Cambodia 2010 - City in Crisis Projects by City in Crisis - Studio Course

CAMBODIA 2010 City in Crisis - Urban Studio Aalto University - School of Science and Technology - Department of Architecture

AALTO UNIVERSITY - SCHOOL OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE - URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN CITY IN CRISIS II - URBAN STUDIO PROGRAMME A-36.3502 - SPRING 2010

PARTICIPANTS: STUDENTS ACEBES LUENGO Javier (Mr) CROUZET Léa (Ms) HALSTI Karoliina (Ms) HAMBA Yui (Ms ) HAN Su Jeong (Mr) HANNULA Emma (Ms) HARNO Leeni (Ms) HERISSET Francois (Mr) IBING Gustav (Mr) KOPONEN Mesimaaria (Ms) LEE Seungho (Mr) MAIRE Samuel (Mr) NORDLUND Maria (Ms) NYHOLM Charlotte (Ms) RIITTINEN Leea (Ms) SALORT ARBONA Toni (Mr) TEERENHOVI Mikko (Mr) TOIKKANEN Pekka (Mr) VILA SAN JOSE José (Mr) YAMADA Kento (Mr)

TEACHERS

ES FIN FIN JP KR FIN FIN FR DE FIN KR CH FIN FIN FIN ES FIN FIN ES JP

jacebes87@gmail.com lea.crouzet@hotmail.fr khalsti@gmail.com yuihamba@gmail.com hansooj@gmail.com emma-liisa.hannula@hotmail.com leeni.harno@tkk.fi francoish2@hotmail.fr ibing@student.tugraz.at mkkopone@cc.hut.fi seungho.lee@taik.fi maire_sa@hotmail.com maria.nordlund@tkk.fi charlotte.nyholm@hut.fi lriittin@cc.hut.fi matapoyos@gmail.com mikko@teerenhovi.fi ptoikkan@cc.hut.fi kiss_heimdal@hotmail.com kygroundjp@yahoo.co.jp

T T

T T T T

KALANJE, Humphrey (Mr) KJISIK, Hennu (Mr) PUHAKKA, Auli (Ms) VASKO, Veikko (Mr) MUHONEN, Matleena (Ms)

TAN kalanje@cc.hut.fi FIN hennu.kjisik@h-k.fi FIN auli.puhakka@tkk.fi FIN vasko.architects@co.inet.fi FIN

CS = Creative Sustainability minor study programme T = Travelling to Cambodia

T T

CS CS

CONTENTS: Participants Contents and thank you Introduction - the Course, City in Crisis Introduction - the Trip to Cambodia

Projects: Filling in the Blanks - Urban Agriculture in the Relocation Sites of Phnom Penh Suburban Communities of Phnom Penh The mind-shift Cambodia - for appropriate livelihood The City on Water - Development plan for the southern lakes in Phnom Penh SaMa - The Safety Management Program for Phnom Penh rural areas

Sponsors

THANK YOU: Mikko Ahlstrรถm, for the pictures; Nora Lindstrรถm, for looking for a printer and Maria Nordlund, for the editing of this book

Introduction | the Course, City in Crisis Seungho Lee City in Crisis has been offered since 1993 by the department of architecture in Aalto University School of Science and Technology (formerly Helsinki University of Technology) with an aim of strengthening the global awareness and social conscience of its students, as well as increasing the students understanding of the realities of life and conditions of professional work in developing countries. Architects in the wealthy parts of the world have a tendency of being primarily interested in what their more successful counterparts in other wealthy parts of the world are busy with. The professional magazines in Europe, North America and the rich parts of Asia are concentrating on the “wow-factor” and its various manifestations. It is far less common that these publications deal with the everyday problems of the majority of the world’s problem. – Hennu Kjisik, Veikko Vasko, & Hunphrey Kalanje. The Final Report of City in Crisis, May 2009 This phenomenon is evident in recently published Phaidon Atlas of Contemporary Architecture that introduces 16 Finnish projects among 588 European projects, but only 26 projects from whole Africa and 184 projects from Asia. As pointed out by Hunphrey Kalanje, one of teachers of the course, architecture is in many cases political: it works with capital, for capital, and by capital. Since these things are notoriously difficult to be taught in lecture halls and studios, the annual fieldwork period has become an essential part of the teaching and learning process since the beginning. After a total of ten years in Africa - Rusfisque, Benin and Grand Popo in particular - City in Crisis has turned its eyes to the east, and the first group of students

travelled to Cambodia at the end of February 2008. The reality of architecture, building and urban planning and design outside Europe, with cultural understanding as the point of departure. The historical, socio-economic and cultural development of emerging nations with local vernacular principles. An optional studio course in English for advanced foreign and Finnish students on development issues - an introduction in the urban development problems of the world majority. – Official course description, [http://yks.tkk.fi/en/ studies/courses/36-3501/], retrieved April 1, 2010 The course is designed in two parts: the first of which aims to acquaint the students with various development issues all over the world and worldwide vernacular principles. During the autumn semester 2009, we studied four themes: development discourse, global issues, urban agendas, and construction in developing economies, which was followed by research into the vernacular principles of indigenous architecture in different climates. The second part consists of lectures and seminars dedicated to issues in Cambodia, the fieldwork trip to Phnom Penh and Siem Reap and studio work back in Helsinki. In spring semester 2010 invited lecturers talked about issues in relation with water, development, corruption, environmental issues, capital, and speculation in Phnom Penh. City in Crisis course does not pretend that problems of this nature can be mitigated immediately. Rather, it aims to have us students aware of and ready for the real problems of architecture and design for a longer term.

Introduction | the Trip to Cambodia Seungho Lee

After studying diverse issues from a range of scales, both from the global to the local in Cambodia, and from the past to the present we packed our bags for two weeks in Cambodia. It was time to see and to “live” the reality. So there we were, nine of us from five different countries seeing Cambodia for the first time. Seeing and living were very different from reading, watching and listening in comfortable homes and lecture halls. Things taken for granted at home were not easily achievable here: clean water, sanitation, sewage management, waste management and education, just to name a few. During our time in Cambodia we were visiting Angkor Wat, the floating villages near Siem Reap, Silk Island, a few slum areas and few eviction sites in Phnom Penh as well as relocation sites where those evicted now struggle to survive. We also met and learned from representatives from various NGOs: STT,

OPC, UN Habitat to name a few. Corruption, lack of secure tenure, almost no industry, false development, lack of education, slavery… this is the reality for many of Cambodia’s urban poor. We were lucky to have people with many different backgrounds: industrial and strategic design, architecture, urban planning and landscape architecture, which enabled each of us to focus on a few topics to develop deep insight so that we could help others see problems from various perspectives while working in teams. Nightly briefings kept everyone clued in and these discussions were very fertile. We were lucky to have students from different parts of the world in the course, and worked with Cambodian students during our stay, which made the whole visit fluent and fruitful. After the trip we’ll return to Helsinki and form groups with those who did not travel, expanding the diverse set of perspectives even more. We are free to choose a site for our studio

projects. Among the most terrible of the relocation sites was Trapieng Krasang, where the urban poor from four different places were involuntarily relocated to some 20 km outside the city and they now struggle to survive. This is a population of Tuk-Tuk drivers, Moto-Dub drivers, bakers, street fruit vendors, waiters and waitresses who have been relocated away from their jobs and now have no income. One lady, for example, makes two and a half dollars a day if she goes to the city to sell vegetables. However, it costs two dollars to get to the city! The relocated families were each given nothing but a 5 by 12 meter plot on a former rice field. The earth is fertile there, but the plot is far too small to be the source of living, let alone the money to build a shelter. This is compounded by the issue of unclear

entitlements, which dates back to the Khmer Rouge regime when many citizens were herded out of the city. One third of the population was killed and many of the survivors never returned to Phnom Penh. Eventually, those who did return to the city settled wherever they could â&#x20AC;&#x201C; with whatever means they could. A few decades later, the Cambodian government, challenged with deep-

of the radical environmental changes. Recently the Royal University of Fine Art and the National Museum have been sold to a private investor and the students are under threat of eviction. Some can say that development in Phnom Penh is giving jobs to construction workers, hopefully boosting

rooted corruption, is selling the prime locations of Phnom Penh to private investors who are taking advantage of murky land ownership status. Development in the city of Phnom Penh is another significant problem. Two years back, a private investor bought the Boeung Kak Lake area which is about 1 square kilometre and began filling in the lake to build a hotel and resort. People near the lake have been forcibly relocated and a large fire during our stay in Phnom Penh cost hundreds of families their homes in a single night. Now Boeung Kak Lake is as small as one third and soon will be 10 per cent of its original size. As summer brings monsoon season we will see the impact

with significant competition from nearby Bangkok. Cambodia imports many things, including food, from Thailand and Vietnam, thus making commodities expensive. The shift from agrarian to industrial society and on to a service and knowledge-based economy appears to be a long journey for Cambodia.

the economy, and making the city a better place to live in the end. However, the number of people evicted from the city is much higher than the number of workers hired. Does development have to be at the expense of so many homes, jobs, and lives lost?

