Micro-Apartments: Design Thesis by Aaron Burson

Micro_Apt K-State College of APDesign Prof. Vibhavari Jani IAID 2020-2021

Table of Contents

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Introduction

Literature Analysis

Design Theories Analysis

Precedent Analysis

Building Code Analysis

User Analysis

Proposed Program

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Site Analysis

Building Analysis

Generative Intent

Schematic Design

Design Development

Design Revisions

Design Specifications

Acknowledgments A tremendous thank you to the college of Architecture, Planning, & Design’s department of Interior Architecture & Industrial Design at Kansas State University

Bay State Land Company Advertisement, Box 005, Folder 17, Herbert V. Jones and Company/Whitney S. Kerr and Company Records (K0623); The State Historical Society of Missouri Research Center-Kansas City

Thank you to my parents and family for your continued support IAID Department Head: Nathan Howe Professors: Vibhavari Jani Kutay Guler Professional Advisors: Kaitlyn Simon, HNTB Anthony Luca, Gastinger Walker

Chapter 1

http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/

6| Introduction

Introduction Can micro-apartments make housing in urban centers more affordable for young professionals?

Introduction This thesis explores the housing typology of micro-apartments to address the current housing crisis for young people in America. With student loan debt steadily increasing, recent college graduates are finding it difficult to repay their debt. The financial burden of this debt can make the options for housing very limited due to high costs of living in central urban areas. Until there is a comprehensive solution to the student debt crisis in America, young professionals will likely have great need for housing that is more affordable than standard market rent studio and one bedroom apartments. A micro-apartment strategy could be appropriate because it has the potential to allow people to live in dense urban areas for a lower price. Small living spaces are often perceived as unfavorable, but, when they are thoughtfully designed to support the health and wellbeing of the resident, small spaces can make it possible for young people to lower their cost of living while retaining a high quality of life. Additionally, when creating a social atmosphere is at the forefront of the project, micro-apartment complexes can foster a lifestyle that creates a strong sense of community. This thesis proposes a micro-apartment complex in the West Bottoms of Kansas City, Missouri. This area is immediately adjacent to desirable downtown districts that can be expensive to live in. These areas are predominantly populated by college educated young people aged 20-29 who live in single households and have a lower middle class income. This demographic makeup is ideal for a micro-apartment housing strategy because It demonstrates that young educated people desire to live in downtown despite not having high incomes. If implemented, an affordable housing typology such as microapartments has the ability to assist recent college graduates in financial stability while living in desirable areas.

8| Introduction

Evidence based design via Qualitative Research Methods: Literature Analysis Design Theories Analysis Precedent Analysis Building Code Analysis User Analysis Site Analysis Building Analysis The qualitative research that was conducted informed design decisions and became evidence for further investigation.

https://www.archdaily.com/940071/gal-star-la-house-cavaa-arquitectes/5ec55b69b357657a0500035b-gal-star-la-house-cavaa-arquitectesphoto

Why? Everyone needs: Food Water Shelter

10| Introduction

Everyone deserves access to nourishing food, clean water, and quality housing

Maslow’s

Hierarchy of Needs

12| Introduction

https://www.elegantthemes.com/blog/business/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs

https://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html#gsc.tab=0

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs conveys that the most vital common needs for all people are physiological. These needs, such as shelter and food, are required to exist, which is why they are foundational. Safety needs follow, listing personal security and health as two key aspects of this tier. Next on the pyramid is love and belonging. Friendship and a sense of connection exist within this tier. This thesis aims to address these key elements from each tier to meet the needs of the project users.

Goals & Objectives

Create a housing strategy that is significantly more affordable than what is currently available Achieved by using smaller square footage and cheaper building materials Limit square footage per unit to 250-400sqf Use cost effective building materials (i.e. plywood over solid wood) 20-30% cheaper than average apartment for a young professional

Foster a sense of community Shared spaces that enable collaboration between residents Spatial design that encourages residents to use shared spaces as an extension of their home Connecting residents to the surrounding community in the West Bottoms Establish a visual connection to the surrounding buildings and green-scape Orient the building entrances for easy/direct access to the primary roads and pedestrian paths.

14| Introduction

Quality standard of living Not sacrificing important familiar housing standards such as square footage for restrooms and kitchens Create strong acoustic and visual privacy within the apartments Focus on large windows for natural light and views to green-scape Create a sense of ownership and personality through user customization

Design that is respectful to surrounding context The building feels woven into the urban/industrial fabric of the West Bottoms Create excitement that brings others into the commercial spaces Businesses on the ground floor that benefit needs of the surrounding area

Chapter 2

https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/

16| Literature Analysis

Literature Analysis The following literature offers insight into micro-apartments’ potential opportunity to create an affordable housing solution for young professionals and recent college graduates. Such a solution is necessary due to rising student debt, making it challenging to afford quality housing. While micro-apartments are not a new concept, cities in the US are now becoming more open to them, lowering minimum square footage requirements to accommodate the typology. These requirements are just one of several challenges facing micro-apartments, often creating difficulties for developers. The literature also describes strategies that create a high standard of living, promoting health and wellbeing. Implementing such strategies would create quality housing for young professionals that is affordable.

Student debt and the housing/rental market Student debt load relative to income for college graduates in the United States is increasingly burdensome, with 54% of college attendees taking student loans to fund some or all of their higher education (“Report on the Economic…,” n.d.). High rental and housing prices exacerbate this financial burden, making loan repayment difficult. Genovesi (2020) conducted research that found a connection between increased student debt and increasing rent prices. Additionally, difficulty saving for a down payment and a high debt-to-income ratio can make homeownership challenging (Gicheva & Thompson, 2015). With a decrease in homeowners, a rise in renters perpetuates this vicious cycle. A solution offered by Genovesi (2020) is to ease land-use restrictions that allow for more housing development, helping to alleviate the demand. With the rental market increasing alongside student loan debt, a housing alternative focused on affordability is necessary for recent college graduates and young professionals. Such a solution could create an opportunity for these demographics to focus more of their income towards paying off loans, saving, and investing. Even for those who do not take on debt, a micro-housing strategy could be an effective financial housing alternative to a traditional apartment. Micro-apartments as a housing typology US cities have begun looking to micro-apartments as a housing strategy to accommodate student debt’s financial burden. Though it is a relatively new trend in the US, living in apartments and homes with low square footage is not a new concept. In countries with dense cities such as China and Japan, there is a history of micro-housing. Indeed, several US cities have begun adopting micro-apartments as a housing typology to offer more affordable housing in dense urban areas. One such city is San Francisco, where minimum square footage requirements lowered to 220 square feet in 2012 to accommodate microapartments (Gabbe, 2015). Another US city implementing this kind of housing is New York City. While mayor, Michael Bloomberg held a housing design competition that resulted in the allowance of a micro-apartment complex with units between 260 and 360 square feet, which is lower than the 400 square foot minimum that was passed by the city in 1987 (Greenspan, n.d.). An insight gained from the project is that implementing design elements such 18| Literature Analysis

