Contemplative landscapes dissertation by Aanchal Vidyasagar

LANDSCAPES

FOR

CONTEMPLATION “I go to nature to be soothed and healed and to have my senses put in tune once again” John Burroughs (1837 – 1912)

Serene

Wild

Space

Culture

Compiled By Aanchal Vidyasagar

PREFACE Perception of Landscape  The unfolding continuity of plants reveal an order and organization that is beyond human devising. One becomes aware of the large rhythms, seasonal changes, growth patterns it provides thereby imparting time for contemplation.

The context and sense of place was extremely important for the contemplative properties of each space.

Variables in the experience of Landscape  • Water - Water in its various forms – still, moving, bubbling is a visual delight. Water in these forms creates sounds that are pleasing to the ears and thus are soothing. These forms can be used effectively to produce different effects. • Vegetation - Vegetation in its varied forms, texture and colours yield pleasurable experience as it is experiencing nature in its true state. • Landform - In enhancing the experience of landscape, surface plays its role in terms of providing varying textures and configuration. • Light - Illumination of landscape is one aspect, the other being that of making lighting as component of landscape and participating actively in enhancing the pleasure of landscape. Natural light in terms of sun – rise and sunset; assume great importance in the experience of landscape.

Spatial arrangement of Landscape elements  • Coherence  refers to the order of a place; how well it ‘fits together’ . It is significant as it enables understanding. • Complexity  refers to the diversity and richness of elements within the place. It encourages further exploration to keep people interested as they move along the space. The work of the Kaplan’s suggested that all of these qualities are simultaneously required in order for people to enjoy and respond fully to places. • Legibility  refers to how easily an environment can be read or made sense of to be able to predict in landscape. It helps in understanding the landscape and allows easy orientation. It makes people feel safe. • Mystery  describes the quality of an environment that encourages us to discover more about a place; to engage with it. This promises of information causes a response called involvement.

Chapter C

ABSTRACT Relaxation, contemplation and passive reaction are essential to stress management in today’s busy world. The way we live in a society is crammed with stimuli that overwhelm our senses, creating serious stress. An environment dominated by plants appears less complex and reduces the excitement caused by other stimuli, thus reducing stress. Spaces transcend beholders into states of serenity. Landscapes which offer an escape - distracting a stressed mind to relieve and restore it are Landscapes of Contemplation. Nature through its resources offers tranquil environs where one gets a sense of belongingness. Historically contemplative gardens were naturally occurring settings. Today landscape architects facilitate contemplation in gardens by placing nurturing, subtle and complex multisensory stimuli in the space they create. Contemplative spaces can either be set amidst the realm of healthcare - intent to support the patients cure and recover in the medical environment; or as gardens within or in close proximity to the city fabric to restore a sense of order, safety and privacy for those dealing with the chaos.

Scope:  Why are they needed?  Evolution of Landscapes of contemplation Historical and contemporary contemplative spaces such as Zen gardens, cloister gardens  What do Landscapes of contemplation behold Activity / use pattern How does it effect behaviour / psychology Aim: These passive healing spaces are more economical than visiting hospitals. They not only serve an ecological role but are also aesthetically pleasing. They have the potential of becoming an Identity for an urban setting. Objectives:  Observe and note the design concepts for creating landscapes of contemplation.  Identify the type of landscape which city residents seek out for contemplation.  Understand how the landscape attributes (natural setting of site, its surroundings and the resources which it has to offer ) act as catalysts stimulating senses (sound, smell and sight) to restore human beings.

Keywords: Healing  becoming healthy, Meditation  inward focus, Contemplation  deliberate/ ponder, Restorative  returning to an equilibrium, water, vegetation, herbal plants, landform, gardens, light, illumination, serene, tranquil, solitude, orient, Chapter D

ABSTRACT Landscape is manifested with symbolism. Symbols convey ideas.

Variables in the experience of landscape are dealt through: These variables are felt through: • Quest • Levels of symbolism • Behaviour and environment • Scale • Balance and magnets • Locomotion • Involvement • Differentiation • Integration Three dimensional relationships are essential to an understanding of landscape as a strategic theatre for biological survival. Transcendental philosophy proposed that nature was the great source of the sublime, a world of percepts vast and beautiful. Hence contact with nature produces faster and greater recovery from stress. Landscapes of contemplation not only provide the pleasure of experiencing beautiful, soothing places, but can have an even more profound impact leaving a person inspired and enriched by the encounter. Landscapes of contemplation behold the following attributes: 1. They elicit our fascination: a state where our attention is intrigued encourage a reflective mood example watching clouds, motion of leaves, play of light. 2. Impart a sense of being away 3. Extent - feeling or quality of being in a different world yet connected to a larger whole. the setting or activity should reveal that there is more to explore than what is easily visible to the eye. Extent implies a balance between order and mystery. Chapter D

Factors of Restoration The process of healing depends on the experience of the users. This can be said to be ‘Restorative experience’. It depends on two parameters:  USER  who is experiencing the environment  Individuals, who is physiologically well but psychologically stressed.  Individuals, who is physiologically and psychologically stressed.

 NEEDS of the user Every user has a set of needs to experience his environment.  Functional needs: needs generated due to the conscious urge of performing a task or an activity.  Perceptual needs: needs generated due to sub conscious acquiring legible information from the environment. It’s important that both the categories of needs to be fulfilled in order for an individual to have an optimal interaction with the environment. A pathway lading beyond – simple design scheme – interplay of light and shade vii

CONTENTS #

Particulars

Certificate

iii

Acknowledgement

Preface

Abstract

vi - vii

List of Illustrations

xi - xii

Chap. 1

Introduction

1.1

Why study Landscapes of Contemplation

1.2

Need of having a healing experience

1.3

Concept of Healing

1.4

Why nature is restorative + Impact of plants for stress reduction

Chap. 2

Perception of Landscape

2.2

Variables in the experience of Landscape  Water, Vegetation, Landform, Light

2.3

Spatial arrangement of Landscape elements  Coherence, Complexity, Legibility, Mystery

20 - 27

History – Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes

3.1

The beginning

3.2

Ancient Egypt

3.3

Ancient Rome

3.4

Moorish Garden

3.5

Chinese Garden

Chapter E

13 -19

Landscape Characteristics

2.1

Chap. 3

Page No.

28 - 35

viii

CONTENTS #

Particulars

Chap. 3

History – Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes

3.6

Zen garden

3.7

Mughal garden

Chap. 4

Aspect of Healing

4.1

Theories of Restoration

4.2

Users

4.3

Needs

Chap. 5

36 - 41

Process Of Healing

5.1

Passive healing

5.2

Active Healing

5.3

Therapy through plant material

Chap. 6

Experiencing Landscape

Chap. 7

A brief study of landscapes for contemplation across a spectrum of built outdoor environment to natural settings

7.1

A contemplation space in the forest

7.2

A contemplation terrace on a hill

7.3

A contemplation garden in a cultural setting

7.4

A contemplation space on the waterfront

7.5

A natural contemplation space on a geological feature

7.6

A contemplation space in a woodland and range of other habitats

7.7

A contemplation space in a cemetery

7.8

A ‘hidden’ contemplation space

Chapter E

Page No.

