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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Acknowledgement I offer my sincerest gratitude to my research supervisor Ar. Parul Kumtha who guided me throughout this project and always encouraged me to broaden the aspect of this research.

Furthermore I would like to thank prof. Mustansir Dalvi for giving the opportunity to carry on this project.

I am especially grateful to Rekha Maam and Prof. Sushma Joglekar for their guidance.

A profound gratitude to Sanjeevani Kelkar, Soyab Hajwane, Umar bhai, Hindabal Keluskar, Santosh Dhurat, Ravindra Joshi and Ranjan Mungekar for sharing their experience and firsthand knowledge about this subject. I also thank Krushnanath Tandel for his valuable insights and for taking the time and patiently answering all my queries in detail.

A sincere thanks to Dept. Hydrographer A.S. Kadam for granting me permission to relevant information.

My juniors Parisha Shah, Siddhie Shirsat and Sakshi Tiwari for their help in hour of need.

And I am forever grateful to my parents for their constant support, guidance and love.

And lastly I would like to thank all those who knowingly, unknowingly, directly and indirectly helped in this thesis project.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Abstract This thesis attempts to focus on providing hygienic auction centers along with waste management on the beaches and provide refrigeration and other basic foreshore facilities. The study begins from understanding Konkan as a region along with cultural, traditional aspects as well as the socio-economic status of the people living in that area which helps in realizing the main reason behind the lack of hygiene in the whole process. Also studying the function and importance of fishermen societies for the development and upliftment of the community.

Auction goes on in two places on jetties or on the beaches if the facility is not available. To understand the auction process three beach auction sites in southern Konkan are studies, regarding the details of process and how it proceed from start to end. This gives an idea of the method and people involved along with their needs and concerns. Studying various auction sites gives an idea of the similarity of process in various region of Konkan setting a guideline for design. Also the way gender, age, role of every fishermen based on his function on a boat affects the whole marketing system.

Because of location of site construction method and material become a major aspect of design as they need to be sustainable as well as easy and economical to build while provide enough weather protection. The structure must also be easy to mend with materials locally available along with cheap labour to work on it. Various surveys also led to another finding that the process of auction leaves a lot of fish waste as well as effluent waste water on the beaches itself. Which can be used as a source of energy on-site as well, if managed properly.

The survey also leads to the facts that the needs of fisherwomen who are actively involved in the process as well are usually ignored. Their need for sanitation and though available in some places, the distance from the auction site is the main reason for it not being used. Also other essential foreshore facilities like cold storage, proper fuel access, etc. which help in improving the quality of fish not made available.

The main aim of this project is to provide a sustainable, low cost and community based design which improves the quality of fish that will in turn help the fishermen, at the village level and can be used as a prototype for development of various beaches in Konkan.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Table of Content Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................. iii Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... v Table of Content.....................................................................................................................vii List of Figures .......................................................................................................................... ix List of Tables ........................................................................................................................ xiii Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 1 Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 3 Research methodology ................................................................................................... 13 Data collection........................................................................................................... 13 Sample and survey .................................................................................................... 13 Case studies ............................................................................................................... 13 Scope and Limitation ................................................................................................ 15 KONKAN........................................................................................................................ 17 About Konkan ........................................................................................................... 18 4.1.1

Profile of Konkan ............................................................................................... 18

4.1.2

Types of fishing crafts and gears ....................................................................... 25

4.1.3

Fisheries in Konkan ........................................................................................... 31 .................................................................................................................. 36

4.2.1

Traditions and beliefs of fishermen ................................................................... 36

4.2.2

Socio economic status of fishermen .................................................................. 38

Fish Auction .................................................................................................................... 43 Fish marketing methods ............................................................................................ 44 Site selection ............................................................................................................. 50 Harnai ........................................................................................................................ 51 5.3.1

About the fisher-folks in Harnai ........................................................................ 51

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5.3.2

Socio-economic status of fishermen in Harnai .................................................. 52

5.3.3

Auction ............................................................................................................... 56

5.3.4

Climate of Harnai ............................................................................................... 61

Malvan ....................................................................................................................... 66 5.4.1

About fisher folks of Malvan ............................................................................. 66

5.4.2

Socio-economic status of fishermen in Malvan ................................................. 66

5.4.3

Auction ............................................................................................................... 69

Comparisons and problems ....................................................................................... 74 Materials study and existing law .................................................................................. 81 Material Comparison ................................................................................................. 82 CRZ and Existing structures on the beach ................................................................ 88 Existing temporary structures. .................................................................................. 90 Hygienic Guidelines .................................................................................................. 91 Case Studies .................................................................................................................... 97 Based on location ...................................................................................................... 98 7.1.1

SALT festival architectural installation ............................................................. 98

Based on Form ........................................................................................................ 102 7.2.1

Haduwa Arts and Cultural Institute Stage ....................................................... 102

Based on Traditional structures ............................................................................... 106 7.3.1

The Bajau, Orang Laut and sea nomads .......................................................... 106

Based on use ............................................................................................................ 112 7.4.1

Besiktas fish market, Istanbul .......................................................................... 112

Findings ......................................................................................................................... 115 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 117 Design Intentions.......................................................................................................... 119 Appendix ....................................................................................................................... 121 Bibliography ................................................................................................................. 125 Page | viii

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

List of Figures Figure 1: Auction in Harnai, Ratnagiri ...................................................................................... 1 Figure 2: Auction in Harnai, Ratnagiri .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 3: Auction in Harnai, Ratnagiri .................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

Figure 4: Location of Konkan Division in Maharashtra .......................................................... 19 Figure 5: Location of Thane District in Maharashtra .............................................................. 20 Figure 6: Location of Raigad District in Maharashtra ............................................................. 21 Figure 7: Location of Ratnagiri District in Maharashtra ......................................................... 22 Figure 8: Location of Sindhudurg District in Maharashtra ...................................................... 24 Figure 9: Open Ocean Gill Netting .......................................................................................... 26 Figure 10: Nets in Bay of Santa Monica .................................................................................. 26 Figure 11: Rapan ...................................................................................................................... 27 Figure 12: Midwater Trawler ................................................................................................... 28 Figure 13: Demersal Trawlers ................................................................................................. 28 Figure 14: Demersal Longline ................................................................................................. 29 Figure 15: Pelagic Longline ..................................................................................................... 29 Figure 17: Purse seine net ........................................................................................................ 30 Figure 16: Purse seine net ........................................................................................................ 30 Figure 18: Narali Purnima celebration ..................................................................................... 37 Figure 19: Celebration of Shimga (Holi) ................................................................................. 37 Figure 20: fishermen using Traditional crafts .......................................................................... 44 Figure 21: Fishermen with motorised boat .............................................................................. 45 Figure 22: Fishermen who are trawler owners ........................................................................ 46 Figure 23: Carrying fish catch on a pole .................................................................................. 53 Figure 24: Carrying fish catch in Basket ................................................................................. 53 Figure 25: Carrying Fish catch on a bullock cart ..................................................................... 53 Figure 26: carrying fish in smaller trucks ................................................................................ 54 Figure 27: carrying fish in tum-tum ......................................................................................... 54 Figure 28: carrying fish in baskets ........................................................................................... 54 Figure 29: Evening Auction at 4:00 pm ................................................................................... 56 Figure 30: Moring Auction at 8:00 am .................................................................................... 57 Figure 31: Fisherwomen seating arrangement ......................................................................... 57 Figure 32: Fisherwomen setup ................................................................................................. 57 Page | ix

Figure 33: temporary structures built by Ice providers ............................................................ 58 Figure 34: Crushed ice provider .............................................................................................. 58 Figure 35: Fuel tanks provided by fishermen co. .................................................................... 58 Figure 36: fishermen carrying barrel of fuel to trawlers .......................................................... 58 Figure 37: Water tanks provided by gram panchayat .............................................................. 59 Figure 38: Water being filled from tanks ................................................................................. 59 Figure 39: Fish packing and icing structure ............................................................................. 59 Figure 40: Icing and packing area ............................................................................................ 60 Figure 41: Toilet built by the gram panchayat ......................................................................... 60 Figure 42: Average Temperature and Precipitation ................................................................. 61 Figure 43: Cloudy, Sunny and Precipitation days ................................................................... 61 Figure 44: Precipitation amount............................................................................................... 62 Figure 45: Maximum Temperature .......................................................................................... 62 Figure 46: Wind Rose Diagram ............................................................................................... 62 Figure 47: Wind intensity chart ............................................................................................... 63 Figure 48: Plan of Harnai Evening auction.............................................................................. 64 Figure 49: Plan of Harnai Morning Auction ............................................................................ 65 Figure 50: Fish carried in baskets ............................................................................................ 67 Figure 51: Loading and unloading the fish catch..................................................................... 67 Figure 52: Fish catch transported to icing units on hand cart .................................................. 67 Figure 53: Fish auction in Bazarpeth ....................................................................................... 69 Figure 54: Evening fish auction in awhar ................................................................................ 70 Figure 55: Fisherwomen set-up ............................................................................................... 70 Figure 56: Ice providers on auction site ................................................................................... 71 Figure 57: Icing and packaging area ........................................................................................ 71 Figure 58: plan of evening auction in Malvan ......................................................................... 72 Figure 59: Plan of Morning auction in Malvan ....................................................................... 73 Figure 60: Auctioneer standing over the cartons for the lilav ................................................. 74 Figure 61: Cuttle fish being auctioned or export ..................................................................... 74 Figure 62: Fisherwomen sorting the fish bought in auction .................................................... 75 Figure 63: Fisherwomen sitting in rows to sell the fish ........................................................... 75 Figure 64: Coconut Wood Density rings ................................................................................. 82 Figure 65: Low Intensity Coir Board ....................................................................................... 82

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Figure 66: Coconut Coir Fibre ................................................................................................. 82 Figure 67: Houses used by construction workers .................................................................... 90 Figure 68: Shed built for icing and storage unit ...................................................................... 90 Figure 69: Temporary houses used by construction workers .................................................. 90 Figure 70: Shed built for resting .............................................................................................. 90 Figure 71: Houses used by construction workers .................................................................... 90 Figure 72:SALT Festival Installations / Rintala Eggertsson Architects .................................. 98 Figure 75: Temporary Sauna ................................................................................................... 99 Figure 76: Temporary Sauna ................................................................................................... 99 Figure 77: Permanent Sauna .................................................................................................... 99 Figure 78: Temporary Sauna ................................................................................................... 99 Figure 79: Concert in the main structure ................................................................................. 99 Figure 80: Figure showing A-frames ..................................................................................... 100 Figure 81: Section through Sauna .......................................................................................... 100 Figure 82: Section through Restaurant .................................................................................. 100 Figure 83: Floor Plan ............................................................................................................. 100 Figure 84: Transverse Section ............................................................................................... 100 Figure 85: Concert in the main structure ............................................................................... 100 Figure 86: Sauna in the temporary structure .......................................................................... 100 Figure 87: As seen on the structure........................................................................................ 101 Figure 88: Detachable joint .................................................................................................... 101 Figure 89: Joint details ........................................................................................................... 101 Figure 90: Joint at foundation ................................................................................................ 101 Figure 91: The large bamboo canopy sheltering Ghanaian artists ......................................... 102 Figure 92 : Informal session under the roof ........................................................................... 103 Figure 93: Performance under the structure........................................................................... 103 Figure 94: Size of each component ........................................................................................ 103 Figure 95: Bamboo grid ......................................................................................................... 104 Figure 96: Grid in two layers ................................................................................................. 104 Figure 97: Floor Plan ............................................................................................................. 104 Figure 98: Section AA' .......................................................................................................... 104 Figure 99: North Elevation .................................................................................................... 104 Figure 100: Roofing membrane shape detail ......................................................................... 105 Figure 101: Bundling of bamboo and its joinery ................................................................... 105 Page | xi

Figure 102: connection of roofing sheet with bamboo .......................................................... 105 Figure 103: Village settlement of Sama-bajau....................................................................... 106 Figure 104: Location of Sea nomads ..................................................................................... 107 Figure 105: Sedentary land based Bajau ................................................................................ 108 Figure 106: Sea based Bajau village ...................................................................................... 108 Figure 107: Sea gypsies ......................................................................................................... 108 Figure 108: Semi-Sedentary Sea based nomads .................................................................... 108 Figure 109: Houseboat (Lepa) dwelling ................................................................................ 109 Figure 110: Temporary huts of sea nomads ........................................................................... 110 Figure 111: Village settlement ............................................................................................... 110 Figure 112: Pile dwelling ....................................................................................................... 110 Figure 113: Pile Dwelling ...................................................................................................... 111 Figure 114: Besiktas fish market/ GAD................................................................................. 112 Figure 115: Fish display area ................................................................................................. 112 Figure 116: Fish and vegetable market .................................................................................. 112 Figure 117: design evolution based on site ............................................................................ 113 Figure 118: Spatial arrangement ............................................................................................ 113 Figure 119: Isometric view .................................................................................................... 113 Figure 120: Design of roof ..................................................................................................... 114 Figure 121: Detail of sales table ............................................................................................ 114

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

List of Tables Table 1: Membership in Co-operation ..................................................................................... 32 Table 2: District profile ............................................................................................................ 32 Table 3: Active fisher folks...................................................................................................... 32 Table 4: Fishing Crafts in Fisheries ......................................................................................... 33 Table 5: Gender wise allied fishing activities .......................................................................... 33 Table 6: Occupation Profile ..................................................................................................... 33 Table 7: Education Status ........................................................................................................ 38 Table 8: Religion and community............................................................................................ 39 Table 9: Population .................................................................................................................. 39 Table 10: Access to basic Public services................................................................................ 40 Table 11: Gender wise work distribution................................................................................. 40 Table 12: Housing Facilities .................................................................................................... 41 Table 1: Material Comparison ................................................................................................. 84

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Introduction Fishing is one of the oldest occupation man has been in vogue since a long time. It has been the means of livelihood for the fishermen communities of coast. India has a vast coast line of 8,118 km and equally large area under estuaries, backwaters and lagoons which provide abundant resources for the people living along these water resources making fishing their major source of income.

What is fish auction? It is a chaotic process that takes place on the coast of Konkan. It is a place where fish catch changes hands from the fishermen who are actually involved in fishing to the groups of fisherwomen, traders and wholesalers who work in the fish marketing industry, which is further sold to the customers or exporters while gaining some profit of their own. This auction takes place on the beaches or jetties whichever is closest and is the most convenient. A quiet beach is suddenly transformed as the fishermen come in with their boats carrying the catch and the fisherwomen gather in their trucks, tempos and other vehicles as the auction begins. The auctioneer keeps shouting at the top of his voice to sell his fish to the highest bidder while earning some commission. The crowd also includes tourist who come there to buy fish at cheaper rates and also to experience the auction along with all these are food vendors who sell food to the fishermen who come to the surface once in four days.

Among all this chaos everyone seems to be playing their part perfectly, right from transporting the fish to maintaining a book of transactions. After 4-5 hours of commotion the beach becomes quiet once again only to be filled by the next auction when it begins in the evening.

When auction takes place on beaches the fish is laid directly on the sand which makes fish hygiene impossible to follow. Hygiene in handling fish becomes important factor because it governs the freshness of fish sold in the market as well as its overall shelf life. When the catch is fresher it is sold at a higher rate. Which over a period of time affects the income of the fishermen dependent on it as their occupation. This practice of auctioning the fish on the beach leads a lot of fish waste disposed off there itself. Some of which flows back to the sea while some remains causing foul odour and waste on the coast which reduces value of baech.

This thesis focuses on providing hygienic conditions for purpose of fish auction and development of various foreshore facilities and alternate methods for fish waste management

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and ways of profitably reusing it. It focus more on providing temporary modular structure which changes in size according to the number of people suing the space with respect to the

Figure 3: Auction in Harnai, Ratnagiri

Figure 2: Auction in Harnai, Ratnagiri

Figure 1: Auction in Harnai, Ratnagiri

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Literature Review Introduction The literature reviews starts with studying about Konkan

its boundaries, villages and how

fishing became an important occupation of the people living in this region. Further reading about the various types of fishes, boats and net weaving methods and how it affects the fish catch, and also months when fishing is allowed depending on the type of net. Rapan is a traditional method of fishing on the Konkan coast which is becoming rare as more and more fishermen adopt trawler fishing. Also not all fishermen own their own boats some just own boats and nets, while some just own nets, and some do not own anything and simply just work on the others trawlers this affects the marketing methods which are studied in detail.

While Fish handling is an important stage and hygiene becomes of utmost importance here but the standards are not followed everywhere. To understand why this happens the study of socio-economic aspects of fishermen from different levels in the society was done along with understanding their customs, beliefs and rituals and the various gods they worship.

