7JAIV10E2 by Journal of Aging and Innovation

Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119 ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

 Artigo Original

Innovation Among SMEs During the COVID-19 in Iran Innovación entre las pymes durante el COVID-19 en Irán Inovação entre PMEs durante o COVID-19 no Irã Howard E. Van Auken 1, Mohammad Fotouhi Ardakani 2, Shawn Carraher 3, Razieh Khojasteh Avorgani 4 1 2 3

PhD, Iowa State University MSc. Ardakan University PhD, University of Texas

Bsc., Ardakan University Corresponding Author: vanauken@iastate.edu Abstract As a worldwide disaster, the COVID-19 pandemic is profoundly affecting the development of the global economy and threatening the survival of SMEs worldwide. Therefore, this paper examines product and process innovation among Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) during the COVID-19 crisis. So in order to answer this question, that how factors influence product and process innovation. Research methodology was of regression type and research instrument were interview and questionnaire. This study has been conducted in a sample including 185 entrepreneurs of SMEs in Ardakan, Iran by using simple random sampling and path analysis method by SPSS26 software was applied for data analysis. The results of this study indicated that experience is one of the most important factors affecting innovation. Organization size and age are negatively associated with innovation. Employee training to facilitate cooperation as well as higher commitment to R&D can lead to greater innovation. In the COVID-19 period, government forced SMEs to create new product according to this situation. The results should be useful for owners of SMEs and providers of services to SMEs to better understand which factors affect adaptation of innovation. Embracing innovation as a core organization value can position SMEs to remain competitive. Key words: Innovation, Entrepreneur, COVID-19, SMEs.

Resumo Como um desastre mundial, a pandemia COVID-19 está afetando profundamente o desenvolvimento da economia global e ameaçando a sobrevivência das PMEs em todo o mundo. Portanto, este artigo examina a inovação de produtos e processos entre as Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs) durante a crise do COVID-19. Portanto, para responder a essa pergunta, veja como os fatores influenciam a inovação de produtos e processos. A metodologia da pesquisa foi do tipo regressão e os instrumentos de pesquisa foram entrevista e questionário. Este estudo foi conduzido em uma amostra incluindo 185 empreendedores de PMEs em Ardakan, Irã, usando amostragem aleatória simples e o método de análise de caminho pelo software SPSS26 foi aplicado para análise de dados. Os resultados deste estudo indicaram que a experiência é um dos fatores mais importantes que afetam a inovação. O tamanho e a idade da organização estão negativamente associados à inovação. O treinamento dos funcionários para facilitar a cooperação, bem como um maior comprometimento com a P&D, podem levar a uma maior inovação. No período COVID-19, o governo forçou as PMEs a criar novos produtos de acordo com essa situação. Os resultados devem ser úteis para que os proprietários de PMEs e prestadores de serviços às PMEs possam entender melhor quais fatores afetam a adaptação à inovação. Abraçar a inovação como um valor central da organização pode posicionar as PMEs para permanecerem competitivas. Palavras-chave: Inovação, Empreendedor, COVID-19, PMEs.

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

INTRODUCTION

Crisis are complex and their effects are felt immediately but over a long period of time (Ansell & Boin, 2019). The COVID-19 crisis was a low-probability event that was unpredictable and a surprise (Ratten & Paul, 2020; World Health Organization, 2020). As Clark et al. (2020) state, there are many different ways countries have responded to the COVID-19 crisis depending on their regulatory policies. Therefore, the COVID19 pandemic represents a unique opportunity for entrepreneurs to transform existing practices (Kirk & Rifkin, 2020) and think in an entrepreneurial manner (Parnell, Widdop, Bond, & Wilson, 2020). An entrepreneurial attitude includes an emphasis on a personal control over a situation that incorporates some degree of innovation, which is important during the COVID-19 crisis (Brown & Rocha, 2020). This means emphasizing an individual's ability to change a course of action because of their self-esteem and need for achievement (Rauch & Hulsink, 2015). The COVID-19 pandemic tremendously challenged governments, society, and SMEs worldwide (Clark et al., 2020). While some industries suffered from minor consequences, SMEs almost completely lost their business for months (Baum & Hai, 2020). The COVID-19 pandemic has led to a changing environment posing many challenges that call for innovative solutions, leading to a changing innovation landscape (Ebersberger & Kuckertz, 2021) especially innovation in product and process. Nowadays, SMEs are confronted by strong and sophisticated competition, which can easily provide the same or similar products/services in the market. Simultaneously, consumers are also changing their habits and expect additional benefits from purchased products/services. Consequently, SMEs need to continuously provide new products/services or improve their existing ones (Ramadani et al., 2019). Innovation is widely recognized as being important to the competitiveness of nations and SMEs (Madrid, García & Van Auken, 2013; Galia & Legros, 2004; Tourigny & Le, 2004). Competitiveness is becoming more important due to increased global competition, decreased product lifecycles, increased technological capabilities of SMEs, and rapidly changing consumer demands (Madrid-Guijarro, Garcia & Van Auken, 2009).

