The City on Water

THE CITY ON WATER -Development plan for the southern lakes in Phnom Penh

City in Crisis, spring 2010, A-36.3502 Mesimaaria Koponen, Emma-Liisa Hannula, Javier Acebes, LĂŠa Crouzet

TABLE OF CONTENT 1.

PROLOGUE

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6

DEFINING THE DESIGN AREA GROUNDS FOR CHOOSING THE AREA DEVELOPMENT PLANS OF THE MUNICIPALITY FILLING THE LAKES IN PHNOM PENH PROBLEMS RELATED TO WATER IN PHNOM PENH CULTURAL HISTORY OF PHNOM PENH

RESEARCH ABOUT THE AREA

2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8

CLIMATE AND FLOODING STAKEHOLDERS LANDOWNERSHIP JOBS POPULATION AND LIVING-INTERVIEWS WITH LOCAL INHABITANTS SERVICES WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE IN PHNOM PENH SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PHNOM PENH

OBJECTIVES AND GOALSOF THE DESIGN

3.1 3.2

BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT MAIN GOALS OF THE PROJECT

DESIGN PRINCIPLES

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9

WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, WATER SUPPLY AND ELECTRICITY SERVICES BUILDING STRUCTURE JOBS TRANSPORTATION AND CONNECTIONS RECREATION CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT NATURE PARTICIPATORY PLANNING

EFFECTS OF THE PLAN

5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5

URBAN STRUCTURE AND LANDUSE IN THE CITY LIVING CONDITIONS AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF PEOPLE LIVELIHOODS AND SERVICES ENVIRONMENT ECONOMY OF PHNOM PENH

1. PROLOGUE The design area.

1.1 DEFINING THE DESIGN AREA General description of the area The area for our project is located by the three largest lakes on the south side of Phnom Penh, lake Trabek, lake Tompun and lake Cheung Ek, on the area both inside and outside the current border for the inner city. Our project concentrates on developing and densifying the current urban structure of the area of lakes Trabek and Tompun and introducing new facilities and a tourism structure on the area. The river side between the Bassac river and lake Cheung Ek will be developed. A new city structure will be developed on the northern shore of lake Cheung Ek on filled land. The area is currently serving as the collection point of almost all of the waste water of Phnom Penh. The most of the waste water comes to the lake Cheung Ek from the city center via the lakes Trabek and Tompun. There is also a waste water channel coming from the western part of the city directly to the lake Cheung Ek.

Currently the southern lake area is mostly covered with vegetable plantations. The main product grown in the area is a vegetable called morning glory. The morning glory growing provides a large part of the employment of the urban poor living on the area. The area is developing rapidly with new high and middle income households moving to the area. The lake and river shores are mostly occupied by the urban poor with recognized or illegal settlements. The infrastructure by the area by the lakes Trabek and Tompun is undeveloped but the city structure pleasant. Most of the houses of the area are connected to the water supply and electricity networks provided by the city but lack sewage. Some of the housing areas flood during the annual rainy season. The area by the northwestern corner of Cheung Ek is mostly developed with high and middle class housing. It has although some parts of urban poor settlements without proper infrastructure and some streets that still have to be raised above the flooding level. There is some existing industry by the shore of the Bassac river and future municipality plans for expanding the industrial zone by the river.

The governmenal developemnet plan for the project area.

Road Community under threat of eviction Relocation site

Proposed industry Proposed housing Khan boundary Water supply pipeline

1.2 GROUNDS FOR CHOOSING THE AREA

1.3 DEVELOPMENT PLANS OF THE MUNICIPALITY The master plan of Phnom Penh Throughout the last century there have been numerous experiments concerning city planning in Phnom Penh; however, only one of them led to a decision: the directing diagram of town planning, adopted in 1950. The actual master plan for Phnom Penh was approved in 1996 by the Council of Ministers and overtaken in 2002; it plans the development of the city up to 2020.

The expansion of Phnom Penh.

According to the National Institute of Statistics and the office of the urban affairs, a great population growth will take place in Phnom Penh area in the near future. In year 2003, the population of Phnom Penh was approximately 1,250,000 citizens; currently, the “day population” of the city exceeds 2,000,000 people, and the estimations for 2020 say that this number will rise up to more than 2,500,000 inhabitants in the municipality. This large increase gives a new scale to the development, in fact, the dimension of urbanization is already exceeding the limits of the municipality (375 km2); the objective of the master plan is to propose a framework of territorial planning which takes into account the new dimension of the development.

The city structure of Phnom Penh will expand to different directions in the near future. The middle class is currently expanding and masses of poor people are continuously moving to the capital city in hope of work and better life. The expansion of the city to the area of Cheung Ek lake is already partly taken place and will continue rapidly in the future. Our project aims to find a long term solution for the city development structure in the area that would be sustainable and ecological.

Infrastructure is the main key for the development on the new planning framework of Phnom Penh. The main part of the new infrastructure will have to be carried out in the suburbs, where the population increase will be much larger than in the centre of the city. The growth of the population in the four central districts of Phnom Penh will be approximately 100 000 inhabitants by 2020 in comparison to the growth of approximately 600 000 inhabitants in the three outer districts of Phnom Penh.

Currently all the waste water in Phnom Penh ends up in the lakes of Trabek, Tompun and Cheung Ek and continues from there further down to other surface water areas of Cambodia. The starting point of our project is the cleaning of the southern waste water fed lakes in Phnom Penh. The project considers an alternative solution for the city structure in case the water was cleaned. Our project aims to introduce a sustainable alternative plan for the city development where the lakes are preserved and the water is taken into people´s every day environment. Our aim is to show that cleaning the surface waters and preserving the lakes instead of filling them can be sustainable both economically, ecologically, add value the real estates of the area and provide a healthier, more pleasant living environment. The project introduces alternative water related ways of living and presents a new eco-tourism area that would protect the traditional livelihoods and ways of life in the area.

The infrastructure of Phnom Penh is rapidly expanding. New sub centres are often several kilometres away from the centre of the city, strongly linked with the urban networks such as electricity network, water supply and main roads. New city structures are emerging linearly along the communication routes between the city centre and new sub centres. New means of communication such as motor bikes and cars are getting crucial importance. The ultimate aim of the infrastructure enhancement of Phnom Penh is to boost the role of the city as the exchange centre of Cambodia thanks to its privileged location on the crossing of rivers Mekong, Bassac and Ton le Sap, it´s location on the axis of Bangkok in Thailand and Ho Chi Minh City in Vietnam as well as its nearness to Sihanoukville, the main harbour of Phnom Penh.

The main aspects of the infrastructure development of Phnom Penh:

a good argument to keep the harbour installations in the centre of Phnom Penh.

1. Road enhancement

4. Railroad improvement

The main issues according the development of the road structure are the improvement of the connection between Phnom Penh and Sihanoukville, the main port of Cambodia, and the construction of a new by-pass road, which already exists partly. With the projected bridge on Bassac river it will be possible to connect to all the main roads which converge on Phnom Penh.

The rehabilitation of the connection towards Sihanoukville and to the border of Thailand is essential to ensure a fluent connection to and from Phnom Penh. The connection between Phnom Penh and Ho Chi Minh Ville with a new railroad is also an essential vector of development between the two metropolises. Good railway transportation system in addition to the road networks is necessary to the economy of Cambodia.

2. Extension of the airport The limited role of the domestic market and the absence of a domestic airline company make Phnom Penh airport just an end of an international network served via one of the large regional hubs, such as Bangkok and Singapore. The current equipment of the airport would allow a higher accommodation and higher volume of traffic.

Inside Phnom Penh, the creation of a new railway station at the western entry of the city should be envisaged, as well as the maintenance of the current station in the centre of the city that is located in relation to the central market. The railway network inside Phnom Penh could even provide the public transport inside the urban structure of Phnom Penh with a minimum investment.

The realization of a new airport would be a particularly expensive and risky investment. The relative proximity of the centre is an appreciable advantage for the existing airport, as it is it for other airports which accommodate even higher traffics. A new airport would have to be built further away from the city. The far away location from the city would force an expensive realization of infrastructures to allow the connection with the city, investment not possible in Phnom Penh considering the financial resources and priorities.

Most of the functions of maintenance and sorting of the railroads will be moved towards the suburbs in order to create new spaces necessaries for the activities of the city centre. The municipal project for Boeng Kak Lake supposes the displacement of the station to the west and the release of the grounds of the railroad between the current central station and the boulevard of Czechoslovakia. The new roadway systems and public spaces will connect the Olympic stage and the Boeng Kak and will accommodate activities of leisure, consumption and services.

The best solution for the airport would be lengthening of the tracks of the existing airport to allow big airplane traffic; this operation would suppose a much lower investment. The road system has thus to be developed both to south and north from the airport to provide a better communication network to reach the centre of the city from the airport.

Part of the grounds of the railroad located along Boeng Kak can be refitted for new functions, like the extension of the Council of Ministers or new cultural areas, which are currently lacking in Phnom Penh. New public spaces, office and trade buildings will be also built along the lake, in order to open it to the public and create a new centrality.

3. Development of the harbour area

5. The blue network:

An optimization of the harbour installations on the Tonle Sap River is needed to guarantee a good urban insertion and a control of environmental risks. A project of a new port on Mekong River in the south of the city seems thus not justified even if the traffic volume would increase because of the difficult technical problems caused by the power of the river and its action on the river banks.

Apart from all the existing networks, a new network of canals and lakes should be implemented and preserved to allow a satisfactory working of the hydraulic system, prevent the risk of floods, and allow a provisional storage of rain water. It is essential to respect the lake surfaces; the network of water would also enhance the quality of life of the inhabitants and increase the economical value of real estates and tourist destinations inside Phnom Penh.

The port of Sihanoukville will remain as the principal harbour in the country. However, the river transport is an important complement to the main harbour. The river transport is economically important for the city of Phnom Penh and the direct access to the market is

The blue network of the city is currently accompanied by a farming network made up in the areas of expansion of the lakes during the wet season, which are used as public parks on the dry season. Some development

plans propose that the zones of traditional villages, with a strong presence of the vegetation, should participate on the blue network. This would limit installations in these zones to operations of low density preserving. The farming network would be supplemented by a certain number of connections between its components and the rivers.

Examples of the current urban development of Phnom Penh Northern development:

According to the initial plans of the city the northern area of Phnom Penh constitutes a new very ambitious stake of urban development; it represents The farming and the blue network thus ensure many a unique opportunity to create new urban functions such as hydraulic safety, maintenance of extensions of great quality. The preservation of urban discontinuities as well as not waterproofed northern lakes is seen as essential for the drainage zones, structuring the urban landscape, improvement and prevention of floods in the urbanization area of the quality of urban space and valorisation of predicted between the airport, the dam of Kop Sreu and Tonle Sap. The plan also considers connecting land. the northern lakes to Boeng Kak lake by a channel, and the installation of a sewer system to evacuate waste water through the lakes and avoid the pollution of Tonle Sap. In reality the northern area of Phnom Penh has already started to be urbanized, according to the master plan guidelines; however, the issue of preserving the lakes is not being respected at all. The company World City Ltd. is currently developing the project “Phnom Penh new town”, located in the Pong Peay Lake development zone, 3 kilometres away from the city centre. The project is being planned and invested by Koreans.

The blue networks of Phnom Penh.

The aim of the “Phnom Penh new town” project is to create a new centrality in Phnom Penh, an urban complex with public areas such as governmental buildings, schools and institutions, medical and sports centres and residential zones of different types and scales. The northern development is the first urban development in Phnom Penh which introduces high-rise residential buildings, commercial buildings, offices, trade and financial centres, hotels, malls and industrial facilities in the same location. The area reserved for the project is located on the east end of Pong Peay Lake, which has started to be partially filled. The project is planned to be completed between 2005 and 2018, with an approximated cost of 2$ billion and a total area of 119 ha, divided in 6 construction phases. Phase I was finished in 2009, and phases II, III and IV are currently under construction. Chaktokmuk area:

The developemnt plan for the lake Pong Peay.

This area now is housing one of the most ambitious and more conflictive urban projects in Phnom Penh: The Diamond Island. Diamond Island is situated opposite to the Hun Sen Park. A company called The Oversea Cambodia investment company has gotten a 99-year lease to develop and manage the area of the island Koh Pich in the crossing of Mekong river along the Tonle Bassac river side.

A company called The Oversea Cambodia investment company has gotten a 99-year lease to develop and manage the area of the island Koh Pich in the crossing of Mekong river along the Tonle Bassac river side. The project has gotten a strong opposition from local inhabitants. A conflict started between the municipality and the residents of the island in 2004, at the time when the municipality agreed with Canadian Bank to start investments on the island. In June 2005, the municipality issued a final ultimatum to 23 families still living on Koh Pich to accept the compensation of $6.75 per square meter or face a law suit. Most of the families previously living on the island have already left, accepting similar ultimatums before. The majority of them were poor and with little to no documentation to claim their land. Those who remain have land titles and are confident to win the law suit and expect a higher compensation of about $23 per square meter. The Diamond Island project itself is one of the five satellite cities planned for Phnom Penh. Touch Samnang is the project manager and architect of the project. The 100 hectares of the project area are being build to an elite town satellite city. The project consists of an urban development with luxury residential areas â&#x20AC;&#x201C; both high and low-rise buildings â&#x20AC;&#x201C; commerce, offices, a hospital, restaurants and an observation tower that is 222 meters high. Lands and future buildings are already put on sale but the sales are going slow due to the global economic crises.

The project changes the water flow of the major rivers and causes erosion and risk for the river bank to collapse. In order to create a proper ground surface to start the construction, 100 earth-moving equipments, grading works and a concrete river bank were needed; as well as land filling up to an elevation of 11.75-meter, 0.7 meter higher than Phnom Penh. Land filling of the area has already been completed. The project has raised environmental concerns including the impact on the Mekong and Bassac Rivers and the effects on the floods. Sources: Phnom Penh municipality: http://www.phnompenh. gov.kh World City Co., Ltd.: http://worldcitycambodia.com Camko City Phnom Penh: www.camkocity.net Urban Land Conflict in Cambodia: Phnom Penh, Koh Pich Case: http://www.forum-urban-futures.net/ activities/papers/urban-land-conflict-cambodia:phnom-penh,-koh-pich-case Blog SeeCambodia: http://seecambodia.blogspot. com

Diamond island.

