural Significance

Railway Infrastructure

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CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES The three sites have unique constraints and opportunities, however across all sites the River Kelvin is never far. This encourages a design that interacts with water with the chance to use hydropower within the sustainable masterplan. The increased rainfall across Glasgow in 2045 promises the potential for rainwater harvesting for the water required in the Mycelium growth process. Every site has some degree of existing infrastructure from the railway, whilst all the stations have been removed, the tunnels remains largely intact and parts of the platforms are still visible which we intend on utilising.

Kirklee and the Botanics have similarities in their location due to the fact they site within a green landscape, which sits within a wider urban context. This allows for the buildings to interact with natural world whilst respecting it. The gardens themselves have a varied terrain with the Kirklee site sitting within a steep contoured landscape which makes for a challenging entrance sequence; however, it allows for unique viewing opportunities for the users to experience. The Botanic site has a more sensitive context with the Victorian glasshouses which lends to a more sensitive architectural response.

All sites have people visiting frequently which can be both a constraint and an opportunity.

The presence of visitors to the gardens provides opportunity to stream the individuals to ensure the public areas of the buildings are being frequented. Kelvinbridge arguably has less visitors as a destination as its current use is a car park, so this makes more sense as a private building, with less public interaction encouraged.

Great Western Road and Byers Road produce an abundance of coffee waste from the cafes and coffee shops which can be introduced into the process as the organic substrate from which the mycelium can bond to.

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CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT & TESTING - Kirklee - Botanic Gardens - Kelvinbridge - Materials - Internal Detailing 73

Railway Line

Reclaimed by Nature

Harmonious interaction of nature and society

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Figure 10

K I R K LE E WATE R TOWE R C O N C E PT After researching and analysing the requirement within the brief for a method of sustainably collecting rainwater to create the warm, humid air for successful Mycelium growth, various methods of collecting and filtering were carried out. The water tower as a typology has been used for various purposes within society. Like similar examples, the precence of a water tower on the side of a hill dominates that landscape for all to see. Representing the relationship between water and natural growth in a tower intended to celebrate this balance, whilst performing a vital section of the Mycelium growth process. Within the context of Kirklee the the tall lightwell of a detatched house on the opposite side of the river was a landmark which inspired the concept of breaking through the tree canopy to exert a precence on the landscape. Creating smaller interventions surrounding the tower aims to create a more sensitive approach, reusing the remaining railway station features as an interactive landscape.

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SITE APPROACH Approaching a site which has vastly been reclaimed by nature, the challenge here was to ensure that the location and positioning of the research campus complemented both the natural context, as well as the railway heritage that preceded it. Celebrating the importance of nature within an experiential program of spaces which encourages people to learn and reflect, the plan developed from a large monolithic mass towards a softer arrangement. The concept of courtyards surrounded by clusters of research and learning spaces adopted a more resolved solution within a sensitive site.

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ARRANGEMENT OF MASSING The sensitive approach to arranging research spaces around a central courtyard allowed nature to still reclaim the site in part. Landscaping and structure which deliberately welcomes nature to reclaim the site, providing external views which create a more positive outlook towards working with nature.

This theory also influenced the sites arrangment of massing with the industrial plant services for environmental control nestling into the slope of the landscape whilst the public elements of the design wrapped around the exposed side of the courtyard. Positioning the public spaces here allowed for a sheltered, inward looking courtyard with panoramic views outwards, through the trees to the River Kelvin.

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K I R K LE E RAI LWAY AX I S Located on the steep banks of the River Kelvin, the former railway line sits on a small plateau between the river and a higher embankement which met the height of the railway tunnel entrance. Using the railway line as a central axis to base the plan upon, the courtyard’s orientation and dialogue with the railway tunnel became an important aspect of the scheme’s development. How the water tower sat in relation to that dialogue required development and testing. Experimenting with different arrangements and sequences, the tower became rooted in the centre of the courtyard, reaching up through the canopy, marking its place within the foliage.

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DIALOGUE BETWEEN MONOLITHS Developing the courtyard to be a place of learning and reflection, the form of the building had to be impactful and yet unobtrusive. The immediate context of the railway tunnel elevation creates a focus point along the central axis before the trees draw the eye upwards to the sky. The perspective of the internal space was intended to focus this further, encouraging visitors to look up, gaining an appreciation for the natural world.

The monolithic nature of the site’s railway tunnel suggests an element of longevity. Whilst its orginal purpose has disappeared with nature trying to disguise the remnants, the structure remains in place as a monument to a former industry. The research campus takes this as cue to sit alongside the tunnel and the platforms as a testement to the importance of progression and development.

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B O TAN I C GAR D E N S PAV I LI O N Together the masterplan and brief propose the need for an industrial building which allows for the collection, processing and preparation of coffee waste from nearby sources for Mycelium growth. Proposing the repurposing of the disused railway station at the Botanic Gardens, the linear subterranean nature of this structure creates an efficient sequence of spaces for a long production line. With the majority of space for the industrial processes being provided below the surface, the footprint of any additional structure on the surface is minimised. Testing various shapes and forms on a complicated street corner, the orientation of the building was dictated by the positioning of the existing voids and the brief’s need to enclose these spaces for internal purposes.

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PAV I LI O N CAN O PY The sensitive context of the Botanic Gardens and the railway infrastructure together suggests an intervention which simply encapsulates and preserves the history of the site.