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

Innovation, which is defined as “the implementation of a new or significantly improved product (goods or service), or process, a new marketing method, or a new organizational method in business practice” (OECD, 2005), is considered as the tool that contributes to increasing SMEs performance and competitive advantages (Castaño, Méndez, & Galindo, 2016). According to Onetti et al. (2010), SMEs success and survival in the global markets depend on the joint effect of innovation and internationalization (Saridakis et al., 2019). SMEs that successfully pursue innovation increase productivity, growth potential and the likelihood of survival (Cefis & Marsili, 2006; Freel, 2000) as well as contributing to economic growth, new employment, and increased national wealth (Nijkamp & Poot, 1997). SMEs that successfully pursue innovation increase productivity, growth potential, and likelihood of survival SMEs that do not embrace innovation risk becoming uncompetitive and under-preforming because of obsolete products and processes (Madrid-Guijarro et al., 2009; McAdam & McConvery, 2004). SMEs play an important role in the economic development, job creation, and competitiveness of all countries (Wen-Hsien & Hsiso-Chiao, 2011; O'Regan et al., 2006). Large organizations make fewer innovative and technological advances due to their complex structure and low flexibility. Facilitating innovation and technological advancement through SMEs can be an effective policy approach to sustain economic development (Feyzbakhsh & Dehghanpour, 2005). Rapid changes in science and technology, continued economic and social challenges, and increases in poverty and unemployment have encouraged policymakers and scholars to focus greater attention on the role of SME development to help alleviate social challenges through economic growth (Baraati et al., 2007). According to Lecerf (2012) when SMEs have the ability to develop and launch new products or services or implement new processes through innovation, they will be superior to their competitors. Therefore, SMEs that have the ability to produce new products/services or implement new ways of production will gain competitive advantages (Saridakis et al., 2019). SMEs that introduce new processes are more likely to introduce new products. Others argue that SMEs tend to focus their efforts more on product innovation than on process innovation to increase their profits and grow (e.g., Wolff & Pett, 2000). Product innovation is unquestionably the main

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

determinant of the establishment of new SMEs (Drucker, 2014; Pedeliento, Bettinellim, Andreini, & Bergamaschi, 2018). This paper examines factors affecting innovation and investigates the product and process innovation (Nassimbeni, 2001). Very little research has been completed on SMEs in Iran, especially in the area of innovation. Specifically, this study examines factors (entrepreneur characteristics, internal issues, and external issues) affecting product and process innovation among 185 entrepreneurs in SMEs in Ardakan City, Iran during the COVID-19 crisis. The role of innovation in SMEs success is central to sustaining a competitive advantage in the market because SMEs with high innovation capacity can respond faster to environmental challenges (Jimens et al., 2008). The next section of the paper presents previous research on innovation followed by presentation of the research questions and results. The last section of the paper presents a discussion of the results and conclusions.

Overview on studies about innovation in SMEs Research on innovation has emphasized the necessities of processes through which organizations renew their resource bases by both recombining their existing resources and introduce new resources and factors of production (Mahoney, 2005). It is tacit and explicit knowledge stocks tend to create the ability to respond to environmental challenges and market opportunities with a view to seeking out sustained competitive advantage (Dougherty & Hardy, 1996; Nonaka et al., 2000; Zollo & Winter, 2002). While innovation has been a key factor in the long-term success of SMEs (Van Auken, Madrid & Gracia, 2008; Espallarado, 2008), embracing innovation to create a competitive advantage can be a challenge (Guidice et al., 2009). Innovation is, however, important for a companies' and nations' competitiveness and growth (OECD, 2005; Stock, Greis, & Fischer, 2002). Innovation is an important motivation for companies to collaborate (Fischer & Varga, 2002), and to be involved in interorganizational relationships (Gulati, Nohria, & Zaheer, 2000; Pittaway et al., 2004; Ritter & Gemünden, 2003). Innovations can be classified as: product innovations process innovations and organizational innovations (Ramadani et al., 2019). Process innovators are different than product innovators (Hervas-Oliver et al., 2014). Furthemore, Higón & Driffield (2010) distinguish between product and process innovation activities. Following Chetty JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