1.4 FILLING THE LAKES IN PHNOM PENH

factor than the value of the lakes. The same French company filled also other lakes in the central area in the end of 1920´s. The filling of the lakes interfered with the natural drainage system during the monsoon and for example the area of central market has annually problems with flooding during the heavy rains. During the development of Phnom Penh many of the natural lakes have been filled and replaced by city structure. It is estimated that Phnom Penh´s 3800 areas of lakes 1998 will be 520 acres in the near future. Currently the lakes in Phnom Penh are approximately 920 hectares. The existing future governmental city plans show that the government has plans to fill large parts of the existing central lakes.

Boeng Kok lake and Pong Peay Lake At the moment the Boeng Kok lake is being filled from 90 hectares to 10 hectares by a foreign investment company. 119 hectares of the lake have already being filled. The company plans to build luxury housing, shopping and entertainment complex in the area. 3200-4250 families living in the area either already been evicted or living under the threat of eviction.

Lakes and rivers in Phnom Penh.

The history of filling lakes The first settlements in The Phnom Penh area started to appear 2000 years ago. The city gradually developed by the crossing point of rivers with the Tonle Sap running west to the old Angkorian capital, the Mekong River north to Laos and branches south to the delta and the South China Sea. The area by the crossing point of rivers was a system of land and lakes of different sizes. The system of lakes balanced naturally the annual cycle of wet and dry seasons by absorbing water and preventing floods on the land area. The city started to grow and develop. During 1890 the by the time running French colonists started to develop draining wetlands and canals to the already existing city structure. Paradoxically by the 1930´s the canals constructed by the French had again been filled and turned into garden boulevards by the French. A 1928 a French company filled the Boeng Decho lake in the central area of Phnom Penh to make place for the Central market. The value of the land area was considered as more important

An international competition was organized 2003 by the city itself to develop the Boeng Kok area. Phnom Penh governor Kep Chuktema charged groups of international urbanists and architects each with a Cambodian representative - with the task of “reclaiming” the site. The objectives of the competition were to improve living conditions for the residents in the area; to give the area a “metropolitan flavor;” to develop commercial and residential zones; and to create new boulevards, public transport networks and “green areas.” The brief of the competition also stated that the relation between Phnom Penh and water is fundamental, with “ponds, canals, dikes, pumps and embankments indispensable structural elements for urban expansion and for the management of major risks.” Accordingly, a major objective of the planning competition was “to maintain the lake’s water surface, and to better link the pond to the city drainage system in order to protect the northern part of town, now in full expansion, from flooding.” The competition was won 2004 by a design entitled the “Pearl Plan.” Among the main features of the design was a “vast green space accessible to all,” and a dense residential area, located to the north of the lake, “for all categories of population.” It also proposed a number of tourist and commercial

zones, the relocation of the train station 1 km to the west and a green corridor stretching along the west of the lakeside. The plan required a new canal to Boeng (lake) Poung Peay, northwest of Boeng Kak, and necessitated only a small amount of landfill in the north, west and northeast of Boeng Kak. The competition report stated that the winning design â&#x20AC;&#x153;articulated a dense urban green lung in an Asian metropolis that will reclaim for Phnom Penh the title of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;The Pearl of Asia. But the Pearl Plan was apparently abandoned soon after it was acclaimed. In July 2006 the government published the plans for filling all but 10 hectares of the lake. The plan has raised lots of resistance from the local communities, inhabitants and non-governmental organizations of Phnom Penh. By filling the Boeng Kok lake the sense of place, health of the residents and the ability of the city to deal with monsoons will be risked. Even the area on the east end of Pong Peay Lake is under development and started to be partially filled. The development project for the area is planned to be completed between 2005 and 2018, with an approximated cost of 2$ billion and a total area of 119 ha, divided in 6 construction phases. Phase I was finished in 2009, and phases II, III and IV are currently under construction.

Pearl plan- Boeng Kok lake.

The impacts and the future of filling the lakes Filling the lakes in Phnom Penh has interfered with the natural water systems causing flooding in central areas of Phnom Penh. Some Japanese driven projects have been established for helping the situation: 4 underground reservoirs and 4 new water pump stations has been installed for preventing major flooding in the central area of Phnom Penh. Cambodia is somewhat alone in the area with the tradition of filling the lakes. Other big cities in the area such as Hanoi in Vietnam have decide to embrace their lakes and agreed that lakes absorb storm water, prevent flooding and can be fruitful for the economical development and the well being of people. The central lakes in Phnom Penh are waste water fed, stink, polluted and are usually not in the quality of swimming, facts that have been used to justify the filling of the lakes. The lakes provide livelihood for many urban poor people by providing possibilities for fishing and growing vegetables. There are also economic, health-related and ecological reasons to preserve the lakes. The general economic value of the lakes is not recognized and possibilities for tourism and lake-related real estate values are not considered. The municipalities and even many of the inhabitants want the stinky lakes to be filled and do not understand the possibilities of the central lakes in the way that it is understood for example in Europe. In Europe nearness to a water area rises real-estate value and makes hotels more attractive to the tourists. In Phnom Penh these possibilities are not considered and the value of the place is understood in the amount of the square meters to be able to build on. Preserving the existing lakes in the future would be more than a change of the master plan. It would be a change of a whole mind set when it comes to urban planning and a step from short-term-profit thinking to sustainable long term solutions. The remaining central lakes should be preserved not only for getting economical growth in the long run and the central Phnom Penh to be an attractive place for its inhabitants and tourists but also for the sustainability of the city center. The city and its inhabitants need green and blue spaces for their wellbeing. In the time of increasing amount of natural catastrophes and global warming a sustainable solution for the city center of Phnom Penh is needed for providing a natural drainage system, preventing floods and urban heat island. The water should be seen as a resource increasing wellbeing, safety and economic growth as it has the possibility of providing these factors.

Sources:

Building and urban poor peopleÂ´s movement in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Asian Coalition of housing rights 2001 Cambodia environment monitor 2003; The world bank 2003 http://ajrhayman.blogspot.com/2009/03/city-buries-pearl-of-asia-plan.html http://www.canbypublications.com/phnompenh/pphistory.htm p://www.phnompenh.gov.kh/english/history.htm The case of Phnom Penh, Pierre Fallavier, Department of urban studies and planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology State-of-the-system Report Cambodia, Report 2/2003, Royal university of agriculture and The Asian institute of Technology 2003

1.5 PROBLEMS RELATED TO WATER IN PHNOM PENH up. People farming morning glory in Cheung Ek lake suffer from skin diseases because of the water Water quality quality. The quality of vegetables grown in the area and sold to households and restaurants is also In addition to the various problems related to highly questionable. the decreasing amount of blue space in Phnom Penh´s urban structure, the surface water itself is going through alarming changes. The water Urban poor communities quality is declining in all the main rivers and lakes in Phnom Penh. There is an increased generation of Another problem related to water in Phnom Penh domestic and industrial, toxic and hazardous waste considers the urban poor communities access to in the surface water of Phnom Penh. The levels of drinking water and sewage and their settlement´s agricultural herbicides, fertilizers, pesticides and placements in relation to the natural monsoon sedimentation are also increasing. Evolving marine drainage networks. 26% of Phnom Penh´s urban based activities, shipping and hotel business cause poor live on riverbanks and along canals. Many of increased oil and gas levels in lakes and rivers. the urban poor live in the immediate closeness of Only few of the industries in Phnom Penh and its the lakes in the city center. These areas are usually surroundings can compile with the discharge permit currently appointed by the government to public for surface water quality standards. This together park land. Many of the communities living by lakes, with lack of treatment facilities or special dumpsites canals and rivers are among squatters and some for toxic and hazardous waste has resulted in other urban poor communities considered as illegal worsening quality of surface and ground water in and cannot therefore be connected to the water the area of Phnom Penh. supply system and sewage. They are also most probably facing eviction in the future. At the same The animal and human waste in surface water time the migrants starting to live on these areas areas has caused increased concentrations of can cause problems by starting to live on natural total coliform bacteria TBC especially in Mekong drainage paths which have served as the traditional river. The levels are over standards of swimming environmental safeguard against floods. in many places. The central lakes are neither suitable for swimming anymore. Most of the city´s Since 2000 also the city has started to expand the morning glory is questionably produced and sold to water supply system to reach the urban poor by restaurant and households from the waste water providing main connections to some areas. Most fed Cheung Ek lake area. Cheung Ek area is the area residents in the urban poor communities spend where almost all the city´s waste water finally ends too much time and use too many resources just to

Solid waste ends up in the surface water.

have sufficient water for their daily consumption. To lessen the burden of poor families related to buying water at a high rate from water resellers, Phnom Penh water supply authority made it a policy to supply clean and safe water directly to these poor families. By the year 2002, Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority had made a total of 3,046 connections among the 31 recognized poor communities within the city of Phnom Penh. This figure reflects an almost 100% supply to all the poor families living in the service area in Phnom Penh.

Sources:

Money and the status of illegal settlements prevent many of the poor communities t o have decent water supply and sewage systems. While most of the recognized urban poor communities are nowadays connected to the water supply system, 1/3 of the urban poor communities still do not have any system for to evacuate storm or waste water. To connect a private house to the public sewage system costs a lot and the money is an issue in the urban poor communities. In many urban poor communities the untreated sewage directly discharged into the rivers during the dry season. During the wet season a mixture of sewage and storm water backs up into houses in low-lying areas causing significant health threats; Human waste discharged in residential areas causing health threats such as diarrhea and cholera. Stagnant water is in fact the main source of disease in slums.

State-of-the-system Report Cambodia, Report 2/2003, Royal university of agriculture an The Asian institute of Technology 2003

1/3 of the urban poor communities have gotten a drainage system by the help of different help organizations. Anyhow only 1/3 of the urban poor communities still have no access to indoor toilets. Many of the â&#x20AC;&#x153;illegalâ&#x20AC;? urban poor communities and even the newly constructed relocation sites, where the urban poor have been evicted from the way of central city development, are still without water supply and sewage systems. The situation of the urban poor and water is still very fragile and funds and will for solving the situation is crucial for the future of the urban poor communities in Phnom Penh.

Building and urban poor peopleÂ´s movement in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Asian Coalition of housing rights 2001 Cambodia environment monitor 2003; The world bank 2003 The case of Phnom Penh, Pierre Fallavier, Department of urban studies and planning, Massachusetts Institute of Technology

http://media.monstersandcritics.com/ galleries/2192412_37962/0208723955085.jpg Case study, Skin problems of a farmer engaged in water morning glory cultivation in Boeng Cheung Ek lake, Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Sok Seyha, Royal University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia and Vuong Tuan Anh, ational Institute of hygiene and epimenology Hanoi, Vietnam

1.6 THE CULTURAL HISTORY OF PHNOM PENH The early history of Phnom Penh Phnom Penh is the capital and the largest city of Cambodia. People have inhabited parts of Southeast Asia including Cambodia since the early Stone Age, but the first firm evidence of settlements in the Phnom Penh area does not appear until about 2000 years ago. Though probably an active settlement in the Angkorian era, during 9th-15th century AD, Phnom Penh doesn’t enter the historical record until after the Khmer capital had been moved to the area in the mid 15th century AD.

Phnom Penh first became the capital of Cambodia after Ponhea Yat, king of the Khmer Empire, moved the capital from Angkor Thom after it was captured by Siam a few years earlier. Phnom Penh remained the royal capital for 73 years from 1432 to 1505, when it was abandoned for 360 years from 1505 to 1865 by subsequent kings due to internal fighting between the royal pretenders. Later kings moved the capital several times and established their royal capitals at various locations. It was not until 1866, under the reign of King Norodom I, that Phnom Penh became the permanent seat of government, and the current Royal Palace was built.

Wat Phnom.

Phnom Penh City takes its name from the present Wat Phnom or Hill Temple. According to the legend year 1372 an old nun named Penh went to fetch the water in the Mekong river and found a dead Koki tree floating down the stream. Inside the hole of that dead Koki tree was four bronze and one stone Buddha statues. Grandmother Penh build a temple on a hill to house the five Buddha statues, then named the temple after her as Wat Phnom Daun Penh, which presently known as Wat Phnom. Phnom Penh was also previously known as Krong Chaktomuk meaning “City of Four Faces”. This name refers to the junction where the Mekong, Bassac, and Tonle Sap rivers cross, the place where the capital is situated.

Independence Monument.

French colonization The French colonialists came to Cambodia and Phnom Penh in the 1860´s. In the late 1800´s, the French Colonialists had turned a river side village into a major city. Phnom Penh was once called as the Pearl of Asia with one of the loveliest French built cities in Indochina in 1920´s. Over the next four decades the city continued to experience growth with the building of a railway to Sihanoukville and the Pochentong International Airport, now Phnom Penh International Airport. Phnom Penh under the period of Sihanouk’s rule had seen the expansion and the constructions of many modern infrastructures. The city had been expanded and many infrastructures had been built. Independence

from France came in 1954 issuing in a period of considerable urban and commercial development and the beginning of the distinctive New Khmer Architecture. The city was emerging until 1970. Khmer Rouge The city and its people have gone through a lot of difficult history. During the Vietnam War that started 1959 and continued to mid seventies, Cambodia was used as a base by the North Vietnamese Army and the Viet Cong, and thousands of refugees from across the country flooded the city to escape the fighting between their own government troops and international troops. 1970 The Khmer Rouge took over Cambodia, Pol Pot as its chief. The city of Phnom Penh became totally mismanaged and emptied of its people by the Khmer Rouge regime during their time in power from 1970 to 1975. Many of its residents, including those who were wealthy and educated, were forced to do labor on rural farms. Tuol Svay Prey High School was taken over by Pol Pot’s forces and was turned into the S-21 prison camp, where Cambodians were detained and tortured. Pol Pot sought a return to an agrarian economy and therefore killed many people perceived as educated, “lazy”, or political enemies. Many others starved to death as a result of failure of the agrarian society and the sale of Cambodia’s rice to China in exchange for bullets and weaponry. The former high school is now the Tuol Sleng Genocide Museum, where Khmer Rouge torture devices and photos of their victims are displayed. Choeung Ek, The Killing Fields, 15 kilometers away, where the Khmer Rouge marched prisoners from Tuol Sleng to be murdered and buried in shallow pits, is also now a memorial to those who were killed by the regime.