The concept of a pavilion which rests above the light voids aims to complement the existing underground station as a secondary canopy. Using an elegant series of columns to support a larger structure, the pavilion spans over these voids, creating an impressive yet modest volume. With elevations facing towards the gardens and the main corner of Great Western Road, framing views of the natural context aimed to enhance the space for public use whilst encouraging and facilitating the adoption of a sustainable approach to using waste products as new resources.

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DEVELOPING THE STRUCTURE Researching into the built language of the railway tunnels and supporting structures, the form of a concrete vaulted roof structure emerged. The repetitive, structurally solid elements span over large open volumes to allow uninterupted spaces for trains to move through.

This influenced the design of the pavilion’s structure with alternating openings bringing light into the building and allowing framed views outwards to the natural context.

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PU B LI C TO PR IVATE The busy street corner is a bustling parade of traffic both vehicular and pedestrian. Moving from a space such as this to a space of peace required testing and development of the internal and external sequences to create a physical barrier between the two. Overlaying the massing of the structure with existing routes through the site allowed for the development of pends and colonnades which provided a permeable floor plan to move between spaces.

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THE PURPOSE OF THE SHADOW Taking conclusions of environmental conditions for Mycelium growth, the ability for Mycelium to grow in complete darkness encouraged a study into the importance of light within the growing process.

Testing various methods of bringing light into the building, varying atmospheres were tested and developed based upon the space’s function and its relationship to the growth process.

Whilst bright open spaces create a welcoming atmosphere which promote mental well-being, the importance of darkness and shadow within the design became a focus. Testing various structures and their ability to filter natural light, the impact of the bright spaces only had the most impact when complemented with equally dynamic shadows.

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C O N N E CTI O N TO NATU R E The masterplan aims to promote a new way of thinking regarding society’s approach to construction waste. Whilst facilitating the industrial processing of waste below the surface, the brief demands architectural interventions above ground which celebrate the importance of nature and the respect society must have for it. Testing how these spaces could relate with nature allowed for several different views to be tested and developed, without impacting its existence.

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S PAT IAL R E F I N E M E N T The importance of the structural grid became an integral aspect of the design. The fixed position of the railway light voids below the surface dictated the spans and spaces required to encapsulate the subterranean network. Alternating the light voids along the structural axis, allowed for the structure to be broken up into smaller areas, softening and controlling the indoor atmosphere.

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KELVINBRIDGE SITE APPROACH As with the two previous sites, the impact that the former railway had on the design is significant. The remnants of this infrastructure sit across the masterplan as monuments to the site’s history. The legacy that the railway had on forming the shape of the urban fabric during a period of industrial development left its mark after the railway was demolished.

Using these lines left behind on the site laid out the basis for a scheme which looked to celebrate and pay homage to a by gone era.

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I N D U S T R IAL LAN D S CAPE Dictated by the existing position of the railway tunnel and bridge, the programming and positioning of key aspects of the process required to distribute Mycelium construction materials laid themselves out along this production line set out by the former railway. The route the trains used to take through the site was reinstated as an axis for which various manufacturing and processing elements branched out from.

Creating a flexible, shared workyard which could accomodate various parts of the process within a single volume became the main space, encouraging different volumes and forms based upon the needs of the process.

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I N T E R NAL S PAC E S Setting out spaces which acted as secondary services to the main workyard, the need for moments which provided a physical link to the yard on the ground floor created a hierarchy of space and volume. The primary spaces for manufacturing, prototyping and testing demanded larger volumes with hard wearing materials. The more intimate moments both internally as well as externally aimed to provide a transparent visual link of the new industry being proposed for the West End.

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T E X T U R E S AN D PATT E R N S Exploring various forms and textures of Glasgow’s railway infrastructure, the combination of this existing built language with Mycelium’s organic ability to take any positive form inspired the concept of testing materials which combined both technologies.

Experimenting with different material finishes, the material was grown in its raw form as a standard brick size to understand the environmental constraints of the growth process. Taking Mycelium’s ability to absorb and consume any volume in an exponential manner, further tests looked at the positive and negative spaces created by Mycelium and mushrooms. Converting these organic studies, the textures and shadows formed allowed for them to be redesigned as contemporary forms, heavily influencing the architectural language developed for the final proposals.

Testing various applications of Mycelium’s unique properties, development and testing of how to vary its use of texture, light and volume allowed for the final proposal to sit as an example of the material it poses to grow.

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WILD GARDENS The wild varieties of plants and flowers that grow wild in Scotland allow for impressive gardens of green and purple tones to encourage the biodiversity of the area. Allowing long grass to grow and discourage people disturbing these areas and using other parts of the gardens encourages creatures, birds and bees to inhabit these areas and keep these ecosystems thriving.

Due to the length of time the railway has remained disused, nature had begun to reclaim the sites and we wish to allow nature to grow within and surround the building in a controlled way to pay homage to this stage of the railways history.

Hedera helix, ivy commonly found in Europe, hangs and trails and create beautiful moments where nature meets man-made elements hanging from the existing structure. The flowers create rich meadows of wild flowers that enrich the spaces and change the atmosphere of a space comapred to a well maintained residential lawn.