as spatial definition, high ceilings, and daylighting can make a small 300 square foot apartment feel more spacious than it is (Greenspan, n.d.). These design elements aim to make small apartments feel much more livable. A major appeal for a micro-housing typology is the cost savings. Gabbe (2015) found that in the densely populated urban hubs across the US, microapartments rent for “20 to 30 percent less than a conventionally sized unit nearby” (p. 226). These savings are significant because the two most important factors for renters when deciding where to lease are location and price (Potikyan, 2017). Young people in the US are moving to transit-oriented cities and increasingly living in one-person households, creating interest in smaller, more affordable housing (Gabbe, 2015). A study analyzing micro-housing found that one of the main motivations for choosing a microliving style was to be able to live “…in a walkable, trendy urban area” (Gazdag & Torlegård, 2018, p. 12). Research conducted by The Urban Land Institute (2014) on roughly 1,700 micro-apartments found the primary demographic for this housing typology to be single young professionals. Since this demographic is desiring housing in dense urban areas and experiencing the burden of their student loan debt, micro-housing is an appropriate strategy to accommodate these needs. Challenges for micro-apartments While many micro-apartment developments have found success, there are challenges inherent to this housing typology. The primary challenges involve zoning regulations. Potikyan (2014) summed this up by arguing, “zoning restrictions are supply constraints.” For example, off-street parking spaces are a zoning requirement that has historically been a significant barrier for many small floor plan housing strategies (Gabbe, 2015). These parking requirements directly impact affordability because they increase costs for the developer. These costs transfer down to the residents. In San Francisco, it is 10% more expensive to live in housing that meets parking requirements as opposed to not having offstreet parking (Potikyan, 2014). In short, when people choose to live in smaller apartments to save up to 20-30% in housing costs, 10% is a significant amount of money. Additionally, because this housing typology tends to be in transit-oriented areas, those who do not have a car pay for an amenity that they may never use. https://www.shapelessstudio.com/classonresidence

https://www.shapelessstudio.com/classonresidence

20| Literature Analysis

Another major challenge for this housing typology is public perception. In New York City, it is common for an association with small apartments and a low standard of living to be made. This association stems from numerous people having to pack into a tiny apartment out of necessity. These living conditions were the cause of the minimum requirement of square footage to be raised in 1987. Regulation is critical to ensure that such living conditions are not common, but the US’s micro-apartment trend does not target this market. Instead, this housing typology is typically marketed towards single young professionals and not meant to be a universal housing solution. Funding for development may also be a challenge for developers of micro-apartment complexes. Because this housing typology is much less common than a standard apartment, the Urban Land Institute noted that funding these projects could be more difficult (Geffner, 2018). However, as cities allow a more significant number of similar complexes, these developments will face fewer challenges. Designing for health and wellbeing The research discusses several strategies to help create a living environment that promotes health and wellbeing for those living in a micro-apartment. As previously discussed, there is some negative public perception around this housing typology. Similarly, there is the perception that living in such a small space could be detrimental to one’s health. A baseline argument to support the microapartment’s ability to promote health and wellbeing is that the National Healthy Housing Standard does not have a minimum square footage requirement (Geffner, 2018). If user health and wellbeing are not considerations, any space could become unhealthy, regardless of size. Several strategies are analyzed to understand how small spaces can save money and support health. The primary considerations include thermal insulation, air ventilation, daylight, and acoustic privacy (Foster et al., 2020). Daylight considerations will be especially crucial to this project due to the small nature of the units. Spaces with adequate light have proven to promote health and assist in thermal and visual comfort, but limiting excessive exposure is necessary (Foster et al., 2020). One strategy for increasing daylight would be to raise ceiling heights that, in turn, allows for larger openings. The research recommended ceilings over nine feet to create a greater sense of volume in an otherwise small

space (Urban Land Institute, 2014). Additionally, windows are an opportunity to bring in air for natural ventilation. Another uniquely important health and wellness consideration for micro-apartments is acoustic privacy. A lack of acoustic privacy to noises such as traffic or neighbors has shown to harm wellbeing. One study found a connection between road traffic noise and hypertension, with the most significant effects during daytime exposure (Babisch et al., 2014). A solution to this issue could be to focus on arranging the living and sleeping spaces not to face the street. An additional solution could be to incorporate acoustic insulation. Shared spaces are also an important consideration for this housing typology. Because the apartments have less square footage than traditional apartments, it is essential to incorporate additional spaces to offer programmatic elements otherwise not possible in such small apartments (Potikyan, 2017). When designing shared spaces, The Urban Land Institute outlined the importance of smaller amenities that are diverse, as opposed to fewer that are larger (Urban Land Institute, 2014). These amenities can also help facilitate different activities, such as working individually, working collaboratively, or socializing. Micro-apartments that offer diverse amenities and are designed for health and wellbeing can aid in changing the public perception of small living spaces. Conclusion The research offers insight into the opportunities and challenges of applying a micro-apartment housing typology to combat the student debt crisis and rising rental prices in the US. This typology could allow for young professionals to live and work in urban centers more affordably. Although regulations limit this kind of housing, creating similar complexes will make it easier and more cost-effective to implement. Microapartments offer significantly less space; thus, it is vital to create a thoughtful design with health and wellness as a priority. High ceilings, large operable windows, and acoustic privacy are several elements that can help. Micro-apartment complexes should also offer diverse shared spaces and amenities for residents to utilize programmatic elements they do not have space for in their apartments. If microapartments consider resident health and wellbeing, they can offer a necessary housing alternative for young professionals and recent college graduates. 21

In short... The problem: Student debt is increasing and so are housing prices in desirable urban centers.

22| Literature Analysis

The solution: Micro-apartments can lower cost of living by 20-30% Reduced cost of living makes saving & debt repayment more attainable

It also makes housing more accessible to socioeconomically diverse groups of people

Housing designed around connecting a diverse group of people can create community

Design Strategies Findings from literature analysis Thermal Insulation

Air Ventilation

Daylight

Acoustic Privacy

Social Environment

24| Design Strategies

Users have control over the temperature in their apartment

Users have control over fan air circulation in their apartment Operable windows for fresh air Ceilings over 9’ Maximize the size/amount of windows Limit direct sun with a shading device Acoustic insulation strategy on walls that face roads and railways Acoustic dampening in the form of trees and plant media Smaller diverse amenities Offer levels of social interaction from very private to very collaborative

Chapter 3

https://sheerluxe.com/life/most-annoying-buzzwords-used-at-work

26| Design Theories Analysis

Design Theories Analysis Evidence-Based Design The foundation of evidence-based design as a design theory is basing design decisions on relevant research. This theory began gaining traction with a study that looked at the effect of windows on patient health and recovery. Further studies that followed also found positive results when linking the physical environment with patient health. Architectural postoccupancy exams have also been important in understanding how design elements such as lighting, acoustics, and building circulation affect (positively or negatively) things such as staff efficiency and user wellness. While the theory primarily revolves around healthcare facilities, its principles can be applied to other project typologies. “The thoughtful use of the best available knowledge to improve design decisions” (Hamilton & Watkins, 2009).

Person-Environment Fit Theory This theory is based on the idea that individuals influence their environment and their environment affecting them. When spaces are able to have positive effects on a person’s motivation and mental health, the environment’s fit is optimal for them. When the fit of an environment is not optimal, the person may experience negative effects (Holmbeck et al., 2008). An example of this is a space that is meant to be relaxing having elements that cause stress to the people in the space. These stress-inducing elements will need to be resolved in order to make the space conducive to stress relief.