42 - 44

45 – 46

47 - 55

CONTENTS #

Particulars

Chap. 8

Literature Study

8.1

Gardens at Lucas Gardens School, Australia

8.2

Graham Garden, Saanich Peninsula Hospital, Canada

Chap. 9

9.1

Case Study

Ananda in Himalayas – Rishikesh

Page No. 56 - 58

59 - 63

Chap 10

Conclusion

Chap 11

Author’s Note

Bibliography

xiii

Chapter E

64 - 66

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Cover Page Journey through attributes of – Serene, Wild, Space, Culture Garden Bench - Amidst nature – a relaxing experience Reflective Pool, Bloedel Reserve A pathway lading beyond – simple design scheme – interplay of light and shade Curved Stone Embankment Wall - a visual transcendence Garden of Daisen-in (1509–1513) - Gateway and approach to the Temple Garden of Daisen-in (1509–1513) – The white gravel “ocean” to which the gravel river flows Garden of Daisen-in (1509–1513) – Gravel Middle Sea Garden of Daisen-in (1509–1513) - A mountain, waterfall, and gravel river Panoramic View of a Garden Concept of Vision Colour composition Scented Plants Landform Sketch of Water Pool with Fountain Sketch of Spatial Arrangements Of Elements Interdisciplinary perspectives on Landscapes for Contemplation Contemplation Garden View of Ancient Egypt Garden View of Hadrian Villa Plan of Hadrian Villa Plan of Alhambra Photographs of Hadrian Villa Elevation of Alhambra Detail Plan of Alhambra View of Chinese Garden Photograph of Chinese Garden Plan of ‘Ryoanji Temple, Kyoto Visitors observe Ryoanji's famous rock garden from the Hojo building A few stones of Ryoanji's famous rock garden The pond in spring

Chapter F

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Plan of Shalimar Garden, Kashmir View of Shalimar Garden, Kashmir View of Fountain in Shalimar Garden, Kashmir Character of Paving Material Character of Walkways View of Salt Institute The Ha-Ha Wall Spaces and Experiences Source and Receiver Magnets Threshold Curcuma longa (Turmeric Plant) Gymnema sylvestre (Madhunasini) Adhatoda vasica (Malabar nut) Glance versus Gaze Environmental Preferences A contemplation space in the forest A contemplation terrace on a hill A contemplation garden in a cultural setting A contemplation space on the waterfront A natural contemplation space on a geological feature A contemplation space in a woodland and range of other habitats A contemplation space in a cemetery A ‘hidden’ contemplation space View of Lucas Gardens School PLAN OF Gardens at Lucas Gardens School Photographs of Graham Garden Indoor restorative environments linked to exterior spaces is important for wintertime use Plan of Graham Garden View of Entrance Google Earth View Site View of Ananda in Himalayas View of Pool xi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

• • • • • • • • • • • • •

Plan of Ananda Spa Entrance Plan Front Lawn Of Palace View of Rishikesh Valley from Ananda Palace Lawn Amphitheater Meditation Area The Music Pavilion plays host to Yoga and Meditation Sessions Main Building Swimming Pool The Yoga Pavilion - Hawa Mahal Yoga Center Design Concepts • General Reduction of Stimuli – an avenue of shade • Architectural Minimalism – Barragan’s Fountain of the Trough • Non – native Horticulture Minimalism – Shisendo Garden • Rich vegetation with a natural/ native appearance – Ghost Lake, Jenny Jump State Forest • Pilgrimage/ ritual/ narrative sequence – Externsteine, Germany • Stages or Sunken Threshold – Sant Pere de Rodes • Sanctity an Sanctuary - the Salt Institute • Viewpoints – Mirador Riberia Sacra, Spain • Framing and concealing Views – a sequence of arched framed views • Dualism – Jenck’s landform, Edinburg Art Gallery • Sublime Focal Points – Gold Star Wall, WWII Memorial, Washington D.C.

Chapter F

xii

INTRODUCTION Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION 1.1 Why study Landscapes of Contemplation Therapeutic landscapes for humanistic health-care facilities: qualities and characteristics that help to strengthen physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health in a balanced and harmonious relationship with the natural and social environment. Elements: emanate energy. These landscapes dramatically reveal the essential features and qualities of the geological process and the movement of the subtle earth energies that flow through the land. Their movement is expressed in the positioning and relationship of landscape formations within their environmental context. It is where they meet and speak with one another. Where mountains meet the level plains, rivers cut through narrow gorges, layers of rock deform in accordion-like patterns, and winds rise up the windward side of hills and begin to fall over the leeward sides. 1.2 Need of having a healing experience concepts of nature are integral components of our bodies and minds, and the physical environment is an expression of our mental and spiritual health. Hence health and well being is enriched by places considered spiritually invigorating: • Earth • Water • Fire • Wind • Space 1.3 Concept of Healing The following design elements constitute such a landscape: 1. Being of favorable context  it is sited to take advantage of positive attributes, and mitigate negative effects receiving auspicious life forces given by the earth, sun and moon; 2. It is contained  a distinctive form in space, a distinct space surrounded by form; 3. It is coherent  clearly defined and ordered to help things make sense; Chapter 1

Garden Bench Amidst nature – a relaxing experience

INTRODUCTION 1.3 Concept of Healing The following design elements constitute such a landscape: 4. It is composed  enabling one to pay attention; 5. It has clarity  made simple in format to help develop concentration and insight. 6. It is an artistic expression of contemplation  quiet and light inside, enabling one to listen to the heart sing. 1. Being of favorable context  "At a true site...there is a touch of magic and light. How so, magic? Here the breath gathers and the essence collects. Light shines in the middle and magic goes out on all sides. Try to understand! It is hard to describe!“ Phenomenon In these landscapes sensitivity to motion is enhanced by its meeting with resting, rising is heightened its meeting with falling, and solidity is strengthened when meeting softness. Where dryness meets wetness, heat meets cold, space meets form - they are places with which the heart reverberates.

Curved Stone Embankment Wall a visual transcendence

2. It is contained  is a distinct form in space - or a distinct space surrounded by form. Visually uncomplicated, a such landscapes are easily identified. They appear in profound contrast with the chaotic, nebulous forms and spaces generally found elsewhere. One feels cradled and secure within such a landscape.

3. It is coherent  is clearly defined and organized. This refers to the delineation of boundaries, points of entry and paths. The entrance to the sacred landscape provides a sense of arrival. Boundaries establish a clear domain. Paths leading pilgrims through the sacred landscape provide orientation. They are comfortable, secure and free from distraction. Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION 1.3 Concept of Healing 4. It is composed  patterns on the lands and in the waters. They interact with one another in a state of dynamic equilibrium, in balance and harmony. It is something on which to focus, orient and awaken the mind. Mindfulness helps develop appreciation, understanding, consideration and passion for people, places and things. It cultivates intimacy with the forces of nature and a desire to deepen it. The collection of stories and symbolism that unfold in the dry mountain waterscape Kyoto garden of Daisen-in is very rich. It resonates in people's hearts whenever they visit. Daisen-in is designed as an abstraction of nature. As a metaphor for human experience, the garden is called the River of Life.

