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The Global Magazine of Leica Geosystems
Dear Readers, Changes – be them of social, political, economic or even personal nature – are an integral part of our life. Leica Geosystems has undergone many changes during its 200 years of existence. This was partly due to economic reasons – our environment changed, and so did we. But of the same importance, fundamental changes to our company have been fueled through new technologies. These have enabled us to evolve and develop innovations and new systems that have not only shaped our company but have influenced the whole industry. Changes are an important part of the evolutionary cycle and influence every part of our daily lives. But change is only successful if one remains true to themselves. Leica Geosystems did so, even as the company has continued to innovate, enlarge its customer base, and establish itself in many new markets – e.g., offering solutions for the construction industry, for machine control and for laser scanning. On occasion of Bauma, the construction machinery exhibition in Munich, in this edition of the “Reporter” we have laid a strong focus on the construction and engineering business, although we have tried to give you an impression on the broadness of Leica Geosystems’ applications spectrum. Changes held Leica Geosystems also for me personally. When I joined the company 15 years ago as a surveying engineer, I wouldn’t have thought that I could say ‘Enjoy reading the new Reporter!’ to you as the new CEO. Thus, in the name of Leica Geosystems, I am pleased to invite you to visit our booth at Bauma (Hall A3, Booth 141/232) from 19 to 25 April!
CONTENTS
Editorial
03 Track Monitoring in Real-Time via the Web 06 Straight Up to the Sky 08 Reclaiming Efficency 10 3D Laser Scanning Reduces Risks 12 Precision Concrete for 300 km/h Trains 14 Searching for Bombs Under Water 16 Gateway to Korea 19 Adventure Surveying on Mont Blanc 20 Accurate, Enriched Data at Lower Cost 23 The Leica Lino Family: Everything Level 23 2009 Leica Geosystems HDS Worldwide User Conference
Imprint Reporter: Customer Magazine of Leica Geosystems Published by: Leica Geosystems AG, CH-9435 Heerbrugg Editorial Office: Leica Geosystems AG, 9435 Heerbrugg, Switzerland, Phone +41 71 727 34 08, reporter@leica-geosystems.com Contents responsible: Alessandra Doëll (Director Communications) Editor: Agnes Zeiner, Konrad Saal Publication details: The Reporter is published in English, German, French, and Spanish, twice a year.
Juergen Dold CEO Leica Geosystems
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Reprints and translations, including excerpts, are subject to the editor’s prior permission in writing. © Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg (Switzerland), March 2010. Printed in Switzerland
Track Monitoring in Real-Time via the Web by Markus Prechtl
To reduce traffic through town, the local authority for the German town of Traunstein decided to build a bypass road starting in spring 2009 and including a new tunnel under the Munich – Salzburg railway line. The track owner, Deutsche Bahn AG (DB), stipulated continuous monitoring of the stretch of rail affected by the tunneling operations. Lead consultant Bernd Gebauer GmbH decided to install a track position monitoring system and engaged consulting engineers ing Traunreut GmbH for the task. The system of freely combinable measurement sensors from
Leica Geosystems in conjunction with the Leica GeoMoS or GeoMoS Web monitoring software proved to be perfectly suited to this task. The strict conditions imposed by DB required the monitoring system to meet very high demands. The installed tilt sensors had to ensure a measuring accuracy of ± 0.3 mm/m, while an accuracy of ± 1.0 mm was required for total station measurements. Reliability of the system is very important, particularly with regard to storage and security of the measured data. One of the precautions taken by ing Traunreut was therefore to install a fallback system for data transfer via UMTS, in addition to the fixed data
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lines (DSL), to safeguard data transfer in the event of a failure. Another requirement was that the measuring system must have an independent power supply capable of bridging short-term outages. If the specified tolerances are exceeded, the system alerts the DB track manager by text message. In addition, there is also an optional notification by land-line.
Data Retrieval with Leica GeoMoS Web The engineers are able to display and analyze the captured monitoring data over the Internet using GeoMoS Web. The GeoMoS Monitor module uploads measured data to the GeoMoS Web server via FTP. There the data can be individually configured and displayed graphically. Users with appropriate access codes can then access the information via web. The use of the Leica Geosystems host service (“Software as a Service”) minimizes or even eliminates costs for hardware, software, and IT. New features are always made immediately available to all users and do not require any further installation on the customer's computer, while the encrypted web service looks after the secure transfer of data over the Internet. The customer gains access to the graphics on GeoMoS Web from a login screen. Once logged in, he can analyze the data, e.g. by changing the time frame or extracting the results from one or more points or sensors. By installing a high-resolution webcam ing Traunreut offers custom-
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ers the additional benefit of a quick overview of the actual site conditions through GeoMoS Web.
Changes in Track Position With GeoMoS Web, the client can get information about current changes in track position at any time during the works. Some of the larger movements were observed in particular during tunnel shield driving in Phase 2. On two occasions it was necessary to carry out track rectification after a depression with a vertical displacement of up to 25 mm appeared in a length of track. Since the start of track monitoring, the track has settled up to 5 cm. However, not just tracks are affected: movements were also observed in the overhead line masts. A tilt of almost 7 mm/m developed in a mast foundation, which translated into a displacement of the overhead line of 3 to 4 cm and meant that the position of the overhead line on the southern mast had to be corrected. All settlements were detected at an early stage by the monitoring system. This allowed appropriate early corrective measures to be implemented before reaching a stage where notification of the track maintenance manager would have been necessary – which would have triggered an expensive temporary closure of that complete section. Instead, corrective work could be carried out between trains or required only a temporary closure of the track in one direction.