Back in Helsinki, weâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;re focusing on five different projects: a master plan including urban farming solutions for the relocation sites, in particular Trapieng Krasang as a case study; a â&#x20AC;&#x153;sub-centerâ&#x20AC;? concept for relocation sites, which brings markets and basic facilities to the area; the rehabilitation of remaining lake areas south of Phnom Penh, with specific attention to management of sewage flow; disaster management for slum inhabitants; and a strategic road map and a framework for the economical development of the urban poor of Cambodia: what does a pathway to economic stability look like for the relocated families of Trapieng Krasang?

The economy of urban poor in Phnom Penh is shallow and fragile: many of their livelihoods are very much dependent on tourism, a competitive industry

More blogposts on: http://themindsetshift.blogspot. com

Filling in the Blanks - Urban Agriculture in the Relocation Sites of Phnom Penh

FranĂ§ois HĂŠrisset, Mikko Teerenhovi, Toni Salort Arbona, Charlotte Nyholm - City in Crisis - Spring 2010 Aalto University School of Science and Technology

Filling in the Blanks - Urban Agriculture in the Relocation Sites of Phnom Penh

François Hérisset, Mikko Teerenhovi, Toni Salort Arbona, Charlotte Nyholm Land Use in Phnom Penh

Relocation Sites

Since the 1990’s the rising land prices in Phnom Penh and other urban areas in Cambodia have led to the government being gripped by short sighted privatisation frenzy. Extensive privatisation has been embarked upon without securing land and housing rights for ordinary citizens, leaving particularly the urban poor in a vulnerable position. Instead of addressing the tenure security issue, government authorities have forcefully evicted thousands of urban poor families from their homes. In most cases inadequate or no alternative housing or resettlement has been offered, leaving those evicted destitute.

STT (Sahmakum Teang Tnaut), a Phnom Penh based NGO working with relocation issues, has documented the development of the relocation sites over time. Their publication “Facts and Figures” from December 2006 presents four relocation cases: Aphiwat Meanchey, Kraing Ankrang 271, Trapeang Krasang and Phum Andoang. From these cases it is clear that involuntarily relocated communities with little influence over their own fate fare far worse than those able to voluntarily relocate to a site of their choice on their own terms with fair compensation. Also, as the distance from the relocation site to the city center grows, so do the problems.

Evicted families are relocated to sites around the city, sometimes as far as 20 km from the city center. For people such as tuk tuk drivers or sales clerks, whose livelihood is dependent on proximity to the city, it is impossible to make a living in these conditions. Most make less money from a day of work than they would have to spend on commuting to the city and back. These people are left with little choice. Most return to the city and end up in worse living conditions than before the eviction, while others stay at the deserted relocation site resigned to no source of income.

Trapeang Krasang, located about 20 km from downtown Phnom Penh, currently has about 5000 inhabitants evicted from four different communities in the city center. A lack of community structure is an issue at the relocation site, as is apathy, since many feel betrayed and lose hope. Now, four years after relocations to Trapeang Krasang started, only about half of the plots are occupied. Many of the original inhabitants have had to return to the city in order to

provide for their families. Some have sold their plots to speculators, who are now holding on to them in hopes of rising land value. Development to Be Expected in the Near Future Based on the Phnom Penh municipality’s strategic master plan, “Phnom Penh by 2020”, certain developments can be expected in Phnom Penh and around Trapeang Krasang over the next decade. There will be a significant increase in population, about 500 000 people in just the three peripheral districts. This means that the area around Trapeang Krasang will also be under pressure to grow. Chom Chao, located about 6 km from Trapeang Krasang, is one of the potential secondary centers identified in the strategic master plan. Due to its logistically favourable location close to the airport and a future railway station, we see Chom Chao as a highly potential location for factory and warehouse activity in the near future. This means that many of the inhabitants of Trapeang Krasang could find employment at a tolerable distance from their homes

in about 10 to 15 years. However, the crucial issue becomes what needs to be done in order for the community to survive until then. Simultaneously, the dreariness of the living conditions and the lack of activities is a problem that also needs to be addressed. The “Filling in the Blanks” –programme strives to empower and bring together the fragmented community of Trapeang Krasang. The aim is to encourage and further develop the small scale urban agriculture efforts that can already be seen in the community. By doing so we strive to reduce poverty, empower the community, address environmental issues and create a more pleasant living environment. By involving an NGO that would document the process and create a guidebook with clear instructions, we hope that the process could be replicated in other communities facing similar issues. However, none of this can be done without the support of the local government, which must take responsibility and provide adequate living conditions and sufficient infrastructure for its citizens.

Goals

Initial Steps

1. Poverty reduction in the relocation sites, self-contained communities 2. New public spaces + environmental issues 3. Empowering the communities 4. Provide examples to the other communities (in form of a guidebook etc.)

1. Find the partners: NGO’s + local government 2. Community forms working groups, who receive training on the subject by the NGO’s 3. Mapping the community - what are the potential areas 4. Establishing goals 5. Planning the green space + establishing a work plan

Education System The education system, initially funded by an NGO, strives to provide the inhabitants of Trapeang Krasang with the opportunity to make a living without having to move back to the city. Community members receive the training and tools required for various jobs such as compost maintenance, farming, transporting produce and sales. The community receives part of the profit, which is used to rent and later buy plots from speculators that can be used by those employed through the

Banks Funding with the micro credit system.

education system. It is important that the crops farmed as part of the education system differ from those farmed by individuals, as the competition will otherwise force out the smaller actors. Hence, the crops farmed as part of the education system are to be specialized crops such as tomatoes, which fetch a higher price at the market, but require the farmer to receive some training. Salaries are paid as a certain percentage of the profit, as this creates a stronger sense of involvement and ownership than a fixed salary.

Religious community: - links to the community, respected leaders

NGO’s (initial Land owners (plots): local government funding, training community members, (land tenure and equipment; non-community security, production and members infrastructure, distribution of Land owners construction and Religious community: NGO’s (initial Land guidebook) (surrounding fields) maintenance of owners (plots): - links to the community, funding, training community members, hospital and respected leaders and equipment; non-community schools) production and members

Banks Funding with the micro credit system.

local government (land tenure security, infrastructure, construction and maintenance of hospital and schools)

distribution of guidebook)

Community: administration committee, families taking part in education system, families farming independently, families working outside Trapeang Krasang

Land owners (surrounding fields)

Market

Skills Tools

Money Market

Skills Tools

Money

Community: administration committee, families taking part in education system, families farming independently, families working outside Trapeang Krasang

Community

Communication

Communication NonOrganic Wastes

50% Food

House Family

50% House Food

Family

NonOrganic Wastes

School system

Wastes

40% For sale

Vegetables Food

Vegetables Food Organic plants growing on the plot

Wastes Management System

Organic Wastes

40% For sale

Wastes

10%

crops

School system

Compost

Organic plants growing on the plot Rented Plot

School system

Rented Plot

Wastes Management System

Individual Inhabitant

Community

1. Works outside the community (factory worker, motodop driver, etc.) - percentage of inhabitants able to do this increases as Chom Chao area develops

1. Administration committee formed - respected community members, monks from nearby wats, engages community, manages funds and serves as a link between community and other participants (NGOs, banks, etc.)

2. Farms independently - grows basic crops such as bamboo on own or rented plot - no special skills required - crops mostly for family consumption, surplus sold locally 3. Works for the community - enters the Filling in the Blanks education system run by NGO and the community - receives skills, tools - grows specialized crops on community plot/ transports produce to be sold/ sells produce/ takes care of and sells compost - compost sellers get paid directly by clients - farmers, drivers and sellers receive a fixed percentage of the profit

2. Start-up capital from NGO, microcredit 3. Community working groups formed 4. Education system starts - NGO provides training for various tasks such as farming of specialized crops, sales, logistics and composting 5. Community rents plots from speculators - used for farming, compost heaps 6. Produce sold - part of education system - can be transported and sold outside the community due to larger amounts 7. Profit used to benefit the community - salaries and rents paid - key plots eventually purchased (first farmed, later become part of public green network or sites for community buildings)

Schools We could not find recommendations by Cambodian officials to the amount of classrooms needed in a community. Based on our own calculations the amount of classrooms required in 2025 (for 11000 inhabitants) will be 32. This is roughly twice as many as the current 15, which is plausible, as the amount of inhabitants is also predicted to double by 2025. As only 50% of children are expected to attend school, it is important to find meaningful activities for the other 50%. These kids can take part in the Filling in the Blanks education system and learn practical skills.