Three sites from Southern Konkan region of Maharashtra were selected for studying the auction method, where it takes place on a large scale. This was determined by referring to fish landing reports and fish catch analysis of Fisheries departments which are made each year. Also fish auction becomes a major tourist attraction, therefore all sites where auctions take place have videos of the process at its peak uploaded on YouTube.

After this study of construction methods and materials was done, for this the options of materials were explored. A lot of sustainable materials are used around the world like bamboo or coconut wood along with materials that use coconut fibre in concrete to increase flexibility as well as the possibility of using Coir board based on their availability. Similarly old discarded net fibres are also used. Circular Ocean is one such organization in the north arctic that makes reuse of discarded nets for construction, and has guidelines as to how to reuse discarded nets to increase employment options and generate income from it. Other waste materials like fish waste can be used for generation of clean energy which is otherwise just thrown on the beaches. Various researches are available that study how such fish waste can be collected treated and reused rather than polluting the coast, while some studies just explain how to deal with non-biodegradable and oil waste created in harbours and also ways of controlling and cleaning an oil spill in places where boasts are amchored.

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Case studies that are looked into are based on their construction techniques (SALT Festival installation), form (Haduwa arts and cultural stage), usage (Besiktas Fish Market) and location or choice of material.

Further to understand the fish handling practices the norms led down by FAO as well as NETFISH were studied.

Fisheries in Konkan The narrow strip of land that runs from the Arabian Sea to the Western Ghats and Gangavali River acting as its southern boundary and the Maurya River as its northern boundary is historically known as Konkan and its inhabitants Konkani

. The definition

of Konkan geographically varies even toady but it mostly includes the costal districts of Maharashtra and the state of Goa, along with Uttar Kannada, Udapi and Dakshin Kannada districts of Karnataka. (Kumbhar, 2013). This thesis focuses only on The Konkan Region of Maharashtra comprising its costal districts of Palghar, Thane, Mumbai, Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg.

Fisheries sector is a powerful income generator as it gives rise to a number of subsidiary industries and is a source of cheap nutritious food. Hence it has a very important place in the socio- economic growth of the country. It is the livelihood for more than 6.0 million fishermen and farmers dependent on fishing or aquaculture as their source of income. This sector is also one of the major contributors of foreign exchange earnings through export.

(GUIDELINES: Central Sector Scheme on Blue Revolution,Integrated Development and Management of Fisheries, June, 2016) In Prof. Prasad P. Pagdhare and Dr. J.A. Bhakyas research paper they elaborate in detail the various classification of fishermen based on their vessels they use for fishing and the various supply and management methods used because of fishermen using traditional craft, fishermen using motorized crafts and fishermen using trawlers. They also explain the relation between a fishermen who owns a net and the one who owns the boat. (Pagdhare & Bhakay, Financial Understanding Of Fishermen in Mumbai and Palghar Area, 2012)

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Fish handling and hygiene The handling of catch post-harvest is very important step in production of high quality fish product. Freshness of the fish catch is a very important issue in the industry. The quality of fish reaching its end user depends on how fish is handled on board, how well it is packed, preserved and transported. This in turn affects the cost of the fish as fresher products are sold off at a higher rate. Primary responsibility for quality of landed fish depends on the fishermen onboard. (Singh, Santhakumar, Pandey, Bharti, & DebRoy, 2012)

studied extent of adoption of hygienic fish handling among fishermen, also focusing on how -personal characteristics affect handling behavior and identifying the problem faced during fish landing, auction and selling. This study was carried out in various villages of Tamilnadu. They concluded that majority of hygienic conditions were not followed due to lack of awareness among fishermen, lack of cold storage facilities near coast and lack of proper regulations for handling fish.

NETFISH (Network of Fish Quality Management and Sustainable Fishing) is an extension of MPEDA which stands for improving quality of fish and sustainability of marine resources. It conducts grass root level programs in educating fisher folks and other stakeholders in this industry regarding various methods and guidelines for ensuring good quality of fish. In its annual report they state the number of workshops to be held in each states and set a gone for the yearly outcome (Thomas , Afsal , & Naveen , 2013-14).

Socio Economic Profile of fishermen in Konkan

villages of Konkan and their income and expenditure patterns were studied. The focus was Various problems faced by fishermen including difficulty in trading , uncertainty of fish catch, high cost of fishing, lack of drying platform and transport facilities and fall in prices due to bumper catch were also pointed out. In the end though fishing was the main source of occupation, various fishermen also had smaller other businesses to sustain their living.

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Also various other sociolike rivers effect the economic growth of region like Ratnagiri and Sindhudurga. They also focus on other aspects like population growth and density, occupation structure, land use pattern, cropping pattern. A similar kind of study was also done by Gonda, M G in his research Management of basic education with special reference to secondary education -a case study of Raigad district Women play an important role in the fisheries sector. Though the fishing activity is male dominated, the later parts including sorting and marketing are usually handled by fisherwomen. In a research by Directorate of research on women in Agriculture the various issued faced by women in fisheries sector are elaborated. It focuses more on the women involved in post-harvest, curing and salting processes and gives input on how to improve the state of trade, production process and hygiene of fish and education of these families. (Singh, et al., 2013)

Traditional and Beliefs To understand the aspirations, occupations, social life, beliefs a sample survey was done by Y.N. Ulman, V.G. sociofrom different tahasils in Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg. In their conclusion they state that many opportunites were given to the new generations to pursue their aspirations other than fishing.

Due to decline in fish catch and uncertainty of daily income the elders also do not encourage the younger generation to pursue the age old option of fishing. The beliefs of Koli fishermen constantly keep changing with modernization and education. But some traditional beliefs such as offering coconut after monsoon to calm the sea still persists. It was observed that festivals bind the people in a community together though change in occupational choice still exists.

The research also mentions various cultural activities that go on around the year along with various folk dances linked to them like holi and narali pornima. They also list down the main deities worshiped in this region and the customs connected to them.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Site selection Sites for studying pattern in auction methods were selected one from each district which has the highest fish landing happening. This data was usually recovered from the fish landing and fish census reports from the fisheries department and cross checked with several videos available on YouTube as fish auction is an important event on the beach and is witnessed by various tourists and documented in forms of videos of the process at its peak.

the Konkan coast and the comparison of overall marine fish production each year to understand which ports or harbor has more activities happening than the rest. Researches like Shridharan, M.J. Gitte, K.G. Chaudhary and M.S. Sawant look into detail about the various fishing villages, their ports and landing center estimate of catches, available fish markets and active fishermen co-operative societies in Ratnagiri. Also government -depth information about all the landing centers on the entire coastline of India.

Sometimes even when landing of fish at places is high fish auction is very limited due to wholesale tie ups with various factories, such cases were confirmed by contacting fishermen living in that area about the scale of auction that takes place.

Construction Methods The site under consideration falls under CRZ-I as it lies before the high tide line (HTL).

Construction facilitation the existing fishermen activities are only permitted (Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2011).

Since the structure will be located before the HTL, foundation and plinth will be damaged because of continuous flow of saline water. The construction techniques used in flood prone areas can be used with construction material more suitable for saline water. Also the housing techniques of sea nomads of Malaysia can be referred to.

Dr. K. Iftekhar Ahmed explains the various designs of existing houses and their types in the flood Page | 7

prone areas. Various other methods of construction are also mentioned which can be implemented along with other cost effective materials that can be used. It also tends to the problem of sanitation and various methods of disposals along with option of new design for toilets. It also explains a method by which electricity can be distributed to all houses in the village along with better methods of treating currently used materials so that they are more durable and resistant to water damage.

The sea nomads also known as the Bajau are an ethnic group found on coastal areas of Malaysia, Philippines and Indonesia. Traditionally known to be dwelling on houseboats accommodation one nuclear family. They are known to live in communities i.e. a few other relatives to easy fishing and other activities. Their villages are also built in the sea with the debris found in the ocean. The houses big enough to accommodate more than one family with common or gathering areas right in front. They are knotted for their exceptional skills as ges can be studied for better insight on construction methods in the saline water (Kemkens, 2011).

Construction Materials Bamboo Bamboo is a highly flexible and useful plant. It can be used in bigger constructions. Though its features are different from other woods it requires special treatments as well as special - as a sustainable method for s of bamboo as a construction material beginning from its history, its early usage to methods of present writer also elaborates on the various curing techniques to make it last longer as well as methods to use it in different components of the building systems e.g. - foundation, walls, it becomes an important factor. Similarly the various publications by hunnarshala foundation

systems like roof, foundation, etc.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

comparative statement of properties of coconut fiber reinforced concrete are studied. Natural fibers like coconut fiber has various properties that can be utilized effectively in developing reinforced concrete material. In her research it was observed that coconut fiber being of low density it reduces overall weight of material. Using fiber can reduce the environmental waste.

The flexure strength of concrete also increases in case of 3% fiber (Nadgaoda, September, 2014).

Coconut fiber stabilized soil Straw soil mix being an ancient material is used in various countries. It gives more tensile strength to the clay used in compaction. Coconut fiber instead of straw gives better durability (Ar.Vaidya & Ar. Radha).

Coconut wood Coconut wood is also a viable option for construction in areas of abundant sources. If treated properly its durability can be extended (Coconut Palm stem processing handbook).

Discarded Fishnet for construction Fish nets form a lot of waste on the coast. Such old and discarded nets can be used in place of reinforcement in limited load conditions also plastic in nets can be reused as fibers in concrete used for bonding of materials. This will help reduce cost of structure and also the marine waste. Circular Ocean is a project involved in the innovation and sustainable method for using discarded marine plastic in northern periphery and artic region. The conference report of Circular Ocean explains the potential of fishing net as a construction material and the method and ways to achieve that. (Bertelsen & Ottosen, 2016)

Case studies Wooden temporary concert pavilion Done by Rhintala Eggertson Architects for a Salt festival concert to be held at the beach. The design is based on frame used for fish drying in artic. They were tall structures used to dry fish faster in cold winds, preserving them for the long dark winter. These racks were made of light weight material so that it is easier to dismantle. The largest structure called Gildehallel id 25 meter wide and 12 meters in height and has an A frame which is covered with tarpaulin Page | 9

sheet and insulation at the time of the concert. (https://www.dezeen.com/2014/08/07/samirintala-salt-festival-wooden-structures-norwegian-beach/, 2014) Haduwa arts and cultural stage It is a stage built on the coast of Apam, Ghana as an open institution for independent artist and cultural experiments. Even the locals use this space as their own in the evenings. It was a social experiment to allow the understanding of ecology, environment and cultural parameters. The stage became a landmark for the local community. In this context though the main importance of study would be the construction methods, material and cost effectiveness of the structure and the potential of bamboo as a structural material. (Haduwa Arts & Cultural Institute Stage, 2016) Besiktas Fish Market The Besiktas fish market in Istanbul is built at a junction where the old fish market stood earlier. It is a shell structure that give wide column free space with opening right on the street to initiate public contact. It is now also used for local market along with a few restaurants next to it. Designed by GAD architects who had the community image while designing it in the first place. The main shell is made of concrete and steel and the shape was built around the shape of the site. (GAD, 2009) Sama Bajau Traditional houses The Bajaus are sea nomads on the shallow waters on the coast of Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines. They are gypsies who were denied entry on the land when they moves out of Philippines due to political tension, hence they settled eventually in the sea building temporary houses on the coast. The main aim is to study the housing types of this community as it has evolved from house boast to temporary houses that rest on piles. (Kemkens, Living on Boundaries: The Orang Bajo of Tinakin Laut, Indonesia, 2009)

Bio-waste management In a research by Doo Hee of fish waste management are proposed. The most common method of waste management being landfill that creates more problems than it solves. Various methods are proposed like dry fermentation which treats organic waste and no odor is emitted. The final product being Page | 10

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development dry compost that can be utilized in agriculture. This whole method is discussed in detail in his research.

Rajashree G. Pednekar, Vanita Naik, and V. N. N

waste into

biogaspotential of biogas generation from wastes like fish water, fish waste, chicken waste and vegetable waste abundantly available in fishing villages. Utilizing such waste for clean energy can conveniently reduce environmental pollution and provide manure at the same time. This research focuses on the detail of such methods for collection of waste, approximate amount of waste generated, cost effective method of construction of biogas plant.

the harbor waste reduction, recycling and collection. It makes a list of various products generated on a jetty or harbor and provides collection and recycling option for both degradable, non-degradable and oil waste, also ways to tackle oil spill from trawler.

Study of Redeveloping Fishing Harbors intended to increase exports of marine products by creating necessary physical infrastructure for this harbor. Studying the design program of Sasoon Dock will give an idea on facilities required for increasing fish income. These facilities though in large scale needed in Sasoon dock can be recreated at a smaller cost effective method for various fishing villages. Sasoon dock for example will have new auction halls, ice factories, storage units which will also be needed at every fishing port.

Similarly, Mirkarwada jetty is undergoing major redevelopment. Though the first phase of the project is on the verge of completion. The second stage of port facilities development are yet to begin. Such facilities being essential, need to be studied and inculcated in the design program. Sarjekot though another small port at Malvan has newly being developed auction hall. Studying function of such an auction hall will be essential for the project.

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Conclusions The overall study points to the fact that hygienic fish handling is not practiced due to lack of awareness among fisher folk also due to unavailability of facilities like cold storage, hygienic fish auction hall, etc. NETFISH is an organization that brings about such awareness and also holds various camps. Facilities need to be provided for such activities also. Nets are weaved even today in open areas and usually lie with the boats, facilities like a net mending shed could be provided which can later on work as gathering places with proper sanitations.

From primary survey the concers of the fishermen need to be analysed, other facilities like community space are required or not. Mapping of such activities like fish auctions need to be carried out along with other activities that are affected by it.

Though bamboo construction technique might be useful a more abundant natural material which is affected less by effects of saline water need to be identified and various other techniques waste management need to be studied along with case studies and requirements of ice factories and processing units.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Research methodology Data collection For this study following approach was adopted. First relevant literature, publication and studies were reviewed in order to get in-depth information about Konkan as a region, its people, their traditions, culture, beliefs and religion. This was important to understand their traditions and beliefs and how it affects their fishing traditions. Their socio-economic conditions and the role of men and women in the fishermen society was also studied to understand how it affects the methods of marketing. Further the study of types of nets, their use, different types of fishermen and their contribution to fishing that leads to understanding the various income and levels in a community. The site selection was based on scale of the auction area and the various fish catch reports released by CMFRI. Three sites from two districts of southern Konkan were selected to study similarities and differences.

Sample and survey Second key players in this auction process, the buyers i.e. groups of fisherwomen, wholesalers, fishermen bringing in the catch and the auctioneers were all surveyed through a combination of questioners, telephone interview and face-to-face discussion in the selected sites. The interviews were intended to be one-to-one but passer-by often joined in as well.

The questioners were intended to focus upon their age, role in the process of auctioning, lity of fish and their awareness about fish handling processes. Also the question about other form of income and about family members involved in other occupation. This later on how they dealt with the waste collected also added to the survey. The survey added on to the literature study alone earlier but gave and inside look into their life and the fishermen's thought about it.

Other geographical data was acquired from MBPT and MMB was studies for the HTL and LTL and the CRZ it falls under. Also the climatic information was acquired from IMD.

Case studies Due to lack of direct auction hall based structures various relates topics were explored. The case study mention in the book is based on the type of construction, form of construction, materials used and traditional sea based communities and open fish market.

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When making a temporary structure it becomes important to consider the factor of materials.

Various shop vendors and wood workers in the selected village were interviewed to find out the local material used for construction, its availability and cost of material and maintenance.

Understanding existing literature on the topic.

Different regions of Konkan.

Understanding their culture, traditions and beliefs.

Socio-economic status and its impact on handling process.

Selecting site based on size of auction that takes place.

Survey of fishermen, fisherwomen and auctioneers (understanding their needs and concerns).

Reasons for need of basic foreshore facilities.

Survey of available materials.

Case studies based on construction methods, form, traditional use and function of the structure.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Scope and Limitation India has a vast coastline and equally vast inland waterways. The focus of this study is only on Konkan region in the state of Maharashtra as it is easy to access and more relatable. As state border changes so does the culture, traditions and government policies accordingly the method of auctioning might change as well. Also the influence and strategies of the government affect the socio economic status of the people which in turn affects the hygienic practices that are considered in this research. This approach can further continue in other states as well but due to shortage of time only specific region is considered.