The longitudinal profile shows the settlement
er rotation speeds, whilst achieving improved accuracy over a longer range. It also offers two very useful functions in TargetView and TargetCapture. Using TargetView, the instrument can select the correct prism from several others in the immediate vicinity. The TargetCapture function stores a digital image of the field of view for target-point documentation purposes. This not only allows the causes of obstructed visibility, such as mist, to be identified, it can also be combined with a webcam. Compared with the TCA1800, in the same time the Leica TM30 measured twice as many points with a higher accuracy.
of the railroad embankment.
Conclusion Test Phase with Leica TM30 The ing Traunreut engineers have used two Leica TCA1800 total stations for monitoring since the beginning of the project. These traditional monitoring instruments impressed the engineers with their robustness and reliability. To prepare for future monitoring projects with similar or higher requirements, ing Traunreut decided to test the new Leica TM30 monitoring sensor in this role. After completion of the first monitoring phase, one of the TCA1800s was replaced by a Leica TM30. The new model remained in operation throughout the entire second monitoring phase, during which time it made a big impression, measuring almost silently with its new piezo drive capable of high-
This project shows yet again how important and worthwhile a monitoring system is for site supervision. The measurement and analysis of track deformation, including fast reactions to the changes, would not have been possible without such a system. Damage to existing infrastructure, and possibly to passengers and site staff, could have had grave consequences. About the Author: Markus Prechtl is a surveying engineer working for ing Traunreut GmbH.
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Straight Up to the Sky by André Ribeiro
When complete, the iconic 1 World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City, familiarly known as the “Freedom Tower,” will soar 1,776 feet (541 m) into the air to become the tallest building in the United States. To make sure this architectural landmark rises straight and true, DCM Erectors will rely on an innovative structural monitoring system and positioning technology patented by Leica Geosystems, that is uniquely designed to precisely position very tall structures along the design centerline. The monitoring system, called the Core Wall Survey System (CWSS), is able to track the vertical positioning of the tower’s beams and walls during construction to within a few centimeters of the intended design, even as the structure moves due to variable winds, a shifting foundation, thermal effects from the sun’s radiation, or crane loads. The CWSS con-
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tinuous monitoring system comprises a tightly networked combination of positioning technology tools that includes a Leica GPS GRX1200 Pro high performance GNSS reference receiver with AT504 GPS choke ring antennas, Leica GPS1200 data collector, Leica TPS 1200 total stations and a series of Leica NIVEL200 dual-axis inclinometers. In the case of the WTC project, the Leica GPS GRX1200-based continuously operating reference station, part of the Leica SmartNet network, will create a precise ground control network around the WTC construction site. Next, the DCM Erectors survey team will attach a tilt-able 360-degree reflector to the bottom of each of three GPS antennas. The antenna/reflector combinations will be strategically mounted on the structure’s steel frames. Once the antennas are in place, ground-based GPS rovers will be used to locate active ground control marks and position total stations during construction. The total stations, clamped onto columns at floor-level stake-
out, will be used to measure the horizontal and vertical directions and the slope distance of any point or object on the structure. Stakeout and QA/QC will be performed directly within a 3D CAD model using Leica fieldPro mobile CAD software. Finally, precise Leica Nivel200 inclinometers will be installed on the core shear walls as the walls are constructed. Aligned with the structure’s coordinate system, these inclinometers measure the tilt variation of the structure’s main axis. Using this interconnected CWSS monitoring solution, the DCM Erectors survey team will be able to monitor the installation of the columns and shear walls at each floor for vertical accuracy, even as the structure moves during construction. The construction crews also look to the survey team to guarantee elevator vertical shaft accuracy and to monitor building compression and compensate as construction progresses.
To date, construction crews have installed all 24 70-ton, 60-foot-high jumbo perimeter columns for 1 World Trade Center as well as the structural steel to bring the building to 105 feet above street level. Within the next few years, this USD 3.1 billion, 2.6-million-squarefoot (240,000 m²) architectural landmark is scheduled to soar a symbolic 1,776 feet (541 m) skyward to become America's tallest building – and Leica Geosystems is honored to provide groundbreaking positioning technologies to accurately guide every step of the way. About the author: André Ribeiro is Director of Marketing at Leica Geosystems Inc., Norcross/USA.
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Reclaiming Efficency by Daniel C. Brown
How many surveyors are needed to stay ahead of 75 to 100 construction workers building a USD 100 million wastewater treatment and reclamation plant addition? Using traditional total stations and data collectors, such a project would normally require four or five people to handle the construction survey work. However, new-generation surveying equipment enabled field engineer John Simms to complete all of the work by himself.
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The expansion site occupies 15 acres (6 ha). Construction will include four new secondary clarifiers, each 140 feet (43 m) in dia-meter; four new aeration basins, typically 95 feet by 185 feet (29 x 56 m); a new reactivated sludge pump station; a switchgear station; a new blower building; an electrical building; an electrical building transformer pad; inlet structures; and other buildings. To manage the project, field engineer John Simms used a newly acquired Leica PowerTracker robotic total station with automatic target recognition capa-
bilities, a Leica PowerAntenna GNSS receiver, a Leica MCP 950C data collector and various accessories. “We have easily paid for the system on just this project because we did not have to pay a full surveying crew,” Simms says. The GNSS receiver uses Bluetooth connectivity for wireless communication to the data collector, and it processes GLONASS signals as well as GPS for improved satellite coverage. Simms used a Leica GPS base station (part of the public Leica Spider Network in the region) owned by the water reclamation district overseeing the project.