- Children aged 6-14 (school attendance age): 5000 - Percentage of Phnom Penh children aged 6-14 attending school: 45% In Trapeang Krasang we strive for 50% (above average, yet realistic attendance) - Average amount of students/classroom: 40 - According to the Cambodian Ministry of Education using schools in three shifts means students donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t get enough hours of tuition/week. Two shifts are considered acceptable.

Calculations of needed classrooms (in 2025, estimate): Total amount of children in Trapeang Krasang: - 2150 families, average family size 5,5 people -> 7525 children

sources: Phnom Penh Still Lacks Scholl Buildings in 2010, posted 21.12.2009, http://cambodiamirror. wordpress.com. Profiles of Phnom Penh City, 2004, Planning Department of the Phnom Penh Municipality

5000x0.50/40/2=31.25 -> about 32 classrooms needed

2011

2020

2025

Principles for further expansion of the relocationsite

2011

2020

2025

Connections to the Surrounding Area Currently the main entryway into Trapeang Krasang lies to the south of the area. The lane in the northwest leads to a nearby temple (wat). As Trapeang Krasang and the surrounding areas develop, this connection will become more important. As there are two wats located within walking distance of Trapeang Krasang there isn’t a pressing need for constructing one within the community. Water Management Like the rest of Cambodia, Trapeang Krasang experiences a severe rainy season. Therefore close attention must be paid to water management. The existing ditches must be dug deeper and as the area expands the ditch network must be expanded as well. A new pond in eastern Trapeang Krasang will provide the community with water for irrigation as well as serving as a buffer against flooding.

needed by 2025. This is 17 more than currently exist. We propose that the first step for expanding the school network is converting the unutilised government building into a seven classroom school. Later, two more buildings of five classrooms each will need to be constructed. The buildings may also serve as community centers and sites for arranging events. Public Green Space The gradually emerging network of public green spaces and pergolas runs through the community providing shade and meeting places in every neighbourhood. As they run diagonally to the streets, the green spaces also help to break up the monotony of the rigid grid.

Health Care The Cambodian health care network is insufficient in many parts of the country. Trapeang Krasang currently has a small health clinic, but with a population increase of 5000 expected over the next 15 years a need for expanding the facilities and services will arise. Schools The school system will come under pressure to expand. According to our calculations 32 classrooms will be

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Trapeang Krasang Current State Trapeang Krasang in its current state is a community placed on a relocation site in the middle of a rice field. The sight is dominated by the empty plots owned by speculators who are waiting for the land prices to rise. The plot structure is formed using a rigid north to south grid.

Filling in the Blanks Programme 2011 Filling in the blanks programme occupies the empty areas within the community. Plots are rented by the community directly from the speculators. The plots are then used to grow plants and trees. The plantation provides food for the community, a new source of income and a new vivid city structure. Some of the streets are covered with pergolas to grow wax melon and to provide shade.

Situation in the Year 2025 The community has possibly grown to a little satellite city next to Phnom Penh. Some of the empty plots have been purchased by the community and are used as public spaces or plots for community buildings. Urban agriculture still occupies some plots.

Suburban Communitie

of Phnom Penh

Sujeong Han, Gustav Ibing, Samuel Maire, Maria Nordlund - City in Crisis - Spring 2010 - Aalto University School of Science and Technology

Suburban Communities of Phnom Penh

Sujeong Han, Gustav Ibing, Samuel Maire, Maria Nordlund

“Having food, but no possibility to sell it” - Was the starting point and first assumption of our approach of the problems in Trapieng Krasang. This assumption is based on the idea that inhabitants of Trapieng Krasang would utilize all available land in the village for urban gardening, and that way produce enough fruits and vegetables for their families, and up to 40% of their production would be surplus and could be sold. The intern market possibilities in the village are, at the moment, small. There is a place to facilitate a market, but the local demand is small, since the inhabitants don’t have much money, as they lack opportunities to

work. The three subjects of concern in our work are: trade, transport and education. We look at the area around Trapieng Krasang and of Trapieng Leuk to see how developing the possibilities of trade, transport and education, would benefit the inhabitants of Trapieng Krasang and the villages around the relocation site. The suggested models could be carried out throughout the city, and even beyond the city limits. Feeder traffic would go to stations of a new local train. There would be bus stations, as the one we suggest at the ring road and train stations, as the one we suggest in Trapieng Leuk. Currently the railway is out of function, and the traffic relies on personal vehicles.

PRODUCE OWN GOODS

NETWORK of TRADE

Creating a local network of public transport, for linking relocation sites and the city, while developing trade.

EXCHANGE with other COMMUNITIES

BUS STOP MARKET

EXTRA GOODS

PRODUCE OWN GOODS

NETWORK of TRADE

SELL more EXPENSIVE

CUSTOMERS will come cause it's CHEAPER and they can have TYPICAL goods

GOODS from TRAIN BUS STOP MARKET

GOODS from other VILLAGES

BUS STOP MARKET

CITY AIRPORT

Our suggestion is for the railway to be built up, and to develop a local train system with Market, train and bus stations as well as smaller train stations.

Phnom Penh Master Plan The master plan for Phnom Pehn - â&#x20AC;&#x153;Town Planning on the Horizon 2020â&#x20AC;? is made for use as a guide for the public and private investments in Phnom Penh. It fixes the location of infrastructure: roads, railroads and train stations, ports and the airport, channels and lakes, parks and green connections; Proposes the principal structure of the network of public domain, and specifies the preferential use of land. The master plan is done in support of French cooperation and is based on around thirty reports of experts on international level and intermediate

reports in cooperation with the municipal services. The first version of the master plan was ready in 2004; this map is based on an updated plan from June 2009. The preceding document of planning the metropolis Phnom Penh was adapted in 1950, and it was used during the time from independence to war, 1953-1970. Cambodia is making big investments in rehabilitating the railway system. We suggest that the new rail road tracks should be used for local traffic in the metropolitan area of Phnom Penh. The train stations should be served with feeder buses from the surrounding areas, to ease the private traffic on the roads, and to provide a working public transport system in the city.

Step 3 Step 2

Sports field

Hospital Secondary School

Primary School

Petroleum Station Community Center

Market

Step 1

Parking Area

Bus Station

Stop

Institute of Technology

1: 500

Other village

Step 3

1: 500

Step 2

Sports field

Hospital Secondary School

Primary School

Petroleum Station Community Center

Market

Parking Area

Bus Station

Step 1

T.K.

Bus Road

Subcenter 1: 500

Golf Club

1: 10000

Step 1 Step 1

Step 1 Bike

Bike

TukTuk

Step 1

Mini bus

Market

Step 1

TukTuk Bus Stop Market

Mini bus TukTuk

Market

Mini bus

Bike

Bus Stop Parking Area Bus Stop

1: 500

Parking Area

Step 2 Secondary School

1: 500 Parking Area

Sports field

Community Center

Step 2 Secondary School

Petroleum Station

1: 500

Sports field Community Center

Petroleum Station

Sports field Community Center

Petroleum Station

Step 3

1: 500

1: 500 Sports field Health care center

Step 3

1: 500

Sports field

Step 3

Health care center

Sports field Secondary School

Primary School

Health care center Community Center Kindergarten

Secondary School

Primary School

Secondary School

Primary School

Community Center Kindergarten

Petroleum Station

1: 500

1: 500 1: 500

Around the bus stop, the three first steps First step: bus stop and market. The bus stop is a kiosk, cafeteria, meeting place, where public transport gets organized. Minibuses will go where the people need them to go, from this participatory bus stop. There is minibus parking for traffic that terminates here, and places to stop on both sides of the Ring road, for buses that drive by. At the bus stop there is space for parking of various vehicles; witch serves both the feeder traffic and the market. The market is a place where people from nearby villages can sell their products, and buy things from different parts of the city, and further away. Second step: secondary school, community center and petroleum station. The secondary school gathers children from the surrounding villages, where there are only primary schools. Participation is a key issue even in planning the housing in the area around the bus stop, thatâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s why a community center is built at the same time as the secondary school. Here meetings can be held, and children can spend time after school. The petroleum station will serve the mini buses that terminate at the bus stop, and will also attract passers by to stop in the area and visit the market. Third step: primary school and health care center. During all three steps housing will develop around the bus stop, first scattered, so that people can use their plot for gardening, and later divide the plot, to make a denser village. In step three there is enough children in the area for a primary school, which will be built next to the secondary school, and a bigger sports field, that can be used both in education, and for after school activities. The community center will house a kindergarten, for children whose parents use the bus stop for commuting or work at the market. The health care center will provide services to people in the whole area, and strengthen the core of services in the new village. After the three first steps we have planned, the area has strength to walk on by itself: With participation of the inhabitants and a stride to develop into a central nod in the network of villages in the area. The bus stop, the market, the secondary school and the health care center will benefit the whole network and make the outskirts of Phnom Penh a better place to live.