28| Design Theories Analysis

https://thelocalproject.com.au/articles/chamfer-house-by-ha-architecture-the-fisher-paykel-series-feature/a given-the-client/?parent=59598

attachment/an-important-consideration-

Place Identity Theory This design theory describes the link between identity and the physical environment, including things both tangible and intangible (Qazimi, 2014). People have strong relationships with places, like the city they’re from, where they went to school, or their workplace. People identify with places at many different scales, from individual rooms to entire cities. Place identity theory focuses on the feelings and interpretations that users have with physical places. This theory also acknowledges that physical proximity alone does not create community; instead, it is created through social bonds. When bonds can be made between people, it deepens the sense of place by making them feel apart of the community.

“Five central functions of place- identity have been depicted; recognition, meaning, expressive – requirement, mediating change, anxiety and defense function” (Qazimi, 2014).

“A place is not only about getting used to it but it is also about creating and developing a strong relationship with that place and that place bit by bit becomes part of who we are and shapes our identity” (Qazimi, 2014).

“...the way people experience, express, imagine and know the place in which they live” (Qazimi, 2014).

Proxemics Theory Proxemics is a non-verbal communication theory about the physical distance between people. The theory describes four common physical distances: “personal (18 inches to 4 feet), social (4 to 10 feet), and public (over 10 feet)” (Michael & Rivkah, 2013). It is important to note that these are the natural distances that people tend to choose on their own and the most common distances vary between cultures. Proxemics has the ability to be translated to other scales like furniture layouts, neighborhoods, and city planning based on familiar physical distances between individuals. Spaces should also account for users potentially having different proxemic preferences, causing stress and anxiety. A study found that humans are able to forgo their personal space if it helps them achieve a goal such as riding public transit to work or taking a crowded elevator to a meeting, but the ability to avoid or minimize eye contact in these situations helped to reduce anxiety (Michael & Rivkah, 2013). Another relevant finding from proxemics theory is face-to-face interactions between employees improved corporate culture. This could translate to architecture by providing spaces that encourage face-to-face interaction while allowing people to maintain physical distances that suit their personal comfort. “Proxemics is a theory of non-verbal communication that explains how people perceive and use space to achieve communication goals” (Michael & Rivkah, 2013).

Territories (Michael & Rivkah, 2013) 1. Body Territory: refers to the personal space, or “bubble,” that one maintains around their person. 2. Primary Territory: one’s home, vehicle or other living space. 3. Secondary Territory: a structured place where entry is reserved for particular individuals and certain norms are expected, such as a school, office or church. 4. Public Territory: an open space where anyone can come and go, such as a park or shopping mall.

30| Design Theories Analysis

https://thelocalproject.com.au/a cross-ventilation-along-the-leng

Symbolic Interaction Theory “Symbolic interactionism is a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society” (Learning, n.d.). This sociological theory describes how people’s understanding of meaning is shaped by their social context and interactions, creating a lens through which objects and concepts are understood. This also creates environments and objects that have both physical presence and symbolic meaning. Since symbolic meaning is created and preserved through interaction, these meanings can change and evolve. In short: Social context is important for the understanding of symbolic meaning.

articles/chamfer-house-by-ha-architecture-the-fisher-paykel-series-feature/attachment/the-lightwell-providesgth-of-the-living-room/?parent=59598

Chapter 4

https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

32| Precedent Analysis

3 Precedent Analysis

1. https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/ 2. https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential 3. http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq 4. http://paolabagna.com/refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/ 5. http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/

1 Carmel Place This project won the adAPT New York City housing design competition. The competition was put on to find creative solutions to New York’s housing crisis. nARCHITECTS proposed this pre-fabricated micro-apartment strategy. Each apartment is a pre-fabricated block that was brought to the site and lifted in place. This decreased construction time and allowed for higher manufacturing precision. Each unit ranges from 260 to 360 square feet, but thoughtful design makes great use of this small footprint. To supplement the small living spaces, the building offers several amenities one of which being a rooftop terrace.

Location: New York, NY Architect: nARCHITECTS Project Area: 35,000sf Units: 55 Completion: 2016 Photography: Iwan Baan 34| Precedent Analysis https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/

https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/

https://narchitects.com/work/carmelplace/

https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/

Materiality In order to make the apartment feel more spacious, white is used in abundance throughout. This is helps light bounce off of the surfaces and increase brightness in the room. The floors are a light neutral wood, adding warmth. Color is incorporated in a relatively minimal way through a blue backsplash in the kitchen. Minimal use of color is important so that it doesn’t create unnecessary busyness. https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/

Social Spaces The primary social space in the building is this rooftop terrace. This is an amenity space for all residents to use. On this terrace are several lounge chairs for relaxing and sun-bathing. There are also a few tables that could be used for dining, working, or socializing. Having a shared amenity could encourage social interaction for residents, creating a stronger sense of community. https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/

Lighting / Atmosphere Lighting is very important in creating a greater sense of atmosphere in living spaces as small as these. The architects placed emphasis on higher than standard ceilings, allowing for taller windows. The windows that are located at the end of each unit make up nearly the entire wall, bringing in as much natural light as possible. The combination of high ceilings and ample light make the apartment feel larger than it is. 36| Precedent Analysis

https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/

Spatial Arrangement To streamline the pre-fabrication process, there are four layouts used throughout the building. The two most prominent layouts are identical but reflected. The other two layouts are located on the corners and offer larger unit sizes with more windows. There are two groups of units throughout the building which are delineated by the direction they face. To create a dynamic facade facing the street, the units are staggered, appearing as four slender towers. The units not facing the street are flush with each other but have staggered window placement to break up the repetition on the facade. The voids between these two groups create the circulation paths that connect the apartments to the elevators and stairs.

https://narchitects.com/work/carmel-place/

Treehouse, Seoul This micro-apartment complex is centered around an interior gathering space with skylights and live plants. The living spaces are arranged around this atrium similar to how a tree house relates to the tree. This idea places social interaction at the literal and figurative center of the design, fostering a sense of community throughout the residents. Indoor green space also allows for views to nature possible throughout the year. Overall, this micro-apartment complex offers a variety of shared amenities placing emphasis on a co-living environment.

Location: Seoul, Korea Architect: bo-daa Project Area: 21,850sf Units: 72 Completion: 2018 Photography: Lee Jieung 38| Precedent Analysis https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

Materiality White paint and textiles are a common theme throughout many small living spaces, and are especially common in a micro-apartment housing typology. White finishes bounce light, making the spaces brighter. Another benefit from the bouncing of light is a diffused and even soft quality of light, making a bright environment less harsh. The other finishes are dark colors with raw finishes, creating contrast in the materials.

https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

Social Spaces The social spaces play a large role in the design of this project. This amenity makes it clear that a sense of community and engagement between neighbors was a primary consideration. Additionally, having a large amount of square footage alloted to various shared amenities helps to extend living space for the residents past the walls of their unit, which is important when living in a micro-apartment. https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

Lighting / Atmosphere The atmosphere created in the living spaces is fairly cozy. This is done through materiality along with a soft light quality. Many of the apartments have windows on walls that are slanted inwards. A window that is slanted creates a different angle for natural light to enter the space. It also allows for views to be not only out, but up, making the apartment feel very open. 40| Precedent Analysis

https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

Spatial Arrangement There is strong definition of throughout the various apartment layouts. The most common trend is for the sleeping area to be lofted above the entry, restroom, and kitchen. Arranging the space in this way clusters the more utilitarian spaces together, and leaves the rest open for more flexible use. Typically, the open space is used for a living area with a small work station. https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

Universal Design Quarter This project is a large scale pre-fabricated timber construction complex offering micro-apartments for over 370 students. The ground floor is significantly taller than the above floors and is built out of concrete, rather than wood. This difference in scale and material places emphasis on the ground level. The three extrusions from the primary axis on this level are where the social and co-working spaces reside. Between them are roughly 400 bike stalls, encouraging the students to use this mode of transportation. The project is a strong example for how shared amenities can relate to living spaces in a dense complex of a large scale.