Garden of Daisen-in (1509–1513) Gateway and approach to the Temple

1.3 Concept of Healing Beginning in a narrow space along the eastern verandah of the main shrine room, the gravel stream emerges from the tall stones and camellia shrubs, an expression of the heights of the immortals, and immediately plunges down as the cascading torrents of youth. It flows briskly under bridges and around large stones, representing the trials of adulthood and the hard lessons of life. The stream continues through a broad channel, suggesting the broadening of human experience; and ends in the raked gravel Great Sea of Meditation, pointing to the goal for one to be fully enlightened and completely healed. Garden of Daisen-in (1509–1513) The white gravel “ocean” to which the gravel river flows Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION 1.3 Concept of Healing 5. It has clarity  offers a vehicle for self-control, necessary for healing The walled garden of Ryoan-ji in Kyoto is the Japanese landscape. It is the most famous kare-sansui, dry mountain waterscape garden. Fifteen stones are set in five circles of moss, within a rectangular bed of gravel-sized granite. The garden is considered the essence of Zen wisdom. The geometric relationship among the five groups has been intensely analyzed.

Garden of Daisen-in (1509–1513) Gravel Middle Sea

6. It is an artistic expression of contemplation  Contemplation is the cultivation of complete consciousness, and complete consciousness is creativity in every moment. When accompanied by wisdom, one develops an understanding of the nature of reality and the reality of nature. When accompanied by altruism, the sacred landscape embodies qualities of caring for one self and others, and for habitats of past, present and future generations.

Garden of Daisen-in (1509–1513) A mountain, waterfall, and gravel river Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION 1.4 Why nature is restorative + Impact of plants for stress reduction

NEED

FACTOR

ATTRIBUTE

IMPACT

HEALTH BENEFIT

DESIGN CRITERION

• It helps in contemplating. • Separation from outside world. Functional

Escape

• Distraction • Mystery

• Sense of being in a different. • Wander off onto the space. • Encourage exploration.

• Renewal of healthy psyche. • Positive energy to bring about change in self concept. • Fasters recovery due illness as well as everyday stress.

• Feeling of being away is a

• Visual distraction

screening. • Aural distraction barriers. • Olfactory distraction.

fascination and provides satisfaction to some people.

• To be able to communicate or move through the space easily. Functional

Compatibility • Interaction

• To be in contact with

nature, and human beings. • Visual access. • Intimate participation in nurturing.

Chapter 1

• Comforting • Relaxing

• Increase confidence

• Ease of movement path and trails.

• Ease of orientation focus

• Feeling of responsibility

gateways / openings &

• Sense of accomplishment

view through that axis.

• Gardening produces peaceful

• Opportunities for comfort

effortless concentration. That

pause point’s elements to

increases the capacity to relax.

hold interest – panoramic

• Reduces uneasiness of illness.

views. 15

INTRODUCTION NEED

FACTOR

ATTRIBUTE

IMPACT

HEALTH BENEFIT

• VISUAL LEGIBILITY

1.4 Why nature is restorative + Impact of plants for stress reduction • Makes person more

• Getting to understand spaces

Functional

Information

• Legibility

• Coherence

easily. • Simple Comprehendible. • Space • Enhancing familiarity.

DESIGN CRITERION

comfortable. • Illness/Stress includes chaos

• Space • Form • Texture

leading to irritability and loss

• Simple floor patterns

of focus. So it is important to

• Clear understanding of

restore the sense of order,

depth (Sense of depth)

safety and privacy of those

• Visual Coherence

people.

• Composition • Mystery

• Basic need of man to identify himself in space & time. • To be innovative, to explore is • Cultural Perceptual

Preference

• Innovative • Biological

human nature. • To experiment and achieve.

• Man’s need (from environment) changes as age proceeds. • Needs are different according

• Gives confidence

• Symbolism

• Restores basic communication • Historical and interaction skills in human • Contextual • It boosts confidence.

• Discovery

• Facilitates the process of

• Art

decision making.

• restores mental alertness.

• Age

• Gender

to the gender. Chapter 1

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS Chapter 2

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS 2.1 Perception of Landscape Perception is the interpretation of sensation. It is an active process; in which impression are created that often go beyond the minimal information provided by the senses. Many ways in which we organize and interpret the information is inborn and common to all humans. Individual factors, such as emotion, motivation and cultural associations also affect our perception. A person derives pleasurable sensation from the perception of landscape with its particular character and quality. Thus perceptions of physical attributes of nature arouse certain emotional response, which has the capacity to provide relaxation from mental stresses. Beauty is one of the sources of pleasure in the completion of landscape. 2.2 Variables in the experience of Landscape  Water, Vegetation, Landform, Light The Characteristics of landscape that yield pleasurable experience can be divided into component themselves and their special arrangements or forms. Components such as: Views Generation of views to make the environment perceivable and comprehensive. Criterion for designing different views: • Extent of Views • Manner in which it is restricted by the interference of objects in the landscape.

Concept of Vision

Panoramic View of a Garden Chapter 2

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS 2.2 Variables in the experience of Landscape  Water, Vegetation, Landform, Light Type of Views: • Panorama: a wide view from a good vantage point. The ability to see the surrounding landscape through 360 of the arc. • Vista: are limited channels of vision which unless they are completely closed, give rise to expectation that, if the observation point is along the vista, further vistas (or perhaps panoramas) will be revealed by which the field of vision can be further advanced. It has some categories, which produce different effects – Simple Vistas Horizontal Vista Deflected Vistas Deflected Vistas are continuing channels of vision, which have become slightly bent, so that the continuity of the perception cannot be achieved instantaneously but only serially. The angle of deflection becomes potential vantage point of the primary vistas. Views are achieved by the observer from his position of observation, which is called vantage – points. They are of importance in aesthetic evaluation. Vegetation Vegetation in its varied forms, texture and colours yield pleasurable experience as it is experiencing nature in its true state. Form Form is visible through visual cues given by mass and line. Mass is perceivable through contrast in value between light and dark areas. Reception of form and lines in the landscape gives it visual coherence. Beside visually strong or unique forms that are naturally inherent in the way plants grow, strong forms can be created in order to create apparent landscape. Contrast of forms can be emphasized by an added contrast in colour. Colour Colour can affect our state of mind, yielding soothing experiences. Colour moves us emotionally, which is why a white garden is so powerfully ironic – exuberant in form yet silent in colour. Studies have shown that optical discords and harmonies tend to effect people the all around the world. Most people react positively when colour harmonize and most also get a disturbing felling of discord when colour clash. colour is the visual component of physical reality and also a component of our inner psychological realty. Chapter 2

Colour composition 19

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS 2.2 Variables in the experience of Landscape  Water, Vegetation, Landform, Light Vegetation

Scents Smells are strongly imprinted on our memories, so strongly that throughout our lives, particular smells will tiger a memory of another time, take us back there and we will remember details that otherwise would have evaporated with passage of time. The scents from plants are an aesthetic experience. They are very elusive, indefinable qualities; subtle elegance enchants us as we seek to capture our memories. Flowers with scents can be classified in landscape depending upon: • How far they project their scents • The type of smell they have Texture Texture changes with distance. Close-up texture comes from the size and shape of leaves, twigs and branches. At a distance, texture comes from the mass and play of light. Texture rules here in the Japanese Garden at Butchart Gardens, Victoria, BC. Notice how the fine texture created by the moss plays with the coarse texture of the tree trunks and lantern. In Japanese gardening, the lantern is a symbol that this is sacred space, leave your cares and worries behind.