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Kelvinbridge External Envelope Study

Kirklee External Envelope Study

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Botanics External Envelope Study

AN EXTERNAL SKIN Testing the external envelope of the building, applying the findings from the Mycelium testing allowed the design to sit as a full scale prototype of the material’s capabilities both externally and internally. Developing Mycelium away from just being a standard sheet material, experiments into the textures and shadows possible from a single element of Mycelium exhibit the material’s beauty as a refined, flexible and aesthetic material.

Testing a material palette which complemented the Mycelium material both in colour and texture, proved how to use the material in a way which added meaning and context to the elevation. With the purpose of the external skin to shelter the building, Mycelium is applied in a supplementary approach on the facade with Concrete and metal detailing providing the robust, monolithic elements to the building.

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Oxidised Copper

Bronze Patina

Dark Zinc 110

Oxidised Copper NORD Architects uses a green copper cladding for their new facade for an old housing block on Amager, Denmark. The building is both green in its colour and in its environmental strategy. The example inspired us to test a green oxidised copper cladding for our design.

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Bronze Patina Page/Park’s St Cecilia’s Hall designed for the University of Edinburgh uses a bronze cladding on its entrance facade, cut with the parrot design taken from the print of one of the instruments stored there. The building hints at its contents through its facade, the same thing could be done using Mycelium in the final design.

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Dark zinc The Windermere Jetty Museum by Carmody Groarke uses a dark metal cladding combined with timber interior finishes. The ribbed effect of the cladding creates shadows on the solid facade.

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Internal Material Finishes

Concrete, Timber, Bronze, Mycelium, Terrazzo

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AN I N T E R NAL PALE TT E Contrasting the hard wearing materials of the external facade, the interior spaces look to represent a softer palette which is inviting and comforting. Developing the way light is brought into the building, the real atmosphere is created when the light shines on dynamic textures and colours. The application of Mycelium in a contemporary form, allows for intricate details and textures to be ’imprinted’ on the surface. The testing of positive and negative forms influenced the development of the Mycelium construction material indicating a negative mould needed to create the positive form.

Further research into the applications of Mycelium revealed the impact that varying the substrate can have on the aesthetic of the final product. With different organic materials mixed through the substrate, further experimentation can be done into pigmentation and marbling effects.

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KELVINBRIDGE WINDOW FORM Developing how framed views of the external workyard can create a visual connection between internal and external spaces. Alternating the ratios of solid to void, fixed and openable elements within the window created an interactive position linking the workspace with more intimate internal spaces. The purpose of the window itself was explored to encourage people to use it as point of congregation and discussion. The final form uses a large fixed element to provide framed vistas through the production line to the surrounding context with a solid yet openable portal to allow connection to outside as well as allowing for natural ventilation.

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Matte Black

Antique Bronze

Oxidised Copper

Timber 116

WI N D OW MATE R IAL C H O I C E Experimenting with different material finishes, a palette of materials was tested which complemented the internal materials already specified. Various types of metal detailing were tested alongside timber as a softer alternative before bronze was chosen as the final material.

Bronze provides a warm tactile element to the window feature with a subtle patina on the surface which gives another complementary texture depending on shadows and light.

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Figure 14

The National Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh

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Figure 15

Ca D’oro Building, Glasgow

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Ca D’oro Cast Iron Facade Study PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK STUDENT VERSION 121

Balustrade Studies

Experimenting with different shapes and forms, based upon research into Victorian metalwork detailing from around the West End of Glasgow 122

F I NAL BALU STRAD E D ETAI L Researching into metal ironwork details from the West End of Glasgow, various forms of testing allowed for concepts for a balustrade which celebrated the city’s history of ornate detailing and ironmongery. Developing an element which was tactile and robust whilst replicating some of the elaborate forms of the surrounding context. The repeated arch became an expressed symbol of the vaulted roof structure of the railway station as well as the arched windows of the terraced houses opposite the Botanic Gardens site.

The alternated bronze arch halfway up the balustrade, resembles the solid and void pattern of the arched window on the facade of the pavilion, lining up with the structure above at regular intervals.

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Kirklee Road Bridge

Kelvin Walkway Bridge

Belmont Street Bridge

Great Western Road Bridge

Eldon Street Bridge

Prince of Wales Bridge

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Bronze

Brass

Copper

Oxidised Copper

F I NAL BALU STRAD E D ETAI L Using inspiration from the surrounding external wrought iron railings and ornate bridge details of the River Kelvin, the final design was inspired by the ribbed underside of the mushroom’s structure in conjunction with the vaulted concrete structure of the pavilion. The balustrade was to be simple in form, to complement the internal form of the spaces whilst balancing the solid to void ratio to ensure light was still able to permeate through the building.

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FINAL PROPOSAL - Kirklee Research Campus - Botanic Gardens Pavilion - Growing Underground - Kelvinbridge Distribution Hub - Conclusion 127

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KIRKLEE RESEARCH CAMPUS Kirklee provides a space for quiet reflection and learning, away from the bustling chaos of the city. Research and education into Mycelium fall at the centre of the site’s main purpose, whilst also providing the visitor with a deeper appreciation for the beauty and key importance of nature as a whole.