Auction centres are not currently being built on beaches they are only developed in case of jetty or port development projects. This is a cost and time consuming method and requires government involvement. The scope of this study is to provide a more cost effective, smaller scale alternative to huge development projects which focus more on community level development. The structure considered is more of temporary and seasonal type which can be rebuilt after the monsoon season because the wind during this period causes maximum damage and fishing is banned during this season due to breeding period and harshness of the ocean because of weather.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

KONKAN This chapter attempts to give a general idea about Konan its history, about its districts, their boundaries, its people, their traditions, beliefs and culture, along with their socio-economic background which helps to understand their present situation and facilities that they lack. It also contains information about the various types of nets and boats which will help in further understanding the supply chain in fish marketing.

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Konkan

About Konkan 4.1.1 Profile of Konkan Konkan is an administrative division of the coastal state of Maharashtra also known as Konkan coast. It is a rugged section on the western coastline of India with 720km long coastline. It is strategically located between Mumbai the commercial capital of the country and Goa its tourism capital. Historically Konkan consists of coastal districts of Maharashtra, Goa and Karnataka. It was defined as the narrow strip of land that runs from the Arabian Sea to the Western Ghats with Gangavali River acting as its southern boundary and the Maurya River as its northern boundary. Its inhabitants were called Konkani, and ethnic group that mostly speaks Konkani or Malvani language

. The definition of Konkan

geographically varies even toady but it mostly includes the costal districts of Maharashtra and the state of Goa, along with Uttar Kannada, Udapi and Dakshin Kannada districts of Karnataka. (Kumbhar, 2013).

In Maharashtra, it comprises of the coastal districts namely Raigad, Palghar, Thane, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg along with Mumbai and Mumbai suburbs.

Area: 30,746 km² Population (2001 census): 24,807,357 Districts: Mumbai, Mumbai Suburb, Raigad, Ratnagiri, Sindhudurg, Thane.

Literacy: 81.36% Area under irrigation: 4,384.54 km².

There have been changes in names of district along with addition of newer district postindependence and also after the state of Maharashtra was formed.

In 1961, Konkan became a part of newly formed state of Maharashtra. Prior to this it was a part of Bombay province which was later on split into Gujrat and Maharashtra.

Sindhudurg was created from the southern areas of Ratnagiri.

The Kolaba region was renamed as Raigad after the fort which is the birth place of Shivaji Maharaj.

Also the district of Palghar was carved out of thane for ease of administration.

(Kumbhar, 2013) Page | 18

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Figure 4: Location of Konkan Division in Maharashtra Source: Maharashtra locator map.svg

Profile of Thane Thane is a district in northern part of Konkan with its district headquarters as Thane city.

Other major cities in this district are Navi Mumbai, Kalyan-Dombivli, Mira-Bhayander, Bhiwandi, Ulhasnagar, Ambarnath, Badlapur, Murbad and Shahapur. It is the most industrialised district in India. The district is bounded by Pune and Ahmednagar on the east, Nashik on the East and North east, Valsad district in Gujrat state and the district of Palghar on the north. The Arabian Sea forms the western boundary, while it is bounded by Mumbai city and Mumbai suburbs on the southwest and Raigad district on the south.

It is the northernmost part of Konkan lowlands, which comprises of wide open areas like Ulhas basin on the south and hilly Vaitana valley on the north. The lowlands are separated from the coast by narrow ridges that run north to south to east of Thane creek, parallel to the sea keeping a distance of 6 to 10 km from the shores. (Thane district e-gazetteer- geography, 2007) Page | 19

Konkan Two distinct climates are seen in the district, one on the western coastal planes and other on the eastern slopes of Sahyadri. The climate is tropical, very warm and humid on the eastern coastal plane. Whereas on the slopes it is comparatively less humid. There are four distinct seasons. (Thane district e-gazetteer-climate, 2009)

Figure 5: Location of Thane District in Maharashtra Source: Maharashtra locator map.svg

Profile of Raigad Raigad district is named after the historical fort of Raigad which functioned as a capital for the Maratha Empire under the reign of Shivaji Maharaj. The district is bounded by Thane district to its north, Ratnagiri district to its south, Pune to its east, Satara district to its southeast and Arabian Sea to its west. The Mumbai harbour is located at north east end.

The topography can be divided into three regions:

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Coastal region: It consists of low areas of Alibag, Uran, Shrivardhan and Murud Tahasils.

This region accounts for 18 to 20 percent of the district area. The main occupation on the coast is agriculture and fishery.

Middle region: The flat and fertile areas of Panvel, Pen, Roha and western part of Mangaon tahsil are included in this region with agriculture as its main occupation. It accounts to 33% of the total land.

Hilly region: Eastern part of Karjat and Khalapur tahsils, northwest corner of Mahad and Mandgaon and some parts of Pali and Poladpur tahsils form the hilly region. It has higher altitude as compared to the remaining regions and account to 48-50 percent of area in the district. (Gonda, 2003) Being a coastal region it has a mild warm and humid climate. Daily and seasonal variation is not large, average rainfall of about 3029mm which is not uniform throughout the district.

Figure 6: Location of Raigad District in Maharashtra Source: Maharashtra locator map.svg

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Konkan Raigad is one of the fastest industrially developing district in the state due to its proximity to Mumbai and Pune metro cities. (Gonda, 2003)

Profile of Ratnagiri The district of Ratnagiri is situated on the western coast of India with its district headquarters at Ratnagiri city. It has an east-west length of 64 km and north south length of about 180km.

On the east it is surrounded by the Sahyadri hills beyond which lies the districts of Kolhapur, Satara and Sangli, Raigad district defines it northern borders, Arabian sea its west and the district of Sindhudurg lies to its south. Ratnagiri can be broadly divided into three zones typical to the coastal areas of Maharashtra according to its topography:

Figure 7: Location of Ratnagiri District in Maharashtra Source: Maharashtra locator map.svg

Coastal zone: It extends to about 10-15m from the seacoast and has lower altitude and rainfall about 2500mm.Activities in this region are mostly connected to the sea.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Middle zone: The area between coastal and hilly area with medium altitude is termed as the middle zone. It is more accessible by the Mumbai-Goas highway as well as Konkan railway.

Hilly area zone: The western slopes of Sahyadri extending up to about 10-15km form the hilly area. It has medium or high altitude and rainfall about 3500mm though deteriorating quickly substantial area of this zone is covered in forest. Sudden temperature drops are observed in area when exposed to the western breeze.

There are nine tahsils in the district viz- Mandagad, Dapoli, Khed, Chiplun, Guhagar, Sangameshwar, Ratnagiri, Lanja and Rajapur. Over 85% of land surface is hilly. All rivers flow from east to west as they originate in the Sahyadri ranges and merge in the Arabian Sea. Important rivers are Vashisthi, Jagbudi and Naringi. (Landage, 2006)

Profile of Sindhudurg Sindhudurg forms the southernmost part of Konkan belt in Maharashtra. It is famous for its long coastline and safe harbours. Sindhudurg district was earlier a part of Ratnagiri district, but for administrative convenience along with agricultural and industrial development it was separated with effect from 1st May 1981. It now comprises of eight tahsils: Sawantwadi, Kudal, Vengurla, Malvan, Devgad, Kankavli, Vaibhavwadi and Dodamarg. The new tahsil of Dodmarg was made by dividing the tehsil of Sawantwadi. The district headquarters is at Oras-Budruk and the district is named after the famous sea-fort of Sindhudurg, built by

The district ranges from Arabian Sea on the west, Sahyadri hill and Kolhapur to the east, district of Ratnagiri to its north and the state of Goa to its south along with the Belgaum district of Karnataka to the south east. It has a total area of 5,207 sq.km with average rainfall of 3,287mm. Though the average rainfall is high almost all the rainwater causes surface run off, due to undulating topography and lack of any water impounding major and medium structures. As the district is in coastal area humidity is high, it ranges from 60% in summer season and 90% in rainy season. Temperature varies from 17 C to 34 C throughout the year.

The topography of district is as per Konkan pattern i.e. Land near seashore extending for up to 25km, middle portion of 25km at the base of Sahyadri and 25 to 30km wide area under the Sahyadri hills.

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Konkan A variety of natural soil colour from bright red to brownish red is provided to the land because of high amount of hydrate oxides present. Soil is porous with less organic matter and low water holding capacity. Sindhudurg is one of the lowest populated density district in the state. Sindhudurg is well connected to various other cities in the country via the Konkan railway and various other national highways (Ankush, 2016).

Figure 8: Location of Sindhudurg District in Maharashtra Source: Maharashtra locator map.svg

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

4.1.2 Types of fishing crafts and gears Fishing nets are devices made from fibre woven in a grid like structure which is used for fishing. Fishing nets are meshes formed by knotting a relatively thin thread. Earlier nets were woven from grasses, flaxes and other fibrous plant materials. Later even cotton was used.

Modern nets used today are mostly made of polyamides like nylon, while organic nets of wool and silk are still used.

Types of fish net Fishing nets are classified into following categories based on the methods of catching fish and the type of fish catch. The common types of nets used on the coast of Konkan are elaborated here.

Gill net Gill net is like a long net wall that hangs vertically in the water. It is kept vertical by floats at the top line and weights at the bottom of the net. The net is monofilament line, so that the fishes are unable to see it. The mesh sizes are large enough for the head of the fish to pass, but not its body and when it try to swim in the reverse direction they get entangled by their gills. Fishermen vary the net sizes depending on the size of the fish to catch. Small mesh sizes are used when targeting small species and large mesh sizes are used when targeting large species. It often consists of various nets tied together and can be used in both open ocean and coastal waters.

If the gillnet is suspended in the top or mid-depths of the water, it is called a mid-water gillnet or a drift gillnet.

If the gillnet is set on the bottom of the ocean floor, either by weighing it down or anchoring it the seafloor, it called a bottom gillnet.

Gillnets are designed to catch a specific size of fishes but not a specific species. Hence they entangle many bycatch. Which include large ocean animals including sea turtles, seabirds and sharks causing them permanent damage, infection or even slow death because of the net line which is sharp and strong it cuts deep into animals flesh. (Brown, 2016)

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Konkan

Figure 9: Open Ocean Gill Netting Source: montereyfish.com

Dol net Dol net is an indigenous fixed bag net operated on the north western coast of India, mainly used for Bombay duck fishing. In Maharashtra anchoring is done on poles fixed to the sea bottom whereas in Saurashtra it is done by using heaps of stones as anchors. Such nets are operated throughout the year, but the main season can be divided into two parts September to mid-January and February to May. These seasons are based on the shifting of fishing ground which is associated with the change in current.

After fishing ground is identified stones are laid as markers, this marks the beginning of fishing season. 50 to 60 of such stones are required for each net, they are purchased from nearby quarries.

Anchor ropes are strongly based at the bottom and the other end is tied to floats. Dol net is tied to such

Figure 10: Nets in Bay of Santa Monica Source: FAO

ropes and the mouth is placed against the tidal current and changed before the direction of the Page | 26

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development current changes. The number of hauls depends on season and the number of nets carried by the boat. (Manojkumar & Dineshbabu, 1999)

Rampani net Shore seine operated along the Konkan coast is known as rampani. Each season is six monte lasting from August to January. Its use is more concentrated along the Sindhudurg district. A traditional rampani is 800-1000m long made by joining together different pieces of nets. Both ends of net are narrower and have larger mesh size whereas in the centre height of net increases and the mesh size decreases. This net is divided into three parts karla (around 16 pieces), modan (around 8 pieces) and ghol (around 8 pieces) where karla and modan are ends of the net and ghol is the centre.

Each rampani is collectively owned by a group of 30 to 40 fishermen who become owners according to their contribution in form of pieces of net or monetary input. Rampani group is called rampani sanghe, each village has 2 to 3 such sanghas. At times because of presence of many rampani sanghas there is a mutual understanding and rotation based system is established. Each sanghe get a chance at fishing and the rotation is strictly followed.

The rampani net is generally operated near the shore, at about 4 fathoms depth. At the start of the operation, a person is sent out in a small boat to look for, and signal, the arrival of fish shoals. He locates the shoal based on the colour of the water. Immediately on sighting a shoal, he shouts out a signal, on hearing which net-laden craft called hoda set out to put the net in a semi-circular fashion, encircling the shoal.

One end of the net is handed over to a group of fishermen on the shore and the other end of the rope is brought to another point on the shore.

The net is then dragged in by both the groups of fishermen

Figure 11: Rapan Source: Dakshin Foundation

simultaneously.

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Konkan Trawler nets Trawler nets are cone shaped nets which are towed at the bottom or middle water. They are usually made of two or three nets. The horizontal opening during towing is maintained by distance between the trawlers and by floating devices at top and heavy stone at bottom line.

Two parallel trawlers can be rigged between two otter boards (twin trawlers). Size of the mesh varies according to size and species of fish intended for the catch.

Such type of nets are usually used for marine fishing and sometimes for freshwater fishing when there is space and clean environment.

The potential impact by such method of fishing is the large amount of bycatch created which are usually thrown back in the sea. Such impact can be mitigated by using larger meshes in the cod ends and/or devices in the trawl that reduce capture of small and unwanted organisms. (Fishing Gear types. Trawl nets., 2001)

Figure 13: Demersal Trawlers Source: www. American.edu

Figure 12: Midwater Trawler Source: ww.american.edu

Long Liners It is a type of net in which the main line supports a number of short vertical lines called snoods which carries the bait hook. (Local and sustainable seafood in France, 2010)

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development It can be further classified as pelagic long line (long line attached to floats and weights so that it keeps floating at a certain depth), drift long line (pelagic long lien allowed to drift with the waves) or demersal long line (bottom set long line) according to its depth in the sea.

Environmentally it has very less impact as the baits are set for very specific species of fish.

Since the animals are brought back alive it provides high quality products. But this method of fishing can be expensive if the catch is low due to the cost of bait. Also the bait sometimes attracts sea birds. (Local and sustainable seafood in France, 2010)

Figure 14: Demersal Longline Source: www.american.edu

Figure 15: Pelagic Longline Source: www.american.edu

Purse seiners The seine has floats along the top line with a lead line threaded through rings along the bottom. Once a school of fish is located, a skiff encircles the school with the net. The lead line is then pulled in, "pursing" the net closed on the bottom, preventing fish from escaping by swimming downward.

Purse seines can reach more than 6,500 ft (2,000 m) in length and 650 ft (200 m) in depth, varying in size according to the vessel, mesh size, and target species. Finding a school of fish is one of the most difficult steps of this fishing technique.

This method has the highest bycatch among all the net types. It harms juveniles as well as large mammals if caught in the school of fish. Also this method affect the availability of fish for shore traditional fishermen as its catch is three times the ordinary catch rate, depleting the ocean resources. Ban has been laid on this type of fishing in many areas and also fishing in areas designated for traditional fishermen. (NOAA Fisheries, 2014)

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Konkan

Figure 17: Purse seine net Source: NOAA

Figure 16: Purse seine net Source: NOAA

Type of boats Boats are classified according to machine that powers it- mechanise, motorised or traditional (non-mechanised). Which are further known according to the gear used.

Mechanised boats (trawler) Trawler is any vessel that pulls net in the water. There are many types of trawlers ranging from open boat, powered by outboard engines to huge factory ships, which can fish in the most distant waters. Also mechanised boats can be distinguished according to the net used e.g. gill-netters, dol-netters, liners.

Motorised boats These are the types of boats that use mechanical power for transporting fish catch rather than catching them.

Non- motorised (traditional) These types of boats are powered by traditional oars and sails.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

4.1.3 Fisheries in Konkan Fisheries is a major income generating sector in Maharashtra. The state has a long coastline stretching for abut 720km along the Arabian Sea, it is also 4th major fish producing state in the country with 6.5 lakhs as the estimated fishery potential in the EEZ (Exclusive Economic Zone) (Deshmukh, 2013). All of its coastal villages are dependent on fisheries for their income in some way or the other. There are 456 fishing villages on this coast of which the maximum are in Raigad and the minimum in Greater-Mumbai district.

The fisher-folks Landing centres are places where fish catch are landed on ports and beaches. In total there are 152 fish landing centres out of which 72 are present in Raigad and Ratnagiri alone. 81,492 families of fishermen are residing currently in the state i.e. a population of 3, 86,259. Out of the active fishermen 62,614 are fulltime fishermen, 11,414 part time fishermen and the rest are involved in fish seed collection. Of these 81,492 families 91% belong to traditional fishermen and 15,506 households are below poverty line of which 37% reside in Sindhudurg, 24% in Raigad and 16% in thane. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010) Among the active fishermen 40% are engaged in fishing while the rest work in the allied activities. There are around 1,11,276 fisher folk working in the allied activities such as marketing, labourer, making/repairing net, curing processing and peeling. Women outweigh men in activities such as curing and processing (95%), peeling (93%) and marketing (84%).