STEP 2

STEP

Trapang Leuk, the first three steps First step: bus station, train station and market The bus and the train station will form a transportation hub, and with parking space for different vehicles it will be practical for commuter traffic to the city center. The market will serve as the local market for nearby inhabitants, but also as a wholesale market for merchants who bring products from the villages for sale, and return with products from the big market back to their villages. Step by step the size of the market will grow, and reach its full size in step three. In step one new housing is developing in the area. The existing housing areas will get denser, as more people want to live in the area, and people can build bigger homes, thanks to the commerce of the market.

Second step: campus area In the second step the campus area will get a collage for ca. 500 students. Different vocational skills will be thought, like building, urban gardening and pedagogies. In step three a secondary school will be built in the same campus area. In the second step a road to the airport is built, according to the 2020 master plan. It will shorten the way to the city center and make place for further development of housing along the road. Housing and comers will concentrate along the road, as on a high street. In the blocks off the road there will not be thoroughfare traffic, or commerce, but a calmer place for living.

Third step: hospital, fire station, community center

Grit vs. Irregular

The hospital and fire station will serve a community larger than the one living in the immediate neighborhood. They are built here because of the good transport possibilities that the location and the bus and train station offers. The hospital will link to the health care centers in the surrounding areas, and provide them with expertise. The fire station will inform about fire safety and serve the sub-center and surrounding villages in the case of fire. A community center will establish in an existing building by a new park. It will strengthen the community and help planning the steps that take the new Phnom Penh sub-center Trapieng Leuk into the future.

The roads in the suburbs around Phom Penh are based on an irregular urban structure. The master plan for 2020 of the municipality suggests a new city center which is based on a grid structure - this plan doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t involve the already existing road networks or the structure of the villages. We think it will be more sustainable to use the existing structure and combine it with the master plan for 2020. Our suggestion is - an intelligent new road network which allows a connection to new hubs, but also uses the existing roads and the irregular structure. The challenges will be to find the right mixture between an economical road network and an interesting city which reflects the Cambodian culture. Concept - New Housing In Cambodia the urban structure develops along the roads. We think that this should be preserved in the future development of the city â&#x20AC;&#x201C; for Cambodians their home often combines the function of living and work, in addition to living a house can have space for a restaurant, garage or shop. These services are relying on the roads, for customers. The structure also creates the possibility for a mixed structure between city and farming land - the city can develop with a high density along the roads - and in the back yard there will be space for farming.

The mind-shift Cambod - for appropriate livelihood

Seungho Lee, Leea Riittinen, Pekka Toikkanen, JosĂŠ Vila San JosĂŠ - City in Crisis - Spring 2010 - Aalto University School of Science and Technology

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The mind-shift Cambodia - for appropriate livelihood

Seungho Lee, Leea Riittinen, Pekka Toikkanen, José Vila San José

Introduction The Mindset Shift is an open-ended strategic design project to help various stakeholders working for the urban poor in Cambodia see the problem in systemic level and create more resilient solutions.

Strategic design Traditional definitions of design and architecture of ten focus on creating discrete solutions – a product, a building, or a service. Strategic design is about applying some of the principles of traditional design to “big picture” systemic challenges like vicious circle of urban poor in Cambodia. Strategic design is about helping stakeholders and decision makers see the structure of problems and deliver more complete solutions. Strategic design starts by asking right questions to see the problem in a larger context, after which novel and more complete solutions based on a whole new ground can be created.

Interconnection of problems

Allocation of GDP by sector

Tenure is highly related to shelter issues. Without shelter people won’t form a community for improving infrastructure. Then again, community will not form if there is no job opportunity around the neighbourhood. The urban poor problem in Cambodia is not a singular problem – it is a set of vicious problems that affects to each other gradually, which make the poor give up.

The economy of urban poor in Phnom Penh is shallow and fragile – many of their livelihoods are very much dependent on tourism, a competitive industry with significant competition from nearby Bangkok. Cambodia imports many things, including food, from Thailand and Vietnam, thus making commodities expensive. The shift from agrarian to industrial society, and on to a service and knowledge-based economy appears to be a long journey for Cambodia. Source: Wikipedia. <http://wikipedia.org/>, retrieved May 8, 2010. World Resource Institute. <http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/ country-profiles.html>, retrieved May 8, 2010.

Problems The diagrams below offer different perspectives and help one see and understand the structure of problems. Interlocking vicious circles This diagram shows the complex relations the particular issues have. This is only one way to demonstrate the causality of the singular problems as every particular problem can have other not described reasons that still will lead to the same situation. Depending on what problems are the worst or what are the easiest to solve there are many breaking points in the vicious circles. Many of the singular problems cannot be solved as such but instead the whole scheme should be investigated and efforts should be directed to the key elements behind the problems. Reference: H. A. Reitsma and J. M. G. Kleinpenning. The Third World in Per spective (Totowa, NJ: Rowman&Allanheld, 1985), Figure 16, p.214

The vicious Circle of Poverty and Backwardness, p. 13, The marketing of Nation by Philip Kotler, 1989

The vicious circle of poverty and backwardness Cambodia has fallen into vicious circle of poverty during and after the Khmer Rouge period when the existing economic and social structures were demolished. People living in fear and having lost their jobs and homes due to the forced evictions to rural areas have left its marks to the mindset of the people. Low employment and low motivation are some of the key reasons of the vicious circle of poverty in Cambodia. Too low wages of civil servants etc. leads easily to ever spreading corruption and inefficient governance. Insufficient taxing yields to low government revenue and cannot support the infrastructure nor pay for the civil servants. To break this vicious circle there have been efforts to make administrative reforms, decree anti corruption law and to get better management of natural resources for example. Many of these reforms are made in cooperation with donors. Actually in many cases the influx of money by donors has worsened the situation by not giving the possibility of real development. Inflowing money easily only distorts the economy and increases inequality. Reference: http://www.un.org.kh/undp/ http://www.un.org.kh/undp/ docman/View-document-details/53-The-Macro-Economics-of-PovertyReduction-in-Cambodia.html

Vicious circle or positive circle?, created by the team

Roadmap Roadmap shows the big-picture-pathway to the definite goal of the development plan for the poor in Cam足bodia. Having done it we created three different diagrams to project that there can be various perspectives. Introduction roadmap

the

This diagram is more to show all the entities. There are several stakehold足ers in relation to the situation of the urban poor in Cambodia. The roadmap shows the steps that the poor have to take to get better living conditions. The more precise advice about how to take the steps of the roadmap is shown in the frameworks. The most important factor to realize these diagrams is to get the poor motivated to the project by mind-shift from passive urban hunter gatherers to producers and entrepreneurs. Stakegholder analysis This figure shows all the stakeholders and the relationships between them hav足ing the poor in the centre. The vicious circle shows that without resources peo足ple have no motivation, they will have no surplus and thus they will have no resources to better their lives. Outside that are the means to change this situation: community, entrepreneurship, employment. Next is the group of other stakeholders that may help an entrepreneur or a community on the way to a better life. The last circle is expected outcomes.

Strategic roadmap The roadmap shows the pathway to the improvement of the poor – for example in form of a school, neighbourhood, religious group, occupation or other interest and later (or without the community step) their own enterprise to get surplus and thus achieve a better life for themselves, their community and possible employees. A new company can also become a social enterprise and start helping others.

Community is a very important step – the more people the more money they can collect to get a better loan and develop their business idea with many minds focused on it. On the way these individuals maybe get help from NGOs, social enterprises, private investors or municipalities in form of money, education, assistance, tools and so on. An important factor in all economy is the market: what sells and to whom. Innovations on this area bring prosperity and this way improvement to living conditions.

Flexible framework

Business driven framework

Framework is borrowed term from software world, which is developed for reducing the cost and creating better results in longterm. Flexible framework means that each framework shall be beneficial for the poor no matter which framework will apply at any specific circumstance. Community driven framework The poor (group of people) > community > improvement 1. Be friends 2. Listen; learn about their strength, problem, and wishes 3. Let them talk with enough time – they’ll become community 4. Get invited to community meetings 5. Help them do better what they are already good at 6. Engage municipality in decision-making process *Do not start with initiating projects. **Do not assume that initiating projects will make people form a community

The KHAT LEE SEREY RIITTINEN SAY TOIKKANEN VILA

SAN

The poor (individual) > entrepreneur (or company) > improvement 1. Learing about the markets (What sells now, what will sell in the future, which customers are not being served, what do customers want) 2. Vocational training (form organization) 3. Micro-finance for the poor Entrepreneur (or company) > Successful business > increased employment > improvement 1. Right idea on specific circumstances 2. Engage municipality by giving some share of the company 3. Make the employees shareholders 4. Appropriate guiding coalition and relations to outside help 5. Constant innovation 6. Training programme for employees 7. Moving closer to the poor community The poor (individuals) > employed > improvement 1. Appropriate vocational training 2. System to encourage motivation 3. Paid training 4. Given tools and basic services (accommodation, food and etc)

Chhorvy Seungho Pagna Leea Rithy Pekka JOSÉ

José

team (KH) (KR) (KH) (FI) (KH) (FI) (ES)

We are students of four nationalities from The Royal University of Art, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Aalto University, Finland. We work together for shared insights from the diversity of different background over the Internet.