Texture can be defined as the relationship between the foliage and twig size, and the mass of the plants. Close up, texture comes from the size and shape of the leaves, the size of twigs, spacing of leaves and twigs, the colors and shading, the gloss or dullness of leaves. At a distance, texture comes from the entire mass effect of plants and the qualities of light and shadows. Chapter 2

Scented Plants 20

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS 2.2 Variables in the experience of Landscape  Water, Vegetation, Landform, Light Water Water in its various forms – still, moving, bubbling is a visual delight. Water in these forms creates sounds that are pleasing to the ears and thus are soothing. These forms can be used effectively to produce different effects Landform In enhancing the experience of landscape, surface plays its role in terms of providing varying textures and configuration. Temperature Temperature has an important role in making the outdoors comfortable, habitable and thus pleasant. Light Illumination of landscape is one aspect, the other being that of making lighting as component of landscape and participating actively in enhancing the pleasure of landscape. Natural light in terms of sun – rise and sunset; assume great importance in the experience of landscape.

Landform

Chapter 2

Sketch of Water Pool with Fountain

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS 2.3 Spatial arrangement of Landscape elements  Coherence, Complexity, Legibility, Mystery Through their environmental behavior research, Rachel and Stephen Kapan (1989) developed four complementary qualities that influence people’s experience of and preference for landscape. • Coherence: refers to the order of a place; how well it ‘fits together’ it is significant as it enables understanding. • Complexity: refers to the diversity and richness of elements within the place. It encourages further exploration to keep people interested as they move along the space. The work of the Kaplan’s suggested that all of these qualities are simultaneously required in order for people to enjoy and respond fully to places. • Legibility: refer to how easily an environment can be read or made sense of to be able to predict in landscape. It helps in understanding the landscape and allows easy orientation. It makes people feel safe. • Mystery: describe the quality of an environment that encourages us to discover more about a place; to engage with it. This promises of information causes a response called involvement. Complexity

Spatial Experience Attribute: views – panorama & vista. Impact: • To generate interest that is lost due to illness. • To create a space that has positive impact on the ill person. Health benefit: • Improved will power. • Renewed interest in life • Less irritation • More acceptances to the treatment (and the situation). Design Criterion: • Subtle movement: • Can be introduced through landscape. • Change in color with change in season. • Movement in water. • Unpredictability & Surprise. • Skyscape: the space feels small & stifling if the Skyscape is less. • Panoramas & Vista: Scale, Proportion, Degree of enclosure, Direction. Chapter 2

Coherence Legibility

Sketch of Spatial Arrangements Of Elements 22

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS Vegetation Attribute: Visual Texture Impact: can be perceived as: fine, medium & coarse texture. Health benefit: coherent compositions can be pleasing and thus relieving to the eye & brain. Design criterion: • Avoid using same type of leaf texture massed together as it gets boring. • Contrast is the key element in making pleasing composition. • Harmony should be there in the composition. • Fine texture in the front & coarser at the back. Attribute: Colour – Foliage & Flower Impact: • Foliage colour - Shade of green, Ranging from gray to blue green; Bronze to red; light yellow to golden, Permutations of variegated leaves. • Flower Colour - Warm shades, cool shades, neutral shades. Health benefit: Colour can have a lot of impact on human beings. Therefore colour combination for a healing garden need to be selected very carefully. Design criterion: Perception of colour in different light conditions • Bright shades + full day light = disturbing (Use in filtered light) • Light shade + Full day light = pleasing soothing and calming. • Neutral colours + Full day light = intensify and stand out. • White as a colour implies silence & promotes feeling of calmness repose & meditation. • Can be used in areas for contemplation. • Combinations can be made according to seasonal variations also. Chapter 2

Attribute: Form Impact: Plants do not have a direct effect on healing environments, but indirectly affect the degree of enclosure the scale and proportion of a space. It provides variety to the space. Health benefit: It is very important to provide a space where the person can identify himself to the scale and proportion thus matter a lot. Variety in space helps in keeping the viewer’s interest. Water Attribute: Still water and moving water Impact: • Enhance contemplation and sensual pleasure • Reflection is the greatest joy of passive water. • Sound is property of moving water Health benefit: Soothing effect on the mind, Calmness, Serenity. Design criterion: • The resonance of a single drip. • The comforting murmur of a stream. • The splash of falling water, there music for every mood.

LANDSCAPE CHARACTERISTICS

Contemplation Garden

Chapter 2

HISTORY - Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes Chapter 3

HISTORY - Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes 3.1 The beginning Garden of Flora The first gardens were not made, but discovered. A natural spot, a clearing in the forest, a valley opening up in a barren mountain-side an island in a remote lakemade pleasant by a belt of trees, flowering, fragment, and bearing fruit. The hum of bees mingling with the tinkling fall of water, for a stream winds across the tranquil scene. In the Centre there is a grassy space, and the grass is rich with flowers. Such spots area the garden of Gods. For refinement they may have a rustic hut, a seat, an arbor. Such a region is indeed destroyed if humans lay hands on it; or even goes there often. This is the nature of locus amoenus, a garden of delight, but not of usefulness, most often seen in medieval literature as the garden in the forest.

3.2 Ancient Egypt Time period: 3rd millennium B.C The tradition of gardening has a long history in the ancient Near East and can be traced back to the 3rd millennium B.C. In ancient Egypt & Mesopotamia, gardens are known to be associated with temple, private estate and royal palaces. According to (Lewis,1976), the first recorded use of horticulture as a therapy occurred in Ancient Egypt, where physicians directed their mentally disturbed patients of the royal vintage to take walks in the palace gardens.