& Stangl (2010), among others (e.g., Chiva, Ghauri, & Alegre, 2014; De Massis, Frattini, Pizzurno, & Cassia, 2015; Higón & Driffield, 2010; OECD, 2005), product innovation is defined in this research as the introduction of improved goods or services, for example to increase sales or improve customer service. Product innovation occurs when a SMEs implements a new or improved product or process that is new to the SMEs itself but has already been implemented in other SMEs (Saridakis et al., 2019). In this research, process innovation is defined as the introduction of new methods of production that aim to decrease costs, increase quality, or improve services (Chetty & Stangl, 2010; Chiva et al., 2014; Higón& Driffield, 2010; OECD, 2005). According to Paul et al., (2017), SMEs can gain competitive advantages from innovation when the foreign market needs a specific type of service or product innovation. Some researchers claim that process innovation that is based on new technological advancements is generally used to enhance product innovation (e.g., Lewandowska et al., 2016; Martínez-Ros, 1999; Martínez-Ros & Labeaga, 2009; Van Beers & Zand, 2014). Studies that take into account these complementarities between product and process innovation provide a useful insight but not a consistent picture. Innovations are considered to be building blocks of the future of the SMEs (Hisrich & Ramadani, 2017). Innovation represents a decisive and substantial factor in determining a SMEs performance and success (Gërguri-Rashiti et al., 2017; Pratali, 2003; Szerb & Ulbert, 2009). SMEs that do not innovate can be faced with underperformance or even failure (Ratten, 2015; Wilkinson & Thomas, 2014). SMEs introduce innovation by doing something new or different (Van Auken, Madrid & Garcia, 2008; Garcia & Calantone, 2002). Successful implementation strategies often depend on issues that can facilitate the introduction of innovation such as bureaucracy, owner expertise, and closeness between owners and customers. Hausman (2005) reported that owners of SMEs who exert too much control and lack the appropriated training are limited in their ability to develop their SMEs innovative climate. Other studies found that barriers to innovation can be associated with cost, human resources development, organizational culture, and government policy (Mohen & Roller, 2005; Baldwin & Lin, 2002). Innovation can be especially limited in SMEs because of their more limited resource base (Hadjimanolis, 1999; Hewitt-Dundas, 2006). Entrepreneurs and managers of SMEs can embrace product, technology and process innovation but also must consider organization culture, norms and values (Humphreys JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

et al., 2005). Khalil (2000) and Edwards (2002) believe that innovation can be conceptualized to represent products, services, or process by creating new markets or new applications of existing technologies, or to create and commercialize new technologies. Ho (2011) and Rowley et al. (2011) stated that innovation could be divided into four categories: product, process, location and opinions. From the process perspective, innovation means the operation of an idea that started the process and eventually leads to the production and distribution of a new product or service to market (Tidd, 2009). Innovation is not limited to the products or services but also includes changes in organizational processes (Boly et al., 2003). Previous literature has examined factors affecting innovation in SMEs. In this paper these factors are classified into three main categories; entrepreneur characteristics, internal factors and external factors. This paper examines the factors affecting innovation and investigates product innovation (new design and new product…) and innovation in process (updating machinery and production process, etc.).

Research Framework This study focuses on the relationships between (1) entrepreneur characteristics, internal organizational characteristics and external factors and (2) product and process innovation (Fig 1). Product innovation refers to changes in changes in products while process innovation refers to changes in manufacturing processes or acquisition of new equipment (Madrid et al., 2009). The research examines the relationship between product and process innovation in relation to entrepreneurs, SMEs, and environmental characteristics during the COVID-19 period. Adoption of innovation requires organization commitment and effort (Madrid, Garcia, & Van Auken, 2009; Acemoglu & Pischke, 1999). McAdam & McConvery (2004) concluded that weak management commitment is one of the more significant barriers to innovation among SMEs. Constraints arising from weak management support are an innovation choke point because innovation can disrupt established routines and schedules (Shanteau & Rohrbaugh, 2000). Hausman (2005) pointed out that SMEs managers often lack the types of education and training that have been linked with a successful innovation strategy. University students allows SMEs to achieve innovation and corporate entrepreneurships (Lazzarotti & Manzini, 2009; Secundo et al., 2017;