Very few only 5% fisher folk are involved in maintaining and repairing of net of which 65% are present in Raigad, 13% in Sindhudurg and 12% in Thane. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010) Fisheries cooperative society is a form of association of fishermen who voluntarily pool their resources for utilizing them for the mutual welfare of members itself (Anderson & BenYami, 1985). 23% of fishermen had membership in such co-operative societies. Out of which the maximum were found in Greater Mumbai. About 17,362 boats are involved in fishing and 13,016 of these are mechanized, 1563 motorized and the rest traditional. Trawlers, dolnetters and gillnetters are the main crafts in the mechanised sector. Important gears owned by fishermen were cast-net, bag-net, gill-net and trawler-net with sharing pattern more visible in the later three. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010) Page | 31

Konkan Table 3: Active fisher folks

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010 Table 2: District profile

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010 Table 1: Membership in Co-operation

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Table 6: Occupation Profile

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010 Table 5: Gender wise allied fishing activities

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010 Table 4: Fishing Crafts in Fisheries

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010

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Konkan The fishing crafts The marine fisheries in Maharashtra depends on multi-species fishing and is supported by tropical species which have alternative small sizes, fast growth, almost continuous breeding and low volume nature with rapid turnovers. Because of such multi-species nature of the catch, the marine fisheries are typically recognised by their gears used rather than the major species caught, except for Bombay duck native to northwest coast of the country. The majority traditional gears used in the state are bag-net (Dol net), drift gill net (Tarti or Daldi), bottom set gill net (Budi), long line (Khanda) and shore seine (Rampan). Apart from these there are a variety of inshore and nearshore indigenous gears used.

Since the commencement of rapid mechanization since 1960, trawling has emerged as the dominant fishing practice. The capital base for such gears being provided by various institutional and government. Trawling targets commercial fishes that cater to processing and export industries. The traditional dol and gill nets are well organised by the co-operatives and have undergone massive motorization and mechanization. As a result of which barely 1-2% of major fish landing is contributed by traditional fisheries. In the past decade, purse seine fishery has gained prominence but at the same time shore seine and long line fisheries are on a decline. Purse seine has a large quantity of bycatch (60-65%) comprising of juvenile, undersized fishes and inedible biota which is discarded at sea, this has an adverse effect on the non-mechanised fisheries reducing their catch significantly. (Deshmukh, 2013)

Fishing resources Marine fisheries is facing a crisis since late nineties due to over fishing, urbanization, domestic and industrial pollution. Most of the commercially important speices like Bombay duck, silver pompret, elasmobranches and lobsters at the same time vulnerable resources like sand lobster (Thenus orientalis), Indian halibut (Psettodes erumei) and Karakara (Pomadasys hasta) have almost disappeared and thread fin (Rawas and Dhara) and jew fish (Ghol) are facing severe depletion.

At individual and community level the total fish landing and production has reduced. The perspective is that the catch of commercially important fishes has declined due to newly introduced fishing methods which has largely affected traditional fishermen. Though mechanised fishing started in 1960s the used was restricted to speedy transport of catch fish rather than mechanised use of nets, mainly these fishing boats targeted prawns and other Page | 34

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development commercial fishes and did not compete at the landing areas and the resources of traditional fishermen. On the other hand purse seine fishing catches overwhelmingly large volumes of fishes as compared to traditional gill and rampani nets, but what affected the profitability of traditional fishermen was the bulk landing on the landing centres crashing the prices and profitability. Later on purse seiners also encroached the nearshore fishing grounds that are largely reserved for traditional fishing operations. (Deshmukh, 2013)

Impact of mechanized fishing Until the early 1980s fishing by traditional nets dominated the landing, but the sudden intensive use of purse seine nets in the late 1980s enhanced overall fishing effort by more than three times. Such excessive increase in fishing has led to depletion of commercially important fishes and also shortening the fishing season. The continuous loss of quality fish and declining profitability has led to crisis. (Deshmukh, 2013)

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Konkan

4.2.1 Traditions and beliefs of fishermen Majority of fishermen in Konkan are Hindu and a lot of their traditions revolve around the sea.

Some of the traditional beliefs of fishermen are: When moon rises, the high tide starts and it is at its peak when the moon is above the head, when the moon sets low, tide begins and when moon disappears, the low tide is at its peak.

Moon rise is delayed by half hour every day.

High tide is in north direction and low tide is in south direction.

If the wave direction is from west to east, the fish catch is less, but according to the weather forecast bureau if the wave direction is from south to north, the fish catch is less.

After Diwali festival the fish catch decreases and increases after March till May. From June till narali purnima, fishing is not carried out.

Fish eating is also avoided during the month of Shravan.

Offering coconut to the sea will calm it during monsoon.

Observing Sutak.

A black doll tied to the door keeps bad omen away.

Most of the festivals celebrated resemble the Hindu festivals, but are different in minor aspects. The koli community is also subdivided into several sub-caste: Gabit, Aarvi, Son Koli, Suryavanshi koli, Mahadeo koli, etc. some of the festivals celebrated include Ram Navami, Hanuman Jayanti, Narali Purnima, Nag Panchami, Ganesh Chaturthi, Shimga or holi, Ashadi kartiki, Ekadashi, Dasera.

Ram Navami- Celebrated on the 9th day of Chaitra, the celebration starts 5 days before Navami. It is a time for social gathering, kirtan and bhajans are held in temples along with a palkhi utsav. It usually starts from the village temple situated on the outskirts, takes a round of the entire village after which it returns to the temple where it started. (Ulman, Naik, & Talathi, 2008) Narali Purnima- It falls of the full moon day of the Hindu calendar month of Shravan and marks the beginning of fishing season. It marks the beginning of fishing and water trade Page | 36

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development among fishermen. The tradition is to offer coconut to the sea. Fishermen offer prayers to the sea-god Varuna, for a smooth journey back to the sea.

Dancing and singing are also part of the festival, traditional food includes sweet coconut rice with curry.

This festival is especially important for fishermen as the period before full moon in Shravan is considered

Figure 18: Narali Purnima celebration Source: www.drikpanchang.com

the mating season of fishes, during this period all fishing activity is strictly avoided so as not to disturb the process of reproduction by killing the fish. As a result there is no consumption of fish during this time. This abstinence come to an end from the day of Narali Purnima. On this day coconut is offered to the sea as a gesture to calm its fury. Just few days before the festival fishermen repair their old fishing nets, mend and paint their boats. Any new purchase is also made during this time.

Holi: Holi also known as Shimga is a popular festival in Maharashtra.

Celebrated on the full moon day of Marathi month of Phalgun. It is a festival that marks the onset of spring. Dancing with the palkhi is a common ritual where it is taken to each house in the village. It is celebrated according to each village from 5 to 15 days. It is

Figure 19: Celebration of Shimga (Holi) Source: www.beautyofkonkan.blogspot.in

marked by widespread processions and carnivals.

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Konkan

4.2.2 Socio economic status of fishermen Education Status In the whole of Konkan 69% of fisher folk are educated at least till primary school.29% had primary level of education, while 34% had secondary and 6% had above secondary level of education while the rest 31% are still remain unschooled. The highest number of unschooled population of fisher folk is in Raigad, but at the same time highest number of fisher folk with primary and secondary education are from Raigad followed by Thane, Ratnagiri. Thane on the other hand has the highest number of fisher folks with above higher secondary education.

(Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010) Table 7: Education Status

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010

Religion and community 85% of fishermen families are Hindus, 8% are Muslim and 7% Christians. In all the districts maximum fishermen families are Hindus. Ports like Mirkarwada in Ratnagiri are dominated by fishermen families who are Muslim. Because of this many Hindu festivals are also celebrated by the Muslim community in Konkan. Nearly 16% of the fisher folk families belonged to SC/ST. In Raigad district, 78% of SC/ST fisher folk reside. In Ratnagiri district it was 7%. The maximum number of Hindu families are in Raigad district, at the same time maximum Muslim fishermen are from Ratnagiri. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010)

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Table 8: Religion and community

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010

Population There are an average of 179 families in each village. The average family size in Konkan is 4.74 with Raigad having an average of 5.14 and minimum of 4.4 in Greater-Mumbai. Of the marine fisher folk population 35% are adult females, 34% are adult males and 31% are children. The highest male to female ratio is in Ratnagiri. Of the total fishermen families 20% are below poverty line. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010) Table 9: Population

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010

Access to basic public services There were 713 primary schools, 245 secondary schools, 93 colleges and 58 technical institutions in the fishing villages of Maharashtra. All fishing villages have electricity supply but the problem of power outage remains. Usually a day of the week is selected for power cut in many villages. Bus stop are available in 93% of villages and 85% had cell phone coverage.

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Konkan There are 49 ice factories, 45 freezing plants, 33 cold storages, 10 curing yards, 9 peeling sheds, 5 boat yards, 254 hospitals, 829 community centres and 305 post offices.

Table 10: Access to basic Public services

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010

Gender wise work distribution Among the occupied fishermen, 40% are engaged in active fishing and 60% in allied fishing activities. The various allied activities included marketing, labours, making repairing nets, curing/ processing and peeling. Women outweighed men in allied fishing activities. Of the 17% adult fisher folks engaged in marketing, 44% belong to Thane, 21% to Raigad and 19% to Greater Mumbai. Nearly 5% of adult fisher folk involved in making/repairing net. Among them, 65% belonged to Raigad district, 13% to Sindhudurg and 12% to Thane. 11% of adult fisher folk are engaged in labour work. Among them 38% belong to Raigad and Thane districts.

Table 11: Gender wise work distribution

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Housing facilities In Konkan 91% of houses are pucca houses most of them in Thane. On the other hand it also has the highest number of kaccha houses of fishermen. Majority of fishermen who are below poverty line, working on boats do not own a house, but are living on rent. The government scheme of housing for fishermen has not been implemented because of the clause that states for housing the fishermen need to own a parcel of land for construction and scheme should include at least 15-20 such houses at a time.

Table 12: Housing Facilities

Source: Marine fisheries census 2010

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Fish Auction This chapter elaborates about fish marketing methods in detail and the various people involved in the process along with their role and the way in which it affects the fish marketing management cycle. It also contains detailed study of fish auction in Harnai and Malvan, also the reasons for selecting these sites. Comparison of this information helps in understanding the

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Fish Auction

Fish marketing methods Fish that is caught by the fishermen needs to reach the market as fresh as possible. For this the supply chain right from catching the fish to auctioning it and selling it to its final consumer is important. The hygiene and standards followed in each and every step affects the final product that reaches the market.

Fishermen are usually classified by the type of vessel used or their supply chain management function. The total fish catch can be divided according to its market value- low value fish, average value fish and high value fish. Low value products are sold at the local markets, whereas average and high value products are sold in larger domestic markets and sold to export companies for premium price. Such type of fishes are sometimes not even consumed in the local market eg. Cuttle fish, Ribbon fish were usually the bycatches in rapan but are of great value for export.

Type of Vessel used.

Fishermen with traditional crafts.

The traditional fishing method on the coast of Maharashtra is Rapan. But very few fishermen follow this craft today. Rapan is done very close to the coast, as a result the fishes found are different. In Rapan the catch consists of coastal fishes and for deep sea trawler the catch is different as the marine ecologies differ. Fishes that are commercially profitable in the coastal area are Paplet (pompret), Bangda (mackerel), Saundala, Kolambi (Prawns), Sula, Khekda (crabs), Tarle (Sardine), etc. High value products are found only during the peak fishing season that is November and December. The low value catch is auctioned off to the fisherwomen who sell it at various Page | 44

Figure 20: fishermen using Traditional crafts Source: (Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development local markets. Whereas the average value fish are auctioned to either exporters or middle men who later sell it to retailers and take it to the larger domestic markets. The brown lines depict the supply chain for low value products, similarly red and blue depict the supply chain of average and high value products respectively. (Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

Fishermen with motorized boat

Figure 21: Fishermen with motorised boat Source: (Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

Fishermen with motorized boats carry on their work in the area of about 22-50km in the sea.

The catch obtained by them is different from coastal fishermen. It is more inclined towards the local and domestic markets as the fish consumed on the coast are available in plenty in Page | 45

Fish Auction this section. The high value product are auctioned off to the exporter or the wholesalers. The grey line depict the supply chain for average value products and blue depicts the select few average value products that go to domestic larger markets. Whereas the red line depicts the supply chain of high value products. (Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

Fishermen with trawlers

Figure 22: Fishermen who are trawler owners Source: (Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

The fish usually found in the deep sea are high value fishes like cuttle and ribbon along with some low value fishes. Such low value catch is sorted on the trawler and sold off for drying or in the auction. Whereas the high value product is auctioned to the wholesaler or the exporter. Recently there have been various restriction on trawler owners from fishing in the shore areas as it affect the catch of the traditional and motorized boats. Due to lack of appropriate catch for the local market it is difficult for them to maintain such trawler and Page | 46

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development many times are compelled to break the law and enter the shore region. As a result the number of trawlers has decreased from 300 to mere 120 in Malvan.

Green shows supply chain for low value fishes, while blue show the chain for selected low value fishes. Whereas red depicts the chain for high values fishes caught by the trawlers.

(Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

Supply chain management function.

People involved with fisheries in some way or the other: Fishermen without boat Fishermen, boat and net owners.

Trawler owners Auction agents Commission agent Transporters Ice providers Go down owners Wholesaler Exporters Cycle vendors people working in fish packing and processing unit.

Fishermen without boat These comprise of the largest number of fishermen involved in fishing. It consists of people capable of fishing but unable to do so because they are poor and lack the resources for carrying out fishing alone. So they work for people who do have such resources. Their main role is to support and assist the fish owner during fish capture. They also do the repair and maintenance work for the owner they are tied to. There is no or negligible capital investment involved on their part enter this part of the trade.

Their payment is made on the basis of daily catch after deducting the variable cost operations, or sometimes they have daily salary as well. When on boat they are also provided with food and water. In Malvan and Harnai 80% of such workers were from out of state from Karnataka, UP, from the North-East as well. They spend the entire fishing season on the boat Page | 47

Fish Auction only coming to the shore for auction. And leave for home during monsoon. At such time a bond agreement is usually done between the owner and the worker. (Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

Fishermen- boat and net owners.

Usually the entire group on the boat is divided such that the investment comes from two or more people. One invests in the boat and another in the fishing gear. The capital investment for such position is high. Usually one family member of the owner or the owner himself accompanies them for fishing, but in case he is not present or involved in the auctioning process, someone equivalent is always posted on the ship. The fishermen is also accountable for the variable fish catch and hence responsible for its availability.

Trawler owners.

These are the only a selective few among the lot as they have taken up fishing as commercial venture as compared to the livelihood venture of traditional fishermen. His major role is to invest the capital required to carry on the fishing activity along with operation inputs required. This business is usually run in families where if one owns the trawler another takes care of the ice factory or any other venture along with it. (Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

Auctioneers These are the people who auction the fish catch bought to the shore. They are responsible for selling and collecting the cash from the buyer and returning it back to the trawler owner deducting their commission. For a given auction, the people the same or nearby areas are only allowed to work as auctioneers, auctioneers from faraway places are not encouraged.

The auctioneer is tied to the owner as he pays a down payment at the beginning of the fishing season so that he gets the right to auction that trawlers catch. Usually the auctioneer is a family or extended family member.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Wholesaler A wholesaler buys the fish in wholesale in the auction and sells it to the retailer. Value is added to the catch by cleaning and icing it further. The wholesales sheds are usually situated on the shore right behind where the auction goes on. Once the fish is brought it is iced and sold to either the exporters or the retailers.

Retailer The retailers sell fish directly to the consumers. Maximum value is added to the catch by the retailer. Such retailers are usually fisherwomen. (Pagdhare & Bhakay, 2012)

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Fish Auction

Site selection Site selection for studying the auction methods we decided based on the size of the auction and the fish catch landed there and also the urban or rural settlement it encompasses. . There are n total 152 fish landing centres in Maharashtra. In some places fish is landed on jetties, or on beaches and on ports. (Fish landing centres in Maharashtra , 2014) The main fish landing centres remain Sasoon dock, bhaucha dhakka and Vasai in Mumbai but due to its urban development a lot of light is shed on the need of the fishermen in this area. (Mane & Sundaram, 2011) Since the urban problem faced by fishermen would be vastly different from the problem faced by fishermen in the villages, these landing centres were excluded from the study, but were helpful in understanding the basic requirements for development of landing centre. Similarly all the major landing centres in Palghar and Raigad are which compete with Landing centres in south Konkan are influenced because of its vicinity to Mumbai, were also excluded from the study.