Location: Hamburg, Germany Architect: sauerbruchhutton Project Area: 145,420sf Units: 370 Completion: 2017 42| Precedent Analysis http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq

http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq

Materiality To express the construction materials, the timber surfaces are left exposed. The wood surfaces add visual warmth and a cozy feeling. A black rubber floor is added to create contrast with the otherwise light neutral color palette. Having such a minimal palette reduces visual clutter, but could leave the space feeling a bit bland. Texture is brought in through the floor to ceiling drapes, breaking up the continuous wooden texture of the room. http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq

Social Spaces In order to accommodate the over 370 students living in the complex, large social and coworking spaces are offered on the ground floor. With glazing on three sides of these spaces, there are views outdoors as well as ample natural light. Additionally, there are tables outdoors for the students to work or socialize at. The adjacency of these spaces creates a strong relationship between the interior and http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq

Lighting / Atmosphere The windows in the apartments are small and don’t offer large amounts of light. The wooden surfaces and black rubber floor don’t bounce the light around the space, so the overall level of lighting is low. Dim spaces tend to feel smaller, and these microapartments already have small footprints. This is an area that the project could improve in since artificial light would need to be used to account for the lack of natural light. 44| Precedent Analysis

http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq

Spatial Arrangement The spatial arrangement is informed by the overall building form. The form follows a strong linear axis with three extrusions. These extrusions happen at each end and in the middle of the form. At the ground floor of each of these extrusions is the location of the social and coworking spaces. The student apartments are arranged in lines that follow the linear building form. Each apartment has the same floor plan and the orientation of the unit is informed by the direction of the facade.

http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq

Micro Apartment Moabit The project adapted an ill-functioning apartment with two enclosed rooms into a highly functional space. All walls were demolished and the design began from a blank canvas. By clustering program elements together, the small apartment is able to have a comfortably sized living space. Through thoughtful design, natural light is able to reach all of the primary spaces such as the kitchen, living area, bedroom, and even the bathroom through an interior skylight. The spatial organization that was utilized effectively uses what little square footage the apartment has.

Location: Berlin, Germany Architect: Paola Bagna Project Area: 226sf Completion: 2015 Photography: Ringo Paulusch 46| Precedent Analysis http://paolabagna.com/refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/

http://paolabagna.com/refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/

Materiality The design utilizes light and simple materials, those being plywood and white subway tiles on a restored wooden floor. There are several moments where the materiality becomes a detail, like the blue tile in the bathroom and the continuous bent steel staircase. Although the materials are simple, there are variances in texture that create definition between surfaces. One such example is where the plywood cabinetry meets the wooden floors. http://paolabagna.com/refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/

Spatial Definition There is a strong sense of definition between the spaces within the design. The sleeping area is defined by its change in elevation. The kitchen faces the window, separating it from the living space. Definition of space is important in a micro living typology because it feels as though it’s larger than it is. If the different functions are not defined, they can blend together and feel confined. http://paolabagna.com/refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/

Lighting / Atmosphere

48| Precedent Analysis

http://paolabagna.com/refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/

The windows in the kitchen and living room evenly light the apartment. The light also bounces off of the white walls, ceiling, and tiles to distribute the light. The sleeping nook’s height in relation to the windows allows for natural light to be available in the lofted area. Then, a glazed opening is created in the ceiling of the bathroom, bouncing natural light off of the ceiling, bringing daylight into a fully enclosed room in the apartment.

Spatial Arrangement

http://paolabagna.com/refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/

The program is arranged in a cluster, with the kitchen, desk, and storage wrapping around the bathroom. The sleeping area is lofted above this cluster, creating privacy. The living space fills the remainder of the apartment. Arranging the functions in this way creates definition while also allowing the largest amount of square footage to be alloted to the living space. A larger living space makes the apartment feel open, which is important when size is limited.

http://paolabagna.com/refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/

Commune_303 The design of this micro-apartment was inspired by the 30s, Bauhaus art nouveau, and Soviet constructivism (Themelovin, n.d.). These inspirations informed the design language as well as some of the material choices such as the color of the wood. An important design decision was to elevate the living area. This was done so the window sills could appear closer to the ground plane. Based around the life of one person, the design of this apartment is very successful in incorporating familiar size standards into a small footprint while making it feel open.

Location: Moscow, Russia Architect: Room design buro Project Area: 290sf Completion: 2020 50| Precedent Analysis http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/

http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/

Materiality The material palette throughout is very warm with the primary material being cherry stained plywood. The walls and ceiling are painted white to brighten the space and let the wood shine. There is a small section of wall that was left in its original condition, giving the space historical character. While the material palette is minimal, it feels exciting.

Spatial Definition The different spaces are clearly defined based on function. The single function spaces are the most defined, and the flexible functions are in the open areas. An example of this is the partial wall around the bed, clearly separating it from the surrounding living space. The folding desk is in an open area that could be have various functions, so it is given much less definition. http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/

Lighting / Atmosphere

52| Precedent Analysis

http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/

There is a large picturesque window that brings a lot of light into the space. Like many small apartments, it white walls and ceiling brings the light further into the apartment. The glass partition above the bed allows for natural light to enter the restroom, minimizing the need for artificial lighting during the day. Although the apartment is small, its use of materials and focus on natural lighting creates an airy and exciting atmosphere that remains cozy.

Spatial Arrangement With the existing footprint being a long rectangle, the space is arranged along the liner axis. The spaces that are more utility based such as the storage, restroom, and kitchen are located closest to the door. The living spaces are closest to the window, getting the best use of the views and natural light that the large window provides. Elevated by three steps, the living area has implied hierarchy. This is reinforced by the change in material on the floor plane from concrete to cherry stained plywood.

http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/

Chapter 5

Photo by author

54| Building Code Analysis

Building Code Analysis The project building will be a mixed-use multistory building with the first floor classified as occupancy group B for business. This occupancy classification is defined as: “the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for Office, Professional or service type-transactions, including storage of records and accounts.“ Floors 2-5 will be the residential floors that will be classified as occupancy R-2 which is defied as: “Occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature.”