A Flexible Setup A substantial part of John Simms’ work on this project involved collecting as-built observations of existing treatment plant works. However, he also used a combination of the GNSS equipment and robotic total station to give earthmoving crews cut and fill information for rough grading and to take measurements in duct banks. According to Simms, the flexibility of the Leica Geosystems system enabled him to connect the prism for the total station, the data collector, and the GNSS antenna onto the survey rod all at once. By mounting the Leica PowerAntenna on top of the 360-degree prism, Simms could simply select which equipment he wanted to use. For example, if he was staking out building corners with the robotic total station and a construction crew had an urgent need for an as-built of a pipe in another corner of the site, Simms could quickly do the as-built with the GNSS system and then return to his task of staking out the building - all with the same integrated equipment. When construction crews were ready to excavate for a new building, Simms gave them the building lines, the bottom of footers and the cuts and fills for rough grade. He gave the crews offsets and a cut sheet with an AutoCAD drawing. On lath stakes, he marked the point identification, the distance of offset, the point number, and the elevation of the established point. In his AutoCAD drawing, he selected the four building corners and the bottom of the footer elevation and downloaded the points from the software into his data collector, which contained a localization file (the northing, easting and elevation control points used to lay out the plan). He then went to the field to lay out the building. “It [the Leica Geosystems total station] takes two shots and compares them to each
New-generation surveying equipment enabled field engineer John Simms to complete all of the work by himself.
other,” Simms says. “And it has an automatic correction for temperature and barometric pressure. I really like that. Collecting as-builts with the GNSS system is also quick and easy: I was able to do the work myself, check the work myself, and I was able to turn it in to the engineers,” Simms completes. It’s a far cry from the way such projects used to be handled. The increased efficiency is undoubtedly saving both time and money for the contractor, and it’s allowing John Simms to stay on the cutting edge. About the author: Daniel C. Brown is the owner of TechniComm, a communications business based in Des Plaines, Illinois/USA.
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© The Seattle Public Library
3D Laser Scanning Reduces Risks by Geoff Jacobs
In construction, there’s a big premium on identifying and fixing potential field problems early – well before a crane is lowering something critical into place and the ugly discovery is made that things don’t fit or something’s in the way. Such problems can be especially costly on projects involving complex structures. For one contractor however, this type of risk has been sharply reduced thanks to Leica Geosystems HighDefinition Surveying™ (HDS™) 3D laser scanners and software and the way the contractor takes advantage of them. In fact, Hoffman Construction, a US-based $1 billion/yr contractor, has been successfully minimizing project risks and achieving additional project benefits with HDS since 2003. Hoffman’s first risk-reduction project using HDS took advantage of a Leica HDS2500 scanner and Cyclone software for an 11-story library project in Seattle. It featured over 11,000 m² of glass panels. The complex supporting structure needed to be accurately
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as-built for Hoffman’s curtain wall contractor, Seele (Gersthofen, Germany), to pre-fabricate the complex panel geometries. Using their HDS tools to create the needed as-builts, panel installation went smoothly. Since then, Hoffman has continuously expanded its use of laser scanning, upgrading their HDS capabilities along the way.
Re-purposing an Office Building As part of a project to re-purpose a 14-story office building into a Marriott hotel in Portland, Hoffman used their new Leica ScanStation scanner and Cyclone software to conduct flatness studies of each floor and to provide structural data to the design team. Using Leica Cyclone software, scan data was modeled and attributed, separating out the floor, walls, and columns. This analysis uncovered a couple of places with up to 3” (76 mm) column grid offset from one floor to the next. Dale Stenning, Operations Manager for Hoffman, told attendees at the 2009 Leica Geosystems HDS Worldwide User Conference, “Had we not noticed the column offset early, we would have had a huge problem later on when it was finally discovered.”
Later, after the original façade was removed, Hoffman used their Leica ScanStation to survey the floor’s slab edges for the new façade’s panel contractor. Original panel designs were based on uniformly flat floor/curb edges, but the High-Definition Survey revealed very irregular geometry. Collaborating with the panel contractor, a decision was made to build up new curb elevations. These were then scanned with HDS and new shop drawings were provided to the panel contractor. The result: another smooth installation.
A Record Before Concrete is Poured and More … Hoffman has also used HDS to capture the location of rebar on post-tensioned decks before concrete is poured. Should the need arise later, the building owner will know exactly where the rebar is without using costly, destructive methods to locate it. Earthworks has been another application where Hoffman has benefited from laser scanning. For example, on a 36-acre sewer treatment project site, significant quantities of earth had to be moved several times. As a check for proper invoicing, once each month Hoffman used their Leica ScanStation scanner and Cyclone software to quickly calculate accurate volumes. In the process, Hoffman also provided accurate surface models that aided the sub-contractor in grade staking and cut & fill lines.
Today, Hoffman uses HDS on virtually every “shored excavation” to check for excavation movement and to ensure a good fit of the shored excavation with the building structure to be placed in it. Potential fit problems and clashes, such as with re-bar in the footing or other protrusions, can be detected beforehand by placing a 3D Revit model of a new building into the as-built model of the shored excavation. Scanning shored excavation only requires two scanner setups above the excavation, plus it doesn’t interfere with ongoing construction and it’s safer than sending a survey crew down into the pit. The detailed construction record of the shored excavation is also a valuable archive.