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LAN D S CAPI N G AN D S I T E LAYO U T 1. Disused Railway Platforms (repurposed as outdoor seated gardens) 2. Public Courtyard 3. Entrance Hall 4. Internal Courtyard 5. Research Laboratory 6. 1:1 Scale Mock-up space 7. Exhibition Spaces 8. Lecture Theatre 9. Rainwater Collection and Aeration Tower 10. Atmospheric Tunnel Control and Plant 11. Entrance to Railway Tunnel (leading to Botanics) 12. Pedestrian Footbridge over the River Kelvin 13. Road level lower than site where the railway line ran over a now demolished rail bridge

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The Courtyard

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T H E C O U R TYAR D The Kirklee courtyard looking out from the reception space towards the water tower. Collonade spaces spilling out from the public and private areas of the buildings. Space for the researchers and scientists to break out into the courtyard space for relaxing and socialising. The public can use the space to walk through the building and hear the water from the water tower dropping.

Approaching the Kirklee site, how the design related to its context was a key issue to ensure the context was enhanced. The concept of an arrangement of spaces surrounding a central courtyard creates an open, bright atmosphere with what could a dark, wooded site. Setting an axis on the route of the former railway line created an alignment with the disused infrastructure which aims to celebrate the site’s history. The position of the water tower on the centre of this axis celebrates the filtration process, creating views from across the site of the tower’s performance.

Complementing this, vantage points from above as well as an encapsulated arrangement of massing helps to frame the main perspective along this axis, encouraging individuals to appreciate the visual relationship between ground, sky and the foliage in between. Elements of this perspective replicate the Botanic Garden underground railway station’s light voids which again frame a view upwards towards the light. This key theme of looking up through a filter of trees is replicated across the masterplan, providing visitors with a series of moments where dappled light gives added value to the experience of nature.

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1. Entrance Space 2. Locker Space 3. 1:1 Mock-Up Space 4. Exhibition Space 5. Materials Library 6. Storage for Exhibition Spaces 7. Lecture Theatre 8. Staff Facilities 9. Research Lab 10. Plant for Water Storage and Temperature Control 11. Controls for Environmental Conditions 12. Water Filtration Tower 13. Courtyard Space 14. Railway Tunnel Entrance 15. Tower link to Botanics at upper level

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S E Q U E N C E O F S PAC E S Using this rule of arrangement around a central courtyard, the key spaces of research and learning gain access to light from both sides as well as from above. The entrance space provides a link visually as well as spatially between the approach to the building along the former station platforms and the inner courtyard towards the station tunnel. This link is key to exaggerating the axis which the building is based upon. Moving through these spaces, another double height space is enclosed within a barrel vaulted concrete structure.

The repetitive structure mimics the existing form of the Botanics Railway Station roof.

This space allows for the practical research into development of Mycelium construction methods to be tested using physical 1:1 scale prototypes.

An outdoor colonnade serves as a link to two further learning and teaching spaces as well as a lecture space, serving as instruments to educating visitors of the capabilities of Mycelium, and the importance of taking responsibility for our waste and using it as a resource. Following this sequence of spaces, a tower link provides access up to the Botanic Gardens at the height of the tunnel’s elevation. At the heart of the site is the water tower.

The tower provides a sustainable water source which allows for warm, humid conditions to be achieved within the tunnel, allowing for successful Mycelium growth, as well as supplying the building’s services. Research labs and plant spaces are sunk into the slope of the site to reduce the impact of the total mass of the building. Given the sensitivity of the site surrounded by nature, a layer of sedum covers the roof of the building to return the footprint of green space that the building consumes.

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Site Section A

Section from North to South running along the line of the old railway line, showing the former bridge across Ford Road, the station platforms and the entrance to the tunnel.

Site Section B

Section from East to West running across the River Kelvin gorge, along the plateau where the site is located and up into the Botanic Gardens. The elevation of the railway tunnel can be seen in the centre of the courtyard.

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Section A

Section facing North illustrating the water tower’s processing of harvested rainwater. The scale of the tower in comparison to the gorge and natural woodland is an impressive spectacle.

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Figure 17, 18

TH E AE RATI O N TOWE R Due to Mycelium’s need for sterile environmental conditions to limit competitive bacteria, the water used to create the right conditions must be filtered and purified to ensure no alien bacteria makes its way onto the production line. Harvesting the rainwater, it is then stored within the tower until the tanks are filled before being dropped from height using a process called aeration. Aeration brings the water droplets into close contact with the air, allowing for dissolved gasses and other VOCs within the water to be dispersed into the air. This turbulence caused by dropping the water removes these undesirable soluble substances. The purpose of the tower is to provide a sustainable method of purifying the water whilst also celebrating the importance of water to all natural growth in an engaging and experiential way. Holding the rainwater in tanks at the top of the tower until full, creates suspense of the periodic drop of the water, like a geyser shooting water into the air. Depending on levels of rainfall, the anticipation between drops makes the drop of water an event which further celebrates the balance of water and continued growth.

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1:1 Mock-Up Space

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1:1 M O C K - U P S PAC E The exhibition space with vaulted ceiling is inspired by the vaulted ceiling of the railway station at the Botanic Gardens. The double-height volume of the space allows for full-size Mycelium prototype structures to be constructed in order to test and exhibit. Large windows provide panoramic views across the River Kelvin – again creating a link between the Mycelium process and nature. Corrugated Mycelium creates a datum across the room, casting dynamic shadows on the Mycelium wall which complements the exhibition of Mycelium as a future construction material.