Building Code via IBC Chapter 3 302.1 General. Structures or portions of structures shall be classified with respect to occupancy in one or more of the groups listed in this section. A room or space that is intended to be occupied at different times for different purposes shall comply with all of the requirements that are applicable to each of the purposes for which the room or space will be occupied. Structures with multiple occupancies or uses shall comply with Section 508. Where a structure is proposed for a purpose that is not specifically provided for in this code, such structures shall be classified in the group that the occupancy most nearly resembles, according to the fire and safety and relative hazard involved and shall comply with Section 503 Point 1.4. 2. Business (see Section 304): Group B 8. Residential (see Section 310): Groups R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4. 304.1 business Group B. Business Group B occupancy includes, among others, the use of a building or structure, or a portion thereof, for Office, Professional or service type-transactions, including storage of records and accounts. 310.1 Residential Group R. Residential Group R includes, among others, the use of building or structure, or a portion thereof, for sleeping purposes when not classified as an Institutional Group I or when not regulated by the international residential code. 310.4 Residential Group R-2. Residential Group R-2 occupancies containing sleeping units or more than two dwelling units where the occupants are primarily permanent in nature, including: - Apartment Houses 56| Building Code Analysis https://www.mrandmrswhite.net/pages/here-yoga

Chapter 4 Section 420 Groups I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3, AND R-4 420.1 General. Occupancies in Groups I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 shall comply with the provisions of Sections 420.1 through 420.6 and other applicable provisions of this code. 420.2 Separation walls. Wall separating dwelling units in the same building, walls separating sleeping units in the same building and walls separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancies contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as fire partitions in accordance with Section 708. 420.3 Horizontal Separation. Floor assembly separating dwelling units in the same building, floor assembly separating sleeping units in the same building and floor assemblies separating dwelling or sleeping units from other occupancy is contiguous to them in the same building shall be constructed as horizontal assemblies in accordance with Section 711. 420.5 Automatic sprinkler system. Group R occupancies shall be equipped throughout with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.2.8. Quick response or residential automatic sprinkler shall be installed in accordance with section 903.3.2. [F] 420.6 Fire alarm systems and smoke alarms. Fire alarm systems and smoke alarms shall be provided in Group I-1, R-1, R-2 and R-4 occupancies in accordance with sections 907.2.6, 907.2.8, 907.2.9 and 907.2.10, respectively. Single or multiplestation smoke alarms shall be provided in Groups I-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 in accordance with Section 907.2.11.

Chapter 5 3[F] 501.2 Address identification. New and existing buildings shall be provided with approved address identification. The address identification shall be legible and placed in a position that is visible from the street or road fronting the property. Address identification characters shall contrast with their background. Address numbers shall be Arabic numbers or alphabetical letters. Numbers shall not be spelled out. Each character shall be a minimum of 4 in (102 mm) high with a minimum stroke width of 1/2 in (12.7 mm). Where required by the fire code official, address identification shall be provided in additional approved locations to facilitate emergency response. 504.1 General. The height, in feet, and the number of stories of a building shall be determined based on the type of construction, occupancy classification and whether there is an automatic sprinkler system installed throughout the building. 57

504.2 Mixed occupancy. In a building containing mixed occupancies in accordance with Section 508, no individual occupancy shall exceed the height and number of story limits specified in this section for the applicable occupancies. 504.3 Height in feet. The maximum height, in feet, of a building shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 504.3. 504.4 Number of stories. The maximum number of stories of a building shall not exceed the limits specified in Table 504.4.

506.2.4. Mixed-occupancy, multistory buildings. Each story of a mixed-occupancy building with more than one story above grade plane shall individually comply with the applicable requirements of section 508.1. For buildings with more than three stories above grade plane, the total building area shall be such that the aggregate sum of the ratios of the actual area of each story divided by the allowable area of such stories, determined in accordance with equation 5-3 based on the applicable provisions of section 508.1 shall not exceed three. Section 508 Mixed use and occupancy 508.1 General. Each portion of a building shall be individually classified in accordance with Section 302 point one. Where a building contains more than one occupancy group, the building or portion thereof shall comply with the applicable provisions of section 508.2, 508.3 or 508.4, or a combination of these sections. 58| Building Code Analysis

508.3 Nonseparated occupancies Buildings or portions of buildings that comply with the provisions of this section shall be considered as nonseparated occupancies. 508.3.1 Occupancy classification. Nonseparated occupancies shall be individually classified in accordance with Section 302 point one. The requirements of this code shall apply to each portion of the building based on the occupancy classification of that space. In addition, the most restrictive provisions of Chapter 9 that apply to the nonseparated occupancies shall apply to the total non separated occupancy area. 508.3.2 Allowable building area and height. The allowable building area and height of the building or portion thereof shall be based on the most restrictive allowances for the occupancy groups under consideration for the type of construction of the building in accordance with Section 503.1. 510.5 Group R-1, and R-2 building of Type IIIA construction The height limitation for buildings of type IIIA construction in Groups R-1 and R-2 shall be increased to six stories and 75 feet (22860 mm) where the first floor assembly above the basement has a fireresistance rating of not less than 3 hours and the floor area is subdivided by 2-hour fire-resistancerated walls into areas of not more than 3,000 square feet.

Chapter 6 602.3 Type III. Type III construction is that type of construction in which the exterior walls are of non-combustible materials and the interior building elements are of any material permitted by this code. Fireretardant-treated wood framing complying with Section 2303.2 shall be permitted within exterior wall assemblies of a 2-hour rating or less.

Chapter 10 1003.6 Means of egress continuity. The path of egress travel along a means of egress shall not be interrupted by a building element other than a means of egress component as specified in this chapter. Obstructions shall not be placed in the minimum width or required capacity of a means of egress component except projections permitted by this chapter. The minimum width for required capacity of a means of egress system shall not be diminished along the path of egress travel. Table 1004.1.2 Maximum Floor area allowances per occupant Business areas: 100 gross Parking garages: 200 gross Residential: 200 gross

1004.5 Outdoor areas. Yards, patios, courts and similar outdoor areas accessible to and usable by the building occupants shall be provided with means of egress as required by this chapter. The occupant load of such outdoor areas shall be assigned by the building official in accordance with the anticipated use. Where outdoor areas are to be used by persons in addition to the occupants of the building, and the path of egress travel from the outdoor areas passes through the building, means of egress requirements for the building shall be based on the sum of the occupant loads of the building plus the outdoor areas. Exception: Both outdoor areas associated with Group R-3 and individual dwelling units of Group R-2 1004.6 Multiple occupancies. Where a building contains two or more occupancies, the means of egress requirements shall apply to each portion of the building based on the occupancy of that space. Where two or more occupants utilize portions of the same means of egress system, those egress components shall meet the more stringent requirements of all occupancies that are served. 1005.4 Continuity. The minimum width or required capacity of the means of egress required from any story of a building shall not be reduced along the path of egress travel until arrival at the public way. 1005.7 Encroachment. Encroachments into the required means of egress width shall be in accordance with the provisions of this section 1005.7.1 Doors. Doors, when fully opened, shall not reduce the required width by more than 7 inches (178 mm). Doors in any position shall not reduce the required width by more than one-half. 1006.2.1

60| Building Code Analysis

1006.3.1 Egress based on occupant load. Each story and occupied roof shall have the minimum number of independent exits, or access to exits, as specified in table 100 6.3.1. A single exit or access to a single exit shall be permitted in accordance with section 100 Sixpoint 3.2. The required number of exits, or exit access their ways or ramps providing access to exits, from any story or occupied roof shall be maintained until arrival at the exit discharge or a public way.