Facility Modifications and BIM Updates High-Definition Surveying also proved ideal for a USD 100 million remodel of a complex baggage handling facility at Portland airport. Accurate as-builts enabled better remodel design, which reduced project risk. This project, like others, involved virtual BIM (Building Information Modeling) for collaborative design and coordination. Since reality diverges from virtual models, Hoffman uses laser scanning as an additional “reality layer” for the BIM model. Together, these represent a valuable lifecycle management tool. About the author: Geoff Jacobs is Senior Vice President, Strategic Marketing, Leica Geosystems, Inc.
“It’s all about risk and managing it more effectively than we could in the past.” Dale Stenning, Operations Manager, Hoffman Construction
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© DBAG/Kniestedt
Precision Concrete for 300 km/h Trains by Konrad Saal
Modern railway infrastructure often presents technical challenges for developers and builders alike, since high-speed railway tracks have to withstand enormous forces and vibrations. This also applies to the 123 km section between Erfurt and Leipzig/Halle, which forms part of the new Intercity Express (ICE) link between Munich and Berlin. Deutsche Bahn AG customers will eventually be travelling along this stretch at speeds of up to 300 km/h (190 mph), completing their journeys to or from the German capital in four rather than the current six hours. The ICE will travel over six major bridges and through three tunnels, the longest being the twin-tube Finne Tunnel with a length of almost seven kilometers. The precise control of the concrete paver that provided the bed for the subsequent track construction through the tunnel was accomplished with total stations and the 3D machine control system PaveSmart 3D from Leica Geosystems. The required accuracy for the concrete substructure in the tunnel tubes, on which the slab track would lat-
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er be installed, was ± 1 cm. The paver’s specified daily output was about 120 m per day. Gerhard Baumgartner, site manager responsible for the invert concrete and who has already had earlier positive experiences with Leica Geosystems 3D control systems says: “With Leica PaveSmart 3D, Scanlaser GmbH, the German distribution partner for Leica Geosystems machine control systems, offered the only system available on the market capable of supporting Gomaco as well as Wirtgen pavers. In the planning stage we were considering both manufacturers as suppliers. PaveSmart 3D is able to access the manufacturer’s 3D interface on the machine.” Leica PaveSmart 3D supports “Plug & Pave” and therefore offers the advantage of being able to communicate with the paver’s interface using a simple cable connection, rather than having to install complex hydraulics. This also saves valuable time when setting up the system. Work on the trial length of invert concrete was started within just one day of installation. “The Scanlaser specialists were on site with the surveying engineers from Angermeier Ingenieure GmbH as the machine was being set up and together they ensured a smooth and reliable start to the invert concreting works,” confirms Baumgartner. Anger-
meier Ingenieure had already used its Leica TPS1800 total stations to support the driving of the Finne Tunnel. Consequently, there was no need for data conversion when preparing the paver control data.
No Stringlines through the Tunnel 3D machine control reduces the costs and complexity of two-sided stringline installation and maintenance. Baumgartner appreciates the systems’ advantages: “Stringlines would have had to be drilled inside the tunnel and would have considerably restricted machine and truck freedom of movement. By using the 3D control system and the Leica TPS1800 total stations for machine positioning, it was possible to completely dispense with the commonly used stringlines in the tunnel.” The Finne Tunnel project would hardly have been possible with stringlines: normally, trucks delivering material to the concrete slip form paver reverse along the tunnel. The longer the distance, the more difficult and time-consuming the journey becomes. Driving in forward and turning the vehicles around conventionally in the tunnel once they reached the paver was out of the question due to its narrowness. The solution was the installation of a turntable, which allowed the trucks to drive in forwards. An excavator was then able to distribute the tipped material evenly in front of the slipform paver. Stringlines would constantly have been damaged or destroyed. The construction site management estimates that removing the need for stringlines saved between EUR 10,000 – 20,000 on the costs of materials and installation.
Objectives and Requirements Exceeded Since its initial installation at the beginning of November 2009 there has not been a single system failure. Control measurements confirm that the surface of the installed concrete has always been within the specified height tolerances. “The achieved vertical accuracy of ± 3 mm has by far outperformed the required accuracy of max. ± 1 cm,” report both Gerhard Baumgartner and the surveying engineers from Angermeier Ingenieure GmbH. Higher productivity is a further advantage of 3D control: the installation speed of the concrete invert was around 10 per cent higher than the required speed of 120 m/day. About the Author: Konrad Saal is a surveying engineer and Marketing Communications Manager with Leica Geosystems in Heerbrugg, Switzerland.