Sacred Grove It can be defined as a place apart, consecrated to a spirit or divinity; with trees, rocks and water, surrounding a shire or an altar, in a temple or within a grotto or a cave. This religious or spiritual quality separates - though not always very sharply â&#x20AC;&#x201C; from the garden of flora. When man first felt that there was a difference between the atmospheres surrounding one place and another that some spot possessed a mysterious event had left an emotional effect on the nearby rocks and trees and streams; that the place possesses a spirit od its own, a genius loci at this moment man was close to creating a sacred grove. View of Ancient Egypt Garden Chapter 3

HISTORY - Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes 3 .3 Ancient Rome Time period: 130 A.D Hadrian Villa

View of Hadrian Villa

The Romans were arguably the greatest bathers of all times, having adopted and perfected the bathing traditions started by the Egyptians and Syrians. In ancient Rome, Bathers took a succession of baths, starting with the tepid bath (tepidarium), then the hot bath (Caldarium), and finally the cold plunge (frigidarium). While in the tepidarium, the bather was scraped with a â&#x20AC;&#x153;strigilâ&#x20AC;? and anointed with fragrant oils. At one point, Rome was home to nearly 1000 public baths. The Villa Hadriana became the imperial residence. The villa was located just outside ancient Tibur, modern Tivoli, Plan of Hadrian some 28 km E. of Rome. It stood on a Hill side, Villa surrounded by two minor tributaries to the Aniene, which flows into the Tiber just N. of Rome. Tivoli, and hence the villa, was easily reached from Rome by land via the via Tiburtina and by boat on the Aniene, which was navigable at the time. Other reason for choosing that particular location for the Villa was more practical. Tivoli was (and still is) famous for the travertine quarries, but there were also ample suppliers of tufa and of pozzolana and lime for the production of cement. The water resources at the size were very abundant. The hill on which the villa stood was surrounded by two small streams, and the hills behind Tivoli provided water for four of the aqueducts that supplied Rome. Especially the baths of the Villa of Hadrian required vast amounts of water. Chapter 3

HISTORY - Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes At Hadrian’s inland reverie near Tivoli, ca. 130 A.D, the Canopus, a flooded stadium garden and artificial river source cavern, convokes the World Rivers feeding the Mediterranean, as if the peripatetic Hadrian had authored both the global environment for his journeys of governance and its cultural geography. Plan of Alhambra

Photographs of Hadrian Villa The work of the “good” emperors Augustus and Hadrian launched paradigms to the Roman societies whose preceding tastes they exemplified. Their biographies show that they helped invest with emotion the water worlds they created in order to suggest voyages through danger and for pleasure. 3.4 Moorish Garden Time period: 8th century Place: Spain Example: Alhambra, Spain.

Influencing conditions: (Socio / Political / Environmental) Design Philosophy: Monotheistic, Belief in heaven Water – is the source of life. Chapter 3

Predominant design character: • Walled pleasure garden, • Summer houses, arbor, • Pavilions placed in the centre of the garden. • Terraced garden, • Extravagant use of fountains, • Elaborate paving patterns. • Sunken planting beds

Elevation of Alhambra 28

HISTORY - Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes Detail Plan of Alhambra

Restorative Attributes: • The environmental conditions were very harsh, so profuse us of fruit trees, and the soothing quality of water was used. • The sound and sight of water is restorative, this aspect was utilized to achieve serenity. • Plants were used to frame scenes as well as provide shade and respite from the harsh environment. • Thus create a space that would be conducive for bringing about restoration.

Chapter 3

HISTORY - Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes 3.5 Chinese Garden Time period: 2nd century Place: China Example: Wang shi Yuan, Net Master’s Garden, Suzhou... Influencing conditions: (Socio / Political / environmental)

Design Philosophy: • Taoism (5th century), • It is a way of becoming one with the forces of nature. • The idea of beauty was expresses in asymmetry and natural layout • Attempt to depict the essence of nature through their garden. Predominant design character: • Human scale, • Stressed on the balance of Yin and Yang. • Garden was like a three – dimensional painting. • The scenes were in succession.

View of Chinese Garden

Chapter 3

Photograph of Chinese Garden Restorative Attributes: • The garden has a very high symbolic value. • A pool of water has been created in the centre of the garden. Reflective qualities of which, were used to improve contemplation and meditation. • This was achieved by leaving the water body bare without any feature like bridges, or plants. Thus the effect is not broken it is of completeness. • Mountains were symbolized bby rocks which were either left bare or were interlaced with trees and shrubs. • An important part of Taoist garden was the ‘built structures’. They were placed in a way so as to provide the best possible, view angle. It provided a visual link and was an important part of the ‘sequence of views’. 30

HISTORY - Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes 3.6 Zen garden Plan of â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Ryoanji Time period: 16th century A.D Temple, Kyoto Place: Japan Philosophy: Contemplation of manâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s place in the cosmos: freeing oneself of all attachments, the way to follow the teaching of Buddha, was to be one with nature and become a part of the moment.

A few stones of Ryoanji's famous rock garden Sand or Gravel: this element when raked represents the wave patterns of water, and its fluidity. Its texture, colour, density and pattern form the character and its resultant chain of thought.

Distinguishing Character: Zen gardens are a triumph of simplicity Miniaturization of natural elements High degree of Symbolism, material transcends the actual thing it represents. Example: Ryoanji Temple, Kyoto. Chapter 3

Restorative Properties: Zen gardens followed the principal of oneness with nature, hence strived to create that perfect balance. The garden is simple in terms of material making its one of the most legible gardens; its high symbolism provides a meditative environment, for a individual to relax and contemplate.

These qualities of the garden may complex rules govern its sitting â&#x20AC;&#x201C; within the garden. Their mass, shape, age, character and sitting transcends its actual meaning. The pond in spring Space: an essential part of Zen garden meant to allow the spirit of nature to flow. It is one of the most crucial elements of the garden in aid of meditation. Visitors observe famous rock garden from the Hojo building 31

HISTORY - Tracing The Concept of Healing Attributes 3.7 Mughal garden Time period: 16th Century A.D) Place: India & Pakistan Philosophy: • Concept of garden as a paradilse and utilize the concept of Charbagh. The later modifications include the octagon used as in the design as a reconciling element between the material side of humans represented by a square and the eternity represented by a circle. 8 divisions of Quran became the parts of the garden distinguishing character. • Setting of the garden was a very important feature and was generally located near a source of spring or a water-body. • The organization of landscape elements suggested a strong directionality toward a prospect or view – a river or valley panorama. • The garden was defined and contained in a high walled enclosure, accessible only through symmetrically arranged gates; these gardens opened towards a large natural feature allowing borrowed views. • Integration of pavilions and gardens. • Elaborate use of water. View of Fountain in Shalimar Garden, Kashmir Chapter 3

View of Shalimar Garden, Kashmir Plan of • Chadar Shalimar • Waterfalls Garden, • Stepping stones and bridges Kashmir • Fountain, design derived from lotus. Example: Shalimar Bagh, Kashmir Restorative properties: • These gardens were a retreat, from the harsh desert environment, thus known as pleasure gardens. • They were enclosed gardens, so as to escape the unfavorable condition. • Various effect of water have been employed. There are still water channels to sparkling cheddars to fountains. • Physical boundary of the garden was visually enhanced by sing the techniques of ‘borrowed views’. They made the garden as a part of the whole natural landscape. • Boundary was generally a wall with a layer of Cyprus trees. • Water: both the sound and the sight of water is restorative, this aspect got utilized very efficiently. • Shade giving and fruit bearing trees were painted. 32

ASPECT OF HEALING Chapter 4

ASPECT OF HEALING Character of Paving Material 4.1 Theories of Restoration According to the World Health Organisation mental illnesses have consistently increased over the past century. how landscape design can aid people with mental disorders and even facilitate the process of healing through the creation of therapeutic outdoor environments.