Reference The biggest achievement of the project is our blog. We share all the case studies and research materials that have helped create the flexible framework. Please visit – http://themindsetshift.blogspot.com/ Open thoughts Entrepreneur Support Programs There are plenty of organizations and programs to support poor to create and develop their own businesses with the help of financial support, education or other tools. One can only imagine how hard it must be for the poor Cambodians to get that information without access to the Internet. We doubt the accessibility of the poor to the fund. Cambodian Ghettos Trying to understand the situation that the Cambodians are going through, is a needed step for finding the solution to their actual situation. Pushed away from their houses into these “relocations sites”, their rights, if they ever had any, are as good as none. They have only the chance of living “yet another day”. No place for dreaming. No place for tomorrow. Alternative pathways to development Understanding that every country has its own back ground, and that economic development is not a problem that only belongs to economist. should be the first step when you approach the Cambodian situation. Social, cultural and political factors should also be taken in consideration, to reach the key factors for development. Literature The Marketing of Nations by Phillip Kotler et al. This book guides to help understand, formulate and develop the bases for leading a nation to development. The book explains how to asses and build up the nation’s strategic visions and postures, in different situations, gathering lots of important issues that are related to the current situation in Cambodia. Towards Restoring Life by Meas Nee This book is written by a Cambodian NGO leader about the experiences of what happened since 1970. The book tells about broken trust and lost dignity and how to get close to the people that have suffered so much as Cambodians, and eventually suggest novel ways of working there.

Research Healthcare in Cambodia For the poor the accessibility of healthcare in Cambodia is mediocre. Public healthcare is unthinkable for the poor, and due to the corruption, most of the poor people are not willing to use public health services. Instead they rely on self healing or traditional healers. Corruption, point of no return Corruption, introduces distortions in the efficiency of resource allocation, creating a concentration of unproductive wealth. Though the need of an AntiCorruption Law is more than obvious, after 16 years of promises, the government hasn’t been able to provide one. Cambodian Rural situation Approximately 80 percent of Cambodia’s population lives in rural areas and 71 percent is primarily dependent on agriculture (largely rice) and livestock’s for their livelihoods. Poverty in Cambodia is overwhelmingly rural. Brief history of education in Cambodia The education in Cambodia has suffered lots of changes, in the past three centuries. With the power take of the Khmer Rouge, the education system was effectively ruined. Today all the struggles are useless. Banking with the Poor BWTP Network is Asia’s microfinance network. It is a non-profit regional association of a diverse range of microfinance stakeholders committed to improving the quality of life of the poor through promoting and facilitating their access to sustainable financial services. EDW The enterprise development worldwide (EDW) mission is to empower disadvantaged communities to unleash their entrepreneurial potential and create vibrant and economically sustainable enterprise cultures. EDW works with communities and organizations around the world. International Labor Organization ILO, has the following three entrepreneurship supporting programs going on in Cambodia at the moment: Creative Industries Support Program (CISP), Promoting Women’s Entrepreneurship Development and Gender Equality, and Support to Indigenous Peoples Project. The Life of Dialogue This writing is about communication between people. About establishing a transactive relationship. Being able to leave aside different backgrounds and point of views is crucial to reach an understanding. Communication and dialogue is the key to participatory project.

Case studies CEDAC The Cambodian Center for Study and Development in Agriculture (CEDAC) is considered to be the biggest Cambodian Agriculture and Rural Development NGO. It was created in 1997 as a response to the country’s desperate need for national reconstruction. Keywords: NGO, agriculture, participatory project, training. Mith Samlanh Mith Samlanh is a NGO run entirely by Cambodian staff, working with street children in Phnom Penh and Kampong Cham, helping them reintegrate into their families, public school system, employment, and their culture. Keywords: NGO, urban, kids, training. Cambodia Knits Cambodia Knits is a social enterprise, run by locals, that works with marginalized communities near Phnom Penh. This small company has a learning program that consists in paid traineeship in knitting skills. They claim supportive work environment, and strong community bonds, as their main policies. Keywords: Local-social enterprise, communities, training program. Red House Red House is a world’s renowned participatory project that took place in Senegal in1996, when a group of student from Aalto University, after visiting the location, decided to carry on the exercise project. The success of this project was the participation of the local woman, who claims the project as their own, after the house was build. Keywords: Participatory project, woman, community, municipality. Artisans d’Angkor Artisans d’Angkor is a Cambodian independent and self-financing limited company with minor public

participation established by the artisan school CEFP in 1998. It works as a school-to-work program and aims to improve the social and economic living conditions of the young Cambodian rural population. Keywords: Social enterprise, rural communities, training, tools. Rajana Association Rajana Association is a non-profit Fair Trade association making traditional Cambodian art products from local materials. It provides employment and skill training for rural and urban poor and other small producers. Rajana provides employment with fair wages and a safe work environment where people have opportunity for professional development. Keywords: Local association, rural communities, training. Village library in Yogyakarta This case study shows all the steps that a project has to go throw, when it’s promoted by the will of people, and not by the government. It’s also a great example of interlocking networks, participation and ambition from the poorest layers of the society. Keywords: Participatory project, communities, mind shift, facilities. MYC4 MYC4 is a company that facilitates microcredit via the Internet to small businesses in developing countries. It connects investors in developed countries and borrowers in developing countries. Unlike its similar service model Kiva from the U.S in MYC4 investors actually make money out of the interest they underbid. Keyword: Microloan, poor, mind shift. Patrimonio Hoy One of the largest cement manufacturers in the world, Cemex, has developed and delivered a microcredit business model in 2002 that enabled the low-income do-it-yourself homebuilders in Mexico to construct their own houses. Keywords: Microloan, community, shelter.

The TheCity Cityon onWater Water - Devel -plan Development for the southern plan for lakes the in southern Phnom lakes in Phnom Penh Javier Acebes, LĂŠa Crouzet, Emma-Liisa Hannula, Mesimaaria Koponen - City in Crisis - Spring 2010 - Aalto University School of Science and Technology

Javier Acebes, LĂŠa Crouzet, Emma-Liisa Hannula, Mesimaaria Koponen - City in Crisis - Spring 2010 - Aalto University School of Science and Technology

lopment Penh

The City on Water - Development plan for the southern lakes in Phnom Penh Javier Acebes, LĂŠa Crouzet, Emma-Liisa Hannula, Mesimaaria Koponen

Grounds for Choosing the Area The city structure of Phnom Penh will expand to different directions in the near future. The middle class is currently expanding and masses of poor people are continuously moving to the capital city in hope of work and better life. The expansion of the city to the area of Cheung Ek Lake is already partly taken place and will continue rapidly in the future. Our project aims to find a long term solution for the city development structure in the area that would be sustainable and ecological. Currently all the waste water in Phnom Penh ends up in the lakes of Trabek, Tompun and Cheung Ek and continues from there further down to other surface water areas of Cambodia. The starting point of our project is the cleaning of the southern waste water fed lakes in Phnom Penh. The project considers an alternative solution for the city structure in case the water was cleaned. Our project aims to introduce a sustainable alternative plan for the city development where the lakes are preserved and the water is taken into peopleÂ´s every day environment. Our aim is to show that cleaning the surface waters and preserving the lakes instead of filling them can be sustainable both

economically, ecologically, add value to the real estates of the area and provide a healthier, more pleasant living environment. The project introduces alternative water related ways of living and presents a new eco-tourism area that would protect the traditional livelihoods and ways of life in the area. Waste Water Management, Solid Waste Management, Water Supply and Electricity The new water treatment policies The project leans on new sewage water management policies. One of the main issues of the project is to isolate the waste water from the lake surface water and provide a clean lake area. The project introduces a new water treatment plant by the lake Trabek. According to our project the waste water is lead by a channel southwards from the treatment plant. This new waste water channel is isolated from the lake water area, built underground and covered with a deck that serves as a pedestrian road. The new treatment plant is the first step of cleaning the waste water of central Phnom Penh. The solid waste is separated from the water. The separated solid waste can be partly recycled and reused for making commercial products. A recycle market is introduced by the treatment plant. The recycled products can also benefit the already existing small-scale business in the area and add to the eco-tourism started in the area of Tompun-lake. The next treatment plant for the waste water is located in the industrial area on the south side of our project area. The floating houses will have a special sewage system connected to the main governmental sewage network. A macerator first shreds the human waste. After that the shredded human waste will be flushed upwards on a flexible pipe connection.