Finne Tunnel The Finne Tunnel is being constructed for Deutsche Bahn AG by a consortium comprising Wayss & Freytag Ingenieurbau AG, Max Bögl Bauunternehmung GmbH Co. KG, and Porr Technobau und Umwelt GmbH. The two tunnels were driven at the same time using shield tunnel boring machines with continuous installation of tubbing segments as a single-shell tunnel lining. Some 48,000 tubbing ring segments were manufactured on site in a specially set up tubbing segment production facility. The two tubes each have a diameter of approximately 10 meters. The profile and the formwork through which the concrete slips “as if cast in one pour” during paving is shaped to form side shoulders and a drainage channel. The advantage of this process is that the drainage elements and shoulders do not have to be built separately, increasing the stability of the entire construction. Other tunnel works to date include 16 cross passages for rescue routes and technical galleries driven using the New Austrian Tunneling Method (NATM). In a separate step after the concrete invert, the paver will be driven through the tunnel again to form a walkway on one side and a cable duct chamber on the other using conventional techniques. More information about the entire project at: www.vde8.de
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Searching for Bombs Under Water by Alexander Gerber
An estimated 7,000 bombs were dropped on Dresden during the Second World War. While most of them brought death and destruction, many still lie underground or in the Elbe river – without having detonated – and continue to pose a danger to construction projects even today, some 65 years later. Matthäi used the state-of-the-art Leica RedLine series satellitebased machine control system to search for undetonated Second World War bombs on and around the site for the new Waldschlösschen bridge over the Elbe. The Matthäi Group, a construction contractor with headquarters in Verden, Germany, specializes in earthworks, civil and structural engineering. The firm's hydraulic engineering department was restructured some years ago under the leadership of Dipl.Ing. Jörn Adameit and has since then completed many successful projects on Europe's inland waterways. During the construction of the new bridge, the con-
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tract for the unusual task of searching the Elbe deposits for bombs was awarded to Berlin-based Heinrich Hirdes Kampfmittelräumung GmbH, supported by the state-of-the-art satellite-based dredging expertise provided by the hydraulic engineering department at Matthäi Bauunternehmung GmbH & Co. KG, Verden. Prior to construction, the river was scanned with probes that captured the positions of any detected metal objects to centimeter accuracy, measured their depths using echo sound, and plotted the findings in a digital model. This model was passed to Matthäi for the underwater excavation works. At about 60 locations the munitions divers then had to verify whether the detected objects were in fact dangerous legacies of the war or not. Markus Gehring, responsible for positioning and excavator engineering, as well as for the creation of the hydraulic engineering department’s data model, has already fitted out five excavators with the Leica RedLine series GNSS positioning system. These systems were acquired from Leica Geosystems machine control sales and service partner Scanlaser GmbH:
“We have been using this system for more than a year in all conditions. It is a reliable, modular system that offers me great flexibility, either as a reference station on site or, as for this hydraulic engineering job, on the machine.” Each excavator is equipped with two Leica MNA1202GG antennas and Leica PowerBox GNSS receivers, which calculate positions from satellite data and transmit this information to the machine controls. This two-antenna solution has proved ideal for working underwater, as directional information is automatically obtained and the bucket position is recognized even on moving platforms such as here on the pontoon. The excavator driver always knows the current 3D position in real time. This data is compared with the positions of the objects in question recorded on the location drawing. Instead of a bucket, the excavator is fitted with a caisson in which the munitions divers, protected from the current, can be lowered to the location to be investigated – precisely, thanks to the GNSS data. “We receive the correction data for accurate positioning by radio from
the reference station or by dialing into the reference service,” explains Markus Gehring. This allows the divers to be submerged up to three meters into the Elbe at the locations of the detected metal objects with centimeter accuracy. “The detonation of a bomb during the construction work for the new Waldschlösschen bridge would be a catastrophe. Thank goodness, so far the metal objects we have found have been nothing more than steel scrap,” says Martin Kralicek, Matthäi's site manager. A perfectly functioning system and good service are crucial for such a dangerous mission. “The excellent, comprehensive service was one of the reasons for selecting the Leica RedLine system and for working with Scanlaser.” About the author: Alexander Gerber is a Sales Engineer at Leica Geosystems’ German machine control distribution partner Scanlaser GmbH.
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Gateway to Korea by JoĂŤl van Cranenbroeck
The Yeong-Jong New Airport Highway Bridge, a steel, double deck, box-girder suspension bridge, links Incheon International Airport to Seoul city as a real gateway to Korea. It is the world’s first 3D self-anchored suspension bridge servicing a highway on the upper/lower decks and a railway on the lower deck. The bridge crosses the sea between Yeong-Jong island and Incheon city and lies between Kyeongseo-dong (Changdo) and Unbuk-dong (Yeong-Jong island) of Incheon city on the Yellow Sea. Leica Geosystems was invited by the New Airport Highway Company to perform a load test with GNSS RTK technology. Equipment and software completed the test smoothly, achieving impressive accuracies in the range of 1 cm. This load test convincingly vindicated the superiority of GNSS based bridge monitoring. After the test the upgrade and
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modification of the structural health monitoring system was completed using a GNSS monitoring system from Leica Geosystems that focuses on monitoring the girder geometry and the displacement of the bridge towers. With Leica Geosystems GNSS RTK technology, the geometric structure of the bridge can be monitored in real-time and in all weather conditions. The threedimensional displacement of towers, main span, and suspension cables can be measured directly. All of this characteristic information reflecting bridge health can be combined with structural models to analyze the internal forces affecting the static and dynamic load components of the bridge. The reliability of bridge health monitoring and evaluation can be increased and the risk of potential damage to the bridge structure minimized. GNSS monitoring can considerably improve the efficiency and effective-
Monitoring Equipment and Software Hardware 2 Leica AT504 GG choke ring antennas 2 Leica GRX1200 GG Pro reference station receivers 10 Leica GMX902 GG monitoring receivers 10 Leica AX1202 GG antennas Software Leica GNSS Spider GNSS reference network controlling and operating software Leica GNSS QC GNSS Quality Control and Monitoring software 3rd party analysis software
ness of maintenance work by providing vital information to management and decision makers for bridge traffic and structural safety. With the ongoing development and improvement of GNSS hardware, processing algorithms, and software Leica Geosystems’ GNSS monitoring systems will be used ever more widely for the monitoring of infrastructure such as bridges, buildings, and other structures in the future. Meanwhile, the Yeong-Jong bridges’ structural health monitoring system plays an active role in the promotion and development of digital and intelligent bridge engineering. The GNSS bridge deformation monitoring system consists of GNSS sensors; seismic and temperature sensors; dual-axis inclinations sensors; communication links; and processing, management, and analysis software. All these components form an integrated system. When designing the system, the environmental situation was considered to be the predominant source of error. Multipath is caused by signals arriving at the antenna which have been reflected by nearby metal objects, ground, or water surfaces. The occurrence of this is different at each measuring site and therefore cannot be eliminated by dif-
ferential techniques. At the reference station sites, a suitable location of the antenna was selected to mitigate such reflections. The Leica AT504 GG choke ring geodetic GNSS antenna helps reduce multipath effects. Several more GNSS receivers and antennas were installed (see box) to monitor bridge health. They are all connected to Leica GNSS Spider software and Leica GNSS QC for advanced coordinate analysis of the entire system. Two GNSS reference stations were established in stable areas. As the start point of each baseline, it is vital that the reference stations have precise coordinates within the local coordinate system. One reference station was installed on the roof of the Bridge Monitoring Center, the other at the west side of the bridge. To visualize the deflection and its impact on the bridge, another 10 GNSS monitoring points were installed. These were placed on the two bridge towers; the maximum flexibility point of the main span; the 1/9, 2/9, 4/9, 8/9, and 9/9 points of the bridge; and on the cable. Now, using the transformation parameters provided by the owner, the system provides threedimensional dynamic displacement results within the bridge coordinate system.