1006.3.2

1007.1.1 Two exits or exit access doorways. We’re two exits, exit access doorways, exit access stairways or ramps, or any combination thereof, are required from any portion of the exit access, they shall be placed a distance apart equal to not less than one-half of the length of the maximum overall diagonal dimension of the building or area to be served measured in a straight line between them. Interlocking or scissor stairways shall be counted as one exit stairway. 1009.2.1 Elevators required. In buildings where a required accessible floor is 4 or more stories above or below a level of exit discharge, not less than 1 required accessible means of egress shall be an elevator complying section 1009.4. 1009.3 Stairways In order to be considered a part of an accessible means of egress, a Stairway between stories shall have a clear with of 48 inches (1219 mm) Minimum between handrails and she’ll either incorporate in area of Refuge within an enlarged floor-level Landing or shall be accessed from an area of refuge complying with section 1009.6. Exit access stairways that connect levels in the same story are not permitted as part of an accessible means of egress. 1010.1.1 Size of doors. The required capacity of each door opening shall be sufficient for the occupant load thereof and shall provide a minimum clear width of 32 in. Clear openings of doorways with Swinging Doors shall be measured between the face of the door and the stop, with the door open 90 degrees. Where this section requires a minimum clear width of 32 in and a door opening includes two door leaves without a mullion, one leaf shall provide a clear opening with the 32 in. The maximum width of a swinging door leaf shall be 48 in nominal. 61

Section 1011 Stairways 1011.2 Width and capacity. The required capacity of stairways shall be determined as specified in section 1005.1, but the minimum width shall be not less than 44 in. See section 1009.3 for accessible means of egress stairways. 1011.3 Headroom. Stairways shall have a Headroom clearance of not less than 80 inches measured vertically from a line connecting the edge of the nosings. Such Headroom shall be continuous above the stairway to put the point where the line intersects The Landing below, one tread depth beyond the bottom Riser. The minimum clearance shall be maintained the full width of the stairway and Landing. 1011.6 Stairway landings. There shall be a floor or landing at the top and bottom of each stairway. The width of the landings shall be not less than the width of the stairway surge. Every Landing shall have a minimum width measured perpendicular to the direction of travel equal to the width of the stairway. Where the stairway has a straight run the depth need not exceed 48 inches. Doors opening onto a landing shall not reduce the landing to less than 1/2 the required width. When fully open, the door shall not project more than 7 inches into a landing. Where wheelchair spaces are required on the stairway Landing in accordance with Section 1009 point six point three, the wheelchair space shall not be located in the required width of the landing in doors should not swing over the wheelchair spaces. 1011.7 Stairway construction. Stairways Shelby bill of materials consistent with the types permitted for the type of construction of the building except that wood handrails shall be permitted for all types of construction. 1011.8 Vertical rise. A flight of stairs shall not have a vertical rise greater than 12 feet between floor levels or Landings. 1011.11 Handrails. Stairways shall have handrails on each side and shall comply with Section 1014. Where glass is used to provide the handrail, the handrail shall comply with Section 2407. Section 1014 Handrails 1014.2 Height. Handrail height, measured above stair tread nosing, or finish surface of ramp slope, show the uniform, not less than 34 in and not more than 38 inches. Handrail height of alternating tread devices and ship’s ladder is measured above tread nosings, shall be uniform, not less than 30 in and not more than 34 inches. 1014.4 Continuity. Handrail gripping surfaces shall be continuous, without interruption by newel posts or obstructions. Section 1017 Exit access and travel distance 62| Building Code Analysis

1017.1 General. Travel distance within the exit access portion of the means of egress system shall be in accordance with this section.

1020.4 Dead ends. We’re more than one exit or exit access doorway is required, the exit access shall be arranged such that there are no dead ends in corridors more than 20 feet in length. Exception: In occupancies in groups B, E, F, I-1, M, R-1, R-2, R-4, S and U, where the building is equipped route with an automatic sprinkler system in accordance with Section 903.1.1, the length of the dead-end Corridor I shall not exceed 50 feet.

Chapter 11 1105.1 Public entrances. In addition to accessible entrances is required by sections 1105.1.1 through 1105.1.7, at least 60% of all public entrances shall be accessible.

1106.2 Groups I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 Accessible parking spaces shall be provided in Group I-1, R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4 occupancies in accordance with items 1 through 4 as applicable. In Group R-2, R-3, and R-4 occupancies that are required to have Accessible, Type A or Type B dwelling units or sleeping units, at least 2 percent, but not less than one, of each type of parking space provided shall be accessible. Where at least one parking space is provided for each dwelling unit or sleeping unit, at least one accessible parking space shall be provided for each Accessible and Type A unit. Section 1107 Dwelling units and sleeping units 1107.2 Design. Dwelling units and sleeping units that are required to be accessible units, type A units and type B units shall comply with the applicable portions of chapter 10 of ICC A117.1. Units required to be Type A units are permitted to be designed and constructed as accessible units. Units required to be Type B units are permitted to be designed and constructed as accessible units or as Type A units. 1107.3 Accessible spaces. Rooms and spaces available to the general public or available for use by residents and serving accessible units, Type A units or Type B units shall be accessible. Accessible spaces shall include toilet and bathing rooms, kitchen, living and dining areas and any exterior spaces, including patios, terraces and balconies. 1107.4 Accessible route. At least one accessible route shall connect accessible building or facility entrances with the primary entrance of each accessible unit, type a unit and type B unit within the building or facility and with those exterior and interior spaces and facilities that serve the units. 1107.6 Group R Accessible units, type A units and type B units shall be provided in Group R occupancies in accordance with sections 1107.6.1 through 1107.6.4. Accessible and type a unit shall be appointed among efficiency dwelling units, single bedroom units and multiple bedroom units, in proportion to the numbers of such units in the building. Section 1110 Recreational facilities 1110.2 Facilities serving Group R-2, R-3, and R-4 occupancies. Recreational facilities that serve Group R-2, R-3, and Group R-4 occupancies shall comply with sections 1110.2.1 through 1110.2.3 as applicable. 1110.2.1 Facilities serving accessible units. In Group R-2 and R-4 occupancies where recreational facilities serve Accessible units, every recreational facility of each type serving Accessible units shall be accessible.

64| Building Code Analysis

1110.2.2 Facilities serving Type A and Type B units in a single building. In Group R-2, R-3, and R-4 occupancies where recreational facilities serve a single building containing Type A units or Type B units, 25 percent, but not less than one, of each type of recreational facility shall be accessible. Every recreational facility of each type on a site shall be considered to determine the total number of each type that is required to be accessible. 1110.4.10 Exercise machines and equipment At least one of each type of exercise machine and equipment shall be on an accessible route.