Upgrading the old infrastructure The already existing houses of the project area are upgraded and connected to the governmental sewage, water supply and electricity system. The connection to the governmental system prevents the waste water from the houses located near by the lakes to end up in the lakes. The solid waste collection of the already existing areas in our project area is upgraded so that the solid waste no longer ends up in the lakes. It is important to teach the locals about waste management issues and spread environmental awareness so that the waste water and solid waste is no longer thrown into the lakes. It is important to create a sense of community and a respect to the lake environment among the inhabitants so that the lake area will be kept clean from garbage. New housing areas The new houses that are built among the already existing city structure to densify the area are connected to the upgraded sewage, electricity, water supply, and waste management systems. The new areas that are filled from the lake Cheung Ek are also connected to the governmental sewage, electricity and water supply systems. Services The new housing and business areas are a part of a mixed city structure where service structure is integrated in the housing structure. The already existing parts of the project area are vitalized by new commerce, touristic and public activities to create a functionally well working environment. The public and other facilities include schools, health care centres, hospitals, market and commercial areas, associative and cultural buildings and sports facilities. 5 community centres are built on the project area to serve as a place for the local inhabitants to meet, decide about common subjects and to gather knowledge about common issues such as waste management. Traditionally the service structure of Phnom Penh is concentrated along the major roads. Our project continues this theme. The public and commerce activities inside the new mostly residential areas are located by the major car roads and pedestrian boulevards. Pedestrian walkways are vitalized with small scale business, small scale hotels and touristic activities. The area by the lake Tompun will be developed to an eco-tourism area whereas the area around the lake Trabek will have mostly housing. The area by the lake Tompun will have a small scale mixed city structure with combined eco-tourism, small scale business and small scale public facilities. Morning glory plantations and traditional Cambodian housing will be preserved in the area. New traditional, recycle oriented and socially aware small scale business will be introduced

in the area. The area aims to target a new tourist group interested in ecological matters, small scale facilities and the traditional way of life in Cambodia. The ecotourism area aims to show the different interest groups of Phnom Penh that preserving traditional quarters and living environments can be beneficial for the tourism and economy for the city and its inhabitants and add a pleasant factor in the city structure. Two major commercial centres are introduced in the project. They are located on different sides of the lake Cheung Ek and serve a wider area in Phnom Penh. The new commercial centres create employment and capital for the area and attract inhabitants to the area. By building new commercial centres outside the city centre of Phnom Penh the pressure for the city centre will become easier to deal with and the city structure more naturally expanded. By having several sub centres in the city the development of the city becomes more fluent and solely residential suburbs are avoided. The new commercial areas have different scale of commerce and business and they are partly mixed with residential houses. Large scale industry is not allowed in the areas. Jobs Water related agriculture is currently an important livelihood in the project area. The project aims to preserve most of the existing urban agriculture but also show other possible uses of water in the city. During the development of the project area the urban agriculture will gradually move southwards and the employment structure of the urban poor change from agriculture dominated to service and industrial dominated. The morning glory plantation by the lake Tompun will be preserved as a traditional livelihood and for ecotouristic purposes. The morning glory plantation from

the northern part of Cheung Ek will be removed and the urban agriculture moved to the southern part of Cheung Ek. Fishing will remain as a traditional livelihood on the area. Tourism will provide new employment to the area. The hotels, restaurants and other service sectors will benefit from tourism located on the project area. The areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s small scale and larger commercial centres will benefit from tourism. Tourism will give employment also to the urban poor, as there will be more customers buying services and products. The new public transportation means such as bus and boat connections will provide employment. The new public facilities of the area such as schools, health care centres and hospitals, community and cultural centres as well as sport facilities will also provide employment. The two new commercial and business centres will be large employers of the area and attract different income groups to the residential areas. The small scale traditional business in the eco-tourist area and the small scale business in the residential areas are also important employers. The nearby industry will be an important employer as well. The mixed social structure of the residential areas will provide employment for the urban poor. As the urban poor are living in the area where there are customers with money they can sell handmade products, grow vegetables or provide other services such as tuk tuk driving. It is important for the urban poor not to be relocated far away from their livelihoods. The presence of the urban poor is beneficial to the more well off classes that can use their services. The new water treatment

plant by the Trabek-lake employs some people and provides some employment for the urban poor with a possibility for making products from recycled solid waste and selling the products in the eco-tourism area. Transportation and Connections Car roads Improvement of the road structure starts from the existing lines of circulation: main roads serve larger areas and a grid of secondary roads serve the local areas. A new network of roads is added to the existing road structure of the project area. A new collection of roads provides an easy connection between the existing city and the project area and connects the lakes with each other. The major car road Monivong is connected to the project area with a new major road that continues as the main car road of the new north-western residential area. This road continues through the new northwestern business and commerce centre and connects finally to the existing major car road coming from the west of Phnom Penh. Minor car friendly roads are implemented throughout the new residential areas. They serve only locally and are aimed to be used mostly by the inhabitants of the areas. The commercial centres have their own systems of car and pedestrian roads. Pedestrian roads The project introduces a new network of pedestrian roads that serve as a spine for the public areas and green structures of the project area. The both new residential areas are structured along pedestrian boulevards that give them character. The pedestrian roads along the new residential areas continue to the commercial centres situated in the end of both new residential areas. The pedestrian walkways serve as an important public

space for the areas and courage as an example for a sustainable and pleasant future development of Phnom Penh. A new pedestrian bridge connects the two new residential areas of the lake Cheung Ek with each other. There are some restaurants and other services located by the pedestrian bridge. Pedestrian walkways are also designed for the area of lakes Trabek and Tompun to connect the lakeside activities and residential areas with each other and with the new residential areas of the lake Cheung Ek. Three new pedestrian bridges are introduced in the area to connect the different lakesides better. Most of the new residential, touristic, public and commercial activities in the area are located along the new pedestrian bridges. Public transport New public transport structure is introduced in the project area. There are bus routes serving the residential and commercial areas and connecting them with each other and the centre of the city. Public boats are used as a means for the local transportation. Boat routes connect piers inside the residential areas as well as the different residential areas with each other and with the commercial centres.

Recreation

Nature

The wide network of pedestrian roads will provide an important factor for the recreation in the area. The pedestrian roads are situated by the different lakes and together with the parks, plazas, marketplaces, channel sides and waterside stairs they create a network of important outside public space that currently lacks from most of Phnom Penh. The project aims to show a new kind of a principle for urban planning in Phnom Penh where outside public spaces are given priority and the city structure made more light and pleasant with the presence of water and greenery. The presence of parks and green boulevards provide much needed shadow in the city structure and decrease the effect of urban heat island.

The existing lakes Trabek, Tompun and Cheung Ek and the flora and fauna related to them are the major natural resource in the area. By preserving and cleaning the lakes the nature is respected and the environment of the area made pleasant. It is important to preserve the lakes also due to their role as crucial points for natural drainage during the annual monsoons. The cleaning of the lake area from the waste water of Phnom Penh will have a major positive effect for the nature and the lake. The water ecosystem will benefit from the absence of waste water and chemicals. It is important to teach the local inhabitants about respecting nature and not letting waste water or solid waste into the lakes.

Some of the green structures of the new residential areas will be parks, some provide place for urban agriculture and some act as market places or plazas. Water is given a major role in the project and will be present in the public space structure in form of lakes and channels. The project aims to show how water can add quality to the new and existing areas by the lakes when the water is cleaned. The eco-tourism area of the lake Tompun will with its small scale business, restaurants and other services be a pleasant place for spare time. Also the new commercial centres will provide activities for the area.

The new residential areas are planned with a direct relationship to the existing lakes. The city structure will be vitalized with a large amount of parks and other greenery. The morning glory plantations currently existing in the area will mostly be preserved even if the morning glory plantations from northern part of the lake Cheung Ek will be moved to the southern part of the lake. The filling of some parts of Cheung Ek may have some effects on the lake but is seen as inevitable development of the city. The project aims to show a way of using lake filling in a nature respectful way. The project points how preserving at least parts of existing lakes different interest groups can benefit more than in the case of filling entire lakes.