Developing the scheme for Kirklee, David Chipperfield’s Museum of Modern Literature, drew several similarities in location and approach which influenced the progression of the design. The repetition of an expressed concrete structure stemmed from initial research into positive and negative spaces and how this texture relates to the biological function of the mushroom. Chipperfield’s use of this expressed structure works to play with light and shadow, creating texture based on shape and form. The museum’s need to control interior light levels influenced the design’s approach to controlling and filtering natural light from outside to the key spaces.

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Section B

The railway tunnel in more detailing, illustrating the relationship between itself and the adjacent buildings on the central courtyard.

Section C

The courtyard from another perspective, showing the exhibition space’s relationship with the River Kelvin and the research laboratory sunk into the slope.

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A C O LO N NAD E D C O U R TYAR D The Museum of Modern Literature influenced several aspects of the Kirklee Research Hub. The location of the site on the side of a steep gorge overlooking a river valley has several similarities with the location in Marbach. Addressing an almost shear drop on the edge of the site, a key aspect of the design was creating views through the trees as the ground sloped away from the site. On the sides of the museum where the valley slopes away, Chipperfield’s use of smaller, intimate seated spaces to fully appreciate the views on offer was a key feature that fitted well within the scheme.

Another important feature within the research hub is the courtyard. Discussing the future environmental conditions that can be expected in 2045, it was important to provide sheltered circulation space without breaking up the sequence of spaces which nestled together on the site. The solution was a colonnade running the length of the site, feeding into each of the learning spaces. Influenced by the Literature Museum’s use of a hard wearing material like concrete externally with a softer, more welcoming material like timber with glazing, created an interesting palette of materials and textures which matched well with Kirklee. Replicating this palette with Mycelium as the softer contrast, creates an atmosphere to the courtyard of longevity as well as relaxation and calmness.

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Materials Library

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MATE R IALS LI B RARY Flexible exhibition and learning spaces provide an opportunity for Mycelium construction materials to be showcased within a space which is itself an exhibit. The purpose of these material libraries is to serve as an advocate for Mycelium as a sustainable construction material Allowing for visitors to interact and engage with the materials used is a key method of selling the zero waste process. This space aims to create a tranquil learning environment for reflection of how society treats its waste and how it could move forward towards a better alternative. Timber detailing above creates a datum within the room creating a contrast of textures and materials. In the renders shown of these spaces, an exhibition is shown of a handful of drawings produced by Beatrix Potter during her studies of Fungi at The Royal Botanical Gardens in Kew.

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Kelvin Window Pod

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Section B

A focused view of the Window Pod overlooking the River Kelvin

KELVIN WINDOW POD Moving deeper into the building spaces and moments are revealed which aim to create a stronger connection to nature than before. One of these reveals is the set of window boxes within the Materials and Exhibition spaces. These ‘pods’ take advantage of the overlooking position across The River Kelvin gorge, creating impressive views of the fast flowing water below. The uncomplicated form of the pod with a rising roof to a large picture window was intended to remove any distraction at this point of the building and drawing all attention towards the view. A quiet, secluded point in time to observe nature is the main brief of this site, within a 2045 context where environmental pollution and change continues. One of the wonders of nature is the predictability of change, therefore creating a vista which develops with the seasons and the climate.

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The Water Drop

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TH E WATE R D R O P Similar to the Kelvin Window Pod, the aeration tower reveals another point within the building where visitors can take breath and appreciate the power and beauty of nature. The water tower allows the public to interact with the water filtration process, with several points across the site where the water drop can be observed from. Creating a space at the heart of the building which celebrated the beginning of the Mycelium growth cycle.

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Figure 20

B O TAN I C GAR D E N S PAV I LI O N The Botanic Gardens Pavilion provides a space at the entrance to the gardens which brings the visitor in off the street. A low impact, understated pavilion encapsulates the light voids of the disused Botanics Railway Station. Serving as a secondary structure, it shelters the subterranean structure from the elements, complementing it above ground with light, shadow and rhythm. Dictated by the disused infrastructure, waste coffee grounds from nearby local coffee shops and restaurants are processed before being mixed with Mycelium to begin the growth process.

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LAN D S CAPI N G AN D S I T E LAYO U T 1. Public Coffee House 2. Coffee Waste Recycling Hub 3. Coffee Waste Recycling Bins 4. Pend 5. Wild Flower Walled Garden 6. Mycelium Spawn Storage Tower 7. Perforated Inhabited Wall 8. Light Void (with metal grate to provide access over) 9. Botanic Garden Gatehouses 10. Botanic Garden Gates 11. Kelvinside Parish Church (Oran Mor) 12. Hilton Gosvenor Hotel 13. Botanic Gardens

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Corner of Great Western Road and Byres Road

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Figure 21

A BUSY STREET CORNER Approaching from Great Western Road, the first impression the site has on the visitor is in the form of a pair of red sandstone gatehouses, marking the entrance to the Botanic Gardens.

Centred between are four equal pillars of the same material palette, supporting the ornate metal gates which enclose the gardens at night. Adjacent to the entrance to the Botanics is the former Kelvinside Parish Church, now a popular events venue. The church’s steeple sits proudly on the corner opposite the gatehouses, creating an impressive contrast in building levels.