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

Secundo et al., 2020). To sum up, personal initiative training increase in an aggregate index of innovation activities (Campos et al., 2017). Information about a SMEs external environment, such as market opportunities, changes in technology, and government policy, impact managers’ adoption of innovation as a strategy to better meet customer needs and to help make the SMEs more competitive (Galia & Legros, 2004). The SMEs external environment includes a variety of influences and challenges that require SMEs to communicate to managers the importance of innovation as a core strategy that is needed to be competitive (Frishammar & Hörte, 2005). Katila & Shane (2005), Souitaris (2002), and Khan & Manopichetwattana (1989) found a positive relationship between economic conditions and innovation. Economic turbulence creates conditions that trigger SMEs to incorporate innovation into their business strategy to remain competitive (Madrid et al., 2009). This discussion leads to the research issues investigated in the study: 1. What is the relationship between the (1) entrepreneur characteristics and (2) product and process innovation? 2. What is the relationship between the (1) organizational characteristics and (2) product and process innovation? 3. What is the relationship between the (1) external environment and (2) product and process innovation?

Variables Entrepreneur Characteristics 1. Degree (Education level). Nowadays, COVID-19 is posing a significant challenge to management education (Brammer & Clark, 2020; Marshall & Wolanskyj-Spinner, 2020). Characteristics, such as the adoption of technology and hiring human capital with applied education, help develop the learning-by doing – as well as the interacting mode of innovation (Ramadani, 2019). Hornaday & Tiken (1979) reported that successful entrepreneurs believe the younger generations are less educated level than the older population. In fact, the educational backgrounds of the managers, business owners and entrepreneurs have been found to be important to SME innovation (Koellinger, 2008). Broukhas & Nord (1979) found that self-employed are less JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

educated than managers. Ramadani et al. (2017) concluded that employees' level of education and skills, and labor cost had a positive impact on the ability of SMEs to invent and bring to the market innovative products. 2. Experience. Previous experience have significantly influence with innovation in SMEs (Robinson & Sexton, 1994). Innovation can be enhanced within an organization through the accumulation of the entrepreneur’s knowledge and experience (Koellinger, 2008). A large part of the relevant knowledge for innovation is of a tacit and unspoken nature, and is derived from experience (Arora & Gambardella, 1994). The entrepreneur’s practical knowledge is especially important within the process of organizational learning (Dosi, 1988), the development phase of the innovation process (OECD, 2002) and the process of incremental innovation (Malerba & Orsenigo, 1995). Jennings (1994) reported that the majority technology companies prefer to hire employees with previous experience because of the added contribution to an innovative company culture. In addition, companies that have more experienced employees possess a higher level of innovation than those with fewer experienced employees (Buch et al., 2011). Fernades et al. (2013) and Roura (2009) found a positive, statistically significant impact of skilled and experienced labor force on product innovation. 3. Motivation. Entrepreneur motivation and attitude also affect SME innovation (Block & Sandner, 2009). Motivation is a prerequisite for creativity (Wong & Ladkin, 2008; Wong & Pang, 2003). Individual characteristics and traits associated with innovative behavior include curiosity, cognitive flexible, learning orientation, and perseverance (George, 2007; Shalley et al., 2004; Marcati et al., 2008; Baron & Tang, 2011). Guzmán & Santos (2001) stated that entrepreneurs with an extrinsic motivation may be less prone to accepting innovation. Furthermore, the motivations of these efforts lack empirical analysis (Bogers et al., 2017; Santos & Mendonca, 2017). 4. Age. Fry (1993) showed that the majority of people who started a business were between 20-50 years old and 65% 20-40 years old. These ages provide a balance between the needed experience and family responsibilities (Fry, 1993). Susbauer (1972) believed that those younger than 25 years old and older than 60 face experience and energy constraints to operating a business.