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Leica GNSS Spider also provides an interface for third party analysis software via the serial and TCP/IP ports. Any analysis software that uses standard NMEA format can be used. With real time bridge coordinates, the analysis software can display a dynamic view of the distortion curve, store data, and execute statistical analysis and messaging in real time. Moreover, Leica GNSS QC quality control and analysis software can be used to do a comprehensive review of the results. It proved to be an indispensable tool for checking data and results in the design and operational stages.
20 Hz measurement rate, the bridge monitoring system is able to detect high frequency vibrations. To enhance overall reliability and stability, and according to the recommendations made by Leica Geosystems, the Yeong-Jong bridge monitoring system has two reference stations. Leica GNSS Spider supports multiple reference stations to enable redundant checks. If the communication to one reference station breaks down, the other reference station can be used as a backup for processing any combination of baselines. Leica GNSS Spider can process observations from both L1 single-frequency and L1+L2 dual-frequency GNSS receivers. Thus a single-frequency GNSS receiver can also be used for the bridge monitoring application in a low motion mode. The installation of the GNSS monitoring system was realized by Leica Geosystems Korea. The integration of the system into the structural health monitoring solution that includes more than 250 other sensors was carried out by BT Engineering South Korea.
Monitoring display for analysis.
Leica GNSS Spider – the link between the sensors and the monitoring system Communication requirements are greatly simplified through Leica GNSS Spiders’ centralized RTK concept. Receiver equipment can be remotely controlled and monitored, and the status of the entire monitoring system can be obtained at anytime. Operating at a
About the Author: Joël van Cranenbroeck is Business Development Manager for Geodetic Monitoring at Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg, Switzerland. He has led the development of hardware and software solutions for GNSS Network RTK for Leica Geosystems since 2001 and has made some significant contributions in Geodetic Monitoring development and applications such as the method statement for aligning along vertical high rise structures (Burj Dubai).
The Yeong-Jong Bridge The construction of the Yeong-Jong bridge began in December 1993. The bridge was completed and opened to traffic in November 2000. The total length of the bridge and main span of the suspension bridge is 4,420 m and 550 m, respectively. The bridge is 35 m wide and has 49 piers. The east and west towers are 107 m high. The bridge is divided into three parts: suspension bridge (550 m), steel truss (2,250 m), and steel deck (1,620 m).
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The Bridge Monitoring Center was built at the east side of the bridge (New Airport Highway office) and equipped with a fiber optic communication system, closed circuit television, information management system, message sign system, emergency call system, broadcast system, etc.
Adventure Surveying on Mont Blanc by Hélène Leplomb and Farouk Kadded
Every two years, the chartered land surveyors of Haute-Savoie and Leica Geosystems measure the elevation of Mont Blanc, the roof of Europe, the famous mountain straddling the Franco-Italian border. The aims of these technical and human expeditions are to provide the general public with an unusual insight into the profession of the chartered land surveyor, to test the reliability and precision of Leica Geosystems’ GNSS in difficult conditions, and to contribute to helping the scientific community provide answers to questions concerning variations in climate. Measuring the summit of Mont Blanc on a regular basis provides glaciologists, geographers, nivologists (snow experts), and meteorologists with data on the variations of a glacier at its source.
With the GNSS measurements taken in September 2009 at the summit under the supervision of Farouk Kadded, Product Manager at Leica Geosystems in France, it is possible to determine the mountains' elevation and to create a 3D model of the ice sheet. The 5th measurement expedition to this superb experimentation site confirmed once more the reliability and robustness of the Leica SmartRover realtime GNSS receiver, which provided measurements to within one centimeter in the harsh conditions of high altitude and freezing temperatures. The Leica Geoystems team was hardly surprised since this was the 4th Leica Geosystems instrument to be subjected to such extreme conditions, following in the footsteps of the Leica GPS500 in 2001 and 2003, the Leica GPS1200 in 2005, and the Leica SmartStation in 2007.