The years following the Khmer Rouge The Khmer Rouge was driven out of Phnom Penh by the Vietnamese in 1979, and people began to return to the city. Vietnam is historically a state with which Cambodia has had many conflicts with, therefore this liberation was and is viewed with mixed emotions by the Cambodians. The city suffered from the years of conflict and war after the Khmer Rouge regime. In 1991 UNTAC (United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia) began its 2 year administration of the country as part of a UN brokered peace agreement leading to national elections in 1993. With the national elections Cambodia was suddenly open for business. International investment started to flow into the country and after years of being off the tourist map, Cambodia quickly became a new adventure destination. The city saw the beginning of a period of economic and urban development that has continued to this day. A period of reconstruction began, spurred by continuing stability of Phnom Penh, attracting new foreign investment and aid by different countries. Loans were taken from the Asian Development Bank and the World Bank to reinstate a clean water supply, roads and other infrastructure. Current development and the economic boom With the final demise of the Khmer Rouge in 1998 and increased stability, development accelerated. The 2000’s have seen another boom in Phnom Penh. The city’s population has increased to near 2,000,000. Around 60% of the population is Cambodian, with nearly a third Chinese Cambodian and Vietnamese Cambodian; other nationalities make up the remainder. While about 15% of inhabitants live below the poverty line, Phnom Penh is the richest city of Cambodia. There has been significant infrastructure improvement and, very recently, the first high rise structures have been built, giving considerable change to the skyline and architectural character of the city. Phnom Penh has with time become country´s industrial, commercial, cultural and historical center. It is together with Shianoukville and Siem Riep the most important global and domestic touristic destination in Cambodia. The city is still noted for a place of great historical beauty and cultural attraction. The number of examples of the French colonial architecture that has survived, such as the Royal palace, embody the soul of classic as well as the modern social lifestyle for a developing economy. The culture in Phnom Penh and Cambodia in general is affected by various factors including Theravada Buddhism, French Colonialism, Hinduism, Angkor era culture and modern globalization.

The city is currently still facing numerous problems with its infrastructure, fast development and the movement of rural poor people to the city. Strong governmental and international help will be needed in the future to put the former Pearl of Asia on its feet again. :

Buddhist monks.

Sources: A brief history of Phnom Penh, Canby Publications Co, http://www.candypublications.com/ phnompenh/pphistory.htm Report by Phnom Penh municipality, http://www. phnompenh.gov.kh/english/istory.htm Cambodia, Wikipedia 2010, http://en.wikipedia.org/ wiki/cambodia http://image56.webshots.com/156/7/72/34/27807 72340063289371yiEhSo_fs.jpg http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ commons/3/3c/Bombing_in_Vietnam.jpg Aerial view of Phnom Penh.

2. RESEARCH ABOUT THE AREA 2.1 CLIMATE AND FLOODING Climate Cambodia is located in Southeast Asia, in the tropical zone, just 10-13 degrees north of the equator. Cambodia is warm or hot all year round. There are only small variations from the average annual mean of around 25 °C. Maximum temperatures of higher than 32 °C, however, are common and, just before the start of the rainy season, they may rise to more than 38 °C. Minimum temperatures rarely fall below 10 °C. January is the coolest month, and April is the warmest. Cambodia´s climate is, like that of the rest of Southeast Asia, dominated by the annual monsoon cycle with its alternating wet and dry seasons. The monsoonal airflows are caused by annual alternating high pressure and low pressure over the Central Asian landmass. As the pressure drops during the summer months, June through October, moist air is drawn landward from the ocean bringing the southwest monsoon rains to Cambodia and much of Southeast Asia. Short transitional periods, which are marked by some difference in humidity but by little change in temperature, intervene between the alternating seasons. November to February the climate in Cambodia is cool and dry. From March to May follows a hot and dry season. The rainy season starts in June and hot and wet weather follows until the end of August. The rainy season continues from September to early November with cool and wet climate. The total annual rainfall average is between 1,000 and 1,500 millimeters, and the heaviest amounts fall in the southeast. Rainfall is heaviest in the mountains along the coast in the southwest, which receive from 2,500 millimeters to more than 5,000 millimeters of precipitation annually as the southwest monsoon reaches the coast. This area of greatest rainfall, however, drains mostly to the sea; only a small quantity goes into the rivers flowing into the Tonle Sap basin. The relative humidity in Cambodia is high at night throughout the year; usually it exceeds 90 percent. During the daytime in the dry season, humidity averages about 50 percent or slightly lower, but it may remain about 60 percent in the rainy period. Flooding Heavy and localized rainfalls result in flooding in lowlands and river and lake areas in Cambodia. Floods are an essential contributor to the wealth of biodiversity, abundance of fish and soil fertility in

Cambodia. This is especially true for people living in the floodplains. Up to 4 million ha of lowland areas in Cambodia are inundated annually. In the floodplain of Cambodia, people live with the annual flood and even if the flood is severe, they are accustomed to managing the situation year after year. The water level must be high enough to allow inundation of large areas, bringing sediment for soil and nutrients for fish, as well as to kill rats and other undesirable vermin. The rural communities contribute widely to two vital sectors of the Cambodian economy and are depending on the annual floods. The flooding has mostly positive effect on the countryside but can cause serious problems in the cities in case the infrastructure and housing is not

prepared for dealing with the flooding. Flooding causes infrastructural problems especially in Phnom Penh where the drainage system still cannot totally cope with the annual heavy rains because of the damaged waste water and drainage system and filling of the lakes in central areas of the city. The annual flooding has traditionally not been taken into deep enough consideration in urban planning in Phnom Penh but the situation has slightly improved during the recent years by infrastructural upgrading projects. Some of the roads in Phnom Penh are not usable during the rainy season. In urban poor communities heavy rains cause spreading of water born diseases due to the lack of solid waste management, waste water management and drainage. Heavy rains and

floods can cause damage or totally destroy houses. Houses that are not built on stilts or on ground above the flood water level suffer annually from water coming into the houses. Flooding can also destroy peopleÂ´s livelihoods with rice growing and occasionally even cause human deaths. In Cambodia, data regarding flood damage are centralized firstly at provincial level through the Provincial Committees for Disaster Management (PCDM). All authorities involved in flood management and mitigation are members of the PCDMs, and they may include involvement by NGOs active in flooding issues. International organizations provide also loans for recovering the areas affected by flooding after the rainy season for recoveringtheir infrastructure.

Flooding.

Sources: Geography of Cambodia, Wikipedia 2010, http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Cambodia Annual Flood Report 2005, 7.Impact of the 2005 flood-Country reports, 2005 Mekong River Commission, http://mrcmekong.org/flood_ report/2005/impact_cambodia1.htm Operations update, Cambodia: Floods, International federation of Red cross and Red crescent societies 2001, http://www.ifrc.org/docs/appeals/01/290102. pdf http://stevehyde.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/ washed-out-road-bung-roun-kracheh-copy.jpg

Abbreviations BAU Bureau Affair de Urbanis CDS City Development Stratergy CBO Community-Based Organization DoE Department of Environment DoIM Department of Information Management DoLMUC Department of Land Management Urbanization and Construction DoP Department of Planning DoPW Department of Public Work DoT Department of Tourism DoWRM Department of Water Resource Management MoE Ministry of Environment NGOs Non-Government Organization UN-Habitat United Nations Habitat UPDF Urban Poor Development Fund UPRP Urban Poverty Reduction Project 2.2 STAKEHOLDERS Preparing the land use plan and the master plan -Municipality -DoLMUC -BAU -DoP -MoLMUC -Inhabitants -CBOs Providing slum upgrading and low-income housing solutions and land distribution to the poor -Municipality -National bank -UPDF -NGOs/IOs -Khan/Sangkat -DoLMUC -UN-habitat -UPRP -CBOs Promoting private investment on housing development -Municipality -Private sector Preventing pollution from toxic and hazardous wastes -Hospitals and clinics -Industries -Handicraft Producer -Farms Preventing water pollution at source -DoE -DoWRM

-DoRD -DoIM -DoPW -DoT -Municipality water supply -NGOs/IOs -Local authorities -Inhabitants Construction of the waste water treatment plant -DoE -DoIM -DoPW Promoting provisions of potable water supply to all the citizen of Phnom Penh city. -Municipality -Municipal water supply Installing an electricity system and city lights along the streets and providing electricity to people in suburban areas -Municipality -DoPW Promote public transportation by city bus. -Municipality -DoPW -Private company Governance in Phnom Penh The Municipality of Phnom Penh (MPP) has limited autonomy to plan and finance its activities. It is under the Ministry of Interior and its budget is part of that ministryâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s. The Governor and the six ViceGovernors share authority with individual ministers over municipal departments, which remain under the control of the ministries for budgeting and staffing. Accordingly, many decisions are made outside the Municipality, and the municipal autonomy depends on the relations between the Vice-Governors and their ministerial counterparts. The MPP is thus rather small institutionally: it includes the Governor, the Vice-Governors, their personal staff and the staff of the Cabinet, who are mainly support staff, with little technical expertise. As the MPP cannot establish its own departments apart from the Cabinet, it has divided the Cabinet into eight sub-cabinets, each dealing with its allocated sectors. Although the Municipality officially gained financial autonomy in 1998, its budget remains constrained as a national law predefines all lines, the Minister of Interior must approve the budget, and the National Assembly ratifies it. Besides, the city has little power or incentive to raise its own revenue: it cannot bor-

2.3 LANDOWNERSHIP The land tenure situation in Phnom Penh is complex as there is no clear distinction between legal and illegal occupancy and/or ownership. All private ownership of land was abolished in 1974, and no clear ownership system has been implemented since then. Almost no-one has full ownership titles in Phnom Penh. At the end of the Pol Pot regime, returnees to Phnom Penh were authorized to occupy buildings on a first- come-first served basis. The few professionals alive after the mass killing of all educated people in Cambodia were allowed to occupy any vacant dwellings close to their new places of employment in the civil service. These new owners took many centrally located buildings in the city, which some then subdivided and sold, even though there were no formal titles. Once all existing buildings were occupied, people started to settle on vacant land, creating the communities that are now considered illegal. Some families were given family books that allowed them to be considered stable dwellers and to receive legal access to public authorities, even though they did not have ownership titles. With family books, they could still be considered squatters and be evicted, but with greater chances of obtaining some sort of compensation. The issue of land tenure is thorny for all, but the poor have much difficulty reclaiming legitimate ownership of the land they occupy. Since the Khmer Rouges abolished private ownership in 1974, it has only been re- introduced gradually on an ad hoc basis, with lengthy disputes about land redistribution. In a society quickly opening to market economy and still dominated by the power of the military, land ownership concentrates in the hands of a few powerful officials, and the poor have little voice in land bargaining. As many slums are erected on state-pulic land, which can be claimed by the

State for public use without compensation, the majority of slum dwellers are afraid of eviction and/or relocation to sites without access to basic services, and far from their sources of employment and social networks. Pressures from investors in the leisure and tourism industry represent a threat upon the poor, as many of the current slums are located along the riverside, on land with high potential value for tourism development. Corruption is another major cause of poverty as it affects all aspects of the lives of slum dwellers. In squatter settlements, local authorities extort a heavy proportion of the poor’s income in bribes: they sell them land or shacks, or the “right” to settle on public land, and then levy regular fees for protection, for the right to repair a leaking roof, or to install an indoor toilet. Most dwellers of low-income settlements are officially regarded as squatters, i.e., illegally occupying the plot where they live. Yet, typically at least 75% of slum dwellers consider themselves as owners of their plots. They have purchased these plots either from the previous owner, or from local authorities (the police, chief of village, and/or representatives of the Sangkat or Khan), who themUNDE R S TA DING S Lprior U M Sownership : C a s e Strights, u d i e s but for selves may notNhave any sell public land to their benefit. Most transactions are recorded least on afamilies, handwritten receipt, and threat to most at low-income who can hardly plan although most dwellers understand that such record for their future, or simply feel part of a community that has legal authority, it is often enough them has no a common future (Fallavier 1999; Paynefor mimeo). to claim some compensation in case of relocation Figure 7: Status of municipality. ownership in Phnom Penh loworganized by the income settlements

Under mixed ownership Under public ownership Under private ownership

mun

mark

prov

60 3 78

her s

0 11 - 20

21 - 30

paid

1 17

< 10

Repl

20 25

2 11

2 7

7 3

151 200

201 300

> 300

31 - 40

41 - 50 51 - 100 101 150 Number of houses per community

Source: SUPF 1999

Status of ownership in Phnom Penh low-income settlements. III. SLUMS: THE PEOPLE

settle

toilet

wood 2

100

Cas

mon

120

Number of communities

row, and even if it collects taxes (e.g., on vacant land or property transfer) and income from public utilities, it is under no obligation to balance its budget, and must transfer all collection to the Ministry of Finance. The city is divided into seven Khans (districts). The Chiefs of Khan report to the Chief of Cabinet. The three Deputy Chiefs of Khan are responsible for administration, socio-economic programs and public works. Under the Khans are Sangkats (wards), which have officers responsible for administration and statistics, economic, financial, and social affairs, culture, religion and hygiene (Slingsby 2000).

Who lives in slums?