Building Structure Two new residential areas The expanding of the city of Phnom Penh to different directions is inevitable in the near future and new housing areas needed urgently. Two new residential areas are built on filled land on the north-eastern and north-western shores of the lake Cheung Ek with mixed structures of commercial, touristic and public activities. Industry is not allowed in these areas. The two new residential areas share a common structure of filled zone and a zone of buildings on water divided with open water channels and public green spaces, market places and open plazas. Both of the new areas include a new pedestrian walkway by the water. The structure and the building rules of residential area by the north-western shore of Cheung Ek The new area by the north-western shore of Cheung Ek is divided in three zones with different characters that are partly mixed with each other when it comes to the different residential housing options. The first and second zone of the area are built on filled land and

divided with a new wide car-road that serves as the main road for the area. The zone between the currently existing car road and the new major car road will include dense housing with apartment buildings and student housing. The density makes the area efficient and ecological. The land of this zone will be owned by the city of Phnom Penh and the houses build in cooperation with private companies. This zone of the area will by these means have a fixed structure with dense residential functions mixed partly with public and commercial activities mostly by the new main road. This zone includes also some parking and the park structures of the whole area continue in this zone. The second zone of the area is located between the new main road and a new pedestrian boulevard by the water. This area is also build on filled land and includes housing, commercial and public activities, parks, public plazas, market places, parking and open-water channels. The third zone is located on the lakeside of the pedestrian boulevard. This zone is a collection of three

different water related ways of living. The zone is car-free and divided to parts that all connect to the pedestrian boulevard. The zone includes structures on stilts that have housing and hotels on them. These structures are either separate structures or constructed along the open water channels. The third water related residential structure is a floating platform that includes residential and hotel activities. The floating platforms adapt to the annual rain and dry seasons and the changing water level. The presence of water is of major importance in our project. The way of building some of the water related houses on floating platforms reacts to the annual cycle of water in a way that not just protects the houses from the rising water but also makes the houses a part of the annual water cycle. In this way the water is better taken into the city structure and the city structure made changing in balance with the nature. The water level changes approximately 8 meters during the year. The floating structures are anchored and connected to the pedestrian walkway. They are reached by stairways that also serve as public space. All the water related structures are mixed along

the shoreline to create variety to the city structure. The first zone of the area by the north-western shore of Cheung Ek between the two main roads is with its apartment houses a rather fixed structure with partly owned and partly rented apartments. The maximum building height of the first zone is 5 stories. The second and third zones are made to be developed in a natural way with guide of some rules. Some of the plots on the grid structure of the area are previously decided to be left solely for public and commercial buildings. These plots are mostly located by the main road and the pedestrian path by the water. Some of the plots are preserved for parking. There is also a fixed structure of open-water channels, parks, plazas and marketplaces on the area. All the remaining plots of the zones two and three are reserved for housing. It is encouraged that the area would have a social mix and inhabitate different income-classes. Some of the residential plots are owned by NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s and UN HABITAT to ensure the urban

poor peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s rights for some plots. These urban poor would be mostly families relocated from the project areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s other parts and also from the Boeng Kok lake area. The NGOâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s involved are responsible for distributing the plots to the people and also to provide some economic help for the urban poor to construct their houses. Some plots of the NGO owned parts would serve as common gardens for the urban poor to grow vegetables. The other residential plots are privately owned and can be built as wished with some common rules. The normal plot size of the area is 14 meters x 21 meters. Maximum two of these plots can be combined to a one large plot and one plot can be divided to maximum of two plots. The maximum building height of the second zone is 3 stories and the maximum building height of the third zone is 2 stories. Other areas in the project area The second new residential area on the north-eastern shore of Cheung Ek between Cheung Ek and Bassacriver has a similar mixed city structure as the second and third zones of the area on the north-western shore. The north-eastern residential area lacks the dense apartment house zone but has a row of maximum 10 meters high business buildings as a wall towards the busy car road by the river. The buildings on the north-

eastern residential zone can be built to maximum 4 stories. The buildings on the 2 new business and commerce areas are part of a mixed business, commercial and residential structure with mostly business and commercial activities. The residential houses on these areas can be built up to 7 stories and the business quarters up to 10 stories. The city skyline in the new residential and business areas gets higher towards the business areas with the lowest buildings by the most northern edge of Cheung Ek and the highest buildings in the business areas. The new eco-tourism area and the densified residential area by the lakes Trabek and Tompun is a mixed structure of public, commercial, residential and touristic small scale buildings. The maximum height of the buildings on this area is 3 stories. Industry is developed by the area between Bassac-river and the existing major road beside it. Industry will be developed also on areas on the west side of the new north-western commercial centre. These industry development plans are a part of an existing urban plan of Phnom Penh and will provide employment for the inhabitants of the project area.

SaMa SaMa- -The TheSafety SafetyManagement Management

Program Programfor forPhnom PhnomPenh Penhrural ruralareas areas

Kento Kento Yamada Yamada and and Leeni Leeni Harno, Harno, with with assistance assistance of:of: Yan Yan Vivoath, Vivoath, Vuth Vuth Danith Danith and and Chan Chan Phirom Phirom (Royal (Royal Univeristy Univeristy of of Fine Fine Arts, Arts, Phnom Phnom Penh) Penh) - City - City in in Crisis Crisis - Spring - Spring 2010 2010 - Aalto - Aalto University University School School of Science of Science andand Technology Technology

SaMa

- The Safety Management Program for Phnom Penh rural areas

Kento Yamada and Leeni Harno, with assistance of: Yan Vivoath, Vuth Danith and Chan Phirom (Royal Univeristy of Fine Arts, Phnom Penh)

Background Information

The SaMa Program: Concept

Phnom Penh is the capital and largest city of Cambodia with a population of about 2 million people. It has been the capital since the French colonization, and it is often been referred as the “Pearl of Asia” or the “Paris of Asia”.

The SaMa Project is the Safety Management and information centre + network that provide education and recourses concerning the urban and natural disaster management.

The urban population of Phnom Penh has gone through severe changes in close history because of the Khmer Rouge power and the agricultural reform in the late 1970’s. The city went through a rapid decrease in the population. After the population has started to grow again, the urbanization has been very rapid. In 1980 the urban population of overall Cambodia was only circa 820 000, whereas in 2005 it had grown to the number of 2 930 000. Only 12,4 percent of the population was living in urban areas in 1980; expectation for the year 2030 is 36,9 percent. Rapid urbanization of Third World cities has created a lot of problems to solve, and that is also the case in Phnom Penh. SaMa project concentrates on problems in the relocation sites of Phnom Penh rural outskirts. It is a disaster management project that suggests a three phase scheme to handle the problems created by uncontrollable urbanization, poverty and natural disasters.

The main emphasis is to conduct the disaster issues that decrease the quality of life within the urban poor. In the outskirts of many third world cities, including Phnom Penh, disaster problems such as urban fires, diseases and lack of hygiene are an actual problem. In addition to these, natural disasters like flooding, drought and devastation are a current issue in Phnom Penh city. Currently, there is lack of financing and lack of governal activity, which is an extremely difficult problem to solve. But furthermore, organised planning, communal participation and grass roots education are also lacking. These things are not in demand for huge amounts of money or municipality decision-making. These are the topics where SaMa network wants to take action. A strong part of SaMa project is the community participation. People of the communities are educated and informed of practices how they can take responsibility and action regarding their home area. The realisation of SaMa project would be done in phases, in which more disaster management areas would be added. It would be started with the fire management network plan and information resource centre.

Phase 1

Phase 2

Participation Communal participation is the main key to success. Due to the lack of finances, a lot of development has to be carried out by volunteers and local do-gooders. Local people can participate in building, fire fighting, admin istrating and teaching, just to name a few tasks. The solidarity of the community will increase, when people have the possibility to be responsible of their village. Therefore, also the emotional well-being will develop.

Flood management There are notable floods in the Phnom Penh relocation sites annually. Flood management, which is one of the main issues of the secondary phase in SaMa project, concentrates on the communal awareness, urban planning, land use, risk sharing and communal partici pation in order to reduce the damages caused by flooding.

Fire management The SaMa program is initiated with a new fire management network for urban relocation sites. Fire fighting station with training and information will be located in the SaMa community centre in the core of the village. In addition, a network of fire extinguishers and water tanks will be planned to ensure domestic safety.

Information The community centre will provide easy-to-reach information about all the issues regarding safety management. This includes fire, waste, flood and health management. Information can also be shared between local villagers and out-of-town guests who come to the site to trade. Education Local people will get education about issues such as domestic fires, fire fighting, hygiene and diseases, building crafts, creating business etc. Things will be educated in workshops and courses by volunteers or by “public school” system: one who knows something about something teaches that to others. Water resources Water for the fire fighting, agricultural purposes etc. can be collected with a water filtration system in the community centre. This water resource will be shared. It will be used for communal purposes, as well as for individual purposes of the local people in exchange for a small compensation.

Waste management Community meeting

Phase 3 Health management In the future, vaccinations and a visiting doctor’s ap pointments, for instance, could take place in the SaMa centre. Recreation When the more important issues have developed, SaMa Project proposes to increase the quality of life also mentally. In the future, there can be a lot of leisure time activities arranged, courses organized and even playing fields and other hobby possibilities located in the SaMa center.

Case 1: The Fire Management Program

Living conditions, Building quality and Culture A lot of fires could be avoided with small improvements in dwellings and for example in cooking culture.

Domestic fires in third world countries are a serious problem. The extent of the issue is not in sufficient awareness, since the data of the fires and both material and human losses is not available. Furthermore, in many cities the organised collection of this data is either completely missing, or it is very difficult to collect this information.