In Ratnagiri the highest amount of fish is landed at Mirkarwada, but it is a well-developed port with recently reconstructed facilities and in the second phase of its redevelopment (Kashid-Patil & Kashid-Patil, 2016). On visiting it was realised that fish auction does not takes place at this port because the trawlers are tied to merchants and wholesalers, and the fish is directly sold to them at a fixed price. The second biggest landing centre in Ratnagiri is Harnai. Hence for understanding auction process in Ratnagiri Harnai was chosen as the study site.

In Sindhudurg, there are various landing centres like Sarjekot, Malvan, Devgad, Shrivardhan.

(Fish landing centres in Maharashtra , 2014) Of these Malvan is the only place where auction happen on the beach, in Devgad a recent project for building port was undertaken and its work was in progress. Where as in Sarjekot due to recently formed sandbars caused reduction in the auction in that area. A lot of fishermen from district of Ratnagiri as well as stage of Goa visit for the purpose of buying fish. Hence the second site to be studies was selected in Malvan. In Malvan two different auctions take place on the same beach.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Harnai Harnai village is situated in Dapoli Tehsil of Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra on the western coast of India. It is situated 15km away from sub-district headquarter Dapoli and 188 km away from district headquarter Ratnagiri. As per 2009 statistics, Harnai is also a gram panchayat (Harnai, 2017). Apart from being known as tourism destination for its pristine beaches, it is also the main fish landing centre in the district after the port of Mirkarwada.

5.3.1 About the fisher-folks in Harnai In case of fishing, the age, religion, caste and education of the fisher folk help determine their capacity of work, their preparedness to take risk and acceptance to new fishing practices. In this activity there is a need of working capacity male and females for its development. Out of the total population 214 are adult male and 201 are adult females with a sex ratio of 959 women per 1000 male. 44 males along with 22 females have primary education, whereas 95 males and 75 females have higher secondary education and only 9 males and 4 females have done graduation.

In a population of 615 fisher folks 170 are active fishermen with 113 families following their traditional profession as fishing. Of the active fishermen practicing fishing 127 work full time whereas 23 work part time and the rest 20 work in occupation other than fishing. Religion plays an important role in the economic activity and understanding the socio-economic status of people in India. Majority of families belonged to Hindu religion (113), followed by Muslim (26). Ownership pattern determine the fish sale marketing pattern followed by the fishermen as described in the previous chapter. Among the crafts owned by fisher folk 36 are mechanised and 26 are non-motorised (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010) and out of the total boats harboured at the Harnai port 12.8% are trawler, 7.1% are gill-netters, 3.7% are purse-seiners, 2.06% are dol-netters and 0.57% are liners. In Harnai 36.24% are small boat owners, 24% are large boat owners where as 7% own trawlers and 11% do not have a boat of their own. Other related activities in fishing generally include marketing of fish, net making and repairing and processing of fish, supply of ice and fuel. Usually 50% of fishermen population is engaged in such activities. In Harnai 27.29% are engaged in marketing of fish, where as 10.34% make and repair nets, along with 11.05% involved in fish processing. (Jambhale & Kanase, 2015)

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Fish Auction

Fish auction Fishing season goes for around 9 months, though the official ban period is from 10th June to 15th August. Fish auction take place twice a day, in the morning from 8 to 10 and in the evening from 4 to 6. Auction begins from the month of September but is at its peak during November and December as the fish catch rises during this period and ends around May. The number of fishermen attending the auction depends on the festival and the fish eating day that is followed during the week. In most families on the coast fish and meat is only eaten on Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. In such cases the number of people attending the auction on Tuesday, Thursday and Saturday are more.

The people attending these auctions can be categorised into 4 types; Fish catchers: these are the fishermen who work on boats and bring in the daily catch. They usually come to the shore to bring in the catch, take the supplies like water and fuel for the next fishing trip. Due to risk at ocean the actual fishing is done by younger generation. (Basawaraj, 2001). The participation of fisherwomen is completely absent.

Auctioneers: these are the people who do the work of calling the auction, maintaining their cash books and collecting the daily payment from buyers and giving it back to the owner, their commission being 5-10 %.

Fish buyers: These are usually fisherwomen who buy the fish in auction usually in groups of 4 to 5 and sell it in local markets or at the auction site. It also include company buyer who buy fish only to ice it and send it to nearest cold storages for export to other states or countries.

5.3.2 Socio-economic status of fishermen in Harnai Fishing license and permit Fishermen get some benefits from government for development of fishing occupation. The government gives subsidies on buying new fishing equipment, loan availability, training of fisheries organised for fishermen etc. About 80% of fishermen had license in Harnai as majority have a fishing as their commercial business.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Number of days spent in the sea Most of the fishermen go to the sea every day. The traditional fishermen lay their net at night and pull it to the shore early in the morning 4 or 5 am. The fishermen in trawlers go fishing for a stretch of 8 to 10 days per trip during November and December, it also depends on availability of catch and fuel left. They even return early if the catch in not available. As a result different trawlers bring in their catch for auction every day. A person usually owns 2 to 4 trawlers as it is profitable to sell fish alternate days in every trawler.

Mode of transportation of fish catch Fish catch is transported by both buyer and sellers. Fishermen who work on boat have to bring in the catch from the trawler to the auction site. They carry it to the shore first by a small boat as a trawler cannot harbour at a beach due to its depth. Later from the shore it is carried in 3 ways; in a basket, on a bullock cart or by using a pole as shown below.

Figure 24: Carrying fish catch in Basket

Figure 25: Carrying Fish catch on a bullock cart

Figure 23: Carrying fish catch on a pole

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Fish Auction

For the fisherwomen who sell it in local markets away from the village the fish is carried either in a tum-tum (Fig 28) that is hired in a group, or in a rickshaw and if the group of fisherwomen going to the same destination is large or are financially stable they even hire a mini tempo or a small carrier (Fig 27). Smaller catch that is sold only in Harnai is carried on the head (Fig29) or on a two wheeler.

Figure 28: carrying fish in baskets

Figure 27: carrying fish in tum-tum

Figure 26: carrying fish in smaller trucks

The icing centres located on the beach also use small auto rickshaws with a storage unit at the back (Fig 26) so that maximum fish can be carried in one round of by bullock carts Lastly the bigger tempo are used by fishermen who buy fish for the purpose of drying. In such cases, the drying is done locally. Such fish is not iced or carried in cartons or boxes that are neatly stacked.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Membership in fisheries cooperative societies Fisheries cooperatives are organisations formed with specific purpose of improving the economic condition of fishermen. In Harnai 85% of fishermen belonged to different cooperatives. Fishermen usually join such co-operatives to acquire better price in the market, for cheaper inputs, for education and training, etc.

Fisher folk earnings The fisherwomen selling fish in the market and in other village incur a profit of Rs. 100 to 500 per day depending on the sale of the fish. Sometimes due to lack of fish catch and increased fish prices even that much profit is not earned. This is excluding the price of the fish, cost of ice, travelling expenses. 80% of fisherwomen surveyed had other members in family who worked on trawlers with a salary of about Rs. 8,000 to 10,000. On a trawler the tandel is the main officer who is paid the most, about Rs. 20,000 followed by his next in command with salary of Rs. 10,000 to 15,000. The auctioneers charge 5-10% commission on the total sale that took place in a day. Each auctioneer is tied to a boat with a mutual agreement for selling his fish. For this the auctioneer usually gives an advance of about 3-4 lakhs to the owner of the boat which is used for maintenance and repair at the beginning of the fishing season. Building and repairing a boat can be costly affair and money is taken from various sources by the boat owners for this purpose e.g. the export fish that is to be given to cold storages and factories is given of a cheaper rate throughout the year in exchange for a suitable amount given to the owner at the beginning of fishing season for his repairs and workers bond payment.

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Fish Auction

5.3.3 Auction People from nearby village start gathering for the auction in the evening at 4:00. As the auction begins at 4:30 the local traditional fish catch is sold in majority to the fisherwomen who buy it in groups, these fisherwomen makes the biggest group (around 300-500 people) in the auction area. They sell fish to the customer in smaller quantities. To its side are the bigger fishes that are of export quality or have higher value and are bought off by agent of the cool

Figure 29: Evening Auction at 4:00 pm

storage company or by wholesalers. This is a limited group ranging from 50-80 fisher-folk at a time, with fishes like cuttle, mackerel, tiger prawns, ribbon fish, etc. which are at times not even consumed on the Konkan coast but have a high commercial value. The boats from the trawlers are parked on the seaward side from where fresh fish keeps coming in on bullock carts or in baskets to the auction area. After an hour the number of people involved in the takes her share and either stores it in ice for traveling or sells it in the market that is set up right next to the auction area. The trucks or vehicles used for transportation are parked next to the sorting area that gradually goes on increasing as the auction starts to decrease.

As Harnai does not have a local market the fish market is set up right next to the main auction area after the parking. There are around 40-45 fisherwomen who sell fresh fish to the tourist or local inhabitants of the village in smaller quantities who do not wish to buy in wholesale as it is sold in the auction. They cut and clean the fish once it is bought. Along with them towards the landward side is the vegetable market and the food vendors. The food vendor include stalls that make vada-pav, popcorn, egg-bhurji, tea and various chips as their main customer are the fishermen who just returned from the boat and the tourists. Also ice boxes Page | 56

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development are sold near the vendors who wrap and ice the fish once it is bought for tourist planning to take it away.

Morning auction During morning the auction is carried out at the same place at 8am till 10am the fisherwomen usually sit till noon if the catch is more. During the morning time due to rising tide the entire process is cramped up in a smaller area. Here only a width of 15m is available for the actual auction process. Causing a lot of space problems and fights for a better spot among fisherwomen to sell. During this time it is the local villagers who attend the action for the fresh catch of the day.

Figure 30: Moring Auction at 8:00 am

Fisherwomen set up Fish market in Harnai village takes place on the beach, fisherwomen who sell their fish sit in rows and carry tables to display their fish. The fish is continuously washed in water to keep it fresh. She Figure 32: Fisherwomen setup

cutting the fish and a stone to keep the knife sharp. The fish waste is collect in a bucket provided by the gram panchayat and is supposed to be buried at the end of the day but only 20% of fisherwomen follow this method, rest of them throw it in the sea.

Figure 31: Fisherwomen seating arrangement

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Fish Auction Ice providers Ice is required to keep the fish fresh for a longer duration of time. The ice factory is 6 km away from Harnai. Ice is stored in the 3x3 m temporary structures built on the shore. The ice is brought in once in two days in form of slabs.

It is cut and crushed on the auction site. The ice crushing machine is placed right in front of the Figure 33: temporary structures built by Ice providers

ice storage.

Ice Storage

Crushing unit Figure 34: Crushed ice provider

© Siddhie Shirsat

Fuel tanks The fuel tanks are provided by fishermen cooperative societies. It is refilled twice in a week.

This fuel tank is used to refill the trawlers fuel.

When fishermen come to the shore for auction they carry a barrels of fuel from the tank to the small boat, then it is either carried in the boat or attached to the boat with a rope and dragged till

Figure 35: Fuel tanks provided by fishermen co.

the trawler. This has a serious risk of oil spillage in the sea. The fuel tank is also used for refilling car and other vehicles used by the locals.

Figure 36: fishermen carrying barrel of fuel to trawlers

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Water provider.

Just like fuel, water is collected by the fishermen when they come on shore. It is used for cooking, bathing, drinking on the trawlers. The water comes in tanks usually from Dapoli. There are always two trucks carrying 2 water tanks a time, which fill the small barrels of 5 ltrs and carried to the boat. A continuous water supply is also provided by the gram panchayat at a subsidised rate. It is connected to the common village water

Figure 37: Water tanks provided by gram panchayat

line that is supplied water from a nearby dam.

Figure 38: Water being filled from tanks

Icing and packing area.

The fish that is to be sent for packing in cold storage and for export is weighed and iced here. It is then filled in company trucks and transported to nearest cold storage facility where it is cleaned and chilled at -40 degree Celsius. These packing areas have an open platform of about 4x5m and a storage space of Figure 39: Fish packing and icing structure 5x5m.

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Fish Auction

Storage

Figure 40: Icing and packing area

Packing and sorting area

© Siddhie Shirsat

Toilet Fisherwomen are present at the auction site for more than 4 hours.

There is a provision for toilet, but it is too far from the auction area. Because of this most of them avoid using it.

Figure 41: Toilet built by the gram panchayat

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

5.3.4 Climate of Harnai

Figure 42: Average Temperature and Precipitation Source: www.metoblue.com

The climate of Harnai is tropical with rainfall from end of May to November. The red line shows the mean daily maximum temperature i.e. maximum temperature of an average day for every month. It is maximum in the summer months of March to May. Similarly the blue line indicates the mean daily minimum temperature i.e. minimum temperature of an average day for every month. It is the lowest in the month of January, February and December (Climate of Harnai, n.d.). Monsoon starts from the end of May and lasts till the beginning of November, with maximum precipitation in the month of July.

Cloudy, sunny and precipitation days This chart shows the monthly number of sunny, partly cloudy and overcast and precipitation day.

Days less than 20% cloud cover are considered sunny.

Figure 43: Cloudy, Sunny and Precipitation days Source: www.metoblue.com

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Fish Auction

Figure 45: Maximum Temperature Source: www.metoblue.com

Figure 44: Precipitation amount Source: www.metoblue.com

The hottest days are maximum in the month of March and April followed by May and February with an average temperature of 36 C, 37 C, 35 C and 34 C respectively.

Simultaneously the maximum precipitation is in the month of July followed by June and August.

Wind

Figure 46: Wind Rose Diagram Source: www.Metoblue.com

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development The windrose diagram shows how many hours per day wind blows from one direction. The maximum wind flows from SW direction and the maximum intensity is in the month of February.

Figure 47: Wind intensity chart Source: www.metoblue.com

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Fish Auction

IMD port office

Temporary structures on landward side

9 8 High tide line 11

Food vendors

Food vendor

11

6

10 7

7 3 1

2 Auction area

4

Sorting area

Fish Market

Auction area Fish catch carried by

Tide line

fishermen

Figure 48: Plan of Harnai Evening auction © Aurthor and Siddhie Shirsat

Low tide line

During Low Tide- Fish is bought in from boats as shown, then auctioned off in local auction area (1) or in retail and wholesale auction area (2), later sorted in the sorting area (3) which goes on increasing with time. Fish market setup is to its left (4), along with food vendor (11) at the back. Around the auction and sorting area are parking of transport vehicle (10). With ice providers (7) to the extreme right. Also with water trucks (6) on both sides. The auction spreads in an area of 500sq.m accommodating more than 500 people at a time. And parkin of 50-60 cars at a time. Total number of fisherwomen in market 45-50. The water supply tank (8) by gram panchayat is near the access road (9).

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

9 8 High tide line Food vendors 10

11

6

7 2

1

3

7 4 Tide line

Low Tide line

Figure 49: Plan of Harnai Morning Auction © Aurthor and Siddhie Shirsat

During high tide- the entire process with the same amount of people is pushed to the landward side due to high tide. A mere stretch of 15 m left for the auction. As a result the entire process becomes linear.

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Fish Auction

Malvan Malvan is the headquarters for the tehsil Malvan in Sindhudurg the southernmost district of Maharashtra. The town boasts some beautiful beaches such as Chivla, Tarkarli, Tondavli, along with the Sindhudurg fort after which the district was named. Though Malvan is famous for its tourism it still remains the most commercial landing centre in Sindhudurg. Other landing centre near Malvan are Anandwadi (Devgad) and Vengurla. Malvan town consists of areas like Dandi, Medha, Dhuriwada and Sarjekot.

5.4.1 About fisher folks of Malvan There are 332 fishermen family in Dandi area, 156 in Dhuriwada, 31 in Medha and 112 in Sarjekot. Except 81 families rest all have been following fishing as their traditional family occupation. Of the total population 101 families are below poverty line. There are 40% adult male and 34.2% adult females. The sex ratio is 863 females per 1000 males. 263 males along with 323 females have primary education, 809 males and 568 females have education till higher secondary and only 75 males and 46 females have education beyond that. Very few people pursue education beyond higher secondary.