Enhance psychological comfort and healing. Various forms of outdoor elements and activities are suggested that foster consciousness, independence, connectedness, a sense of purpose and rest. The physical context analysis: Typical movement patterns, behaviours and current land uses used to determine possible land uses, circulation patterns, conservation areas, stormwater runoff management systems and ultimately make optimal use of the available resources. A platform to establish landscape design guidelines that support and accommodate the emotional healing of mentally ill individuals. Unite human emotions with morality and nature. nature was viewed as physically and spiritually restorative and hospitals were designed to allow patients contact with nature through decorative gardens, vegetable gardens, farming programs and views of nature from the building interior. Characterized by rolling hills, groves of trees, paths and more intimate gardens close to the buildings (Sachs 1999: 241â&#x20AC;&#x201C;242). Chapter 4

After World War I occupational therapy and horticultural therapy became increasingly used in mental institutions and general care hospitals with the intent that veterans would turn their thoughts from their experiences of destruction toward acts of creation (Sachs 1999: 244). By World War II all aspects of the patientâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surroundings came to be considered as therapeutic. This approach was referred to as milieu therapy. Interplay between humans and their surroundings and stresses the profound impact the physical and social environment can have on human behaviour and mental health. Natural environment can increase self - esteem and reduce stress. outdoor environments give a sense of freedom because certain behaviours that are unacceptable in indoor environments are acceptable outside.

ASPECT OF HEALING 4.2 Users Landscapes where information could be easily extracted were preferred. A healing landscape should be clearly legible and easily understandable to the patient which can reduce stress levels and increase comfort. Social interaction in creating a sense of belonging or familiarity and establishing a support system.

Character of Walkways

Reiterates the natural tranquillity of the immediate natural landscapes. The landscape can further provide patients with private areas that accommodate individual activities, personal reflection and contemplation which form an important part of the healing process. 4.3 Needs

Landscape design guidelines that support healing: • Independence; • Connectedness; • Consciousness; • Purpose; • Physical activity • Rest • Independence A sense of orientation and requires the landscape to be legible to the user. The landscape should thus be simplistic in layout and hierarchy and this should be clearly visible to minimize stress and allow patients to move through the landscape comfortably and independently. Natural borders and sight-line views (encouraged by placement of structures or planting) located along paths can lead the eye to an important focal point for visual connections between places.

Chapter 4

ASPECT OF HEALING The inclusion of places where patients can sit in private, on their own or in groups, somewhat concealed from passersby while they can still have a view over the landscape and outdoor activities (prospect versus refuge theory) not only aids in establishing a sense of privacy but also safety and independence. Additionally, a landscape that visually communicates sense of freedom through the use of soft boundaries prevents patients from feeling caged in and controlled. • Consciousness The landscape should also assist in making patients aware, attentive and conscious of their physical surroundings. Achieved by stimulating the senses through the use of bright colours, different textures, calming sounds and fragrant and edible plants. These sensual experiences can make for an exciting and inviting landscape, offering the user a variety of experiences that counteracts boredom. • Connectedness by accommodating accessibility, social interaction and support, as well as contact with natural systems. Areas where people can meet or sit in groups to eat or participate in communal activities such as gardening or sport are essential for organized social interaction. Include hiking trails with lookout points in areas with natural vegetation which allow people to experience nature in its pure form. Storm-water runoff management and attenuation can create seasonal ‘wetland areas’ with bird hides that also bring people closer to natural systems. • Purpose To assist the people (who have come to get healed) in establishing their role in society. The landscape can thus provide community with work opportunities and responsibilities. • Physical activity Physical activities and exercise are as essential as a balanced diet in terms of basic health requirements for all people, but can also be specifically therapeutic for those suffering from mental disorder. The landscape can provide opportunity for movement and activities at different intensities (meeting different abilities). Enough flat open space should be provided to allow for multipurpose sport fields and organized, active occupational therapy activities. The design can include a network of routes (for wheel chairs, walking or jogging) that expose the pedestrian to a variety of experiences and a degree of physical challenges throughout the site. Chapter 4

View of Salt Institute 36

ASPECT OF HEALING â&#x20AC;˘ Rest

Rest is vital for wellbeing but requires comfort and safety to take place outside. In terms of basic comfort a combination of shaded and sunny seating areas should be provided for summer and winter conditions. Materials selected for seating should be comfortable to sit on for long periods of time, while hard materials should not cause glare. The landscape should have quiet places where people can comfortably sit in privacy away from the mainstream activities (Tyson 1998: 35).

The Ha-Ha Wall

Spaces and Experiences Boundaries can be visual (like mounds and vegetation screens), physical (like ha-ha fences and retaining walls) or emotional (the areas surrounding the buildings should have a distinct character with clear visible thresholds to communicate the fact that these areas are not free for all to enter). A stepped seating and sleeping area is proposed to separate (and connect) the social kiosk exterior and the multifunctional sports field. This area can provide a space where people can sit or lie comfortably while observing others participate in sport activities. Seating is accommodated by making use of terraced lawn with retaining walls. The lawn and retaining walls are proposed to be undulated at some places to provide comfortable beds for patients to sleep or lie on. Mosaic work with positive slogans can be encouraged on the retaining walls. Chapter 4

ASPECT OF HEALING 4.1 Theories of Restoration Learning theories – it suggests that man has learned to prefer nature. For example, people may have learned to associate restorative experience with nature because of vacations spent in beautiful setting or long childhood summer spent on beach or near lake. Cultural theories- it proposes that we are taught by society to have positive feelings towards certain type of environments. “Sacred landscapes have much to teach those of us engaged in designing therapeutic landscape for humanistic health – care facilities”. They have qualities and characteristic that helps in to strengthen physical, mental, emotional and spiritual health in a balanced and harmonious relationship with the natural and social environment. As expressions of spiritual teachings, sacred landscapes help the process of healing by opening up the heart and energizing feelings and concepts associated with spiritual dimension of life. According to Buddhist concept of nature, the elements of the environment – earth, water, fire, wind and space – integral components of our bodies and minds, and the physical environment is an expression of our mental and spiritual health. They rise with birth and dissolved with death. Just as the mind has the ability to alter the qualities of landscape in which we live, so does the sacred landscape have the ability to alter the state of mind. Since health and well-being is enriched by places considered spiritually invigorating, people go on pilgrimage to sacred landscape. Arousal and overload theory: It was proposed by Steve and Rachel Kaplan; they believe that the contemporary built environment taxes our senses by demanding us to remain in forces attention. They suggest that a restorative experience is needed to recover from this overload of sensory input. In other words, Stephen Kaplan explains “if you can find an environment where the attention is automatic, you allow direct attention to rest. And that means an environment that’s strong on fascination”. The restorative experience of choice is nature.