Chapter 12 Section 1205 Lighting 1205.1 General. Every space intended for human occupancy shall be provided with natural light by means of exterior glazed openings in accordance with Section 1205.2 or shall be provided with artificial light in accordance with Section 1205.3. Exterior glazed openings shall open directly onto a public way or onto a yard or court in accordance with Section 1206. 1205.2 Natural light. The minimum net glazed area shall be not less than 8 percent of the floor area of the room served. 1205.3 Artificial light. Artificial light shall be provided that is adequate to provide illumination of 10 footcandles (107 lux) over the area of the room at a height of 30 inches above the floor level. Section 1208 Interior space dimensions 1208.1 Minimum room widths. Habitable spaces, other than a Kitchen, shall be not less than 7 ft in any plan Dimension. Kitchens shall have a clear passageway of not less than 3 feet between counter fronts and appliances are counter friends and walls. 1208.2 Minimum ceiling heights. Occupiable spaces, habitable spaces and corridors shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet 6 inches. Bathrooms, toilet rooms, kitchens, storage rooms and laundry rooms shall have a ceiling height of not less than 7 feet. 1208.3 Room area. Every dwelling unit shall have no fewer than one room that shall have not less than 120 square feet of net floor area. Other habitable rooms shall have a net floor area of not less than 70 square feet. Exception: kitchens in one and two-family dwellings

Chapter 6

https://www.stocksy.com/174802/young-people-having-business-meeting-in-coffee-shop

66| User Analysis

User Analysis This housing solution is able to offer quality housing at a lower price, making it accessible to more socioeconomic groups. Increased accessibility will help to create a more diverse community since it is able to include a greater variety of people. This user analysis looks at a range of people that may choose to live in a micro-apartment. Each person has a unique financial circumstance, career, and life goals. Such a living environment has the potential to cultivate interactions between groups of people that may not otherwise experience long-term exposure to other socioeconomic groups.

Young Professionals & Recent College Graduates

User Profiles

68| User Analysis

Age: 22 Job: Young Professional Salary: $44,000/yr

Age: 31 Job: Visual Artist Salary: $46,000/yr

Recent college graduate working an entry level job at a consulting firm. They need to reduce living expenses to focus on their student debt.

Wants to live near their newly rented studio space in the West Bottoms. This new expense requires them to save money on rent.

https://studioalternativi.com/products/human-scales-pack-48-png?_pos=1&_sid=01e7e15b3&_ss=r

Ethnically, Socially, & Socioeconomically Diverse

Age: 24 Job: Barista Salary: $30,000/yr

Age: 26 Job: Software engineer Salary: $72,000/yr

Age: 29 Job: Fitness Coach Salary: $38,000/yr

Works at a local coffee shop in the West Bottoms and wants a social atmosphere that is within walking & biking distance of work.

Just moved to Kansas City for a job opportunity and wants to focus on saving while acclimating to the new environment.

Desires a healthy active lifestyle and wants to live in close proximity to fresh food and a running trail.

https://studioalternativi.com/products/diverse-human-scales-24-png?_pos=1&_sid=b286226f1&_ss=r

Chapter 7

https://www.google.com/earth/

70| Proposed Program

Proposed Program The proposed micro-apartment complex in the West Bottoms of Kansas City, Missouri will create 48 housing units for young professionals. There are also various amenities that will be offered, such as a co-working space, a media room, a gym, a club room, and more. The ground floor of the project will have a rentable commercial space for a business that could benefit the greater West Bottoms area, such as a grocery store or co-op. Overall, the complex aims to foster a sense of community for its residents and offer a lifestyle rather than just a place to live.

Proposed Program

Single Micro-Studios

9,600 sf

Single Units

300 x 32 units = 9,600 sf

Four floors of single micro apartments creates 32 units in the building. Because of the space efficiency, there is plenty of space left over to include a variety of amenities. The density of the units makes it possible for more residents to live in this area as opposed to a complex with more traditional layouts.

Double Micro-Studios

6,400 sf

Double Units

400 x 16 units = 6,400 sf

The double micro apartments are a solution for young couples that want to share a space. These layouts would also work well for someone who is able to afford slightly more but still wishes to pay less than market rent for a standard 1 bedroom apartment or studio.

Circulation / Social Space

6,400 sf

Hallways / social spaces

1,200 x 4 floors = 4,800 sf

Stairs & Elevator

400 x 4 floors = 1,600 sf

To make the circulation spaces more than just hallways, they are able to become destinations by incorporating seating areas surrounding the light wells. This creates a second layer to the amenity spaces that extend past the amenity enclosure. It also helps to add a buffer between private apartments and public collaborative spaces.

72| Proposed Program

Parking

20,000 sf

Parking Lot

68 standard with 5 ADA spaces and 4 EV chargers

Grocery Co-op

8,800 sf

Incorporating a grocery store could benefit the West Bottoms.

Residential Entry and Leasing

800 sf

Ground floor entry to the elevator, stairs, lobby, & leasing office.

Amenities

4,000 sf

Gym, game/media room, co-working space, club room

1,000 x 4 floors = 4,000 sf

These amenities are broken up between the four residential floors to create vertical circulation within the building. The amenities are also centered around two light wells that bring in daylight. Shared amenities help to encourage social interactions between neighbors, promoting wellbeing.

Single Micro-Studio Breakdown

300 sf

Living / sleeping

120 sf

Kitchen

80 sf

Bathroom

60 sf

Entry

25 sf

Storage (floor space)

15 sf

Double Micro-Studio Breakdown

400 sf

Living

170 sf

Kitchen

80 sf

Bathroom

75 sf

Entry

60 sf

Storage (floor space)

15 sf https://www.sogirlyblog.com/2018/10/terrazzo-shoppingdecoration/5dfb08f1171103b64df737f1bdfb8ae8/

Chapter 8

https://www.google.com/maps/

74| Site Analysis

Site Analysis

https://www.google.com/earth/

Project Location Kansas City, Missouri

City Market

Lewis & Clark Statue

Central Industrial District

West Bottoms

Financial District

12th Street Bridge

Project Site

Kauffman Center for the Performing Arts Westside Hy-Vee Arena

Crossroads Arts District N

Surrounding Context

76| Site Analysis

Diagram by author with images via https://www.google.com/maps/

West Bottoms Context

Diagram by author

The location of the project site is in the West Bottoms of downtown Kansas City, Missouri. The West Bottoms is a historical district that was home to the Kansas City Stockyards, factories, and industrial facilities. This area was originally chosen for development in the 1800s because of its proximity to the Missouri River which had steamboats traveling upstream carrying goods. The area was further strengthened with the addition of railroads that carried livestock. The stockyards were built in 1871, making the district a place of commerce. Hotels, bars, restaurants, and other businesses began to appear, making it the center of commerce in the city.

Project Site

Diagram by author

everything in the area except the stockyards and the industrial facilities. A major flood in 1951, colloquially known as the great flood, forced the area into financial collapse. Today, there is growing interest and development in the West Bottoms. Historic buildings are being renovated into apartments, offices, artist studios, and other less traditional businesses. It is also in very close proximity to highly populated downtown areas such as the river market, financial district, westside, and the crossroads arts district.