2.4 JOBS

while

for h

Cas

in the

mark and

1.2004, Histories events in lives In 9,9% ofand thekey working population in of Phnom typical slum households Penh worked in agriculture, 22.2% in transformation and manufacturing, and and 67.9% in services. 2. Aspirations, plans barriers to theirThe unemployment rate was 12.6% (Royal Government fulfilment of Cambodia 2000).

Prov

Most families came to Phnom Penh hoping a job for the parents, and an education for the children. Many think they will find access to basic education, to vocational training, and to credit to start their small business.

clean

had

in an

dren

5,00 and they

live i

Industrial and service activities in Phnom Penh are increasing, and most of the poor find employment in the city’s informal economy or in garment factories. Informal activities represent the backbone of the city’s economy: slum dwellers provide labour on construction sites, the bulk of food peddlers, market vendors, and micro-entrepreneurs, and domestic help. They earn an average of $10 to $15 per week. They also recycle a large part of the city’s waste.

glory is the most important vegetable produced. Although water mimosa and lotus are grown in much smaller volumes, they are more valuable and require different resources. Other vegetables and fruit are produced in home plots and raised areas within the lake for both sale and consumption.

Aquatic agriculture in the design area Producing food in water bodies in and around the cities of Southeast Asia is commonplace. People in these cities, often located on river deltas, continue to rely on rice and fish as staple foods. Aquatic plants account for nearly half of the total sales of vegetables in Phnom Penh. Morning glory is by far the most important aquatic plant product sold, the majority of which grow in wastewater. In the design area, the main products include morning glory and water mimosa produced in the wastewater fed lakes. Two communities were identified to describe typical urban aquatic systems in Phnom Penh. They are located on the northern side of Boeung Cheung Ek: Tnot Chrum and Kba Tomnub. Three and four groups of households, ‘krom’, in each village, respectively, are the main producers of morning glory. They are located near the main source of wastewater from the city and on the lake side of the main road. Tnot Chrum is situated closer to the emerging industrial zone, in which textile and paper factories are found. The culture of fish is most common among medium to better-off households, whereas aquatic vegetables are mainly produced and sold by households that are medium to less well-off. Commercial production of aquatic vegetables was established before the Lon Nol era but its expansion was hampered by poor market access. It became re-established on a more commercial-scale after the Pol Pot era, on the return of people to both Phnom Penh and the surrounding areas. Aquatic vegetables, especially morning glory, began to replace rice in Boeung Cheung Ek as supplies of sewage, and markets, became re-established. In the communities in which aquatic vegetables and fish are important, livelihoods are very diversified. Overall, employment in local factories was rated more important and taxi driving and rearing livestock also made important contributions. Employment in factories was also more important than fish culture in Doung and Muoy villages with fishing and taxi driving being important secondary activities. For people around Boeung Cheung Ek, morning

Morning glory.

Resources A decline in reliance on un-managed resources is evident for people living around the Boeung Cheung Ek over the last five decades. Formerly both flooded forest and the availability of wild food had declined; however a wide variety of snails, turtles, snakes and certain fish species remain and are utilised. Aquatic vegetables are now intensively cropped throughout the year, especially morning glory. Waste-water provides most of the nutrients, but additional fertilisers and pesticides are heavily applied. Seasonality The end of the hot, dry season and start of the rainy season (April to June) is the most difficult period of the year for people in the communities, especially the poor. Illnesses, especially diarrhoea and skin infections, and declining value of aquatic vegetables

are major problems. These factors are probably linked to a decline in the quality and quantity of water that starts in January and becomes acute by March. Seasonality also affects the production and price of morning glory in Boeung Cheung Ek. During the rainy season, the production and supply of morning glory are higher resulting in lower selling price, whereas, supply decreases in the dry season resulting in higher prices. In recent years (1993 and 2000), flooding particularly affected the poor when their houses were destroyed by the floods. This also led to destruction of morning glory plots resulting in reduced yields. Many activities, however, are not affected by the season, including employment in factories, some service industries and other non-agricultural activities. Livestock production is also relatively unaffected by seasonality. Some trading opportunities are very seasonal and occur at the time of social and religious occasions; for example, fruit selling by women peaks during Chinese and Khmer new year celebrations. Food consumption People normally purchase their rice and most other basic food items. Fish is retained by farmers for

home consumption and some farmers eat their own poultry. In contrast, even if pigs are raised by the household, pork is purchased. Farmers producing aquatic vegetables for the market tend to eat a proportion, and additionally purchase other types of vegetables. Fish farming households purchase most of their vegetables. Fishing is common in all villages to meet subsistence needs. Markets Flows of production to consumers Aquatic plant and fish production from these communities is mostly sold fresh in market places both inside and outside Phnom Penh. Initially, collectors are the people who transport these products to the market place where a variety of traders are involved in the buying and selling. Often they can play more than one role. For example, the producers themselves are often involved in the transport of aquatic products. There are three types of buyers: wholesaler, retailer and finally, consumer. Sometimes the market chain can be shortened when the retailers or even consumers buy directly from the producers. As there is a great demand for fresh products, market traders especially wholesalers employ extra labour in addition to regular family labour.

Market place.

Tourism and comercial activities Morning glory, lotus and mimosa plantations

Urban poor community Fishing

Industry Diamond island Livelihoods in Phnom Penh.

2.5 POPULATION AND LIVING Interviews with local inhabitants LAKE COMMUNITIES

Ms. Chany Ki, Cheung Ek lake, female. Occupation: She cooks rice for the neighborhood families. Backgroud: She moved to the area year 1979. Her husband is a moto driver. The majority of the men in the community are moto- or tuk tuk drivers, construction workers, or work with service/commerce related fields. Typical family size in the area : 7-10 members.

Mr. Na Chhoum, Cheung Ek lake, male.

Accommondation: The family rents a house from a private owner with a rent of 15 /30 dollars (11.8 euro â&#x20AC;&#x201C;23,5 euro) per month + 1000 riels (0,188 euro) for the use of a pipe for the water supply.

The Community

Occupation: Village chief of a community by the lake Cheung Ek. He was elected by the municipality of Phnom Penh for 4 years. There was no direct election involiving the local small community inhabitants.

Community background: The village chief lives in the village. The land area of the Water supply : The house is connected to village was previously owned by the Ministry the governmental water supply network â&#x20AC;&#x201C; of Transportation, which sold it to the Cost 1000 riels/ month ( 0,188 euro). The 6-7 inhabitants of he village that had lived on meters distance to ground water makes the the area for over 5 years. The inhabitants use of a well use of a well difficult. have land tenure. 224 families are currently living in the Waste management: The household waste village. The total community district that the is thrown under the house. The house is village chief is in charge of includes 1230 not connected to the governemnetal waste people. management network. Most of the inhabitants came to the area year 1979 from the provinces of Cambodia such as Kampuchea and Siem reap. Employment: The most common occupations of the inhabitants are driving tuk tuks and moto taxis, water related agriculture and working for construction companies. The salaries are low and it is hard to save money for education and health care. There is also a lot of employment in the area.

Living facilities : When the community misses something important, the village chief asks to NGOs. for help. Electricity : All the houses are connected connected to the main supply network but the electricity has to be bought from private companies. Water supply : Only few richest households are connected to the governmental water supply network. There are inequalities between families when it comes to the water supply: some pay for services to the government or private companies, some receive clean water for free from NGOs. Thoughts about the nearby lake Cheung Ek: The relationship of the inhabitants to the lake is not warm. The inhabitants agree in fact the governmental plans of filling the lake in the future due to the waste, garbage and polution in the lake and the smell coming from the lake. The village chief would be positive for having the lake preserved in case the lake was cleaned although he does not see that as a realistic future scenario due to the governmental mindset. He is also skeptical for the actions of the people: Would the lake stay clean or would it be soon polluted be the inhabitants again?

A view from the village area.

Mr. Soum Chhoum, CheunngEk, male. Occupation: mototaxi driver, morning glory agriculture, small commerce. Water morning glory grows in july-august during the rainy season. It can be collected every month during the dry season. Price of morning glory : 1L=400 riels (0.07 euro). Background: He came with his wife to the area year 1983. They live on the shore of lake Cheung Ek. At the moment the government is starting to fill northern parts of the lake Cheung Ek. The land speculation of the lake area has started. In less than 10 years, the whole community will be evicted and half of the lake Cheung Ek filled. Accommondation: The family lives in a house built on stilts on the shore of the lake Cheung Ek by a major road. The road was build 5-7 years ago by the government. The family does not have land tenure, even if they are the owners of their plot and their house. The family lives under a constant threat of eviction.

After two months of training, they are often informally required to Urban Slums Reports: The case of Phanom Penh, Cambodia

nths

d to

hat

xual

at if

ith-

of a 002 ents

hold d by or a

% %

income range (Riels)

3. Household indicators 13% households are headed by women, and there are 116 females >10000 per 100 males, or a12% 53.61% female share of 13% 8100-10000 13% the population. While the household size is similar to the national average of 5.8, there seems to be more presented in this section to results of a 4.Data Income by quintile and refers household type 8% 6100-8000 14% females in poor settlements than theand nationwide figure of 112 females for 100 males, 17% or 52.8% female survey conducted between February March 2002 4100-6000 33% among 140 families living in five low-income settlements share of the population (Ministry of Planning - Cambodia 1998:49). 8% 2100-4000 Figure 9: Occupation of heads of household in 140 9 on the outskirts familiesof Phnom Penh.

13%

500-2000

4. Household types and their percentage 0

Government employee

13%

29%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

Occupation

6 In the settlements surveyed, the typical household 8 Male head Female head Percentage of gender category Small business owner 7 Slums Reports: The case of Phnom Penh, Cambodia size is 5.7 persons, 17% of households are headed Urban by 4 Skilled worker 20 women, and there are 116 females per 100 males, or a The average daily income for a family is 12,500 Riels ($3.20), with a 1 Unskilled laborer 48

Street seller

contribution of about 7,200 Riels from the head of household, and 5,300

Figure 8: Demographics in sample of 140 slum families 0 Figure 12:Motordup Agedriver of low-income settlements in Phnom 12 1 Cyclodriver Penh 6 3.0%6 3.8%

Unemployed > 64 years 0

Riels from other family members (see Table 3).

Figure 13: Typical daily expense pattern per household

The average income in our survey shows no significant differences

between forNmen and U N D Eincome R S TA DIN G women, S L U Mbut S these : C afigures s e Stmay u d ibe e sbiased for

14 10

Number of individuals

15-64 years

50 Males

by a few outlying results. In-depth interviews usually show a lower

51.4% 52.2%

Females

income for women than men.

Figure 2: Characteristics of low-income settlements by age

Most slum dwellers work as unskilled workers: men are taxi drivers 23.7%

7-14 years

(on cyclos or on motordups) and20.7% unskilled labourers on construction sites, and women are street sellers.21.9%

< 7 years

23.4% Skilled men are often masons, mechanics or iron workers, while

women are seamstresses. 0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

Proportion of population

also more likely to be unemployed than men.

14 9

10 3

13%

15 15 7 3

Along roadsides

13%

Map 1: Phnom Penh - a 7% developed city core with rural 29% 9% suburbs 0 0%

10%

On plain land

On mixed conditions Source: SUPF 1999

Table 1 : Population estimation for Phnom Penh, including the urban poor

33%

13%

500-2000

Along rivers / canals

Location of settlements

17%

2100-4000

On rooftops

squa oppo reloc sites

In low-i Â&#x201C;â&#x20AC;&#x153;squ 12 like marg mult Squa popu

14%

4100-6000 8%

Along railway

13% 8%

12%

6100-8000

21 20

Figure 10: Daily family income by gender of head of household 8100-10000

44 40

the Glo

4. P

11 to 20 years old Over 20 years old

60%

Women are most represented in small trading business. Females They are Males

>10000

Less than 10 years old

Number of settlements

first

women are seamstresses.

53.61% female share of the population. abuse is prevalent for them to keep the job. All workers know that if Women are most represented in small trading business. They are While the household size is similar to the national they get sick more than two days in a row, they will be laid off withalso more likely to be unemployed than men. average of 5.8, there seems to be more females in poor out compensation. settlements than the nationwide figure of 112 females for 100 males, or 52.8% female share of the population Figure 10: Daily family income by gender of head of household (Ministry of Planning Cambodia 1998:49). The typical household size in the poor communities on the outskirts of Phnom Penh is 5.7 persons, 17% of

age categories

as it uatporand hen air a ach. All asic heir minie a

Skilled men are often masons, mechanics or iron workers, while

they can obtain the full-time position. Many also report that sexual

income range (Riels)

ures prerent high

sites, and women are street sellers.

pay the equivalent of two month of full salary to the foreman, so that

15%

Percentage of gender category

20%

25%

Male head

30%

1998 of squatter 1999 and urban 2002 (estimate) Map 2: Location poor settlements in Phnom Penh 35%

total

Female head

The average daily income for a family is 12,500 Riels ($3.20), with a contribution of about 7,200 Riels from the head of household, and 5,300 Riels from other family members (see Table 3). The average income in our survey shows no significant differences between income for men and women, but these figures may be biased by a few outlying results. In-depth interviews usually show a lower

total (est.)

urban poor

total

urban poor

urban poverty

5% growth 999,800 1,049,790 207,150 1,157,400 p.a.

228,400

19.7%

8% growth 999,800 1,079,790 207,150 1,224,480 p.a.

241,600

19.7%

(Royal Government of Cambodia 2000; Squatter and Urban Poor Federation 1999), estimates by author

income for women than men.

60%

they did not have ownership titles. With family books, they could still be considered squatters and be evicted, but with greater chances of obtaining some sort of compensation. Other types of low-income settlements were created at the end of the Untied Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (UNTAC) in 1994, when human right NGOs and United Nations agencies supported homeless refugees and Internally Displaced Persons who settled new communities along streets, waterways, and

1. D

Un rized men land reco secu Th distin Phno abol been owne coul mim Th class conv Khm stron

The design area is inhabited with people from very different social classes. The urban poor communities are mostly situated near the waste water fed lakes and channels. The urban poor are living in houses built from bamboo, wood and zinc sheets, whereas the middle class and upper middle class dwellings are constructed from brick. The houses are built on stilts or concrete footing for flood protection.