Evolutional Theory: Jay Appleton suggested that we respond to landscape the way we would have long ago. We chose habitat for their safety and their ability to provide food and water, thus “selected habitats” were favorable to our well-begin and survival. Green spaces improve air quality reduce noise, while trees and shrubbery help to filter out dust and pollutants. Chapter 4

Source and Receiver

PROCESS OF HEALING Chapter 5

PROCESS OF HEALING 5.1 Passive healing 5.2 Active Healing

Magnets

Observe

Reverence

Focus

The benevolence of medicinal herbs, borne by the wind, may clear all pollution and ailments. -the Rig-Veda,137/3 Herbs, vegetables and fragrant plants are proposed to be planted to maximize the sensory experience: touch, smell, taste and sight. Herbal Medicine in our front and back yards and public gardens, shall reduce unnecessary load on the scarce medical setup of our poor country, and would save money and health, would promote many jobs, boost the economy and exports, and most importantly, would generate great benefits in environmental up gradation and landscape enhancement. A few of the most common and well known medicinal plants are as under: Azadirachta indica (Common Name: Neem Or Margosa Tree) Aegle marmelos (Common Name: Bel) Butea monosperma (Common Name: Palash) Phyllanthus emblica (Common Name: Amla Or Indian Gooseberry)

Syzygium cumini (Common Name: Jamun) Chapter 5

PROCESS OF HEALING 5.3 Therapy through plant material Adhatoda vasica (Malabar nut) Expectorant, antispasmodic, febrifuge, diuretic, alterative, antiseptic, antiperiodic and anthelmintic.

Asparagus racemosus Demulcent, diuretic, aphrodisiac, laxative, expectorant, tonic, cooling, alterative, appetizing, antispasmodic, astringent and nutritive Crataeva nurvala Aromatic, stomachic, tonic, febrifuge, antipyretic, sedative, demulcent, alterative, cholagogue, lithontriptic and rubefacient. Curcuma longa (Turmeric Plant) Stimulant, tonic, carminative, aromatic, anthelmintic, antiperiodic, blood purifier and alterative.

Piper longum Alterative, tonic, diuretic, stomachic, digestive, emmenagogue, carminative, emollient, antiseptic and laxative Terminalia arjuna Cardiac stimulant, tonic, cooling, astringent, febrifuge, lithontriptic, cholagogue, cardiotonic, antidysenteric, antipyretic and antidot.

Curcuma longa (Turmeric Plant)

Glycyrrhiza glabra Demulcent, emollient, pectoral, alterative, gentle laxative, tonic, expectorant, cooling, diuretic and emmenagogue. Gymnema sylvestre (Madhunasini) Antiperiodic, diuretic, stomachic, emetic, hypoglycaemic, tonic, astringent, refrigerant and expectorant. Ocimum sanctum Expectorant, stomachic, stimulant, antiperiodic, anticatarrhal, diaphoretic, aromatic, prophylactic, demulcent and antistress. Chapter 5

Gymnema sylvestre (Madhunasini)

Adhatoda vasica (Malabar nut) 41

EXPERIENCING LANDSCAPE Chapter 6

EXPERIENCING LANDSCAPE Benefits of Participatory Mode of Experiencing Landscape Tangible Benefits Enjoying the feeling of producing some of our own food, cutting on food expenses. Primary Garden Experience. This included desire to work in soil, wanting to see things grow, liking being outside and interest in learning about gardening. Sustained Interests This includes benefits such as diversion from routine, Valuable way to spend time, opportunity to relax and ability to sustain interest. Sensory Benefits Nature fascination was amongst the most important source of gardening satisfaction. Fascination and perhaps sensory pleasure constitute a powerful force in foresting tranquility. (Rachel & Stephen Kaplan).

Glance versus Gaze

Chapter 6

BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor A

environment to natural settings Chapter 7

A BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor environment to natural settings

7.1 A contemplation space in the forest • 1000 ha forested mountain on the edge of Lisbon • Minimal interventions • Nature has recolonized the former quarry which poses an interesting juxtaposition of man and nature • The act of visiting may be considered a type of pilgrimage in itself, seeking respite from the city. • Evergreen trees provide shade which reduces stimuli • Simple design features, intimate scale Chapter 7

A BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor environment to natural settings • Intimacy of scale is contrasted with the immensity of the view • Design elements are simple • Reducing the amount of visual clutter/ excess stimuli

• Reflection pools • Intense shade reduces stimulus and creates sequences from darkness to light 7.2 A contemplation terrace on a hill • • • • •

Viewpoints that provide a stage from which to view the city Less busy and hence more quiet Greater ascent, thus rewarded with better views Intimate scale A small cobbled terrace, a few benches, a pocket of grass and a line of trees

Chapter 7

• Stepped pathways from terraces incorporate seating elements • Vegetation framing/ concealing

A BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor environment to natural settings • Contemplative museum setting thus extends outwards into the garden • Sublime focal point • Feels like a green oasis • Creatures are nature in motion • Source of fascination for people of all ages • Landform and natural planting refuge

7.3 A contemplation garden in a cultural setting • Site Area = 8 ha • Extensive planting of native vegetation with a series of stepped pathways forming small terraces along a continuous sequence of routes throughout the garden. • An outdoor study area • Wide array of exhibitions Chapter 7

A BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor environment to natural settings

• Alternately frame and conceal views to the water also serving as visual corridors

• Supporting the park’s ecological narrative

7.4 A contemplation space on the waterfront

• Rubble was reutilized to shape the crested landforms that structure the site and are central to the park’s character • More human scale spaces Chapter 7

A BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor environment to natural settings

7.5 A natural contemplation space on a geological feature • • • • •

Sheltered niches Summit is a prospect point Range of environmental experiences Spatial sequence Tempts exploration

Chapter 7

A BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor environment to natural settings

7.6 A contemplation space in a woodland and range of other Habitats • • • • •

Chapter 7

Site Area = 64 ha Designated as a focal nature reserve Provide a range of different experiences in he landscape Cast a blanket of shade Simplicity of the cemetery contrasts with the busy streetscape, distinguishing it from the surroundings 50

A BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor environment to natural settings

7.7 A contemplation space in a cemetery

• Simplicity is a stark contrast from the busy streetscape beyond • Reducing the stimulus of light • Instills the feeling of sanctity • A cemetery is by nature a sanctuary and a scared site • Sunken on a lower level • Level changes within the space create stages and sunken areas which allude to cosmological metaphors of ascent and descent Chapter 7

A BRIEF STUDY of landscapes for contemplation ACROSS A SPECTRUM of built outdoor environment to natural settings 7.8 A ‘hidden’ contemplation space

• An oasis of tranquility • A quiet refuge • Garden divided into four spaces linked by a central walkway and a lateral walkway

• Harmonious in colour and provide a focus of soft fascination • Hidden, silent and solitude can be experienced

• Colours of the materials such as timber, stone, cobble and gravel are neutral and do not compete for attention • Contrasting sequences of shade and light are juxtaposed in adjacent spaces • Hidden, silent and solitude can be experienced

Chapter 7

LITERATURE STUDY

Chapter 8

LITERATURE STUDY - 1 9.1 Gardens at Lucas Gardens School, New South Wales, Australia A series of courtyards have been developed into gardens over the years. Most of the young users rely on wheelchairs or cots, and thus the garden is universally designed to accommodate the needs of all.

A sensory garden is the centerpiece of the landscape. It has a series of curved, raised planters that enclose a number of â&#x20AC;&#x153;activity stationsâ&#x20AC;? and provide space for sensory plantings. The activity stations allow children to explore different textures and play with water through a splash table.