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

Organization Characteristics 1. Education (Training). Human capital is essential innovation in general, but especially important for service innovation (Pires et al., 2008). Investment in human resources, then, plays an especially important role in service innovations (Miles, 2001). Human resource development through education is an important component to innovation and, thus, SMEs competitiveness and economic growth (Robinson & Sexton, 1994; Freel, 2005). Individual training contributes to the generation of new ideas within a business (Galende & De la, 2003; Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995; Damanpour, 1991). The growth of entrepreneurship education during the past decade has been phenomenal and is now a common course in most business schools (Santos, Neumeyer, & Morris, 2019). Training approach can lead to innovation and improved entrepreneurial success (Campos et al., 2017).Walsworth & Verma (2007) show that human resource training is positively associated with both product and process innovation. Universities contribute to the promotion of innovation, human capital training (Audretsch et al., 2016). Beugelsdijk (2008) suggested that human resource training contributes to incremental innovation. Amara et al. (2008) suggested that human resource training and education affect the novelty of innovation. 2. Cooperation. Cooperation and coordination among organizational units have a positive influence on SME innovation (Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995; Damanpour, 1991). Systematic research on new market opportunities and interaction with similar companies enhance SME innovation (Guzman et al., 2009). Collaboration with foreign SMEs is an important factor of product innovation in transition economies (KurtishiKastrati et al., 2016). These relationships can be summarized as follows (Cheung & Lin, 2004; Gërguri-Rashiti et al., 2017; Ramadani et al., 2017): (i) Local SMEs can learn about the designs of the new products and technology, through reverse engineering, and then come up with improved new innovations. (ii) This collaboration can cause spillovers to local SMEs through labor market turnover where skilled workers who once worked for the foreign SMEs move to local SMEs. (iii) The foreign SMEs products can stimulate local SMEs creative thinking and help generate blueprints for new products and processes. Hence, it would be beneficial to effectively increase collaboration for innovation between SMEs, entrepreneurs, research

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

institutions and the public sector in a way that is easily accessible and beneficial for SMEs (Leckela et al., 2020). 3. Size. Business size is directly associated with innovation because of the capabilities and resources needed to create innovation (Soete, 1979; Vaona & Pianta, 2008; Acs & Audretsch, 1990; Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995). Acs & Audretsch (1990) showed that the effects of SMEs size on innovation can vary significantly among industries. Rogers (2004) emphasized the role of the industry life cycle in that innovation tends to concentrate in larger SMEs as industries evolve towards maturity. The nature of the knowledge environment has emerged as a factor influencing the relationship between SMEs size and innovation (Vaona & Pianta, 2008). In addition, Forés & Camisón (2016) find that the organization size has a positive effect on incremental innovation performance but a negative non-significant effect on radical innovation performance. External Factors 1. Research and Development (R&D). R&D represents the company's internal efforts to obtain knowledge that will lead to greater innovation (Hull & Covin, 2010; Girma et al., 2008; Li & Kozhikode, 2009; Puranam et al., 2009; Quintana & Benavides, 2008; Subramaniam & Youndt, 2005; Romijn & Albaladejo, 2002; Furman et al., 2002). R&D includes both product and process R&D. In product R&D business owners, improve their products, while in process R&D marginal costs are reduced (Egeraat, 2010; Lin & Saggi, 2002). Absence of an R&D system would lead to lower SMEs competitiveness and performance (Lee et al., 2011). Companies often need external sources such as collaboration with other companies, partnerships with universities, and R&D initiatives to enhance innovation (Kroll & Schiller, 2010). Reviewing studies of innovation, Becheikh et al. (2006) concluded that 80% found a positive and significant effect of R&D expenditures on innovation activities. Battisti & Stoneman (2010), Hashi & Stojcic (2013), and Janz et al. (2004) found that R&D leads to product/process innovation. However, it can be the case that this statistically insignificant relationship can be attributed to the fact that many SMEs might under-report their R&D measures and their innovation activities (Saridakis et al., 2019). 2. Culture. A supportive organizational culture is essential to achieve innovation (Morris, 2007). National culture affects innovation through, for example, efficiency of R&D, and technology (Jones & Davis, 2000; Steensma et al., 2000; Shane, 1993;