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Accurate, Enriched Data at Lower Cost by Ann Hovland
When the CH2M HILL survey team set out to map the City of Woodburn, Oregon’s 1,500 sewer manholes, the challenge was to gather and organize a varied group of data with a limited budget. For each manhole the client wanted: the pipe invert elevation; pipe size and type; documentation of condition; amount of debris; and photos. A traditional approach would have generated an inordinate number of notes that would have been difficult to organize and deliver within budget. After considering various products, the team chose Leica MobileMatriX on ArcGIS, a survey software that provided the team with geographic information system (GIS) capabilities and survey-grade accuracy in the field. The field integration of GIS enabled the team to complete all fieldwork 16 days ahead
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of schedule and 25 % under budget even while using MobileMatriX for the first time. Woodburn’s wastewater collection and transmission system had been under continual expansion since it was implemented. There was concern about localized areas and the City needed to evaluate the long-term condition and capacity of its collection and transmission system. In order to make sound investment decisions, the City needed a map of its system. Existing data about the collection system was stored in two separate systems and was known to be inaccurate and incomplete. The goals for mapping were: consolidate system asset data into a single GIS database and dramatically improve the accuracy of the spatial data. “While brainstorming a possible approach, we had the usual discussion about cost verses accuracy,” said
1,500 manholes in 45 days The City of Woodburn’s decision to let the CH2M HILL survey team try a new approach to mapping its manholes yielded more accurate data, delivered within less time, and for less money than expected. The team’s original project plan allowed for 61 field days. Once the crew was in the field, progress increased exponentially as experience and confidence with Leica
MobileMatriX picked up. The crew estimated that it spent 25 % less time per manhole, and surveyed 170 % more manholes per day, than planned. They finished all fieldwork within 45 days, 25 % under budget. “We took a chance with having to learn and use new software on a job that needed a quick turn around, but that risk paid off in the end,” said Adam Casalegno.
Tony Brooks, PLS, survey and mapping manager at CH2M HILL. “We talked about what competitors might propose. Many would likely suggest low-cost options that could not achieve the requested accuracies. Others would probably fulfill accuracy requirements and blow the budget. We wondered how we might find the middle ground.” The team was well aware of the fact that the most challenging aspect of the project was data integration. Successful integration of existing data and data integrity was crucial to project success because initial data acquisition and ongoing maintenance would otherwise become a time-consuming process. The team began to discuss the possibilities offered by a mobile GIS approach.
these reasons, the team opted to use “electronic tablets” instead of laptops; the tablets also offered touch screen capability. CH2M HILL purchased an Xplorer tablet from Xplorer Technologies and loaded ArcGIS Version 9.2 and Leica MobileMatriX Version 3.0 onto it. The tablet had Bluetooth technology which could wirelessly send data back and forth between the Leica GPS1200 and Leica TPS1200 instruments. The Xplorer tablet was purchased with an internal cell modem for Internet access to ORGN, the Oregon Real Time GPS Network, and the office network.
With Leica MobileMatriX, the team estimated it could significantly reduce the workflow and costs by going directly from point collection to end product in one step. CH2M HILL rolled the dice and decided to propose an integrated GIS/survey approach to meet the client’s accuracy and budget requirements. The gamble paid off and the City had all of its data needs fulfilled, with money left over for additional survey tasks.
The use of Leica MobileMatriX for data acqusition and management of the waste water system saved CH2M HILL valuable time and money, as the survey data was directly integrated into the GIS.
Short Learning Curve with little Downtime To run the MobileMatriX software, the team needed a field-compatible computer, i.e. it needed to be rugged and minimize sunlight glare on the screen display. For
Once all the gear was assembled, the crew needed to learn how to use it. They contacted Leica Geosystems, who assigned a technician to the job of bringing
>>
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everyone up to speed. After a week of long phone calls and some trial and error, the tablets (and operators) were running smoothly. ”Like any new software, Leica MobileMatriX took some time to learn, but with help from Leica Geosystems technicians, the team was able pick it up quickly without much down time,” said Adam Casalegno, survey technician at CH2M HILL. Once in the field, with a GIS background of the sewer system at their fingertips, surveyors were able to quickly locate the manholes. The field crew collected the data and transferred it onto the portable tablet PC via Leica MobileMatriX, which linked data to the CH2M HILL office network version of the City’s functioning GIS database. The crew could work independent of the City’s database for long periods, then synchronize the office database with the updated field database later when a connection to the CH2M HILL office server could be made. Data changes were then transferred and integrated with the central database using the ArcGIS™ check-in process. This approach enabled the crew to manipulate, update, and add survey-grade
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information and synchronize it with office data in the field rather than having to upload data to a survey program and clean it up later. This reduced data cleanup time by approximately 70 %.
Integrated Approach Streamlines Workflow Using the integrated survey/GIS approach the crew cut the number of workflow steps in half, and all clean up of data could be done in the field after each manhole was measured. Leica MobileMatriX provided full functionality for field crews to finish work in the field. The background maps, combined with the immediate map display and labeling of field measurements, enabled immediate feedback on the accuracy of measurements. No expensive re-measuring was required. The complete map could be finished in the field, including symbols, legends, and north arrows. About the Author: Ann Hovland, is a writer at CH2M HILL, a global leader in full-service engineering, consulting, construction, and operations.
The Leica Lino Family: Everything Level and Perfectly Plumb The introduction of the Leica Lino 2 in 2007 set a new standard for cross line lasers, and in the same year received the Red Dot Product Design Award. Craftsmen appreciate the Leica Lino 2 because of its outstanding optics and the proven quality. Encouraged by this success, Leica Geosystems has created a comprehensive product palette around these handy tools and has recently expanded it with three point and line lasers that optimally cover all areas of application. The new Leica Lino P3, Lino P5, and Lino L2P5 perfect all aligning, plumbing, and leveling tasks.