When addressing the corner of the site, it’s clear that any intervention proposed here would need to create a dialogue between itself and the surrounding context of rising pitched roofs and steeples. The masterplan reflects this with a modest pavilion which aims to complement the two gatehouses at low level with a Mycelium Spawn Storage Tower rising above this threshold, competing with the surrounding trees for a prominence on the corner. As shown in the historic photos above, the first void sits immediately on the corner, creating a barrier to the site between the gatehouses and the site of the now demolished station building. Several studies were done to understand how these light voids related to the underground structure below, including the plaster cast model above which investigated the balance of solid and void and positive and negative spaces. Creating a masterplan which celebrated these voids would be a key issue to ensure movement through the site was uninterrupted, whilst retaining the associated heritage.

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South Elevation

Material Elevation illustrating the external skin of the Pavilion and the selected material palette of pre-cast concrete elements, Bronze detailing around the windows and corrugated Mycelium Panels on the colonnade set back from the outer skin of the pavilion.

South Elevation

Context Elevation showing the relationship between the pavilion, the surrounding wooded context and the gatehouses.

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Section A

Section from East to West running along the central axis of the disused railway line, showing the softer internal material palette specified. The axis runs through all processes involved in producing Mycelium construction materials.

Section A

########################################## Context Elevation showing the relationship between the pavilion, the underground railway station, the surrounding wooded context and the gatehouses.

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1. Entrance Space 2. Coffee Shop and Services 3. Light Void 4. Public Observation and Interaction Space 5. Staff Office and Services 6. Public Coffee Waste Collection and Recycling 7. Pasteurisation Facilities and Associated Plant 8. Pend 9. Colonnade

Figure 22

S PAT IAL AR RAN G E M E N T The initial massing of the pavilion is dictated by the existing subterranean structure. The structural purpose of the design above ground being to encapsulate the spaces below, creating a sterile, controlled environment for the growth process to be prepared, as well as a point to observe the processes below from a position of height. The long rectangular form of two of the voids required a structure of a similar form to complement them. Splitting this initial massing with a central pend allows for separate public and private spaces to ensure processing of raw coffee waste is not interrupted by public activity.

Using similar language to Kirklee, a colonnade runs the length of the public building to create external shelter whilst also providing a view of the light void from outside the building. It was important to create a transparent nature to the envelope to the building to avoid hiding the underground structure from public view.

The coffee shop at the front of the building provides visitors to the gardens with a space to relax and reflect whilst also creating an immediate on-site source of coffee grounds. Whilst the volume of waste produced here isn’t enough to sustain the production of Mycelium, the immediate location beside the processing building reduces the overall travel costs. The position of the coffee processing at The Botanics continues this idea further, located beside a substantial source of coffee waste at the coffee shops and restaurants on Byres Road.

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Walled Garden Entrance Sequence

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A WALLE D GAR D E N I N TH E C ITY The arrangement of massing on the site sits offset from the main road, creating several node points across the site. During initial concept development, a key issue addressed was the need to continue the idea of transparency into the massing and method of travel through the site.

Existing pedestrian routes through the Gardens needed to be maintained to ensure there was no obstruction caused. When visiting the site, its clear that the gardens are used by various types of visitors: the wanderer, the observer and the commuter. The first comes to the Botanics to walk aimlessly around, stumbling upon various attractions which the gardens have to offer.

The second is more varied and can range from an individual going into The Kibble Palace to have their lunch to friends sitting on a park bench catching up. The third was more interesting as they used the gardens purely as a pedestrian shortcut from the entrance at Kirklee down to Byres Road. Identifying that some of the footfall to the site would not be drawn to linger, creating public spaces outside that provided for all was key to the masterplan. Within the negative space left between the building and the main road a wild meadow garden creates a buffer between the two to dampen the noise of the main road, ensuring a peaceful atmosphere inside and out. Running parallel to the road, a perforated arched wall sits to dampen the noise of the road further with points along it where it can be inhabited for short periods of time to sit and appreciate the natural surroundings.

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Botanic Gardens Coffee and Public Space

Concrete Structural Isometric Detail

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Figure 23

THE PURPOSE OF SHADOWS Coffee Consumption

The repeated concrete vaulted roof mimics the station structure underground, bringing this form to the surface and extending it across the other sites of the masterplan. The structure looks to shelter the underground processes from the weather whilst still being permeable to light at points, filtering at points to control the atmosphere both above and below ground. Carmody Groarke’s Windermere Jetty Museum uses this concept of layers of exposed structure delicately to create a bright, balanced indoor environment. A considered approach to the site layout allows for dappled light through the foliage from surrounding trees to be used in the building to create a calm and peaceful atmosphere. This control of light internally stemmed from a need below ground for dark spaces for Mycelium growth. The key element of the structure was to control the shadows cast through the external skin of the building to strike a balance between bright and inviting spaces and controlled, measured light levels. This juxtaposition of light and dark goes against common practice for architecture and plant growth where natural light is maximised for bright internal spaces and photosynthesis respectively. Alternating the roof structure’s solid and void pattern distributes this contrast evenly along the central axis of the building. Once underground the light takes a different form of a sharper contrast as it percolates through the three apertures linking the station to the surface.

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Section B

Section from North to South showing the adjacencies in height of the Pavilion, The Kelvinside Parish Church and The Kibble Palace within the Botanic Gardens site.

Section B

An extended version of Section B including the context of the River Kelvin.

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Section C

Section across the width of the site from Great Western Road through the station to the Botanic Gardens.