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

Dwyer et al., 2005). All of these are related because culture directly affects SME innovation (Akman & Yilmaz, 2008). 3. Government Support. Improving the relationship between government and SME is a major factor affecting innovation. Government can assist in planning, raise industry awareness about the importance of innovation, and stimulate innovation (Moffat & Auer, 2006). Moreover, government policies, such as lowering tax rates and granting loans, can promote SME innovation (Romijn & Albaladejo, 2002; Souitaris, 2002). Methodology 1) Sample and data To analyze and evaluate the practical implementation of a grassroots initiative, we apply a case study methodology. During the COVID-19 period in year 2020, most of SMEs were closed. Therefore, we uses questionnaires and interviews for data collection. The interviews by phone calls and the questionnaires were sent by mail to a stratified random sample. The population of this study includes entrepreneurs working in the SMEs of Ardakan City, Iran. There are approximately 225 SMEs in Arakan. In this survey we interviewed with 108 entrepreneurs which only 101 answered (answer rate=93.5%). In addition, 92 questionnaires were distributed of which only 84 were usable (return rate= 91.3%). In generally, we obtained data from 185 entrepreneurs of SMEs during the COVID-19 period in year 2020. 2) Measurements We collected information on sample characteristics (includes; Number of Staff, Experience, Education and age) and measures of the main variables that were a combination of questions about internal and external factors of the organization. Table 1 gives the description of the variables entrepreneurs. Questions, which allow us to specify the variables of our interest by following the theory. A total of 34 questions measured these internal and external characteristics using a 5 point Likert scale (1= Very low, 2= Low, 3= Average, 4= Much and 5= Very much). The questionnaire was pre-tested and revised based on comments. 3) Reliability and Validity Analysis In this study, standard questionnaires are used to assess the validity of questionnaire we use. In addition, after its localization, its initial questionnaire was drawn and by the JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

time of codification, the researcher distributed questionnaires among experts, scholars and some of entrepreneurs, then after collecting opinions of the group, corrective enterprises in the initial questionnaires get under way. Then, in the next stage, the researcher distributed 30 questionnaires among entrepreneurs. Finally, considering entrepreneurs' opinions and experts' and advisors' final considerations, final questionnaire was codified. In this study, reliability or trust ability of the questionnaire is assessed by measurement method of Cronbach's α by using SPSS22 software. In order to assess the reliability level, an examination with a sample of 185 entrepreneurs was taken in Ardakan. The results of the pre-test indicated the reliability of the measurement tool with Cornbrash’s alpha 92.1%. To summarize, the measurement indicators of the questionnaire in this study have good reliability and validity. Data analysis Path analysis is a generalized form of multiple regression method in the formulation of causal models. In addition to direct effects, indirect effects of each of independent variables on the dependent variables are identified. The default linear regression used in the path analysis shows that the distribution of dependent variables is normal or near normal. In order to verify the normality of data, a Kolmogorov - Smirnov single sample was used. This test compares the observed cumulative distribution function and the normal theoretical cumulative distribution function. Test results of Kolmogorov - Smirnov showed that for most variables trait distribution in the sample with its distribution is not normal and there is a significant difference between observed and expected frequencies. Because of the abnormal data distribution, natural logarithm was used for the regression analysis. In conducting the path analysis, innovation was a dependent variable, individual and organizational characteristics and external factors were independent variables, and product and process innovation were mediator variables. Stepwise regression was used in the path analysis. All factors were used in the regression. One of the most important assumptions in testing causal relationships is the lack of co-linear relationships between variables. High co-linearity signifies a low validity despite a high coefficient of determination. Variance Inflation Factor (VIF) was used to test for co-linearity, which is the reverse of tolerance statistics or the proportion of variance which is not explained by other independent variables. The rate of coJOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

linearity increases the lower the tolerance and the higher the VIF index. This leads to the increase of variance of regression coefficients and causes adverse regression models for prediction. The maximum VIF in the regression models used in all path analysis procedures is 1.130, which is an acceptable number and indicates high model validity. The empirical model and results are shown in Figure 2. The impact of direct, indirect and total effects was calculated to determine which variables have a strong impact on innovation. Findings shown in Table 4 indicate that no External environment or individual characteristics are directly associated with innovation. Product innovation had a higher effect on innovation than process innovation. However, product innovation had the highest effect on innovation. SMEs size and age were negatively associated with innovation. Innovation declined as the SMEs size and age increased and increased as SMEs size and age declined. Results and Discussion Demographic data shown in Table 1 indicate that about 34.05% of respondents had been working at the company between 1 - 3 years and about 49.73% did not have a diploma. These results reflect a low educational level and thus would be expected to have a negative impact on innovation. About 45.41% of respondents’ age ranged between 30-40 years old, which prevented formation of business units due to reasons such as military service and/or education. These indicate direct control over the business by the members, which is consistent with Bullet & Seigyoung (2010), Xu & Lin (2008) and Chandler et al. (2000). Correlations shown in Table 2 were used to examine the relationships between variables. The dominant structural features associated with the external and internal environment of organization have a significant correlation with characteristics of individuals. Table values show that the average of organizational size, age and education level is less than 2, which indicates low age, size of organization, and education level. In addition, experience and motivation revealed the highest correlation with innovation. Table values show that size and culture were significantly and positively related to process innovation (r=0.417, P<.01), but not significantly related to product innovation (P-value>.05). For the two contextual variables, age and government were significantly and positively related to innovation in product (r=0.167, P<.05; r=0.165, P<.05; respectively). Therefore the two contextual variables, education(r=.206) and government(r=0.254) were significantly and related to JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