Different housing in the project area. Population density of central Phnom Penh..

Existing living environment in the project area.

The villages on the edges of the lakes form a maze like sequence of spaces. The houses open to little semiprivate alleys. The houses often have two stories, the lower being a space for daily activities and the upper, more private, for sleeping. Another, a more middle class housing solution is to have a corridor from the street leading to apartments. The middle class houses tend to be more closed to the street than the dwellings of the poorer communities.

Views from the existing neighbourhoods in the project area.

2.6 SERVICES

URBAN POOR SETTLEMENTS IN KHAN MEANCHEY

Scale 1:13,000

Total Settlements :93 MC01 Boeung Chhouk Brochomvong MC02 N/A MC03 Nirot Boeung chhouk MC04 Phal Andet MC05 Chamreoun MC06 Aphiwat deoum chan MC07 Deoum Chan1 MC08 Deoum Macleor 2 MC09 Phum Preak MC10 Dem Ampil MC11 Deoum Slang2 MC12 Deoum Slang1 MC13 N/A MC14 Deoum Ampil2 MC15 N/A MC16 N/A MC17 N/A MC18 N/A MC19 Strei Samakum thmey MC20 Chhun Krey kro MC21 N/A MC22 Raksmey Samaki MC23 Mittapheap MC24 N/A MC25 Toul Senchey 1 MC26 Toul Senchey 2 MC27 Chamroeun Meanchey MC28 Ratha Meanchey MC29 MeanChey MC30 N/A MC31 N/A MC32 N/A MC33 N/A MC34 N/A MC35 N/A MC36 Toulsenchey Akphiwat MC37 N/A MC38 N/A MC39 S. R. Meanchey MC40 N/A MC41 N/A MC42 Tagnov Leo MC43 Russey Sros MC44 Doeum Pring 1 MC45 Chomroeun Akphiwat MC46 N/A

TOUL KORK

SEN SOK

MC86

MC29

MC92

Wat Stoeng Mean Chey !

MC53! MC46

MC50

MC27

Wat Sampong Phal Andet

MC38

MC45

MC37

MC28

MC39

MC13

MC30 !

MC34

MC36

MC06

Boeng Trabek

MC33 ! ! MC32 ! MC23 !! MC35

CHAMKARMON

MC31

MC21

Boeng Tompun

MC17

! MC12

MC11

MC54

MC14

MC20

MC76

MC01

MC48 MC42Wat Prachum Vong

MC47

MC81

MC16!

MC08

Wat Nirot Rangsey

MC10

MC18

MC02 ! MC03

MC09 MC85

MC43

Wat Chbar Ampov

MC07

MC19

MC93

MC04

MC15

! MC26 !!

MC22

MC91 !

MC84

Wat Dambok Khpos !

MC88

MC44

MC57 ! ! MC72 ! MC78 Wat Chak Angre Leu !

MC89

MC65

MC70

MC41 !

MC49

MC71

MC58

Wat Kam Sarn !

MC56

MC59

MC74

MC80

MC79

MC55

MC68

MC47 MC48 MC49 MC50 MC51 MC52 MC53 MC54 MC55 MC56 MC57 MC58 MC59 MC60 MC61 MC62 MC63 MC64 MC65 MC66 MC67 MC68 MC69 MC70 MC71 MC72 MC73 MC74 MC75 MC76 MC77 MC78 MC79 MC80 MC81 MC82 MC83 MC84 MC85 MC86 MC87 MC88 MC89 MC90 MC91 MC92 MC93

N/A Preak Baraing N/A N/A Preak Tapov Preak Tapov 1 N/A N/A N/A N/A Akphiwat Preak Tanou Preah Ponlear N/A Toul Roka1 N/A Rik Chamroen Preak Talong N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Preah Noreay Preak Takong Chhne Tonle N/A N/A N/A Toul Roka4 Preak Tanou4 Toul Roka2 Preak Tanou N/A N/A Preak Tanou Preak Talong4 N/A Cham Roeun phal Akphiwat Meanchey N/A N/A Tnaut Chrom 3 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

MC77 !

MC87 !

MC75Wat Chak Angre Krom ! MC90

DANGKOR

MC60

MC64

MC51

MC40

Study team : Meas Kimseng, Ee Sarom, Kong Narin, Srun Sunheng, Lors Sren, Ngim Bopha, Voeurn Kosal, Sim Senghok, Sat Kanhara, Hem Nalen. Ket Mengcheang, Om Dara, Teng Piseth, Tun Setha, Kuy Panha, Long Sokleang.

MC52

MC62 !

kMNt;sMKal;

MC67 !

MC63

MC82

LEGEND

shKmn_GñkRkIRkenATIRkug

!Wat

MC61

Prekpra

Urban Poor Settlements

pøÚv

MC83

Prepared by : Teng Piseth (Bachelor of LMLA) Meas Kimseng (Architecture & Urban Planner)

MC65

Road

MC69

RBMRbTl;xNÐ

District Boundary

bwg Tenø

Checked by : Meas Kimseng (Architecture & Urban Planner)

Lake, River

vtþ

Pagoda

500

1,000

2,000

3,000 Meters

Last updated : Nov 2009 (c) STT

Markets in Phnom Penh. Location and types of markets surveyed Scale 1:28,000

plitkmµbEnøTwk nigRtIEdl)anmkBIshKmn_TaMgenH Outside the market PaKeRcI nlk;kñúgplaces, TMrg;Rss;commercial enAelITIpactivities SarenAkñúgTIRkug nigtam on the design area are mostly concentrated next to largerextþ streets. nana. CadMbUg GñkRbmUlTijdwkCBa¢ÚnplitplTaMgenH eTAkan;TpI SarEdlmanQµjÜ RbePTepSg² eFVkI ardUrTijplitpl. CYnkal BYkproject Kat;mantYarea naTIelIsBImyY ]TahrN_dcU Ca Gñkplit Services in the eBlxøhasHKat;currently GacCaGñsome kdwkCB¢services ÚanplitplbEnø TwkeTAlk; The area including two enApSar. schools, one hospital, a few pagodas, a market place GñkTijscale bEnøecommerce naHman 3mostly RbePTalong dUcCatheGñklarger lk;duM Gñklk;ray and small streets. There is also a post office nearby. nigGñkeRbIR)as;.Gñklk;duM¼RbmUlTij )anTijplitplmðÚb The area has a lot of small scale industry such as GaharClplBI kñ plit ehIyThe lk;esouthern GayGñklk; ray cugeRkay carpentry and metalGworkshops. lakes area is a eRbI major distributor of water grown vegetables Gñ k R )as; T i j BI G ñ k lk; r ay. CY n kalGñ klk;ray nig Gñk in Phnom Penh morning glory being the most important product. eRbIR)as; TijplitplmðbÚ GaharClpl edaypÞal;BGI kñ plit. edaysarmantMrUvkarplitplRss;eRcIn dUecñHGñklk;enATIpSar CaBiessGñklk;duM b¤ Gñkplit RtUvkarkMlaMgBlkmµbEnßm URBAN POOR SETTLEMENTS IN KHAN DANGKOR rYmCamYykMlaMgBlkmµenAkñgú RKYsar .

TItaMg nigRbePTénTIpSarEdlRtUv)anGegát

The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the European Commission ICA4-CT-2002-10020. DK50 !

Hospitals in Phnom Penh.

DK33 !

SEN SOK DK32 !

DK34 ! DK49 ! ! DK48 ! DK52 !

DK54 ! DK53 !

DK13 ! DK31 !

DK12 !

DK14 !

DK24 ! DK25 !

DK06DK07 DK08 DK09 DK05! ! ! ! DK10! !

DK11 !

DK23 !

DK35 ! DK22 DK30! ! DK26 !

MEANCHEY

DK16 !

DK15 ! DK17 !

DK51 !

DK36 ! DK38 !

DK18 !

DK19 ! DK20 !

DK43 ! !

DK21 !

DK46 DK47 !! DK45 !

DK42

DK37 !

DK29 !

DK28 !

DK39 ! DK41 ! DK40 !

DK04 !

DK44 ! DK01 DK02 ! !

DK27 !

1.5

6 Km

kMNt;sMKal; LEGEND

shKmn_GñkRkIRkenATIRkug

Urban Poor Settlements

Total Settlements : 52 DK01 DK02 DK03 DK04 DK05

Toul Sombokroum Toul Somboleo Phom Andong Thmey Seirey Deydous N/A

DK19 DK20 DK21 DK22 DK23

N/A N/A Tomnup1 Samaki 1 Samaki 4

DK37 DK38 DK39 DK40 DK41

N/A N/A Rolous N/A N/A

Figure: 2.3 Occupation statuses 67% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0%

48%

14% 5%

Labor force

Agriculture job

Industrial job

Commerce job

(Source: Municipal Department of Agriculture, 2003) Mat making

Factory work 2.5 Poverty

lineRkNat; in city CUteCIg Table: 2.3 Level of poverty in city 2002 5% kargareragcRk People under Community House of the Poor family 35% Poverty line poor number number Morning glory Other vegetables 25% 569 58.011 68.249 Urban Slums Reports: The case of Phanom Penh, Cambodia RtkYofn Planning Year 2003) bEnøepSg² (Source: Municipal Department

as it uatporand hen air a ach. All asic heir minie a

irst

ths

d to

hat

ual

at if

ith-

kEB©at 15%

the poor people Lotus number QUk 374.826

30%

40% Motor taxi share of the population. 53.61% female The poverty line is basic for reflection on the livelihood of people in the area of the country While the household size is similar Animal to the national or city, Table 2.3 show that the people under poverty are 25% in Phnom Penh Morning city. This glory average of 5.8, thereOther seems to husbandry be more females in poor 10% proves that the Marjory of people is still get poor especially the people who live in urban settlements than the nationwide figure of 112 females poor communities got to 68,249 families equally 374,426 persons even though the city is for 100 males, or 52.8% female share of the population 40% developing. 10% (Ministry of Planning -10% Cambodia 1998:49).

m U:tUDub

RtkYn

ciB©awmstV

epSg²

Education Status in livelihoods in Thot Chrum and Kba Tomnub villages (Boeung Cheung Ek) Role of2.6 aquatic plant production

2.6.1 by Students, and Classroom 4. Income quintile household tYnaTIpliTeachers tkmµand bEnøClplkñ gú CIvPaBRKYsartype enAkñgú PUmki Sources: ,alTMnb; nigPUmei tañtRCMu ¬tMbn;bgw eCIgÉk¦

Regarding to Table 2.4, the education status in Phnom Penh was included together with The case of totally 245,767 students, 7,022 teachers, and Phnom Penh it shown that the junior high 5,433 classrooms. we compare classrooms with students more important than fish If culture in Doung and Pierre Fallavier researchproportion assistance: school with gets fishing highest and proportion of 54 being students perbyclassroom. But ifWith we compare Muoy villages taxi driving Im Peou,proportion Sophal Roda, Ratha, of teacher and pupil, the primary school get the highest of 40Svay pupils per Noun teacher important secondary activities. Mountha, and Men Sopheapkerya and the junior high school 29 pupil per teacher. Both proportions are very important factor Contact Pierre Fallavier Department of Urban to consider pedagogy of educating students. For people around Boeung Cheung Ek, morning Studies and Planning, Massachusetts Institute of glory is the most important vegetable produced. Technology Although water mimosa and lotus are grown in much smaller volumes, they are more valuable State-of-the-System Report: Cambodia and require different resources. Other vegetables Report Series No. 2/2003 and fruit are produced in home plots and raised areas within the lake for both sale and Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Most slum dwellers work as unskilled workers: men are taxi drivers consumption. U.K. Department of Geography, University of (on cyclos or on motordups) and unskilled labourers on construction 7 Durham, U.K. Royal Veterinary and Agricultural sites, and women are street sellers. River catfish is the main type of fish cultured in University, Denmark Faculty of Fisheries, Royal Skilled men are often masons, mechanics or iron workers, while ponds and pens. Walking catfish are less popular University of Agriculture, Phnom Penh, Cambodia women are seamstresses. andWomen only raised in ponds. Aquaculture and Aquatic Resources Manageare most represented in small trading business. They are ment, Asian Institute of Technology, Thailand also more likely to be unemployed than men. Figure 9: Occupation of heads of household in 140 kindergarten, primary high contributions. Employment in school, factories wasschool also families 0

Government employee

Small business owner

Skilled worker

Occupation

ures prerent high

Mimosa

Unskilled laborer

Street seller

Motordup driver

Cyclodriver

6 6

Unemployed

Number of individuals

Males

Females

Figure 10: Daily family income by gender of head of household >10000

13%

enAkñúgshKmn_eTaHbIkardaMbEnøTwk nigciBa©wmRtIman sar³sMxan;ya:gNak¾eday RbCaCnenAmanRbkbmuxrbr epSg²eTotpgEdr . CarYm kargareragcRkmansarsMxan;Cag karrt;mtU: DU bu nigkarciBa©mw stV enAkñgú CIvPaBrs;enArbs;BkY Kat;. enAkñgú PUmDi gY nigPUmmi yY kargarenAkñgú eragcRkk¾mansar³sMxan; CagkargarkarciBa© mw RtI CamYynwgskmµPaBbnÞab;bnSMeTot dUcCa karensaT nig GñkebIkbr pgEdr . sMrab;RbCaCnrs;enACuMvijshKmn_bwgeCIgÉk RtkYn KWCaplitkmµbEnøEdlmansar³sMxan;CageK. eTaHbIbEnøkEBaät nigRkGavQUkRtUv)andaMkñúgbrimaNtictYcCagbEnøRtkYn Et vamantMélx<s;Cag ehIytMrUvkarFnFan k¾epSg²KñapgEdr. cMeBaHbEnø nigEpøeQIepSg²eTotRtUv)andaMenAbrievNCMuvij pÞH nigEk,rbwg sMrab;TaMgkarlk; nigkareRbIR)as;enAkñgú RKYsar. RtIR)aCaRbePTRtIcbM g EdleK)an ciBa© mw kñgú RsH nigs ‘g.