Dwellings are small, kitchens are often in closeness of the main living area and multiple persons live in these relatively small apartments. There is lack of ventilation as well as lack of fire proof materials in the buildings. Cooking is usually executed on open fires. Many fires outbreak when water is thrown on hot oil. The fires are too often unattended. Natural gas or LPG stoves might be put out with boiling water or milk, but the gas continues to unobtrusively fill the room. Sloppy use of electrical appliances. There is a lot of old and poor wiring in dwellings and streets. These electric adjustments are prone to overloading of circuits, and there is often multi-plugs used. Personal habbits. Such as in industrial countries, also in third world stubbornness and sloppy behaviour causes fires, e.g. smoking in bed.

The hazard of fires especially among urban poor has increased during the last few decades. The most notable reason for that is the rapid urbanization and increase in overall population in development countries. Secondly, new industries have been created to improve the agricultural and industrial capabilities. This development of industries has changed the type of fire risk: both domestic and industrial fires have become bigger, more common and more damaging. When the risk of fire increases, the management of fire should develop quickly. Nevertheless, there is great inability in fire services. There is lack of knowledge, resources and equipment. The fire-safety is often underestimated, meaning that no adequate fire regulations necessarily exist. Fire fighting is not sufficient, and it usually responds to the needs of the wealthy population.

Causes and Factors Fuels used The fuels and ignition substances used on everyday basis are sensitive to accidental outbreaks of fires. Firewood is used in households by more than 90% of the population in 3rd world countries. (2) Petroleum products, like natural gas and liquid petroleum, are used for heating and cooking. These systems are prone to leaking and consequently to explosions and other fire accidents. Kerosene, which is the second most popular fuel in villages of third world (2), is often exposed to careless handling. In addition, it is used in locally made, cheap, nonchalantly designed and therefore usually unsafe stoves. The biggest threat in these stoves is the accidental explosion. Coal is used in domestic appliances. The number of do mestic fires using coal is not as significant as kerosene, but nevertheless it is a notable factor. Certain types of coal have harmful characteristics, such as shooting off from fire places. Also, coal stoves cause carbon monoxide poisonings because of inadequate ventilation.

Lack of Education Information does not always travel far. Many people in third world countries are unaware of simple facts that cause domestic fires. Education. Lack of education is the main reason for domestic fires in the third world. Especially women are lacking knowledge in fire issues. This is a major problem, since women are the ones who mainly take care of the households. Professional skills. The amount of suffi ciently trained fire fighters is relatively very low. Safety arrangements and Fire services A lot of fires could be avoided with small improvements in dwellings and for example in cooking culture. Fire services are unorganised. Fire stations are old, and there are not enough of them. They are located in very wide distances. Equipment for fire fighting is old and inadequate, and there is lack of vehicles. There are not enough of trained fire fighters. Domestic fire-safety. People are simply unconscious of the threats of fires. There are no fire extinguishers or fire detectors at homes - there might not even be a sufficient amount of water. Homes are very exposed to fires. City structure. Roads are narrow and unpaved, and therefore it is difficult to reach the scene of the fire. Houses are built or stacked next to each other, mean ing that in case of a fire the surrounding buildings are immediately at high risk of catching the fire. 2) Saeed A. Ansari: Domestic fire problems in Third World countries from the book M. Masellis and S.W.A. Gunn: The management of mass burn causalities and fire disasters. Kluwer Academic Publishers 1992. ISBN 0-7923-8804-6.

Action Fire service network: Fire fighting centre + water tank network There will be a network of points where fire fighting water will be stored. This network will be spread throughout the relocation site, so that each home is in adequate proximity to fire fighting facilities. The village centre will be the core for the system - that is the place for the fire station and an information and education source. This fire station that is a part of the overall SaMa centre will be located in each village. There does not have to be a professional fire department but a volunteer-based one. Water tank network and the tower of the centre will also be a visible profile for the project. People will become aware of and interested in their own safety and how they can improve it. Moreover, they can take responsibility of the matter.

Portable water tanks are located in the water points throughout the village There is not enough funding for buying expensive fire fighting vehicles, but those can be replaced with new creative and inexpensive solutions. Fire fighting tuk-tuk with trailer where the water tanks can be put can be a vital force when managing domestic fires.

Governmental care Not all problems can be solved low-cost or by volunteers. There has to be thought for funding of fire services. Especially, more modern equipment has to be bought, and the amount of trained personnel has to be increased. Standards of appliances used in households as well as regulations concerning buildings and electricity should be supervised.

The Fire Fighting TukTuk There is already a large amount of tuk-tuk vehicles, and tuk-tuks are inexpensive. Due to the size it is easy to move with them in areas with narrow roads.

Fire extinguishers and first aid There should be cheap first aid kits available or even given for free by charity for every home. Giving first aid can also be trained for local people. In addition, the water source points will be equipped with common fire extinguishers that should be low-cost and lightweight so that they are easy to handle. This way small domestic fire can be put out before they intensify.

Water Tank Network Fire fighting water will be stored throughout the village. The â&#x20AC;&#x153;cubesâ&#x20AC;? are storages for the portable water tanks that can be easily moved to fire fighting tuk-tuks. The map of Trapaing Krasaing shows ideal spotting for water resources, as well as the SaMa centre in the core of the village. The sketch of the storage design shows how the information posters and lightweight common fire extinguishers can be added to the water points. The Alarm Tower The concept of the tower is to inform people of emergencies such as flooding and fires in the rural area where the telecommunication system is not sufficiently developed. Also, information can be projected from the top of the tower to the water tank tower. The alarm tower is made of recycled materials with scaffolding structure. When there will be more funding, there is a possibility to add solar panels to the structure. The Water Tank Tower The water kept in the tower is used in emergency situations. The water can be gathered from rainwater. A canvas can be hung from the tower, and it can be used for putting information and posters. When more funding is gotten, current information can be projected to the canvas.

“The Lighthouse” The Lighthouse is the core of the Trapaing Krasaing fire service network. In addition, it is the information and education canter for the village. It has a structure unit system and it is built with building techniques and materials that are locally available. The main structure, a “grid shell”, is made of split bamboo that is tightened. Because of the unit system, there can be parts added to the structure depending on the need, population and situation of the village. The structure of Lighthouse is designed with thought for lightness. It can be raised and moved by a couple of people, in case of flooding in the wet season, for instance. The floor is raised from ground level with beer bottle cases to avoid water when flooding. If the flooding gets heavy, the structure can float with water barrels underneath the floor. The building is covered with a transparent plastic sheet, therefore at night time it can be lit and it will both symbolize the whole SaMa system for the villagers, and mark the centre when there is no other lighting.

Education and Participation Education in case of fire managing as well as in other disaster management in Phnom Penh relocation sites is the key point of SaMa project. The educational process consists of dealing information, reaching, training professionals and advising local people to carry on the word of what they have learned. It is very important to notice, that different kinds of mediums of education will be used in different cases and for different people, e.g. different age groups. The educational learning centre will be located in the SaMa village centre, which will provide the facilities for having courses and training both professional and volunteer fire men. It will provide a place for people to get the information dealt in mass media. the mediums for giving education and information The channels of well organised education has to be used comprehensively. The main categories for information and education on the fire safety and management - and in later phases of SaMa Program the other issues - are divided to the ones that are public advisory and to the ones that are in personal proximity with the locals. public information Mass media, public communication: press, posters, radio, TV, advertisements. This channel reaches a large public, but it can be misunderstood to be unnecessary. It is a vital medium in the beginning of an educational campaign. educational intervention When the target group and issue is clear, educators - for example trained volunteers - can give direct and accurate information about the matter by means of meetings, courses and discussions etc. interaction between educator and learner In case of children, for instance, the interaction between the educator and learner is important. This interaction can happen in schools. In this case, the role of the educator is important, and the educator has to have a professional background in education or psychology, for example. forwarding of information by learners When local people have gained knowledge of the matter, in this case fire managing, they can start to spread the know-how to their surroundings. Local people can be trained to give education, and therefore employment can be created.

Focused Learning Experience Women Women are often responsible for the household and cooking. There has to be courses where these women are taught how to arrange the kitchen and household and how to use the appliances without danger. Education for dealing with outbreaking small domestic fires and other emergences is important. Children In many cases the fire hazards are lack of consciousness. From early age the people can be taught the basics of the fire hazards, as well as other dangers. This is the responsibility of school system and parents. Men Safety courses for men dealing fire in their work is important. Men are the ones who work in industrial or agricultural surroundings and might deal with flammable chemicals daily. Fire Fighters There has to be professional skills in order to manage the fire hazard. In addition, arrangements for a volunteer fire department should be made. It will consist of local villagers. Being locals they are in closeness to possible fires. There can be both women and men attending to the volunteer fire department.

Example of posters that can be situated throughout the village of Trapaing Krasaing and in the village centre. Up left, down left and up right; source shown on posters.

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