innovation in process at the 0.01 level. During the COVID-19 government has a negative effect to product innovation. Actually, government forced SMEs to create new product according the COVID-19 situation. Table 3 shown the results and presents the procedure of path analysis and effect on all variables using 8 stages. In stage 1, process innovation is more important than product innovation. In stages 2 and 3, organizational size and age are significantly and negatively

associated

Government(r=0.426)

and

with

process

innovation

exigence(r=0.191)

are

(r=-0.271,

significantly

and

r=-0.216). positively

associated with process innovation. Also experience(r=0.438), motivation(r=0.199) and degree(r=0157) are significantly and positively associated with product innovation. Additional government is significant at the 0.01 level and negatively associated with product innovation (r=-0.144). In other stages, the findings show that other variables are also associated with innovation. The impact of direct, indirect and total effects was calculated to determine which variables are associated with innovation. Findings shown in Table 4 indicate that no external environment or entrepreneur characteristics are directly associated with innovation. Product innovation had a higher effect on innovation than process innovation. However, product innovation had the highest effect on innovation. SMEs size was negatively associated with innovation. Innovation declined as the SMEs size increased. Specifically, the variables can have direct and indirect effects on product innovation (0.804), but do not have indirect effects on process innovation (0.625). The SMEs variable does not have a direct effect on innovation but does have an indirect effect on innovation. Moreover, age has a negative effect on innovation (0.136). These findings show that experience is the most important factor influencing innovation. In addition, education and degree are also significantly associated with innovation. SMEs size was found be indirectly associated with innovation. As employment increased, the rate of innovation declined. These findings are consistent with Isidro & Martinez-Roman (2011). Size is also indirectly associated with innovation, which is consistent with the findings of Soete (1979). Additional findings show that the cooperation and assistance of units is associated with product improvement and SMEs new products in this time. Sher & Yang (2005) found that the cooperation of units and their integration has a positive effect on innovation. JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

ARTIGO ORIGINAL: Auken H., Ardakani M., Carraher S., Avorgani R. (2021) Signaling of patients with drug allergies, Journal of Aging & Innovation, 10 (2): 86- 119

These results suggest that R&D allow SMEs to develop products that had better meet consumer needs. This is consistent with Bertrand (2009) who found that innovation depended heavily on R&D. Another factor that affects innovations is government support. Government policies help managers to acquire or develop new technologies that can ultimately improve SMEs performance (Madrid, Garcia & Van Auken, 2009). This finding is consistent with Kyung & Park (2012) who showed that a positive relationship exists between state aid and innovation. Through the reduction in SMEs constraints, such as financial and human resources, and by providing the needed infrastructure, government policy can have significant impact on SME performance and improvement in innovation especially in product. Conclusions This research project examined product and process innovation among 185 entrepreneurs of SMEs during the COVID-19 in Ardakan, Iran. In addition, is one of only a few papers to examine innovation in COVID-19 period. The results of this study indicated that experience was directly associated with innovation while organization size was negatively associated with innovation. Employee training to facilitate cooperation as well as higher commitment to R&D can lead to greater innovation. The results should be useful for entrepreneurs, government, stockholders, and owners of SMEs and providers of services to SMEs to better understand which factors affect adaptation of innovation. Understanding factors that affect innovation can provide a perspective on how SMEs can continue to embrace innovation as a core value and remain competitive in the increasingly competitive world markets especially pandemic disease such as COVID-19 crisis. Financial statements provide important information that should be used, both by external evaluators and internally, to help guide decisions. Entrepreneurs, owners and providers of services can use the information to understand which factors affect their use of financial statements. Such an understanding of what factors have this influence may improve the process by which financial statements get incorporated into decisions. The several limitations of this study also provide avenues for further research. The study could be expanded to investigate the relationship between innovation and performance across multiple markets and regions of the world during the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally, the data was collected at a single point in the coronavirus crisis. A