Types of food consumed by households in the communities

RbePTéncMNGI aharEdl)aneRbIR)as;e; dayRKYsarenAkñgú shKmn_

kareRbIR)as;cN M GI ahar Food consumption TItaMgsikSa enAkñúgtMbn;bwgeCIgÉk xañt 1 50 000 RbPB CaFmµta RbCaCnTijGgár niPMgeñ BjeRKOg]bePaKbriePaK People normally purchase their rice and most tp; gÁ R; )as; ¬RtIelx 3¦ fish from the Great Lake that support pond andepSg². PUm GñDi kgY KWcisBtiß ©aenACi wmRtItRbPBpÁ )aneRbI RtIc)anmkBI iB©awmrbs;Kat; other basiccage foodculture items. Fish is retained by of river (Pangasius) and walking bwgTenøI saGaharenAkñ ab EdlRtUv)anpÁ a© mw RtIyenAkñ gEb‘r dUchUCabsac;man; In contrast, pen some culture insMrab;eFVC farmers for(Clarias) home catfish. consumption and gú RKYtp;sgÁ arc; Bi ehI ksigú kRsHrxøHnieTotk¾ Boeung Kokpoultry. is the main in Muoy village. RtI)a RtIr:s; nig RtIGENþg. pÞúyeTAvij karciB©awmkñúgs‘g farmers eat their own In system contrast, even if ni g Ta EdlKat; a©wmenAtampÞ Kat;Nl;.cbM pÞgúyeTAvij pigs are raised by the household, pork is i yY ¬tMbn;cbgiwBkk¦ CaRbB½nc§ Bi a© mHw rbs; edayTwBkYkkaksM We investigated wholesale markets close to enAPUmm purchased.these Farmers producing aquatic communities as well as medium, smallstVrbs; RCUTkRI kuRtUg v.)anciB©awmenAtampÞHrbs;BYkKat;minEmnTukhUb and street markets the city. vegetables for the market tendthroughout to eat a proportion, IkarGegá enAelIT iTjIpsac; SarEdlR CU k BI p Sar lk;g)aneFV eGayQµ ÜjtGMb:BuEIknþarlk; BYkKat; and additionally purchase other utside ksikr)anTijRbPBkU nBUCmkBIeRkAPU mi. cMtypes Enk of eTKW s M r ab;eyI other vegetables. Fish farming households purchase sñti enACi tshKmn_ dGaharenAkñ cU Ca TIpSarlk;údgMu RKYTIpsSarfñ ak;jm.Fümksi ¬lk;krdaM dMu bEnøTwk RKab; B U C QU k sM r ab; d aM R tY v )anykmkBI e xtþ e pSg²eTot. mkeRbI R )as; C amð Ú b arvi from most of their vegetables. Fishing is common in nigray¦ TIpSarlk;rayenAkñgú TIRkug . ries in cMeBaHkUnRtIR)aBUCsMrab;ciB©awm Edlcab;BIFmµCati nigykmkBI all villages to meet subsistence needs. sMrab;lk;enAelITIpSar ehIyBYkKat;k¾hUbmYyEpñktUcpgEdr hough _ aJ s;enARbeTsevotNam RtUv)anpÁtp; gÁ t; amry³BYkQµjÜ . blish sßanIyP seed ehIyBYk Kat;k¾TijbEnøBIpSarpgEdr. RKYsarEdlciBa©wmRtI eTaHbICakUnRtIGENþgBUCRtUv)an eKBüayamplitenAkñúgRsuk ut the ya:gNak¾eday k¾kUnBUCRtUv)an naMcUlCacMbgBIRbeTs )anTijbEnøesÞIrTaMgRsugsMrab;hUb. CaTUeTA skmµPaBensaT evotNameBjmYyqñapM gEdr . manenARKb;PmU Ti Growing aMgGs; sMmorning rab;cBi a© mw CIglory vti enAkñ gú RKYsar. in the lake Cheung Ek.

Sites around Boeung Cheung Ek. (Scale: 1:50,000 Source: Geoinformatics Education Center, Phnom Penh) (

Farmers live in houses over the pond to prevent theft in Doung village

lMenAdæanenAelIRsHedIm,IkarBarkMeu GayecarlYckñgú PUmDi gY

: Geoinformatics Education Center

)

Children live and play around Boeng Chueng Ek

ekµgrs;enA nigkMsanþ enACMvuijtMbn;bwgeCIgÉk Animal feeding

kareRbIR)as;sMrab; stV 3

The Production in Aquatic Peri-Urban Systems in Southeast Asia (Papussa) project is funded by the European Commission ICA4-CT-2002-10020.

40%

Woman farmer/collector explaining about aquatic

Human consumption

kareRbIR)as;sMrab; mnusS 60%

vegetable consumption

Resource map drawn by women in Muoy village

ksikrRsIEpnTI¼þ GñFknFanFmµ RbmUlCplBnül; BM kI areRbI atiEdl)anKUrGedayRsþ eI nAkñRgú )as; PUmmi byY EnøClpl

Uses of morning glory produced in peri-urban Phnom

2.7 WATER SUPPLY AND SEWAGE IN PHNOM PENH

Reflections of the past Until 1970 Phnom Penh was a well developing city with all the possibilities to become a well functioning major city in Asia. Under the years of Khmer Rouge regime 1970-1975 the city was almost totally emptied of people and the earlier established water and sewage systems left without managing. When people gradually started to return to the capital city after Khmer rouge and the two decades of war and conflict to follow it, the water and sewage systems were in bad condition. Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority (PPWSA) became an autonomous body in 1986. However, this did not change anything in PPWSA until 1993. The distribution network year 1993 covered 40% of the city area and served only 20% of the total city population. Thirty percent of the pipes in the network had been laid more than 100 years ago, with the newest of the pipes being more than 40 years old. In 1993 alone, the number of illegal connections discovered was about 300. Gradually after the Paris Peace Agreement, the Government of Cambodia, with the assistance of different development agencies, started the change in PPWSA that led to its becoming a fully autonomous body 2002. Today, PPWSA is a fully independent, commercially oriented, self-sufficient body. There are many factors contributing to the improvement in the operations of PPWSA. Political stability, strong government support, and external assistance from different development agencies (Asian Development Bank, World Bank, the Government of France and the Government of Japan) have contributed much to the expansion of PPWSA. However, the most important factor comes from within PPWSA. The staff now being motivated and well-working has helped the development of the organization tremendously.

Distribution area (Actual, Project) Distribution area (Appraisal, Project) Boeng Trabek catchment area Water treatment plant Boeng Trabek pumping station and spillway (Project) Main road Boeng Trabek and Toul sen drainage canals (Project) Secondary drain (Project) Transmission main (Project) Transmission pipe (Project) Transmission pipefrom Chrouy Changwar to Phnom Penh Urban boundary Upgraded parts of the

sewage system.

The developments of Phnom Penh Water Supply Authority To counter all the negative elements and inefficiencies, PPWSA began a â&#x20AC;&#x153;changing of culture based on educating, motivating, and disciplining its staff and the public. PPWSA started to implement an automatic billing system granted by the Government of France. A repair team was organized to stand by 24 hours a day to properly repair and maintain the distribution network. The public was advised to stop using and pursuing illegal connections. Incentives were given to anyone who could provide information on illegal connections. A computerized system was completed in 1996 to help in bill collection.

Phnom Penh water supply and sewige system.

PPWSA embarked on a program to educate the public, especially the high-ranking families, other government agencies, and even the top management of PPWSA, on the importance of paying their water bills. This was not an easy task. However, with a lot of hard work, the strong support of the Prime Minister, and the concept of “leadership by example,” PPWSA managed to convince many VIPs and high ranking officials to pay their bills. As a result, the rate of bill collection from the public improved from just 50% in 1993 to 99% now.

Phnom Penh. The sewage is usually not treated in any way before entering to the lakes and rivers. Some of the richer households and possibly some public buildings have private systems for cleaning the waste water but these systems do not cover the whole Phnom Penh sewage system. The lakes and rivers are usually suffering also from solid waste that people throw into the water areas.

The development of the infrasturcture 1996 the government of Cambodia got a loan from Asian development bank for the Phnom Penh water supply and drainage project. 1997 PPWSA started to rehabilitate, repair and construct new parts to the old sewage system, drainage system and pumping stations. For example the Boeng Trabek main drainage canal, Toul Sen canal and various branches as well as rebuilding of the Boeng Trabek pumping station and spillway were established. Some 190 families were affected of the upgrading and many of them were relocated to Toul Sambo relocation site.

Waste water coming to the lake Cheung Ek from the pumping station by the lake Tompun.

The upgrading works were finished year 2002. The next step in upgrading the water supply and sewage system in Phnom Penh was taken year 2002: New transmission mains were constructed to supply bulk water from treatment plants to the distribution mains in the city´s inner districts. The construction of the water mains provided a vital link between the three water treatment plants and distribution areas. The drainage rehabilitation, covering main and secondary drains in largest catchment area of Phnom Penh prevent severe flooding in more than 40% of the inner city. The pipeline is currently supplying approximately 940 000 people and is large enough to supply 2 million people in the future.

Problems related to the infrastructure Community development committees were constructed for organizing community smallinfrastructure projects. The upgraded waste water system has worked quite well. The illegal garbage throwing into the waste water canals threatens however the system´s sustainability. Public awareness campaigns have been introduced among residents living along the canals, pumping stations and retention ponds to prevent them to dump garbage into the water. These upgrading steps were a major step for the water system and sewage even if a lot still remains to solve. The sewage and drainage system is currently constructed from open air and underground canals leading to major lakes and rivers in the central

Liquid waste being pumped to the lake Cheung Ek.

Waste water coming to the lake Cheung Ek.

Housing by the lake Tompun.

Solid waste collection by the pumping station on the lake Tompun.

Housing by the pumping station on the lake Tompun.

The governmental plan for the sewage treatment is a natural water treatment plan. Most of the cityÂ´s sewage finally ends up in Cheung Ek lake. Before pumping the waste water to Cheung Ek the solid waste is gathered away. When the water comes to Cheunrg Ek it goes through a gradual natural cleaning process with the help of the morning glory grown in the lake. Stages in the cleaning process include filtering, anaerobic lagunage, lagunage by macrophytes, truck farming and pisciculture before rejection in the natural environment. To maintain this system and provide itÂ´s fully function would require protection of approximately 800 hectares of lakes and zones of protection around the lakes. The morning glory grown in the waste water fed Cheung Ek lake is questionably sold to serve as human and animal food; Cheung Ek is the major producer of morning glory in Phnom Penh. From Cheung Ek the water continues to other lakes in Cambodia and ends finally up in the sea.

Solid waste arrived with waste water to the pumping station iby the lake Tompun.

Sources: DPWT, Sewage Works in Phnom Penh city 2007, Municipality of Phnom Penh, Department of public works and transport 2007 Phnom Penh water supply and drainage project in Cambodia, Asian development bank 2005 Phnom Penh water supply authority, Phnom Penh water supply authority Contributed by Ek Sonn Chan, Director of the Phnom Penh water supply authority State-of-the-system Report Cambodia, Report 2/2003, Royal university of agriculture and The Asian institute of Technology 2003

2.8 SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN PHNOM PENH Past development of the solid waste management The solid waste management in Phnom Penh is provided by municipal solid waste management (MSWM). Before 1994 it was under the jurisdiction of the Department of Public Works and Transport (DPWT). The MSWM services had been provided by the municipal cleansing section under DPWT until June 1994. Since then due to the extremely limited capability of MSWM, the Municipality of Phnom Penh entrusted its MSWM service to mainly private contractors with franchise agreement, which allows a monopoly service. The service provider has been changed six times due to mainly financial difficulty. Phnom Penh Waste Management Authority (PPWM) was established 2001 by merging the Cleansing Authority of Phnom Penh (CAP) and the Wastewater Authority of Phnom Penh (WAP). The current situation of the solid waste management Waste collection has generally improved in Phnom Penh by the current private company with a monopoly service. However, many areas of the city are still without adequate waste collection service and many tons of waste is dumped into rivers and ponds, burned or left uncollected to be scattered by animals, block drains and create unsanitary conditions. Waste collection is especially weak in outlaying areas and in many of the cities unplanned settlements that are home for thousands of the city´s poorest families.Solid waste is simply left on the street or by a city dumpster where the private company gathers it regularly. The waste management usually covers only the biggest roads

and the waste has to be taken to a collective dumpster by a person himself. Only the households that pay the waste management charge can use the collective dumpsters. The solid waste of Phnom Penh is efficiently recycled by the urban poor people. Almost everything reusable is gathered among the waste from streets, waste dumpsters and city dumpsites. The products are then used for own need or sold at the market places. Cans and bottles are sold to a recycling company. The product gathering among waste is dangerous for the people´s health but plays a vital role in the waste management in Phnom Penh. There are currently no special treatment facilities for hazardous and poisonous waste. Hazardous and poisonous waste is currently being burned at the dumpsites of Phnom Penh and have generated to decreasing ground water quality. Many of the urban poor collecting waste have gotten heavy metals in their system due to the lack of special treatment for the hazardous and poisonous waste. Sources: Solid waste management in Phnom Penh, http:// www.phnompenh.gov.kh/JICA/SWM.htm State-of-the-system Report Cambodia, Report 2/2003, Royal university of agriculture and The Asian institute of Technology 2003 Building and urban poor people´s movement in Phnom Penh, Cambodia; Asian Coalition of housing rights 2001 Cambodia environment monitor 2003; The world bank 2003

Woman recycling solid waste in Phnom Penh.