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Section C

Section across the width of the site from the terraces on Great Western Road through the station to the Greenhouses in the Botanic Gardens.

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Material Floor Plan A

Material Floor Plan B

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C O F F E E WAS T E ‘ S C I R C U LAR E C O N O MY Coffee Waste Recycling

These sectional floor plans illustrate two of the main functions taking place on the surface. At the bottom of the page sits the public space where visitors can witness the recycling of coffee waste into a new construction material. Creating a direct connection between the consumption of resources and their immediate recycling and repurposing on site celebrates that accountability of where society’s waste goes. Compared with current trends where our integration with recycled waste stops at the recycling centre, or even worse, our own doorsteps.

The plan above shows the allocated recycling bins for used coffee grounds and paper coffee cups. The bins run immediately underground into large drums where the waste is processed and stored before being pasteurised to create the substrate.

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Subterranean Botanic Gardens Station - Pasteurisation

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C O F F E E WAS T E PAS T E U R I SAT I O N Pasteurisation

Once disposed, the coffee waste is stored in batches before being processed to ensure it’s ready for Mycelium Inoculation. The existing station platform creates a vessel in the centre for the waste to be pasteurised in. Pasteurisation involves heating the material to high temperatures to kill off any alien bacteria which could compete with the Mycelium organisms, reducing its growth in the substrate. Louis Kahn’s Kimbell Art Museum reflects both the structure and atmosphere desired within the Botanics building as an exhibition of what is within.

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Raw Coffee Waste Processing and Storage

Coffee Waste Pasteurisation

Inoculation of Coffee with Mycelium Spawn

Packing of Inoculated Substrate into Moulds

Moulds begin journey down the tunnel to Kelvinbridge

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LOOKING UP / LOOKING DOWN Inoculation

Referring back to initial site analysis, maintaining the light voids as apertures to the surrounding foliage of the Botanics was a key move in the design process. The alternating roof structure of the pavilion above staggers this view along the axis of the railway station but always creating a vista upwards.

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Isometric of Subterranean Botanic Gardens Station 175

Subterranean Botanic Gardens Station - Mycelium Mould Preparation

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MYC E LI U M M O U LD PR E PARAT I O N Hyphae maturing stage

Once the coffee waste substrate has been inoculated with the Mycelium Spawn, the material is then filled into moulds before being sealed and stacked for efficient storage in the railway tunnel. Inoculation is essentially the mixing of the spawn with the coffee waste to ensure it’s evenly distributed throughout the material. Using large tumblers, the two materials are mixed aggressively with water and additional organic substances to waken the spawn from their dormant state. Once packed into moulds for growth, the Mycelium takes several weeks to travel slowly down the tunnel to Kelvinbridge where the moulds are received and processed.

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Raw Coffee Waste Processing and Storage

Coffee Waste Pasteurisation

Inoculation of Coffee with Mycelium Spawn

Packing of Inoculated Substrate into Moulds

Moulds begin journey down the tunnel to Kelvinbridge

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Mycelium Growing in Railway Tunnel below Great Western Road

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Figure 27

GROWING UNDERGROUND A key theme throughout the masterplan focuses on the concept of reusing existing materials. The masterplan does this both through the upcycling of coffee waste into construction materials, but also through the repurposing of existing derelict railway infrastructure. Whilst the railway line was closed in the 1960s, the tunnels and station foundations sit unused. Whilst they are impossible and pointless to demolish, a new industrial process can make use of these derelict spaces, minimising the embodied energy of using new raw materials for their construction.

The reuse of Glasgow’s subterranean network of tunnels is justified further by their quality construction as well as the conditions in which they provide for Mycelium growth. Initial research into the material’s properties concluded that Mycelium can grow in complete darkness due to it being an organism. Whilst plants will use sunlight to photosynthesise into food, Mycelium uses oxygen and the nutrients within the substrate it consumes to grow further.

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Inspection Gantry for monitoring of Mycelium

Underground Mycelium Growing

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THE PRODUCTION LINE The Mycelium Brick Moulds run in a continuous line from the Botanics down to Kelvinbridge where the fully grown Mycelium is removed and processed before being distributed. The empty moulds are cleaned and sterilised before returning back u p the tunnel to the Botanics site to continue the cycle. A central walkway between the returning moulds and the actively growing ones allows for workers to access the whole production line to monitor the progress of each batch of Mycelium.

This allows for environmental conditions in the tunnel to be adjusted up at Kirklee to meet the Mycelium’s needs. Mycelium’s digestion of organic nutrients with oxygen requires for a supply of air to each mould in the tunnel. Therefore, each mould has a filter on its side to allow air to circulate around, removing stale air and replacing it with fresh air from the surface.

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KELVINBRIDGE DISTRIBUTION HUB Once the Mycelium has travelled down the tracks, over a four-week period, the moulds reach the end of the tunnel and re-emerge at the site of Kelvinbridge Station. Once the product is removed, the empty moulds return to the tracks to be taken back up to the Botanics site to be reused. The product goes through its final processing before leaving the building and being distributed down the tracks towards the Clyde.