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Table 1. Respondent Characteristics Variables Frequency Percent (%) <10

46.49

10-19

28.65

20-29

14.59

>29

10.27

24.32

1-3

34.05

3-6

20.54

6-10

12.97

>10

8.11

< Diploma

49.73

Bachelor

35.14

<Graduate

20.54

<30

31.89

30-40

45.41

>40

22.70

Experience (years)

Degree (Education level)

Age

N = 185

Number of Staff

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

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Age

Process

Product

Innovation

Government

R&D

Culture

Motivation

Cooperation

Education

Size

Experience

Degree

Age

Table 2. Correlation Between Variables

Degree

-0.210**

Experience

0.324**

-0.161*

Size

-0.090

0.161*

-0.076

Education

-0.437**

Cooperatio n

0.205**

0.136

0.000

Motivation

-0.154*

-0.107

0.041 -0.206** 0.296**

Culture

-0.027

-0.120

-0.016 -0.263** 0.225** 0.271**

0.559**

R&D

-0.143

-0.050

-0.087

0.484** 0.414**

Governmen t

0.066

-0.082

-0.068 0.346** 0.273** 0.375**

Innovation

0.071

-0.017 0.417** -0.145*

0.088

Product

0.167*

0.077

Process

-0.050

-0.103 0.245**

Mean

1.86

Std. Deviation

0.968

0.238** -0.139

1 0.141

-0.027

0.171*

0.097

1 0.055

0.445** 0.367**

0.079

0.287**

0.053

0.252** 0.170*

0.148*

0.057

0.066

0.015

0.184*

0.096

0.165* 0.804**

-.146*

0.206**

0.099

0.223** 0.172*

0.431** -0.088

0.108

0.102

1 1

0.143 -0.254** 0.814** 0.309**

1.79

3.64

1.81

3.73

3.42

3.46

4.16

3.26

2.43

3.8054

3.87

3.74

1.001

0.786

0.962

0.816

0.828

0.654

0.567

0.711

0.927

0.689

0.842

0.861

*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

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Table 3. Total Procedure of Path Analysis

Stage

Independent Variable(s)

Dependent Variable

Adjusted R2

Sig

Innovation

0.662

0.660

358.67 0

0.000

Process Product

0.000

Product Government Size Experience Age

0.381 0.365 0.244 0.214

Process

0.301

0.281

15.395

Beta

Sig

VIF

0.625 0.611

0.000 0.000

1.105 1.105

0.309 0.426 -0.271 0.191 -0.216

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.009 0.001

1.259 1.180 1.153 1.336 1.143

2-1

Governmen t

0.348

0.333

24.008

0.000

Cooperation Size degree Education

2-1-1

Cooperatio n

0.300

0.281

15.394

0.000

Age Degree Culture

0.284 0.223 0.256 0.438 0.199 0.157 -0.144

Product

0.261

0.245

15.900

0.000

Experience Motivation Degree Government

3-1

Experience

0.105

0.100

21.530

0.000

Age

0.324

0.000

Culture R&D Cooperation Size

0.411 0.404 0.208 -0.143

0.000

Education Culture Cooperation Degree Size

0.353 0.288 0.255 0.159 0.155

3-2

3-2-1

Motivation

R&D

0.443

0.393

0.431

0.376

35.826

23.172

0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.000 0.001 0.001 0.000 0.003 0.018 0.027 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.001 0.017 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.011 0.013

1.045 1.043 1.092 1.097 1.095 1.072 1.532 1.035 1.023 1.045 1.024 1.000 1.381 1.393 1.180 1.137 1.184 1.274 1.120 1.129 1.133

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

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Table 4. Type and Intensity Impact of Each Variable on Innovation Effects Variables

Direction effect

Indirection effect

Total

Product Innovation

0.611

0.193

0.804

Process Innovation

0.625

Experience

0.471

Degree

0.172

Motivation

0.159

Government

0.150

Size

-0.136

Culture

0.111

Cooperation

0.106

R&D

0.064

Age

0.062

Education

0.044

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

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Figure 1. Research Framework

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

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Figure 2. Research Framework Results

JOURNAL OF AGING AND INNOVATION, AGOSTO, 2021, 10 (1)  ISSN: 2182-696X  http://journalofagingandinnovation.org/ DOI: 10.36957/jai.2182-696X.v10i2-7

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