3. OBJECTIVES AND GOALS OF THE DESIGN

project takes into consideration both the traditional way of life and the future development of Phnom Penh to a economically competitive capital of the region. Our plan is to show the inhabitants and 3.1 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT the government that development does not have The starting point of our project is cleaning of the to exclude the traditional way of life and that it in Southern waste water fed lakes in Phnom Penh. fact even can b beneficial to the economy in form of Currently all the waste water in Phnom Penh ends ecotourism and traditional business. Our plan aims up in the lakes of Trabek, Tompun and Cheung Ek to find a sustainable solution for the area that would and continues from there further down to other satisfy the different interest groups of Phnom Penh. surface water areas of Cambodia. The project aims to introduce an alternative way of life in which the To convince the authorities of Phnom Penh of the inhabitants of the Southern lakes have a better living value and future possibilities of the existing lakes of environment by the cleaned lakes and can benefit Phnom Penh is not an easy task. The three Southern lakes of Phnom Penh, Trabek, Tompun and Cheung from the cleaned surface water. Ek, are among the largest still existing lakes of the city. The city of Phnom Penh is expanding fast Water southwards and the development of the southern Water has a special role in Phnom Penh. The lakes and lakes area is inevitable the future. There are already rivers of the capital city are important for absorbing some development plans for the area made by the storm and monsoon water and protecting the city municipality but the exact destiny of the area is still from floods. Fishing and growing of vegetables such not decided. Our aim is to introduce a sustainable as morning glory, make an important income for alternative plan for the development of the southern many of the urban poor and middle class inhabitants lakes area and introduce a new way of thinking when of Phnom Penh. Due to the uncontrolled water it comes to water and urban planning in Phnom management and unsustainable city planning of Penh. the capital that both date back in generations of time, the lakes of Phnom Penh are currently seen as unattractive, being filled and disappearing from the 3.2 MAIN GOALS OF THE PROJECT city structure. The main issues concerning the blue networks of Phnom Penh are the role of water and the mind set according to it, preserving the existing lakes in the city structure and the management of the waste water. The water areas in the center of the city are not seen as something attractive or something of economical importance by the government. The value of the water areas is seen as the size of a land area possible to sell after the lake is filled. The governmental future idea is to fill most of the existing lakes and make profit by selling the filled land for private investors.

Sustainable sewage management

Currently, the government of Cambodia is not treating the sewage water of Phnom Penh in an organized way but instead using a system called natural water cleaning system in which the waste water is gradually cleaned by natural means on its way through the water networks of Phnom Penh. This results to situation where the waste water of Phnom Penh ends up in open water channels and surface waters in the centre of the city. In addition much off the solid waste ends up in the surface water Our project aims to proof that the water can be areas. Especially the poor communities living next valuable for the inhabitants, the city development to the open water areas suffer of non-hygienic and and the economic structure of the city. The lakes uncomfortable conditions of life. can provide income for many inhabitants, increase wellbeing, add real estate value, promote tourism When developing the southern lakes area we aim to create new sewage water management policies. One and make the city structure more pleasant. of the main goals of the project is to isolate the waste water from the lake surface water and provide a clean Sustainability lake area. Currently the waste water from almost all Our project aims to introduce a sustainable alternative of Phnom Penh comes to lake Trabek by an open-air plan for the city development where the lakes are waste water channel located on the northern edge preserved and cleaned and the water is taken into of the lake. From there the waste water continues peopleÂ´s every day environment. Our project aims to to lake Tompun, lake Cheung Ek and onwards. Our find a long term solution for the city development project aims to clean the lakes and separate the waste structure that is sustainable and ecological. The water system from the water system of the lakes and

by that means create a healthier, more pleasant lake environment with economical value. Housing New housing areas are urgently needed in Phnom Penh due to the growth of the city. The middle class is currently expanding and masses of poor people are continuously moving to the capital city in hope of work and better life. The existing parts of Phnom Penh can still be somewhat densified. The expanding of the city to different directions is although inevitable and new housing areas needed. Our project presents a development plan for the southern expansion zone of Phnom Penh and aims to create new socially mixed housing areas. The housing areas are to be constructed in a mixed structure of housing, public facilities and commercial activities. The existing slums as well as low income and middle class housing areas will be upgraded. Public facilities, commercial activities and tourist facilities are added, transportation network improved and new kind of income possibilities created.

Urban structure The project aims to introduce new housing and business areas as a part of a mixed city structure. The city structure will also include public and other facilities such as schools, health care centers, hospitals, market and commercial areas, associative and cultural centers and sports facilities. The transportation network will be improved and new parts to it will be added. Motorbikes and tuktuks are the main transportation means of the inhabitants of Phnom Penh. There is currently a lack of a public transportation system in Phnom Penh. It would be essential for the future development of the city to investigate possibilities for public bus routes and boat routes. The new part of the city should be efficiently connected to the existing city structure and new pedestrian roads introduced.

The goal of our project is to add value to public spaces such as plazas and green areas and make the green and blue structures the leading line of our To achieve a balance of different social classes in the urban plan. Some of the areas of the project are lakes housing areas it is important to avoid segregation. part of the year and serve as public parks on the rest The different social classes can benefit from each of the year due to the annual monsoon cycle and other by providing services and employment to each the water level changes related to it. The potential other. All the different social classes have their role to of the annual changes in the urban structure has play in the economic and social structure of the city. traditionally not been taken into consideration in the It is important to provide possibilities for the urban urban planning of Phnom Penh. Our project aims to poor to live close to their employment. The urban show the attractiveness of the changing character of poor that have to be relocated due to the changes the city. in the urban structure should find new housing on our project area. Eviction of the people to far away A green structure beside the water structures is a destinations should be avoided. way to give value to the lakes and to offer the city the public space it misses. The idea of a green line The project also aims to show the attractiveness and added to the blue line of the lakes and channels on economic value of the housing located by the lakes our project area could be even introduced in the and to introduce a traditional Cambodian life style existing city structure of Phnom Penh. Improving and even to high value real estate market. creating new efficient and pleasant pedestrian shores is an important part of our project. Industry There is already existing industry on the project area that is located by the Bassac river and on the northwestern side of our project area. Our plan is to improve the industrial zone of the area. This development is addressed in the already existing city plans of the municipality and is important for the economic growth of Phnom Penh. The industry can also provide employment for the urban poor situated on the project area and its surroundings. Bassac river side makes a logical location for industrial activities: transportation and communication as well as energy are provided by the river.

The project aims to preserve most of the existing urban agriculture but also show other possible uses of water in the city. During the development of the project area the urban agriculture will gradually move southwards. A part of the Cheung Ek lake will be filled to serve as a new city structure. The filling is planned to make in a way that respects the lake and connects the lake to the living environment of the people.

ACTIVITIES

The new master plan.

PROGRAM: For the new residental area on the northwestern border of Phnom Penh Housing - 746 199 sqm Commerce - 124 800 sqm Public - 162 400 sqm total inhabitants: 746 199 services in the area: -5 schools -5 community centres -2 heath care centres -2 libraries

4. DESIGN PRINCIPLES 4.1 WASTE WATER MANAGEMENT, SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT, WATER SUPPLY AND ELECTRICITY The new water treatment policies

supply and waste management systems. The new areas that are filled from the lake Cheung Ek are also connected to the governmental sewage, electricity and water supply systems.

The inhabitants of the project area can use the bio The project leans on new sewage water management waste they produce as fertilizer for their vegetable policies. One of the main issues of the project is to growings. Already currently the urban poor of Phnom isolate the waste water from the lake surface water Penh recycle almost all the usable products found and provide a clean lake area. The project introduces among solid waste, such as bottles and cans. This a new water treatment plant by the lake Trabek. could be made even more effective by starting the Waste water from almost all of Phnom Penh comes recycling already in the households and providing currently to the lake Trabek by an open-air waste points for the urban poor to collect the bottles and water channel located on the northern edge of the cans. The still existing solid waste, such as plastic lake. According to our project the waste water is lead bags are left to collection points where the private by a channel southwards from the treatment plant. solid waste company leased by the government of This new waste water channel is isolated from the Phnom Penh will collect it. lake water area, built underground and covered with The floating houses will have a special sewage a deck that serves as a pedestrian road. system connected to the main governmental sewage The new treatment plant is the first step of cleaning network. A macerator first shreds the human waste the waste water of central Phnom Penh. The solid After that the shredded human waste will be flushed waste is separated from the water and the waste upwards on a flexible pipe connection. water is treated for the first time. The separated solid waste can be partly recycled and reused for making commercial products. A recycle market is introduced 4.2 SERVICES by the treatment plant. The recycled products can also benefit the already existing small-scale business The new housing and business areas are a part of on the area and add to the eco-tourism started on a mixed city structure where service structure is the area of Tompun-lake. The next treatment plant integrated in the housing structure. The already for the waste water is located in the industrial area existing parts of the project area are vitalized by on the south side of our project area. new commerce, touristic and public activities for creating a functionally well working environment. The public and other facilities include schools, health Upgrading the old infrastructure care centers, hospitals, market and commercial areas, associative and cultural centers, librarys and The already existing houses of the project area sport facilities. 5 community centers are build on are upgraded and connected to the governmental the project area to serve as a place for the local sewage, water supply and electricity system. The inhabitants to meet, decide about common subjects connection to the governmental system prevents and to gather knowledge about common issues such the waste water from the houses located near by as waste management. the lakes to end up in the lakes. The solid waste collection of the already existing areas in our project Traditionally the service structure of Phnom Penh area is upgraded so that the solid waste no longer is concentrated along the major roads. Our project ends up in the lakes. It is important to teach the local continues this theme. The public and commerce inhabitants of the area about waste management activities inside the new mostly residential areas issues and spread environmental awareness so that are located by the major car roads and pedestrian the waste water and solid waste is no longer thrown boulevards. Pedestrian walkways are vitalized with into the lakes. It is important to create a sense of small scale business, small scale hotels and touristic community and a respect to the lake environment activities. among the inhabitants so that the lake area will be kept clean from garbage. The area by the lake Tompun will be developed to an eco-tourism area whereas the area around the New housing areas lake Trabek will have mostly housing. The area by The new houses that are built among the already the lake Tompun will have a small scale mixed city existing city structure to densify the area are structure with combined eco-tourism, small scale connected to the upgraded sewage, electricity, water business and small scale public facilities. Morning glory plantations and traditional Cambodian housing

The development of the project area.

The new water system of Phnom Penh.

will be preserved in the area. New traditional, recycle oriented and socially aware small scale business will be introduced in the area. The area aims to target a new tourist group interested in ecological matters, small scale facilities and the traditional way of life in Cambodia. The eco-tourism area aims to show the different interest groups of Phnom Penh that preserving at least some of the traditional quarters and living environments can be beneficial for the tourism and economy for the city and its inhabitants and add a pleasant factor in the city structure.

4.3 BUILDING STRUCTURE Upgrading the existing housing areas

The existing slums as well as low income and middle class housing areas are upgraded by connecting all the currently unconnected houses to the governmental sewage system. Electricity and water supply in the area is already relatively well functioning and is now upgraded to 100% supply. The roads and houses that are currently under the annual flooding level are raised. Public facilities, commercial activities and tourist facilities are Two major commercial centers are introduced in the added to the housing areas, transportation network project. They are located in different sides of the lake improved and new kind of income possibilities Cheung Ek and serve a wider area in Phnom Penh. are created. The currently existing housing area The new commercial centers create employment structure is densified and mixed with commercial, and capital for the area and attract inhabitants to the touristic and public activities. area. By building new commercial centers outside the city center of Phnom Penh the pressure for the city center will become easier to deal with and the city structure more naturally expanded. By having Two new residential areas several sub centers in the city the development of the city becomes more fluent and solely residential Two new residential areas are built on filled land suburbs are avoided. The new commercial areas on the northeastern and northwestern shores have different scale of commerce and business and of the lake Cheung Ek with mixed structures they are partly mixed with residential houses. Large of commercial, touristic and public activities. Industry is not allowed in these areas. The two scale industry is not allowed in the areas. new residential areas share a common structure of filled zone and a zone of buildings on water divided with open water channels and public green spaces, market places and open plazas. Both of the new areas include a new pedestrian walkway by the water.

View from the new residental area by the northwestern shore of Cheung Ek.

The structure of the new residental area by the northwestern shore of Cheung Ek.

The structure and the building rules of residential area by the northwestern shore of Cheung Ek

All the water related structures are mixed along the shoreline to create variety to the city structure.

The new area by the northwestern shore of Cheung Ek is divided in three zones with different characters that are partly mixed with each other when it comes to the different residential housing options. The first and second zone of the area are built on filled land and divided with a new large car-road that serves as the main road for the area. The zone between the currently existing car road and the new major car road will include dense housing with apartment buildings and student housing. The density makes the area efficient and ecological. The land of this zone will be owned by the city of Phnom Penh and the houses build in co-operation with private companies. This zone of the area will by these means have a fixed structure with dense residential functions mixed partly with public and commercial activities mostly by the new major car road. This zone includes also some parking and the park structures of the whole area continue on this zone.

The first zone of the area by the northwestern shore of Cheung Ek between the 2 major car roads is with its apartment houses a rather fixed structure with partly owned and partly rented apartments. The maximum building height of the first zone is 5 strories. The second and third zones are made to be developed in a natural way with guide of some rules. Some of the plots on the grid structure of the area are previously decided to be left solely for public and commercial buildings. These plots are mostly located by the main car road and the pedestrian road by the water. Some of the plots are preserved for parking. There is also a fixed structure of open-water channels, parks, plazas and marketplaces on the area.