Of the total fishermen actually involved in fishing 560 are full time fishermen and 204 are part time fishermen. Majority of fishermen are involved in marketing of fish followed by active fishing and the rest in drying of fish. Women are majorly involved in the process of curing and drying whereas men dominate the process of fishing. Majority of fishermen (78%) follow Hindu religion followed by Christianity (15%) and then Islam (7%). Most of the boats are motorised with only few left who follow the traditional method of fishing. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010)

5.4.2 Socio-economic status of fishermen in Malvan Fishing license and permit License is important when it is a commercial business as government issues grants and subsidies based on such licenses. In Malvan there are 72% fishermen who have a license. It is usually required by boat owners. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010)

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Number of days spent in the sea.

Though most fishermen go to sea every day, the average time trawler fishermen spend on the boat fishing in Malvan is 3 to 4 days. As the number of days at the sea increases the freshness of fish decreases, to maintain a fresher fish catch, the fishing span is reduced. The morning auction by the traditional fishermen brings freshly catch fish every day, in comparison people avoid to buy trawler fishes because of their staleness. Competition which is led by freshness of catch is also one of the reasons for reducing the number of days in the sea. Like Harnai people own multiple trawlers, to profitably sell fish by alternating the trawlers.

Mode of transportation of fish catch From trawlers the catch is bought to the shore in small boats, further from the shore to the auction site it is carried by hand, in a basket (Fig 48) or by hand carts (Fig 51). No bullock carts were used here like Harnai.

Figure 50: Fish carried in baskets

Figure 51: Loading and unloading the fish catch

Figure 52: Fish catch transported to icing units on hand cart

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Fish Auction beach from the rapan site fish catch is transported on two wheelers to the beach where auction takes place.

Later the fisherwomen carry the fish on head, on two wheeler or in tum-tums. The exporters have their own trucks.

Membership in Fisheries co-operative societies.

In Malvan there are 609 fishermen who belong to various fisheries cooperatives. Such cooperatives provide better facilities along with improved training and education and information about various government subsidies.

Fisher folk earnings.

In Malvan there are two types of fisherwomen, the ones who sell fish and the ones who only cut the sold fish. The profit for selling fish is same as in Harnai i.e. Rs. 200 to 500. The ones cutting the fish charge Rs 30 to 50 per cutting, earning a similar profit. The fishermen on boat also had similar earnings like Harnai, Tandel with a salary around Rs. 20,000 to 25,000 followed by his next in command with salary of about Rs. 10,000 to 15,000 and the workers with a salary of Rs 5,000 to 8,000. The auctioneers charged a commission of 5-10%. Each auctioneer is tied with an agreement to the boat owner. At the auction site payment is done in slips and collected either at the end of auction or credited at the end of the week. No cash transaction take place. The auctioneer keeps a thorough record of such transactions and in case of loss it is his responsibility to get the payment back. The cycle of payment is similar to fish exporters and auctioneer in Harnai. Even here a suitable amount is payed for repairs at the beginning of the fishing season.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

5.4.3 Auction

Figure 53: Fish auction in Bazarpeth

The auction in Malvan takes place at two location. Morning auction takes place near the fish market near the town bazarpeth. This auction is only for the traditional fishermen or rapan fishermen. The rapan takes place on Chivla beach. From where the fish is brought to the auction site. This auction even takes place in small numbers during monsoon. It starts at 7 am and goes on till 10.

The fish to be auctioned is bought in hand carts and on smaller boats and placed in boxes on the beach. As the fisherwomen gather the auction begins. During the period of NovemberDecember there are around 200 to 250 people at a time. This number varies according to the fish eating days of the week and in case of a festival only a handful number of people are present for the auction. On its side are the fish that directly go for packing and cold storages.

Such fishes are not auctioned off but sold at a price fixed between the owner and the buying company. They carry a weighing machine as the fish is sold on weight. There are 4 types used- one with triangular setup, electronic machine, small or pocket weighing machine.

In such cases a tarpaulin sheet is used for keeping the fish. Behind them are trucks parked which are used for transportation. In the auction area unlike Harnai there are no fisherwomen who sell fish on the spot, instead there are women who cut and clean the fish brought in the auction. Selling takes place in the fish market that is next to the morning auction area. To the right end at the back are trucks, two wheelers, tum tums parked which are used for transporting the fish. As time proceeds and the auction comes to an end the sorting of fish Page | 69

Fish Auction start as the fisherwomen sort it among themselves. This is a gradual process and in the end takes up all the space that was previously used for auctioning.

auction is specifically for the trawler fish. It also follows a similar pattern with auction going on in the centre, sale of export and wholesaler fish and parking to its side, the fisherwomen cutting fish at the back and the ice truck and other transport trucks on the other side. The fish comes in small boats from the trawlers that are anchored at a distance. In the evening auction there were fisherwomen who were selling the fish along with women who would later clean and cut it.

Figure 54: Evening fish auction in awhar

Fisher women set up The fisherwomen who sit at the auction for cutting and selling carry a small tarpaulin sheet or a cloth sheet for keeping the fish so that it is not affected by the sand. Along with that they also carry water to clean the fish while cutting Figure 55: Fisherwomen set-up

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development and keep it fresh, their knife (koita), a stone to sharpen that knife and plastic carry bags to carry fish.

Fuel and water.

Water and fuel is provided in tanks that are set up by the municipal corporation near the beach.

Ice provider.

Ice is provided by trucks during the auction.

These trucks come from ice factories 2-3 km away. At a given time there are two ice truck present selling it to the fisherwomen and the people involved in packing as well.

Figure 56: Ice providers on auction site

Icing and packing areas.

Fish to be sent for cold storage are iced and sent throughout the day. There centres are present along the beach from the fish market till Dandi temple area. These centres have an open weighing and packing area and a small storage at the back.

Figure 57: Icing and packaging area

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Fish Auction

13

10

13 4 3 2 3

9

11

1 5 3 6 7 8

10

12

1- Local auction area 2- Wholesaler and retailer auction 3- Sorting area 4- Fisherwomen cleaning fish 5- Fresh fish bought in from small boats 6- Water tanker (supply of fresh water) 7- Fuel tank 8- Crushed ice supplier trucks 9- Boats anchored to shore 10- Vehicular parking 11- Access to road 12- Wholesalers units

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Figure 58: plan of evening auction in Malvan © Aurthor and Sakshi Tiwari

Fish Auction in Awhar (Village Dandi, Malvan) Auction in smaller scale than Harnai. Total people present- 150-200.

Parking requirement- 20-25 vehicles Fisherwomen cleaning fishes- 11 Food vendors- 5-6

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

5

8

8 5

5 4 3 1

7

2 5

6

Figure 59: Plan of Morning auction in Malvan © Aurthor and Sakshi Tiwari 1- Local auction area

Morning Auction in Bazarpeth

2- Wholesaler and retailer auction 3- Fish market 4- Fisherwomen cleaning fish 5- Vehicular parking 6- Crushed ice supplier trucks 7- Boats anchored to shore

Auction in smaller scale than harnai. Total people present200-250.

Parking requirement- 30-35 vehicles Fisherwomen cleaning fishes- 20 Food vendors- 8-10

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Fish Auction

Comparisons and problems Comparisons Though the location of auction changes the process remains the same- it can be divide into 4 zones. The auction area, the wholesaler-retailer auction area, sorting area, selling of fish zone.

The auction zone- it is the place nearest to the shore where the auction takes place, it includes auctioneers, fisherwomen who buy the fish, boat fishermen who keep bringing in the catch and the tourists.

Figure 60: Auctioneer standing over the cartons for the lilav

The wholesaler-retailert auction zone- It is usually right next to the main auction zone. The fish is laid in bulk quantity and sold for higher prices. It includes fishermen who bring in the catch, the wholesalers, auctioneers, and the wholesale workers who carry the auctioned catch to their shed.

Figure 61: Cuttle fish being auctioned or export

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Sorting area- This area is at the other side of the main auction area, where fisherwomen sort as the number of people involved in auction reduces. Right behind it is their vehicular parking where loading takes place.

Figure 62: Fisherwomen sorting the fish bought in auction

Selling of fish- The local fisherwomen who by fish in auction start selling it right next to the auction spot to the secondary consumers. They also cut the fish bought in the auction by people. In many places this activity takes place in a fish market.

Figure 63: Fisherwomen sitting in rows to sell the fish

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Fish Auction

Retailer

Retailer Auction

Auction ends

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Retail

Retail

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Fish Auction Problems Fish marketing is an essential part of fishing occupation because the economic and social status of fishermen community depends on it. Most of the markets and auction centres are located on the beach. The traders and fisherwomen face a lot of problem that become barriers in the development of fisheries sector.

Deficiency of Advance cold storage In the studies area the fish catch is stored by the wholesalers in plastic or cane boxes which has layers of ice in it. It is not suitable for storing fish for long duration. This reduces the life span of fish catch during peak season, reducing the value of the product.

Scarceness of fast and refrigerated transport All traders wholesalers use non-refrigerated trucks for transporting the catch to it destined places. Even methods used by fisher women for carrying the catch from auction to local market reduces the value and life of fish. If the fish is not stored properly not sold the quality of fish decreases that affects its price.

Inflation in fish price The fish price keeps varying throughout the year, it is lowest in the peak fishing season when the availability rises. As a result even though the catch is more the fishermen still incur losses because the prices reduce with it as well. The government should decide a basic rate of the fish.

Conditions of market centres and auction halls The lack of basic facilities in market create lots of problems for fisherwomen and the consumers as well. There are no proper sewage system or allocated spaces for fisherwomen which creates a lot of aggression. The basic need- toilets is also absent. Spoiled fish, sewage, water used for cleaning and storing fish, all of it stays in such places causing them to stink.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Lack of awareness among traders and fisherwomen The men and women who handle the fish are mostly unaware of hygienic fish handling practices. Even though MPEDA organises seminars for handling and conservation of fish, it is not attended by many and is usually only for fishermen who work on boats. As a result the fisherwomen working on the shore are ignorant about such practices.

Unhygienic landing centres and auction areas.

As in most case fish landing takes place on the beaches or on jetties. Such places are unequipped with proper sewage system for draining the fish water, as a result all the water ends up in the sea before it is cleaned. Also the fish waste collected by cleaning and cutting the fish is thrown in the sea, polluting it. This makes the beach stink the entire day and reduces its value for tourism.

Indiscipline in market Because the placement of fisherwomen and auctions are haphazard and in times of high tide it causes a lot of quarrels because of consumer approach.

Lack of proper supply of fuel Though fuel tanks are provided by the fishermen cooperatives as well as gram panchayat its method of transport from shore to trawler is hazardous. It can led to many accidents on the way causing damage to marine life.

Lack of infrastructure in terms of parking Every auction user has vehicular transport for carrying fish, e.g. fisherwomen going back to local markets, tourist coming there to experience this process all travel in trucks, tempos and cars. All of these vehicles are parked on the beach some very close to tide levels. Because of sandy beaches and rising tide many times heavy vehicles get stuck and it becomes difficult to pull them back up.

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Fish Auction Disposal of waste The fish waste created during auction, cutting and cleaning of fish is thrown back to the sea 80% of the time even though measure have been taken to dispose it off properly. This causes a lot of pollution in the sea.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Materials study and existing law Once the question how it happens is answered, the next question that arises is how it should happen?. This is what is answered in the chapter. The CRZ rules applicable to the site and the way it has led to the method of temporary construction on beaches and the various international and national guidelines that are to be followed for handling of fish. A comparison study is also done to understand the advantages and disadvantages of each option.

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Material Study and Existing Law

Material Comparison Materials Coconut wood Coconut wood has proved to be a conventional, durable, sturdy and ecologically sound substitute for hardwood at a low price. It could help bring down the cost of the construction considerably because of its low cost and higher durability, making it a viable option for low cost housing. Coconut wood is the processed stem of the tree only after it is sawn, seasoned, completely dried, treated and machined. (Romulo N. Arancon, 1997) The palm is a slender, branch-less pole like stem that grows up to 20-25m. It is classified into three rings according to its density. High density timber, the densest part in the tree is used for load bearing structural member such as scaffolding railing, trusses, etc. Medium density timber, it the part next to the high density timber. And the low

Figure 64: Coconut Wood Density rings Source: FAO of United Nations

density timber at the centre. (Eslit, 2016) Coconut coir Coir is the natural material made of processed husk that is derived from coconut. It is used to make various materials like doormats, coco peta, coconut wood and panels, ropes, fishing nets, etc. it is the fibrous material found between the hard internal shell and the cover of coconut. Coir is an extremely renewable source, as it is available every 60-65 days as a by-product (R.Vasudev, Figure 66: Coconut Coir Fibre 2016)

Source: Joseph Fibre Solutions

Coir boards or coir ply is using coir as reinforcing material bonded by polymer matrix materials like phenol, polyester, epoxy, etc. it has a smooth glossy finish and can be used without surface treatment. It has Figure 65: Low Intensity Coir Board Source: Indiamart

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development vertical and horizontal bearing strength and also does not dust off after use. (Coir Ply, 2017) Other materials obtained from coir are hardboards, roofing sheets.

Coir Fibre Reinforced Concrete Reinforced concrete is a brittle material when subjected to impact load and steel reinforcement are used to overcome tensile and shear stress in some locations. Thought addition of steel increases the strength of concrete, it still develops micro crack which can be avoided by adding fibres. Natural fibres like coir are abundantly available on the coastal zones of India, such fibres can be used to increase the strength of concrete at the same time decrease its cost. (Patel, Desai, & Desai, 2010) Bamboo The two types of bamboo found throughout western ghat are Dendrocalamus stocksii commonly known as chiwaci kathi and Bambusa arundinacea also known as Kalanka or the Indian thorny bamboo.

Dendrocalamus stocksii is solid, thorn less bamboo that can grow up to a height of 3 m, diameter of 6 cm and nodal gap of 29cm. presently it is used for growing live fencing and as secondary support member for temporary shed. (Bhuwad, 2016). The second species is much stronger and sturdier and used as stantions while construction in the Konkan.

Kindal wood Terminalia paniculata is a tropical tree found throughout the Western Ghats. It is used as a replacement for hardwood like teak in Konkan. Its fruits are used for tanning and dying. The tree is cut before the monsoon and is soaked in the rain causing it to harden over time. It lasts for more than 10 years if maintained properly. (Kindal tree, n.d.)

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Table 13: Material Comparison

* The indicative number given to each material range from 0-5 where 0 being the lowest whereas 5 being the highest value.

Material Study and Existing Law

Comparison

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development All the materials are compared according to material cost, its salinity resistance, maintenance cost, availability of cheap labour, durability, its ability to reuse with minimum processing, causes least environmental damage and availability of material. Some of these criteria are given more weightage at they are important factors to be considered while selecting a material. Heights value possible being 70.

Coconut Wood It is the wood derived from the stem of coconut tree. Thought abundantly available throughout the coast of Konkan, it is primarily grown for its fruit coconut. Hence unless the tree is dying or the owner has no other option but to cut the tree, only in such circumstances coconut tree is cut and wood is used. Such wood is not sold but used in various places in the house. Hence thought the most commonly found tree on the coast, it is not the most commonly used wood in construction. It costs from Rs. 300-

nagh

2.7m. It is durable for 10 years and a hard wood that can be used for column purling or trusses. Labour for such wood is easily available and is saline resistance but if comes in contact with water for longer period of time it will swell and degrade like any other wood.

(Dhurat, 2017) Supari wood It is the wood from the stem of supari tree (Areca Catechu) (Betel Palm, 2005). Similar to coconut wood it is grown for its fruit betel nut rather than its wood. Therefore even if the tree is abundantly planted throughout Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg it is hardly available in the market. It has a longitudinal grain structure that makes it suitable for floor and wall panels, fence, etc. but not as a structural material. Its cost is similar to coconut wood (Veerendra, 2017).

Coir Wood Board Coir wood of compacted sheets are made from husk which is a by-product of coconut. It is produced in various companies in and around Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg. It can be chemically treated to make it more durable and can be easily installed. But this wood can only be used as panels and door but not as structural members it has water resistance (R.Vasudev, 2016)

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Material Study and Existing Law Laterite It is the most commonly found stone in Konkan region. Its costs Rs. 21 per cut piece of 10 inch. (Mungekar, 2017) Traditional this stone was used for making houses throughout the region, and works as a substitute for brick. During the survey not one house was found to be made of brick. Durable, cheap and abundantly available and can be used in saline waters makes it an ideal material for construction, its only drawback being its weight, it makes the entire structure heavy increasing cost and need for heavy structural materials. (Dhurat, 2017) Zhap Made by weaving coconut leaves, it is traditionally used as wall material for low cost housing. It costs from Rs.10 to Rs. 12 per piece, and 2 pieces are made from one coconut leaf. As it is a by-product of the tree it is easily available and cheap. (Mungekar, 2017) All the temporary structures in Harnai and

zhap

a durable material and need to be maintained per year.