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LAN D S CAPI N G AN D S I T E LAYO U T 1. Main Manufacturing and Distribution Hub 2. Mycelium Storage and Baking 3. External Sheltered Workyard 4. Bridge to Tunnel Entrance 5. Repurposed Railway Tunnel (leads to Botanics) 6. Hydropower Station (using power of River Kelvin’s fast flowing meander) 7. Caledonian Mansions 8. Kelvin House (former whisky warehouse) 9. Great Western Road Bridge 10. Eldon Street Bridge 11. Kelvinbridge Subway Station (remodelled) 12. Sacrificial Flood Plain for periods of high sustained rainfall 13. Wild Flower Meadow (mimicing the former shunting yard shape and form) 14. St Silas Church 15. The Stand 16. The Glasgow Academy

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AD JAC E N C I E S AN D H E R ITAG E The boundary of the building was determined by the route of the historic railway line. The location of the building was the shunting yard, an area used to store trains overnight, for repairs and importantly loading goods, as shown in the historic map. The landscaping surrounding the site references the lines of track that sat there prior to the railway being closed.

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1. Sheltered Pend Entrance 2. Reception Space with full height light well 3. Public Gathering Space 4. Staff Offices and Services 5. Meeting Rooms 6. Workshops

7. Double height Prototyping and Exhibition Atrium 8. External Sheletered Workyard 9. Railway Line 10. Mycelium Storage and Drying facilities 11. Sacrificial land for periods of high sustained rainfall 12. Bridge to Tunnel Entrance 188

G R O U N D F LO O R PLAN The massing of the building was determined by the constraints of the existing railway, however the spaces that spill out from the railway line include storage facilities, offices and double-height spaces for testing 1:1 scale prototypes. These spaces create a long, linear building with the facade facing away from The River Kelvin gently skewed, mimicing the lines of the shunting yard tracks and the adjacent residential tenements, creating a building that pays homage to its industrial past.

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Section A

Section from North to South through the River Kelvin, Great Western Road Bridge, the external canopy of the workyard before cutting through the River Kelvin again as it meanders through The West End.

Section B

A view of the River Kelvin is illustrated with the Caledonian Mansions overlooking the Kelvin. The concrete canopy sits modestly at the same height as the Great Western Road Bridge with the 1:1 atrium rising above the height of the bridge, creating a presence at road level.

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The double height prototype atrium provides a controlled indoor environment for Mycelium construction materials to be tested for structural performance.

Section C

The structure of the Distribution Hub again reflects the language taken from the Botanics. The upper floor took influences from Enric Miralles’ parabolic vaulted ceiling in the main hall of The Scottish Parliament Building.

Section A

The concrete canopy over the workyard provides a sheltered external space for the Mycelium construction materials to be processed before being distributed by train to the River Clyde.

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Section B

The arrangement of processing services on the ground floor allows for a seamless shared workfloor spanning between internal and external spaces along the former railway line.

Section E

A south facing light well collects sunlight throughout the day, with a perforated Mycelium brick wall filtering the light further as it percolates through the building.

Section F

With environmental changes resulting in more disruptive weather, a sheltered pend between the entrance and workyard creates an anti space before entering the building itself, providing a more comfortable sequence of entry to the building.

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Kelvinbridge Entrance Space

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SEQUENCE OF ENTRY When entering the distribution centre you are met with a reception area with large glass doors that give you a glimpse of the workyard beyond. Above the reception is a perforated wall allowing light to be let into the office space upstairs, this was tested in light studies using the Ngamwongwan House by Junsekino Architecture & Design in Bangkok as inspiration. Modelling light studies allowed for the atmosphere of these spaces to be tested, ensuring the sunlight is filtered appropriately into the right spaces. Entering from the pend, the ceiling height drops within the draft lobby before revealing the light well above, flooding the reception space with natural light.

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Kelvinbridge Exterior Render

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MYCELIUM PROCESSING The storage for the Mycelium allows for large blocks to be stacked and dried in order to kill off the micro-organisms to stop it growing and stop the production of mould. The storage room has large double doors opening onto the workyard where the Mycelium is packed up onto the train for distribution.

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Kelvinbridge Outdoor Workyard

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PARAB O LI C VAU LT E D S T R U C T U R E The workyard is a covered workspace with a repetitive, monolithic structure inspired by the arched colonnade of Kahn’s Kimbell Art Museum as well as Miralles’ Scottish Parliament Main Hall. The canopy is a heavy structure supported along the west façade by concrete columns limiting the site from the disturbance of extreme weather conditions. The arches are repeated throughout all three sites, taking their form from the underside of a mushroom and traditional railway structures.

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Kelvinbridge Prototype Atrium Space

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BUILDING INTO THE VOLUME The atrium space allows for a double height volume to provide light that floods the building as well as providing a space for exhibiting installations showcasing and testing the limits of Mycelium as a building material. The atrium was inspired by the National Museum of Scotland using the space to exhibit as well as being flooded with light. The atrium uses more natural materials including wooden panelling and ribbed Mycelium wall cladding which is offset with a heavy concrete floor and columns and metal work railing details.

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CONCLUSION Together the masterplan for a Mycelium growing campus within Glasgow’s abandoned subterranean rail network aims to facilitate everything required to sustainably collect, process, grow and then distribute Mycelium as a new form of construction material.

The reuse of existing structures above and below ground is an example of how reusing materials in a positve approach can have wide impacts locally as well as on a wider scale.

Extensive research is still ongoing to prove the widespread capabilities of Mycelium within the construction industry, however we believe this is one example of how the construction industry has a lot to learn from nature.

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