All the remaining plots of the zones two and three are reserved for housing. It is encouraged that the area would have a social mix and inhabitate different income-classes. Some of the residential plots are The second zone of the area is located between the owned by NGO´s and UN HABITAT to ensure the urban new major car road and a new pedestrian boulevard poor people´s rights for some plots. These urban poor by the water. This area is also build on filled land and people would be mostly families relocated from the includes housing, commercial and public activities, project area´s other parts and also from the Boeng parks, public plazas, market places, parking and Kok lake area. The NGO´s involved are responsible open-water channels. for distributing the plots to the people and also to provide some economic help for the urban poor to The third zone is located on the lakeside of the construct their houses. Some plots of the NGO owned pedestrian boulevard. This zone is a collection of parts would serve as common gardens for the urban three different water related ways of living. The zone poor to grow vegetables. is car-free and divided to parts that all connect to the pedestrian boulevard. The zone includes structures The other residential plots are privately owned and on piles that have housing and hotels on them. can be built as wished with some common rules. The These structures are either separate structures or normal plot size of the area is 14 meters x 21 meters. constructed along the open water channels. Maximum two of these plots can be combined to a one large plot and one plot can be divided to maximum The third water related residential structure is a of two plots. The maximum building height of the floating platform that includes residential and hotel second zone is 3 stories and the maximum building activities. The floating platforms adapt to the annual height of the third zone is 2 stories. rainy and dry seasons and the changing water level caused by the annual cycle. The presence of water Other areas in the project area is of major importance in our project. The way of building some of the water related houses on floating The second new residential area on the northeastern platforms reacts to the annual cycle of water in a way shore of Cheung Ek between Cheung Ek and Bassacthat not just protects the houses from the rising water river has a similar mixed city structure to the area but also makes the houses a part of the annual water on the northwestern shore´s second and third zones. cycle. In this way the water is better taken into the The northeastern residential area lacks the dense city structure and the city structure made changing apartment house zone but has a row of maximum in balance with the nature. The water level changes 10 meters high business buildings as a wall towards approximately 8 meters during the year. the busy car road by the river. The buildings on northeastern residential zone can be built to The floating structures are anchored and connected maximum 4 stories. to the pedestrian walkway and constructed out of concrete slams filled with polystyrene. They are The buildings on the 2 new business and commerce reached by stairways that also serve as public space. areas are part of a mixed business, commercial

The design of the new residental area by the northwestern shore of Cheung Ek.

The different residental zones on the new residental area by the northwestern shore of Cheung Ek.

The structure of the new residental area by the northwestern shore of Cheung Ek.

and residential structure with mostly business and commercial activities. The residential houses on these areas can be built up to 7 stories and the business quarters up to 10 stories. The city skyline in the new residential and business areas is getting higher towards the business areas with the lowest buildings by the most northern edge of Cheung Ek and the highest buildings in the business areas. The new eco-tourism area and the densified residential area by the lakes Trabek and Tompun is a mixed structure of public, commercial, residential and touristic small scale buildings. The maximum height of the buildings on this area is 3 stories. Industry is developed by the area between Bassacriver and the existing major road beside it. Industry will be developed also on areas on the west side of the new northwestern commercial center. These industry development plans are a part of an existing urban plan of Phnom Penh and will provide employment for the inhabitants of the project area.

be large employers of the area and attract different income groups to the residential areas. The small scale traditional business in the eco-tourist area and the small scale business in the residential areas are also important employers. The nearby industry will be an important employer as well. The mixed social structure of the residential areas will provide employment for the urban poor. As the urban poor are living in the area where there are customers with money they can sell handmade products, grown vegetables or provide other services such as tuk tuk driving. It is important for the urban poor not to be relocated far away from their livelihoods. The presence of the urban poor is beneficial even to the rich that can use their services. The new water treatment plant by the Trabek-lake employs some people and provides some employment for the urban poor with a possibility for making products from recycled solid waste and selling the products in the eco-tourism area. 4.5 TRANSPORTATION AND CONNECTIONS

4.4 JOBS Water related agriculture is currently an important livelihood in the project area. The project aims to preserve most of the existing urban agriculture but also show other possible uses of water in the city. During the development of the project area the urban agriculture will gradually move southwards and the employment structure of the urban poor change from agriculture dominated to service and industrial dominated. The morning glory plantation by the lake Tompun will be preserved as a traditional livelihood and for eco-touristic purposes. The morning glory plantation from the northern part of Cheung Ek will be removed and the urban agriculture moved to the southern part of Cheung Ek. Fishing will remain as a traditional livelihood on the area. Tourism will provide new employment to the area. The hotels, restaurants and other service sectors will benefit from tourism located on the project area. The areaÂ´s small scale and larger commercial centers will benefit from tourism. Tourism will give employment also to the urban poor people as selling services, products and vegetables will get easier. The new public transportation means such as bus and boat connections will provide employment. The new public facilities of the area such as schools, health care centers and hospitals, associative and cultural centers as well as sport facilities will also provide employment. The two new commercial and business centers will

Car roads Improvement of the road structure starts from the existing lines of circulation: main roads serve larger areas and a grid of secondary roads serve the local areas. A new network of roads is added to the existing road structure of the project area. A new collection of roads provides an easy connection between the existing city and the project area and connects the lakes with each other. The major car road Monivong is connected to the project area with a new major road that continues as the main car road of the new northwestern residential area. This road continues through the new northwestern business and commerce center and connects finally to the existing major car road coming from the west of Phnom Penh. Minor car friendly roads are implemented throughout the new residential areas. They serve only locally and are aimed to be used mostly by the inhabitants of the areas. The commercial centers have their own systems of car and pedestrian roads. Pedestrian roads The project introduces a new network of pedestrian roads that serve as a spine for the public areas and green structures of the project area. The both new residential areas are structured along pedestrian boulevards that give them character. The pedestrian roads along the new residential areas continue to

Development plan.

Activity zones.

Different housing zones.

Development stages.

the commercial centers situated in the end of both new residential areas. The pedestrian walkways serve as an important public space for the areas and courage as an example for a sustainable and pleasant future development of Phnom Penh. A new pedestrian bridge connects the two new residential areas of the lake Cheung Ek with each other. There are some restaurant and other services located by the pedestrian bridge.

areas by the lakes when the water is cleaned. The eco-tourism area of the lake Tompun will with its small scale business, restaurants and other services be a pleasant place for spare time. Also the new commercial centres will provide activities for the area.

Pedestrian walkways are also designed for the area of lakes Trabek and Tompun to connect the lakeside activities and residential areas with each other and with the new residential areas of the lake Cheung Ek. 3 new pedestrian bridges are introduced in the area to connect the different lakesides better. Most of the new residential, touristic, public and commercial activities in the area are located along the new pedestrian bridges.

The project aims to show an example of development where the city is sustainably developed to a modern capital with respect to the local livelihoods and natural resources. The natural cultural environment of the existing lakes is preserved and examples shown how the lake environment can be beneficial to preserve.

Public transport New public transport structure is introduced in the project area. There are bus routes serving the residential and commercial areas and connecting them with each other and the center of the city. Public boats are used as a means for the local transportation. Boat routes connect piers inside the residential areas as well as the different residential areas with each other and with the commercial centers.

4.7 CULTURAL ENVIRONMENT

Most of the urban morning glory agriculture is preserved and the traditional livelihoods and living environments made to a resource for economic profit by eco-tourism. The living environments by the lake Tompun are made to a touristic attraction for people interested to learn about traditional Cambodian way of life and the handicrafts and other products related to it. 5 community centers are planned being built on the project area to serve as places for the local inhabitants to meet, decide about common subjects and to gather knowledge about common issues such as waste management, recycling and environment.

4.6 RECREATION The wide network of pedestrian roads will provide an important factor for the recreation in the area. The pedestrian roads are situated by the different lakes and together with the parks, plazas, marketplaces, channel sides and waterside stairs they create a network of important outside public space that currently lacks from most of Phnom Penh. The project aims to show a new kind of a principle for urban planning in Phnom Penh where outside public spaces are given priority and the city structure made more light and pleasant with the presence of water and greenery. The presence of parks and boulevards provide much needed shadow in the city structure and decrease the effect of urban heat island.

Some of the green structures of the new residential areas will be parks, some provide place for urban agriculture and some act as market places or plazas. Water is given a major role in the project and will be present in the public space structure in form of lakes and channels. The project aims to show how water can add quality to the new and existing

4.8 NATURE The existing lakes Trabek, Tompun and Cheung Ek and the flora and fauna related to them are the major natural resource in the area. By preserving and cleaning the lakes the nature is respected and the environment of the area made pleasant. It is important to preserve the lakes also due to their role as crucial points for natural drainage during the annual monsoons. The cleaning of the lake area from the waste water of Phnom Penh will have a major positive effect for the nature and the lake. The water ecosystem will benefit from the absence of waste water and chemicals. It is important to teach the local inhabitants of respecting the nature and not throwing waste water or solid waste into the lakes. The new residential areas are planned with a direct relationship to the existing lakes. The city structure will be vitalized with a large amount of parks and other greenery. The morning glory plantations currently existing in the area will mostly be preserved even if the morning glory plantations

from northern part of the lake Cheung Ek will be moved to the southern part of the lake. The filling of some parts of Cheung Ek may have some effects on the lake but is seen as inevitable development of the city. The project aims to show a way of using lake filling in a nature respectful way. The project points how preserving at least parts of the existing lakes the different interest groups can benefit more than in the case of filling whole lakes.

4.9 PARTICIPATORY PLANNING Interviews done on the project area have affected the planning of the area. The development of the area will happen in a close relationship with its existing inhabitants and workshops held to protect the project ideas such as a clean environment, sense of community, use of public spaces. Some common rules according heights and sizes and locations of the plots are introduced in the residential areas. Otherwise the inhabitants are given free hands to build on their plots as they wish.

5. EFFECTS ON THE PLAN

5.1 URBAN STRUCTURE AND LAND-USE IN THE CITY The expanding of the city of Phnom Penh to different directions is inevitable in the near future and new housing areas needed urgently. Our project presents a development plan for the southern expansion zone of Phnom Penh and aims to create new socially mixed housing areas. The housing areas are to be constructed in a mixed structure of housing, public facilities and commercial activities. Our project aims to add value to public spaces such as plazas and green areas and make the green and blue structures to the leading line of the urban planning. Our project aims with the new water related housing options to show the attractiveness of the changing character of the city during the annual monsoon cycle. Water is taken into the city structure even in form of channels and pedestrian walkways by the lakeshores. The project aims to preserve most of the existing urban agriculture but also show other possible uses of water in the city. A part of the Cheung Ek-lake will be filled to serve as a new city structure. The filling is planned to make in a way that respects the lake and connects the lake to the living environment of the people.

The existing slums as well as low income and middle class housing areas will be upgraded. Public facilities, commercial activities and tourist facilities are added, transportation network improved and new kind of income possibilities created. Two new commercial centers are located in different sides of the lake Cheung Ek and serve a wider area in Phnom Penh. The new commercial centers create employment and capital for the area. By building new commercial centers outside the city center of Phnom Penh the pressure for the city center will become easier to deal with and the city structure more sustainably expanded. 5.2 LIVING CONDITIONS AND LIVING ENVIRONMENT OF PEOPLE The project area is currently rather unpleasant due to the smell from the waste water fed lakes. The people working with urban agriculture in the area are suffering from diseases such as different skin diseases. The water in the area of the lakes Trabek and Tompun is filled with garbage. Cleaning of the lakes increases the quality of the environment of the project area enormously. The presence of water changes from negative to positive. Implementing a large amount of parks and other public spaces in the city structure increases the quality of the area and the wellbeing of the people. The socially and functionally mixed housing areas will add to the quality and liveliness of the project area and show an example of a sustainable city development.

5.3 LIVELIHOODS AND SERVICES The project aims to preserve most of the existing urban agriculture in the project area and the livelihoods related to it. The morning glory plantation by the lake Tompun will be preserved as a traditional livelihood and for eco-touristic purposes. During the development process the employment structure will gradually change from agriculture oriented to service, industry and business oriented. Tourism in the area will create a lot of new employment possibilities in form of hotels, transportation, restaurants and other services. The new eco-tourism area of the lake Tompun supports the traditional livelihoods of the area. The new public activities and new transportation means provide employment to the area. The mixed social structure of the residential areas will provide

employment for the urban poor. The new water treatment plant by the Trabek-lake employs some people and provides some employment for the urban poor with a possibility for making products from recycled solid waste and selling the products in the eco-tourism area.

suffering from chemicals and other liquid waste. By separating the waste water channel from the lakeÂ´s water and proceeding cleaning operations in the lake area, the environment of the lakes will be healthier and more pleasant for its ecosystem and the inhabitants living in the area.

The two new commercial and business centers as well as the nearby industry will provide employment to the different income classes.

5.5 ECONOMY OF PHNOM PENH

5.4 ENVIRONMENT The major natural resources in the area are the existing lakes and the flora and fauna related to them. The ecosystem of the lakes will be saved by preserving the lakes even if the filling of some parts of Cheung Ek can have some effects on the ecosystem. The filling of the lakes will be made in co-operation with the Ministry of environment and the effects on the environment will be researched. The environment of the project area will change from agriculture dominated to a mixed city structure of housing, commerce, public activities and tourism. The nature will although get an important role in the new city structure as the lakes are cleaned and water and greenery made to a leading factor in the city plan. The people working with urban agriculture in the area are suffering from diseases such as different skin diseases and water in the area of the lakes Trabek and Tompun is filled with garbage. The waste water is not currently treated in any way before it comes to the lakes. The ecosystem of the lakes is

Two major commercial centers are introduced in the project as an incentive for the government. They serve as an important factor for a sustainable strategy for the city development as the pressure of the city center is divided to different sub-centers. This strategy makes the area economically more independent and attractive. The balanced structure of different functions such as housing, commerce and public activities will provide an economically well-functioning area. The mix of different social classes in the area will provide an economically balanced structure of employment and service. The development of the tourism in the area will create competitive power for the tourism of Phnom Penh. The traditional way of life and special Cambodian features in the city are made to an economic advantage and touristic resource by the help of eco-tourism. Thinking in short term money will be lost in the decision of not filling the lakes and selling the land produced on them. In the long run the preserved lakes will pay back the money in form of increased real estate value and tourism.