The Leica Lino L2P5 combines all the advantages into one compact instrument. The five laser dots, exactly aligned at right angles to one another, simplify plumbing, setting out, and transfer of measured points. All Leica Lino point and line lasers project millimeteraccurate lines and/or dots, and automatically level themselves to compensate for minor angular misalignments of up to ± 4°. A comprehensive range of original accessories augments the standard product package.
Function Plumbing up and down
P3
P5
X
X
X
X
X
Setting out right angles Horizontal leveling
X
X
L2
L2P5
X
X
Vertical alignment
X
X
Vertical and horizontal alignment
X
X
Aligning at an angle
X
X
2009 Leica Geosystems HDS Worldwide User Conference: A Great Success Leica Geosystems 7th annual worldwide user conference for users of its High-Definition Surveying™ (HDS™) laser scanning products was held 26-28 October 2009, in San Ramon, California. Despite the global recession, more than 250 participants from 20 countries attended, a strong symbol of continued high interest in 3D laser scanning.
The next HDS Worldwide User Conference is planned for 25-27 Oct 2010 in San Ramon. Find out more at www.leica-geosystems.com/hds.
The conference featured 38 presentations, including a keynote by Dr. Dieter Fritsch, Director of the Institute for Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, University of Stuttgart. Many presentations were by users describing their latest HDS applications, workflows, and marketing techniques in civil, buildings/ BIM, plant, forensics, heritage, and mobile scanning markets. Leica Geosystems’ Dr. Greg Walsh gave an insightful presentation on the new, compact, “all-inone” laser scanner Leica ScanStation C10.
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www.leica-geosystems.com Australia CR Kennedy & Company Pty Ltd. Melbourne Phone +61 3 9823 1555 Fax +61 3 9827 7216
France Leica Geosystems Sarl Le Pecq Cedex Phone +33 1 30 09 17 00 Fax +33 1 30 09 17 01
Netherlands Leica Geosystems B.V. Wateringen Phone +31 88 001 80 00 Fax +31 88 001 80 88
Sweden Leica Geosystems AB Sollentuna Phone +46 8 625 30 00 Fax +46 8 625 30 10
Austria Leica Geosystems Austria GmbH Vienna Phone +43 1 981 22 0 Fax +43 1 981 22 50
Germany Leica Geosystems GmbH Vertrieb Munich Phone + 49 89 14 98 10 0 Fax + 49 89 14 98 10 33
Norway Leica Geosystems AS Oslo Phone +47 22 88 60 80 Fax +47 22 88 60 81
Switzerland Leica Geosystems AG Glattbrugg Phone +41 44 809 3311 Fax +41 44 810 7937
Belgium Leica Geosystems NV Diegem Phone +32 2 2090700 Fax +32 2 2090701
Hungary Leica Geosystems Hungary Kft. Budapest Phone +36 1 814 3420 Fax +36 1 814 3423
Poland Leica Geosystems Sp. z o.o. Warsaw Phone +48 22 338 15 00 Fax +48 22 338 15 22
United Kingdom Leica Geosystems Ltd. Milton Keynes Phone +44 1908 256 500 Fax +44 1908 256 509
Brazil Comercial e Importadora WILD Ltda. São Paulo Phone +55 11 3142 8866 Fax +55 11 3142 8886
India Elcome Technologies Private Ltd. Gurgaon (Haryana) Phone +91 124 4122222 Fax +91 124 4122200
Portugal Leica Geosystems, Lda. Moscavide Phone +351 214 480 930 Fax +351 214 480 931
UAE Leica Geosystems c/o Hexagon Dubai Phone +971 4 299 5513 Fax +971 4 299 1966
Canada Leica Geosystems Ltd. Willowdale Phone +1 416 497 2460 Fax +1 416 497 8516
Italy Leica Geosystems S.p.A. Cornegliano Laudense Phone + 39 0371 69731 Fax + 39 0371 697333
Russia Leica Geosystems OOO Moscow Phone +7 95 234 5560 Fax +7 95 234 2536
USA Leica Geosystems Inc. Norcross Phone +1 770 326 9500 Fax +1 770 447 0710
China P.R. Leica Geosystems AG, Representative Office Beijing Phone +86 10 8569 1818 Fax +86 10 8525 1836
Japan Leica Geosystems K.K. Tokyo Phone +81 3 5940 3011 Fax +81 3 5940 3012
Singapore Leica Geosystems Techn. Pte. Ltd. Singapore Phone +65 6511 6511 Fax +65 6511 6500
Denmark Leica Geosystems A/S Herlev Phone +45 44 54 02 02 Fax +45 44 45 02 22
Korea (Republic of) Leica Geosystems KK Seoul Phone +82 2 598 1919 Fax +82 2 598 9686
South Africa Hexagon Geosystems Pty.Ltd. Douglasdale Phone +27 1146 77082 Fax +27 1146 53710
Finland Leica Nilomark OY Espoo Phone +358 9 6153 555 Fax +358 9 5022 398
Mexico Leica Geosystems S.A. de C.V. Mexico D.F. Phone +525 563 5011 Fax +525 611 3243
Spain Leica Geosystems, S.L. Barcelona Phone +34 934 949 440 Fax +34 934 949 442
Illustrations, descriptions, and technical data are not binding. All rights reserved. Printed in Switzerland. Copyright Leica Geosystems AG, Heerbrugg, Switzerland, 2010. 741803en – III.10 – RVA
Head Office Leica Geosystems AG Heinrich-Wild-Strasse CH-9435 Heerbrugg Phone +41 71 727 31 31 Fax +41 71 727 46 74 www.leica-geosystems.com