PLAN OF Gardens at Lucas Gardens School (N.T.S)

There are also a number of quieter areas useful for music therapy sessions and family time. Other spaces include: a shade house, compost area, grassy field, outdoor concert stage, potting shed, earthworm bins and a native plant propagation area. The garden is open to the larger community. Visually impaired and physically disabled students from surrounding schools visit, mildly physically disabled people engage in work experience and a nursing home reading group meets regularly there. View of Lucas Gardens School Chapter 8.1

Because the garden provides for robust uses, and is community-based it has been quite successful. 54

LITERATURE STUDY - 2 9.2 Graham Garden, Saanich Peninsula Hospital, Vistoria, British Columbia, Canada The garden for this facility was desired for some time, but was only implemented in the mid-90. It is located in between the two extended-care wings of the hospital. Approximately 90% of its users rely on wheelchairs, and about half of the population has some form of dementia. The main design philosophy was to create a welcoming space that could be used for exercise, gardening and an escape from the normal nursing home routine. One major element in the garden is a dry stream with a wooden bridge; this component gives visual depth to an area that must be level for accessibility. Other elements include: a fire pit, wheelchair accessible planters, sculptures that reinforce way finding for confused users, a pergola walk, and a gazebo resembling a country market stall. Seasonal plantings encourage people to get outside when weather permits. The design highlights rural views of all wild ponds and Mountains. Indoor restorative environments linked to exterior spaces is important for wintertime use.

Photographs of Graham Garden Chapter 8.2

Plan of Graham Garden

The advantages of this site include the designâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s reference to the larger landscape and features that emphasize comfort and accessibility for all users. 55

CASE STUDY

Chapter 9

CASE STUDY - 1 10.1 ANANDA IN HIMALAYAS a destination spa

View of Entrance

At Ananda both the journey and The prominent species are: • Acacia Catechu (Khair) destination are one - where nature, • Adina Cardifolia (Haldu) • Bombax Ceiba (Semal) beauty, and stillness…the great healers • Holoptelea Integrefolia (Kanju) • Delbergia sissoo (Shisham) work their magic to create an unforgettable wellbeing experience. Site View of Ananda in Himalayas Site Area: 12 acres Climate: The temperature of the region rarely goes below zero in winters while the summers are hot and dry. Location: This resort is situated in the precincts of the palace estate of the erstwhile Maharaja of Tehri-Garhwal, in the foot hills of the Himalayas, overlooking Rishikesh, at an elevation of 1000 meters. Tropical Subtropical Forest Zone: Deciduous and sub deciduous trees and shrubs. Sal is the most predominant species found up to an elevation of about 1300 M. Vegetation  The site is set amidst Shorea Robusta (Sal) forest. Chapter 9.1

View of Pool Google Earth View 57

CASE STUDY - 1

Front Lawn Of Palace

Plan of Ananda Spa Chapter 9.1

CASE STUDY - 1

View of Rishikesh Valley from Ananda Meditation Area

Palace Lawn

The Music Pavilion plays host to Yoga and Meditation Sessions Chapter 9.1

CASE STUDY - 1 Main Building

Swimming Pool

The Yoga Pavilion - Hawa Mahal

Yoga Center

CONCLUSION • The mass of the mountain, the texture of the trees, the shades of greens and their density gave a soothing effect. • The ground was open to the sky, the terrace for viewing the setting sun was laid out. • The path was curvilinear and was an opening through the trees. It was lined with shrubs. Chapter 9.1

Amphitheater

• A flight of stairs led down to a circular meditation area. It was an area cut off the movement yet very much into the natural surrounding • There was a thin channel of water in this area which enhanced the feelings of contemplation. • Water and the trees along with the insects was a sound of music. • Structures were places amidst bamboo and palms in a way that the view to the exterior was never lost. • The spa had a swimming pool besides it and a food court. • The residential block was set in the topography. It went 5 stories below the existing ground level. • It had all fragrant shrubs and creepers growing nearby. 60

CONCLUSION

Chapter 10

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 10

CONCLUSIONS

Chapter 10

AUTHOR’S NOTE The human body is and has forever been connected to the landscape that it inhabits. The pleasures brought about through experiencing natural or manmade landscapes and the art and gratification involved in making these landscapes are equally ancient in different cultures and traditions. Through focusing not only on physical human needs but also specific emotional and social requirements, Landscape Architecture through the aid of environmental psychology can improve human health and wellbeing in both direct and indirect ways. The aesthetics of nature (encompassed in these landscapes) have the power to further develop our understanding of this world through our experiences that influence our knowledge, our conscience and our perception Thus, Landscapes for Contemplation should: • Stimulate the user’s senses • Should be easy to comprehend and navigate • Should offer contrast which provides relief from stressful environment • Mobility in and around gardens should easy. • Inviting environs • Encourage Wildlife • Reinforce the cycle of life through seasonal plants • Promote reflection and self awareness • Input from client/ involvement of client to understand his needs • If designing a garden from a specific case (like Alzheimer, blindness),then the medical aspects needs to be understood very well. "From the moment that bodhisattvas become completely endowed with steadfast activities of body, speech and mind, they go to that spot of earth where they sit to overcome all hindrances.“ Mahavastu, a 3rd century Indian Buddhist text Chapter 11

BIBLIOGRAPHY Books: • Krinke, Rebecca, editor. Contemporary Landscapes of Contemplation. Abington: Routledge, 2005. • Appleton J (1975), The experience of Landscape. • Bourassa Steven C, aesthetics of Landscape. • The mindful landscape: a healing outdoor experience for Weskoppies psychiatric hospital • Foundations of Landscape Architecture by Norman K. Booth • Patnaik Naveen, The garden of Life • Church T.D, gardens are for people • Lewis Charles A; Gardening as healing process; The garden as Ideal Place & action • Muir Richard; Approaches to landscape • Ulrich, R; influence of passive experiences with plants on individual well being • Kaplan, Rachel & Stephan, Rayan, Robert L with people in mind • Hilgrad, Ernest R & Atinsons; introduction to Psychology • Thacker, Christopher; history of garden. Journals and Articles: • Tales of the Earth – essays • The mindful landscape: a healing outdoor experience for Weskoppies psychiatric hospital by Ralene van der Walt, Department of Architecture, University of Pretoria and Ida Breed, Department of Architecture, University of Pretoria • Journal of Landscape Architecture: Volume i / Issue 3 / Monsoon 2001, The Herbal City – a dream scheme by Manjari Chakraborty • Journal of Landscape Architecture: Volume iii / Issue 3 / Summer2005 • Contemplation-Scapes: An enquiry into the strategies, typologies and design concepts of contemplative landscapes by Bianca C. Soares Moura, Edinburgh College of Art School of Landscape Architecture, University of Edinburgh Unpublished works: • Mahendale M.V; landscape design for institute of mental Health • Chhitiz Mohan Gupta; therapeutic landscape • Neelima Soni, role of landscape in healing & restoration of health Websites: • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisen-in Chapter G

• Websites of the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India, and Silesia Group, Inc. xiii