Kindal wood It is a forest wood available throughout the Western Ghats. It is used as structural material for houses throughout the region. Costs from Rs 1200- 1500 depending on size and diameter and can last for more than 10 years. (Dhurat, 2017) Bamboo types Both the bamboo type found in Konkan are structurally weak and cannot be used as primary costs from rs-50 to 70 depending on its diameter and can last for years it treated properly (Dhurat, 2017) (Mungekar, 2017).

Conclusion Due to low availability of coconut wood it may not be a viable wood option for the entire structure but can be used in the main frame along with Kindal wood that supports the structure.

Bamboo that are available in this region are structurally weak and can be used as supporting members. Laterite can be a better option than brick for filling work. And zhap being the Page | 86

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development cheapest can be used for covering the structure. Salinity resistance is the most important factor that affect the ground material that can be used for construction. Along with zhap, coir products are the next best options which are light weight and durable. Also coir fibre reinforced concrete can improve the quality of structure. And coconut hard shell as fillers that reduce the overall weight of the construction.

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Material Study and Existing Law

CRZ and Existing structures on the beach Coastal regulation zone (According to draft notification 2011) To regulate the activities and development along the coastal areas of the county, the coastal regulation zone (hereafter known as CRZ) was set up by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). According to the notification, the coastal area up to 500m on the landward side from the high tide line and 100m from creeks, estuaries, backwaters and rivers are part of CRZ. Its main goal was to promote restricted development in a sustainable manner so as to protect and conserve the marine environment, ensure livelihood to fishermen and other local communities and restrict new setups or expansions of industries or manufacture and disposal of hazardous substances in the area.

Under the notification coastal areas are divided into CRZ-1, CRZ-2, CRZ-3 and CRZ-4 depending on their ecological sensitivity, commercial activity and development.

CRZ-I: Ecologically sensitive areas fall under CRZ-I. These include mangroves, corals, coral reefs, Sand dunes, biologically active mudflats, national parks, marine parks, sanctuaries, reserve forests, salt marshes, turtle nesting grounds, horse shoe crab habitats, sea grass beds, nesting ground for birds and areas which are archaeologically important.

CRZ-I (B): Area between High tide line (HTL) and Low tide line (LTD) know as inter tidal zone falls under CRZ-I (B).

CRZ-II: When development in a city or existing legal municipal city limits has extended up to the shoreline it is considered a part of CRZ-II. These structures near the shoreline needs to be substantially built-up with drainage, water supply, sewage facilities and proper approach road.

CRZ-

-I or II and are relatively undisturbed are considered in CRZ-III. These are usually coastal zones in rural areas or areas under municipal limits that are not substantially built up.

CRZ-IV: The area from low tide line to 12 nautical miles on the seaward side are included in CRZ-IV.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development High tide line (HTL) - It means the line on the land up to which the highest water line reaches during the spring tide.

Intertidal zone (ITZ)

The land are between HTL and LTL is called inter tidal zone.

Activities that are prohibited in CRZ: Setting up new industries or expanding existing ones except, those that are directly related to waterfront or existing foreshore facilities.

Reconstruction repair works of existing dwelling units of local communities only after following local town planning regulation.

Expansion of existing or new fish processing units cannot be setup, except hatcheries and natural fish drying centres.

Setting up or expansion of waste disposal units, except the ones required for treating waste and effluents arising from existing hotels, beach resorts and human settlements already existing in the CRZ areas other than CRZ-I. Drawing groundwater within CRZ, except when required for the local inhabitants and in areas between 200-500mts but need to be manually by using wells.

Activities permissible in CRZ zone: Area between LTL and HTL-which are not ecologically sensitive: construction of dispensaries, school bridges, road, jetties, public rain-shelter, community toilets, water supply, drainage, for traditional inhabitants living in the region.

The same rule applies to the no development zone of CRZ-III. Along with facilities required for local fishing communities.

Because of these regulations a lot of structures build on the coast for tourism, used by construction workers have a common typology.

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Material Study and Existing Law

Existing temporary structures.

Since only temporary structures are permitted to be built in the immediate coastal zone a lot of structure have emerged on the coast over time.

The most common materials used are wood of kindal or coconut tree as main support with native bamboo sticks as secondary support and to keep together. The roofing though Figure 69: Temporary houses used by construction workers

used same coconut leaf material

extra tarpaulin sheet were added to make it water proof. These structure always have a platform of 600m on which they stand, usually made of concrete.

Figure 71: Houses used by construction workers

Figure 70: Shed built for resting

Figure 67: Houses used by construction workers

Figure 68: Shed built for icing and storage unit

Such structures are used by construction workers as their residences, temporary shacks for sitting and ice crushing units along the coast.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Hygienic Guidelines Safety of water Water used should be potable and free of contaminations (according to WHO guidelines).

Non-potable water can be used for extinguishers but should not come in contact wood food.

Fish marketing requires lot of water which needs to be regulated or treated depending on its source like ground water, groundwater, well water, bank-filtered water, surface water, reused water or precipitation. Hence the water lines should be kept separately and care should be taken for it to not get mixed. The most common disinfectant used is chlorine, WHO recommends 5mg per litre for effective disinfection.

2013)

Safety of Ice The easiest way to achieve temperature required for maintain freshness of fish is liberal use of ice. When used correctly can rapidly reduce the temperature of fish. Since ice is used in all of the marketing process, its quality becomes important. Even microbiological quality of ice needs to be taken care of, if fish is stored or displayed in dirty ice it reduces the quality of product and can also be a health hazard.

Storage of ice (Irish Sea Fisheries Board, 1999) Ice, whether bought in or produced in-house, must be stored in hygienic conditions.

Store ice immediately on delivery, under refrigerated conditions until required.

If storage containers are used for holding ice, they must be made from corrosionresistant material, i.e. stainless steel or plastic. Containers must have lids and drainage holes. They must be emptied, washed and sanitized frequently.

Ice must be used in rotation, especially if large quantities are stored, because bacteria grow even on ice.

All scoops and containers used for handling ice must be washed and sanitized at close of business.

Ice scoops and other equipment must be in good condition

not broken, split or

chipped.

Equipment must not be stored in the ice-making machine.

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Material Study and Existing Law Cleaning and Sanitation Cleaning and disinfection are important in marketing centres as it directly affects the quality, product hygiene and food safety. The transfer of residue from surface to the food product needs to be avoided.

A proper cleaning practice provides for the following: Dirt and micro-organisms are removed. This reduces the risk of contamination with pathogens and extends the shelf-life of some products.

Materials contaminated by food residues are removed.

Possible food and shelter for insects are removed.

Equipment damage is prevented and usable life is extended.

Confidence of customers and public is retained.

Policy for personal hygiene Personal hygiene should not be allowed to affect public health safety. Food handlers can cause infection at various stages of marketing. The following methods can be used to provide it: Clean protective clothing should be provided. This includes overalls or coats (with no external pockets), footwear and head covering.

Hair should be kept covered and hair fasteners should not be used.

Jewellery should not be worn.

Smoking, spitting or eating in processing areas is not permitted.

Work places should be cleaned after use.

Transportation and Storage The conditions of transport and storage should facilitate reduction in contamination and damage. They should be kept cleaned and disinfected from time to time. They must provide the fish with protection against contamination from dust and exposure to higher temperatures.

Training Seafood handlers who are directly involved in the handling, preparation and processing of all fish and fishery products, on board and onshore, should be participate in training courses.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development Netfish Netfish is a programme that deals with training of fishermen towards sustainable and hygienic fishing practices. It is a branch of MPEDA and conducts seminars throughout the coast of India. These seminars are attended by fishermen, trawler owners as well as merchants related to this sector. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010)

Services expected at landing centres (as stated by FAO) Services for boats and crew: for unloading the catch, for loading fishing gear, fuel, water, ice, supplies, etc.

Bunkerage: A diesel and petrol fuel station, from where boats can take their supplies by pump or hose of by fuel carriers.

Boat repair area Fishing gear repair area Berthing services: dock side services such as fresh water outlets should be available and properly designed to avoid wastage; dock side electricity supply outlets with power points for small tools may also be needed in more sophisticated small-scale fishing communities.

Food supply and washroom facilities: it might also be desirable to provide a takeout canteen, a fishermen's food store; and sanitary facilities, including toilets and showers are necessary both for the comfort of the crews and shore side workers and to ensure that hygiene standards are maintained.

Fish handling, marketing and processing facilities: these facilities should be designed according to the type of fish and the products currently marketed as well as for any future products which may be under consideration; a more detailed description and design parameters of these facilities is listed in the following section. (Pizzali, 1988) While designing new fish market premises the main aim should be to provide a smooth sequence of operation right from loading of fish from boats to its transport and refrigeration.

Ample, natural air circulation should be provided, especially in the tropics, where hollowbrick walls or grills are often used and a part of the building is sometimes open, without walls. Proper long eaves for protection against sunshine and rain showers are essential in the humid tropics. An adequate pitch of the roof and the building orientated in relation to the prevalent direction of sunshine are also important considerations.

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Material Study and Existing Law Floors should be hard-wearing, non-porous, washable, easy to drain, non-slip and resistant to possible attack from brine, weak ammonia, fish oils and offal. The choice of flooring materials will depend on the characteristics of the materials available in the area and their cost. For this purpose, granolithic concrete, terrazo and clay tiles can be used, but clay tiles are the best. Generally speaking, the harder tiles are less absorbent but more slippery than the softer tiles which are more absorbent and less easy to keep clean. Tiles with slightly abrasive surface are quite good as they are less slippery. Light-coloured tiles are recommended because they reflect light and show up dirt. Care should be taken when laying tiles in cement that all joints between tiles are complete and permanently sealed. The junctions with the walls should be coved for ease of cleaning. A sufficient slope of 2% from the highest point to the drainage outlets will be necessary, and at least 10 cm diameter drains will be required.

Walls should be constructed of materials that have smooth, washable and impervious inside surfaces of light colour. For easy cleaning they should be rounded at the junctions with other walls and ceilings should be kept as free as possible from ledges, projections or ornamentations to avoid dust collection. Walls, whose internal surfaces are not tiled, should be finished in plaster. Walls which are intended primarily as partitions should be strong enough for fish boxes or other light equipment to be piled up against them; good partitions can be erected from prefabricated concrete blocks and finished to a hard smooth surface, especially the lower parts, which are subject to constant wear.

Doors should be of simple and functional design. The main doors should be sufficiently high and wide to permit safe circulation of internal transport vehicles, e.g., when fork lifts are used in medium size fish terminals a 2.8 m high door will be required, and the width will be between 1.5 to 2.5 m. Internal doors should be self-closing and fitted with metal kick plates at the bottom.

Lighting should provide for adequate natural light, as well as artificial overhead lighting when necessary, in order to allow personnel to perform their duties without eye strain.

Maximum use of natural daylight should be always part of the design, by providing adequate windows and skylights. It is also cheaper than artificial lighting. Fluorescent lighting is particularly suitable (daylight type) for fish-market areas where a shadowless light with very little glare is required continuously for a long time; even though the initial costs are relatively higher than other lighting systems, operational costs are lower and generally such a lighting is found to be economical. A light level of 220 lux as minimum is Page | 94

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development considered adequate. All artificial lighting fixtures should be water-proofed and shielded to protect against broken glass.

Sanitary facilities should provide for both workers and production requirements. In general, at small-scale fish landing centres, sanitary accommodation should be provided for the staff and for fishermen. It is important that the rooms containing the toilets be separated from the fish working areas and be well lit. The design should provide for ample water supplies at adequate pressure for washing and disinfecting operations; a regular schedule for cleaning and standardized procedures for manual cleaning of fish landing surfaces such as floors, walls, pillars, boxes, miscellaneous handling equipment should be established. (Pizzali, 1988)

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Case Study This page has been left blank intentionally

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Case Studies The case studies were chosen based on construction, its form, traditional practices and building usage.

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Case Study

Based on location 7.1.1 SALT festival architectural installation

Figure 72:SALT Festival Installations / Rintala Eggertsson Architects

© Gunnar Holmstad

Architect: Rintala Eggertsson Architects Location: Fylkesveg 478 430, 8130 Sandhornøy, Norway SALT is a cultural event that takes place throughout the Scandenevian countries. And this event that took place on a beach of Sandhornoy, Norway in 2014 architects Remi Rintala and Dagur Eggertsson designed set of three shelters inspired from the Norwegian fish drying rack. Also keeping in mind the factors of easy assembly, disassembly and transport.The first structure as seen above can be used as one entity or can be divided into three parts each having a separate function of its own. It is main usage will be displaying artworks and hosting musical performances. When in use it is covered in light weight tarpauline sheets and is divided into three parts the concert hall, restaurent and sauna. The other structures house the permanent sauna and residential quarters for hikers and travellers. (Eggertsson, 2014)

Figure 70 & 71: Hikers Residence © Gunnar Holmstad Figure 73

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Figure 74

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Figure 74

Figure 73

Figure 75: Temporary Sauna © Marte Antonsen Figure 76: Temporary Sauna © Gunnar Holmstad Figure 77: Permanent Sauna © Gunnar Holmstad Figure 72

The racks are adjustable to all kinds of different terrains and easy to transport, in case the client decided to move the festival throughout the artic and subarctic region. The only permanent structure will be used as a common cultural area for the regular hiker that also compared to the rest of the structures. The structures represent the harsh environment and conditions of the 400 people living in the town of Sandhornoy live in. (Fredrickson, 2014)

Figure 79: Concert in the main structure © SALT

Figure 78: Temporary Sauna © SALT

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Case Study

Figure85: 84:Concert Transverse Figure in theSection main structure © SALT

Figure 83: Floor Plan

Figure 80: Figure showing A-frames

Figure 82: Section through Restaurant Source: www.metalocus.es

Page | 100

www.metalocus.es Figure 86: Sauna inSource: the temporary structure © SALT

Source: www.metalocus.eu

Source: www.metalocus.es

Figure 81: Section through Sauna Source: www.metalocus.es

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development The main structure consists of 13 A-frames connected by horizontal batton and diagonal braces of 12m height and the total length of structure is 25m. At a time it accomodates 1000 people for a concert, DJ or parties (Fredrickson, 2014). The frame is triangular with its bottom member submerged in the sand as a triangle in itself is the most stable shape.

Structural material: Timber Joinery material: steel The joints used for consruction are designed with the goal of demoutability in mind. Each joint consists of 3 main parts: Steel plate with perpendicular U welded at the center and preovided with four holes at the angle.

U shaped steel rod with threaded ends Steel pareller pipe with two holes nt he larger faces in a predrilled hole in the wooden member.

Figure 88: Detachable joint © Giulio Mariano

Figure 87: As seen on the structure © Giulio Mariano

Figure 89: Joint details © Giulio Mariano

Figure 90: Joint at foundation © Giulio Mariano

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Case Study

Based on Form 7.2.1 Haduwa Arts and Cultural Institute Stage

Figure 91: The large bamboo canopy sheltering Ghanaian artists Source: www.designindaba.com

Architect: Foreign Affairs, Institute of architecture, University of Applied Arts Vienna.

Location: Apam, Ghana.

Haduwa Arts and Cultural Institute is an open institute in Apam and the stage functions as its new cultural center for artistic and cultural experimentation along with various indoor and outdoor programmer specified areas integrating mix use activity with sustainable solution. It is located on the beach of Apam making it the cultural center and communal space for the village. The structure embodies the vision of the institute

of it being a dance studio,

rehearsal and gathering space. (Sebambo, 2015) The collaboration between foreign arts (FA) and Haduwa arts and cultural institute started around 2012 for the idea of a stage. They along with School of performing arts at university of Ghana started studying about stage and staging, resulting into a roofscape and staging ground on seafront. The design was built by the students in Vienna, along with the local workers and handed over to Haduwa at the end of the year. The designing was done in Vienna with the help of 3d modelling and developing various physical model at an

Page | 102

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development appropriate scale, along with two life size models to understand the behavior of bamboo.

Later the construction on site was done with the help of local workers and fishermen.

A bamboo expert was invited to conduct workshop in Ghana to provide inputs on the design.

A suitable textile was decided keeping in mind the local artisans. By December 2015 the work was almost complete. (Haduwa Arts and Cultural Institute, n.d.)

Figure 90

Figure 91

Figure 94: Size of each component Source: www.julienaloo.com Figure 93: Performance under the structure Source: www.julienaloo.com Figure 92 : Informal session under the roof Source: www.julienaloo.com Figure 89

The structure is a giant bamboo dome with three open arches facing three different directions.

The center being the large open auditorium. The primary structure is grid bamboo shell which comprises of 41 arches covered with thin tarpaulin roofing sheets that protects the users from sun, rain and the strongest winds. All of this supported on 3 large foundation piers. The rising and descending structure invites people to enter and explore the space. The stage is large enough to accommodate concerts, gatherings, festivals, markets even for the locals. Providing maximum daylight but minimum sunshine exposure, while interfacing with other natural elements like wind and rain. (Haduwa Arts and Cultural Institute, n.d.). The main structural material is bamboo as it is the most versatile cost effective and abundantly available material in Ghana. It is rarely used in the traditional construction due to lack of awareness and limited durability of material. (Sebambo, 2015)

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Case Study

Figure 97: Floor Plan

Figure 95: Bamboo grid Source: www.archeyes.com

Source: www.archeyes.com

Figure 96: Grid in two layers Source: www.archeyes.com

Foundation: 3 large concrete and steel piers on which the grid is supported Grid: total 41 Bamboo Bundled and connected by plastic ropes and covered with tarpaulin.

Figure 99: North Elevation Source: www.archeyes.com

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Figure 98: Section AA' Source: www.archeyes.com

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Figure 101: Bundling of bamboo and its joinery Source: www.dbxchange.com

Figure 102: connection of roofing sheet with bamboo Source: www.dbxchange.com

Figure 100: Roofing membrane shape detail Source: www.dbxchange.com

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Case Study

Based on Traditional structures 7.3.1 The Bajau, Orang Laut and sea nomads

Figure 103: Village settlement of Sama-bajau

Source: www.mapsight.com

The sea nomads/ gypsies/ Bajau are a small ethnic group found on the coast of Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines.

The Sama- Bajau refers to various Austronesian ethnic groups that have their origins in Philippines (Nimmo, 1972). They usually have a seaborne lifestyle and use small boats like peruha, lepa for transportation and fishing and because of their mobile nature language became the only key in identifying their sub culture (Kemkens, 2009). Historically the orang lauts were considered as pirates, with the main task of protecting the ports of Malaysia and Indonesia. All such tribes had a history of fleeing from their native land because of armed conflicts to neighboring countries, but were prohibited from entering the mainland which forced them to make settlement in the water on the Malaysian coast and Philippine island.

Their lifestyle is based on the type of houses. The sea based somewhat sedentary community do not wander more than 40km from their settlement in search of food. They periodically Page | 106

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development trade goods from other communities as well as land based settlements and are often known to cross the borders of Malaysia, Indonesia and Philippines for fishing, trading as well as visiting relatives.

Because of seaborne lifestyle they do not have access to proper sanitation, fresh water, healthcare and education. Bajau are noted for their diving skills and their ability of having clear vision even under water. They have a usual diet of fish and vegetables and lead a healthy lifestyle. Each community tends to follow its own religion, some are strict followers of Sunni Islam, some follow other forms of Islam and also animal, spirit and ancestral worship. A small minority even follows Christianity.

Life on the sea can be very dangerous because of changing tides and disaster. But for single families living on boats it can be endangered even by pirates. Lately the community has been facing a lot of issues due to climate change, over-fishing and discrimination from other communities.

Figure 104: Location of Sea nomads Source: Obsidian Soul

Blue: Moro/Moken Green: Bajau Orange: Orang Laut

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Case Study Sea nomads are categories based on the type of lifestyle they chose which in turn affects the type of housing: Sedentary- the sea based nomads who have stilt houses in the shallow coastal areas as well as land based houses with options to farm when the land is available and commercial pursuits are the sedentary ones.

Semi-sedentary: the nomads who alternate time on their sea boats and their stilt houses or land based houses are the semi-sedentary type.

The sea gypsies: nomads who spend their entire life on an elaborate boat known as lepa as fishermen in search of good fishing grounds. (Lenhart, 2014)

Figure 105

Figure 102

Figure 105: Sedentary land based Bajau © Arun Gekoski Figure 108: Semi-Sedentary Sea based nomads © John Jodery Figure 107: Sea gypsies © Faiz Zaki Figure 106: Sea based Bajau village Source: De Agostini Picture Library Figure 104

Figure 103

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development House-boat: The conventional dwelling of the sea nomads is a boat called lepa. A wooden plant boat with roof made of screw-pine leaves that are woven together with rattan. If this boat has a sail it is known as peruha. The hull is around 5m long, with 1.5m beam with a depth of one to 2m. It rowed standing using a 2 to 3 m long oar. The roof is made of various layers of screw-pine leaves that rest upon a wooden frame. (Lenhart, 2014)

Figure 109: Houseboat (Lepa) dwelling

Source: (Lenhart, 2014)

Temporary huts at times of repairing. These huts are built at the edge of the water at the beginning of the stormy season.

It is built close enough so that the boats can be accessed at any given time irrespective of tide.

Hut has a small plank platform which is supported on piles. It is about same size as the boat.

Materials used for building such hut come from forest. The roof used for the houseboats used for the hut as well with walls made of plank wood, canvas or plastic whichever is available.

(Lenhart, 2014)

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Case Study

Figure 110: Temporary huts of sea nomads

Source: (Lenhart, 2014)

Pile Dwellings: Pile dwelling are the houses built by the more sedentary type of sea nomads. Built on a platform supported on piles, with height of the structure going from about 2.5 m and a single room ranging from 5 to 15 square meter which depends on the number of members in the family. The walls are made of pinewood or boards and incase of unavailability of these materials canvas or plastic is also used to fill in. The roofing material is split palm fronds which are used in overlapping layers. Recently such houses are also built with corrugated sheets. The house has two entrances one that leads to the walkway supported on piles that connects the entire village and the second leads directly to the sea via a ladder. Such houses

Figure 112: Pile dwelling Source: (Lenhart, 2014)

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Figure 111: Village settlement Source: Panoramio

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development are built with no sanitation facilities, or electric supply, people eat and sleep on the floor on mats. All materials used for constructing such houses are derived from the forest, but corrugated sheets are bought as they are easy to build and highly portable material.

Figure 113: Pile Dwelling Source: (Lenhart, 2014)

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Case Study

Based on use 7.4.1 Besiktas fish market, Istanbul

Figure 114: Besiktas fish market/ GAD Source: GAD Architects

Location: Istanbul, Turkey.

Architect: Gokhan Avcioglu and GAD (Global Architectural Development) The Besiktas fish market is located at a triangular junction in Istanbul where locals usually come to buy fresh fish. It was redesigned by architects at GAD after the original was in a poor shape. The architects created a concrete shell covering the entire site with large openings on the street, as a reaffirmation to its welcoming feel and to maintain its neighborhood presence.

Figure 116: Fish and vegetable market Source: GAD Architects

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Figure 115: Fish display area Source: GAD architects

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development The concrete shell provides a column free space which tends to the markets ever changing need. (Naidu, 2010) The structure is built on a total area of 360 sq.m the project design started with a series of triangular design that complemented the shape of the site. Inflating the surface was a quick indicator of the symbolic nature of the site. (GAD, 2009)

Figure 119: Isometric view Source: GAD Architects

Figure 118: Spatial arrangement Source: GAD Architects

Figure 117: design evolution based on site Source: GAD architects

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Case Study

Figure 120: Design of roof Source: www.archdaily.com

Each sale counter hasd a drainage system theat carried the effluent waste to the municipal waste line. it was also fitted with a personal cold storage and normal storage chamber below.

Along with every counter the facility of a back counter was provided where the fish is washed and cut.

Figure 121: Detail of sales table Source: GAD Architects

The main drain lines run throughout the site at the entrances. As the entire site is sloped it helps with the waste management. The water from the roof is collected at the three junction points where the roof meets the ground. (GAD, 2009)

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Findings The main objective of this chapter is to give a summary of all the important finding from both survey and literature study and derive conclusion that will further impact the design decisions. The present research aims at understanding the traditions, beliefs, methods of fishing and marketing and at the same time finding their requirement and understanding the need of the fishermen community involved in auction.

1. Fishing is banned from 10th June to 15th August but it is generally resumed only after Narali Purnima till the month of September as the sea takes time to settle. (Jambhale & Kanase, 2015) During this ban period traditional fishing is permitted only in the shallow waters of the coast.

2. Fishing is the traditional occupation of 91% of total fishermen population residing in the Konkan region. (Marine fisheries census: Maharashtra, 2010) 3. The activity of fishing can be classified as the fishermen involved in actual fishing and fishermen involved in other allied activities like marketing, drying, processing, curing and peeling.

4. Fishermen are classified according to their contribution to the marketing scheme i.e. fishermen who are either boat owners, net owners or labourers on other trawlers and the people related to fish marketing like fisherwomen, auctioneers or agents, wholesaler, retailers and exporters. (Jambhale & Kanase, 2015) 5. The activities are usually divided gender wise e.g. the work of actual fishing is mainly done by fishermen and the marketing, sorting, curing and drying processes are mainly by fisherwomen.

6. The fishing boats are known according to the type of net used (gill-netter, trawl-netter, dolnetters, etc.) as well as the type of system that powers the boat (mechanised, nonmechanised or traditional). (Jambhale & Kanase, 2015) 7. Traditional fishermen who follow the method of Rapan only spend a day at sea, were they lay the net at night time and pull it out in the morning. The fisherman using mechanised boats spend 3- 8 days at sea. Hence boats that come for auction have an alternate pattern.

8. The fish auction takes place twice a day and varies in size depending on the availability of fish catch and the time of the year. It is at its peak during the months of October and November and keeps on reducing as the fishing season comes close to an end. The detailed

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Case Study 9. There is a lack of awareness about the general schemes offered by the government as well as the hygiene practices to be followed.

10. Transporting the fish catch is a key factor that governs the freshness of fishes. Hence using proper icing and cleaning methods become important which affect the income generated from the catch.

11. Facilities like cold storage, ice supply, fresh water, fuel, transportation facilities are required for development of the sector.

12. Fishermen have started focusing on high value fishes like cuttle, mackerel, ribbon, etc. as they fetch good market price and are used for export.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Conclusion Fish marketing is an essential part of fishing occupation because the economic and social status of fishermen community depends on it. Most of the markets and auction centres are located on the beach. The traders and fisherwomen face a lot of problem that become barriers in fisheries development.

Lack of advance cold storage In the studies area the fish catch is stored by the wholesalers in plastic or cane boxes which has layers of ice in it. It is not suitable for storing fish for long duration. This reduces the life span of fish catch during peak season, reducing the value of the product.

Scarceness of fast and refrigerated transport All traders wholesalers use non-refrigerated trucks for transporting the catch to it destined places. Even methods used by fisher women for carrying the catch from auction to local market reduce price of fish decrease substantially.

Condition of market and auction halls The lack of basic facilities in market create lots of problems for fisherwomen and the consumers as well. There are no proper sewage system or allocated spaces for fisherwomen which creates a lot of aggression. The basic need for toilets is also absent. Spoiled fish, sewage, fish water all of it stages in such places causing them to stink.

Lack of awareness The men and women who handle the fish are mostly unaware of hygienic fish handling practices. Even though MPEDA organises seminars for handling and conservation of fish, it is not attended by many and is usually only for fishermen who work on boats. As a result the fisherwomen working on the shore are ignorant of such practices.

Unhygienic landing centres and auction areas.

As in most case fish landing happen on the beaches or on jetties. Such places are unequipped with proper sewage system for draining the fish water, as a result all the water ends up in the sea before it is cleaned. Also the fish waste collected by cleaning and cutting the fish is Page | 117

Case Study thrown in the sea, polluting it. This makes the beach stink the entire day and reduces its value for tourism.

Indiscipline in market Because the placement of fisherwomen and auctions are haphazard and in times of high tide consumer approach.

Lack of proper supply of fuel Though fuel tanks are provided by the fishermen cooperatives as well as gram panchayat its method of transport from shore to trawler is hazardous. It can led to many accidents on the way causing damage to marine life.

Lack of infrastructure in terms of parking All vehicular transport is used for carrying fish of the fisherwomen going back to local markets, of the tourist coming there to experience this process. All of these vehicles are parked on the beach some very close to tide levels. Because of sandy beaches and rising tide many times heavy vehicles get stuck and it becomes difficult to pull them back up.

Disposal of waste The fish waste created during auction, during cutting and cleaning of fish is 80% of the time thrown back to the sea even though measure have been taken to dispose it off properly. This causes a lot of pollution in the sea.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Design Intentions The main focus of this thesis is providing foreshore facilities to the fishermen living and on working on the beaches of Konkan. This approach is a community based approach rather than government building a jetty of port which is costly as well as time consuming affair. It is intended to improve the hygienic standards and the handling practices currently followed throughout the coastal area to improve the quality of the product. The design is more user group oriented that includes the fishermen, fisherwomen, auctioneers, food vendors, ice crushing units and the wholesalers along with the tourist that visit such places because of the auction.

User requirements: Fishermen: basic requirement are providing Freshwater supply Regular cheap fuel supply Proper loading and unloading area for auction.

Shore sanitation facilities Fisherwomen requirements: Better setup for sale Organised space for marketing Basic sanitation facilities Loading and unloading area for women taking fish in vehicles to different villages.

Awareness camps for fish handling Options for management of waste created while cleaning.

Auctioneers requirements: Platform for carrying out the process of auction.

Better option for temporary structure Improved insulation methods Improved ice handling and transport facilities Page | 119

Case Study Parking facilities to avoid sinking of tires in lose sand.

Wholesalers also need better parking facilities in front of shed Cold storage facility on rent.

Transportation vehicle with insulation that keeps the fish fresh Cutting, cleaning and sorting area.

Organising all the haphazardly place wholesalers on the beach.

Structures required: Auction hall for Local fish auction and Wholesale and export fish.

Auction hall with effluent water management facility.

Organised food vendor and tourist dining space along with viewing deck.

Redesigning Ice crushers unit Wholesalers shed Common cold storage facility Fuel tank and Fresh water supply Parking facilities for tourist as well as fish transport vehicles.

Design Objective: To provide temporary or permanent structure as per use and location.

To provide flexibility in size by using modular structure.

To provide cleaner surrounding by provision of on-site waste management.

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Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Appendix Survey Questionnaire Fisherwomen Name: Work as: Fish catcher Age: Below 15

Auctioneer

15-20

Secondary fish seller

21-25

26-50

50

onwards From where: Harnai

Dapoli

Malvan

Others

Sell to which place: Harnai

Dapoli

Malvan

Others

on a boat

not into fishing sector

Days earning:

Husband works: Owns a boat

Other sources of income during monsoon?

None only focus on mending boat

others

not into fishing sector

others How to you get rid of fish waste: Throw it in the ocean used as a fertilizer

Throw it in dustbin

others

How much of fish waste collected each day:

Work done rest of the day: Page | 121

Case Study Selling fish

others

No. of people present for the auction, does it change throughout the year approximate no.:

Are you aware of seminars for fish handling practices held by the government: Yes No If yes, where have you heard about it: TV Seminar Newspaper

friends

others

Have you ever attended one: Yes No If yes, do you follow any of those practices, elaborate: Yes No Where do you get the ice for cooling from:

Is there enough supply of ice: Yes No Are there any toilet facilities on the beach: Yes No Do you feel the need for a toilet near the market and auction hall?

Yes No

Fishermen Name: Work as: Fish catcher Page | 122

Auctioneer

Secondary fish seller

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

Age: Below 15

15-20

21-25

26-50

50

onwards From where: Harnai

Dapoli

Malvan

Others

Part of any fishermen co. operative soc: Yes No If no, why: How many days spent at sea(usually): During May During October During January Other sources of income during monsoon?

None only focus on mending boat

not into fishing sector

others Amount of fish collected each day?

How much of fish waste collected each day: Days earning: Type of boat you work on: Trawler Traditional

others

No. of people present for the auction, does it change throughout the year approximate no.: Are you aware of seminars for fish handling practices held by the government: Yes No

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Case Study If yes, where have you heard about it: TV Seminar Newspaper

friends

others

Have you ever attended one: Yes No If yes, do you follow any of those practices, elaborate: Yes No

Auctioneers Name: Work as: Fish catcher Age: Below 15

Auctioneer

15-20

Secondary fish seller

21-25

26-50

onwards From where: Harnai

Dapoli

Days earning: How many auctions held in one day: Form of earning:

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Malvan

Others

50

Lilav: Fish Auction and Beach Development

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FISHING CHIMES, 31(5), 34-35. Retrieved from http://eprints.cmfri.org.in/8736/ Manojkumar, B., & Dineshbabu, A. (1999). Dol' net fisheries on the Saurashtra coast. In Marine Fisheries Information Services (p. 905). Cochin.

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