Due to the district residing in a flood plain, multiple catastrophic floods have wreaked havoc in the area. In 1903, a major flood destroyed

Demographics

The West Bottoms does not currently have demographic information because it has such a small amount of residents so demographic information was gathered by looking at the surrounding downtown Kansas City, Missouri area. Downtown Kansas City is a fairly middle to lower middle class area, with the median household income just under $50,000 a year. It is also a young area, with residents between 20 and 29 being the most common by a sizable margin. A majority of the population has also had some college, completed a bachelors degree, or completed a post-graduate degree. These three demographic markers make for an ideal place for the proposed housing strategy. This is because it shows young people who have been college educated choosing to live downtown. Additionally, those residents are not generating enough income to surpass the lower middle class income marker, so a lower cost housing solution would be appropriate. Other demographic information includes the type of housing structures in the area, with multiunit structures being the overwhelming majority (68%). There is a similar percentage of people that are renting their housing as opposed to owning (64% to 36%, respectively). The ethnic makeup of the area is just under half Caucasian (49%), 23% Hispanic, 21% African American, 3% Asian, and 5% unspecified.

Diagrams by author

78| Site Analysis

Age Demographics

Sex Demographics

Educational Attainment

Housing Structure Types Diagrams by author

Ethnic Demographics

Ownership of Occupied Units

Household Types 79

Climate & Light This climate and light data is specific to downtown Kansas City, MO

1000

500

Wind Rose

June Solstice

December Solstice

80| Site Analysis

The South, SE and SW areas of the site will experience the most light throughout the year. The North side of the site will experience the least amount of light. For this reason, the glazing should be kept on the faces of the building that capture it and avoid areas with low natural light. If solar technology is to be implemented, it will need to be on the south side of the building in order to maximize the solar window between 9am and 3pm each day. This site was also chosen for its lack of tall buildings that would cast large shadows on the building throughout the year. Daylight hours is also an important metric to understand how many hours of the day could go with little to no artificial lighting for residents. During the peak of the summer, there are 14.9 daylight hours. During the winter, daylight hours get as few as 9.5. This large spread needs to be accounted for when designing so that windows make the best possible use of the long and short periods of daylight throughout the year.

Sun Paths

The project site will primarily experience wind from the South and South East. This information indicates that outdoor spaces for residents should avoid the South side of the building. The North East side of the building would be the most ideal for this reason as well as its views to the West Bottoms and Financial district.

Diagrams by author

https://www.weather-us.com/

Positives of this Climate:

Negatives of this Climate:

-Warm temperatures from May through October, allowing outdoor space to be activated for roughly half of the year. - There are low amounts of wind on the North East side of the site where the best views are - Small nearby buildings allow for the possibility of solar energy -Relatively mild amount of snowfall days for the Midwest

- Short daylight hours in the winter - It rains fairly often during the warmer months - Low temperatures make outdoor areas challenging for 6 months out of the year - Low levels of lighting on the North side of the building with views of the West Bottoms - High temperatures in the summer may require shading

https://www.weather-us.com/

Project Location West Bottoms, Kansas City

https://www.google.com/earth/

82| Site Analysis

https://www.google.com/earth/

Common Zoning in the Surrounding Context - DX-10 - UR - M3-5 - DR-1 - DC-15 - M2-1 - R-0.5

https://maps.kcmo.org/apps/parcelviewer/

Common Zoning in the Immediate Context - M3-5 - UR - DX-7 - M1-5 - B4-5 - Project site is zoned as M3-5 for Manufacturing The site would need to be re-zoned for DX, Downtown Mixed-Use. The West Bottoms is currently undergoing “rezoning without plan,” so this is a possibility.

https://maps.kcmo.org/apps/parcelviewer/

This site in the West Bottoms was chosen for the project for its proximity to many important features of the district. The primary reason is it’s access to major roads. It is immediately accessible to the twelfth street bridge, allowing quick access to westside and the financial district. It also has direct access to I-670, an interstate that runs East / West and connects to many of the major highways in the area. This interstate also allows people to flow between Kansas City, Missouri and Kansas City, Kansas easily.

Primary Circulation Near Site

Diagrams by author

Another important feature of the site’s location is its proximity to local businesses. It is in the heart of the district’s shopping area with many small businesses selling home goods, handmade products, coffee, and other items. Many of the buildings within walking distance offer rentable office or studio space, which could be perfect for a young artist or entrepreneur with a startup business concept. There is currently development of other apartment complexes offering small floor plans in the area. This development reinforces the potential of the area to serve the specified demographic of young college educated professionals. The project would offer commercial space on the ground floor that could benefit the greater West Bottoms and further encourage development.

Site Boundary

84| Site Analysis

https://www.google.com/earth/

https://www.google.com/maps/

Chapter 9

Alfred Edward Jones, Jr., Architectural Collection (K0004), State Historical Society of MissouriKansas City Research Center Architectural drawing by Van Brunt & Howe, north elevation, 1894

86| Building Analysis

Building Analysis

Buford & George Manufacturing Company Harness and Saddle Catalog No. 6 (1898). Box 1, Folders 1-2, Buford & George Manufacturing Company Collection (K0339) SHSMO-KC.

https://www.loc.gov/item/75694656/

88| Building Analysis

90| Building Analysis

Buford & George Manufacturing Company Harness and Saddle Catalog No. 6 (1898). Box 1, Folders 1-2, Buford & George Manufacturing Company Collection (K0339) SHSMO-KC.

Adams, Charles Francis Jr. Building 91

Buford & George Manufacturing Company moves into the building at 1311 W 13th Street

Currently standing building is built

Jan. 1895

1889

Jun. 1894 June 10, 1894, an adjacent building catches fire and the Buford & George building burns down

92| Building Analysis

Buford & George is sold to John Deere

Oct. 1903

1895 - 1903

1907 John Deere’s harness and saddle production operating out of this building becomes Velie Saddlery Company

Buford & George Manufacturing Company

Velie Saddlery Company liquidates assets and discontinues operations

1913

Ann Arbor Klughartt Sales Company

C. F. Johnson Transfer Company

1936 - 1941

1965 - Unknown

1917 - 1932 N.A. Kennedy Supply Company

1942 - 1964

Present

Columbia Burlap Bag Company

Quincy Building Retail & Office Suites

Key Historical Point

1. https://www.loc.gov/item/75694656/ 2, 4, & 6. Buford & George Manufacturing Company Harness and Saddle Catalog No. 6 (1898). Box 1, Folders 1-2, Buford & George Manufacturing Company Collection (K0339) SHSMO-KC. 3. Alfred Edward Jones, Jr., Architectural Collection (K0004), State Historical Society of MissouriKansas City Research Center 5. Edward O. Wild, comp. Kansas City As It Is (Kansas City, MO: Union Bank Note Co., c.1903) 7. Bay State Land Company Advertisement, Box 005, Folder 17, Herbert V. Jones and Company/Whitney S. Kerr and Company Records (K0623); The State Historical Society of Missouri Research Center-Kansas City 8. Melanie A. Betz, “Central Industrial District Final Report,” Survey Form 33-B, Intensive Level Survey for the Kansas City Landmarks Commission, Kansas City, Missouri, 1988. 9. Photo by author

94| Building Analysis

Alfred Edward Jones, Jr., Architectural Collection (K0004), State Historical Society of MissouriKansas City Research Center Architectural drawing by Van Brunt & Howe, east elevation, 1894

Historical Research Built in 1894, the Charles Francis Adams Jr. building is located at 1311 W 13th Street in the historic West Bottoms of Kansas City, Missouri. It is named after the investor who commissioned the project, Mr. Adams. Van Brunt & Howe was the architect for the project and designed it as a two-part vertical block using a brick shell and heavy timber interior structure (Millstein & Lutz, 2019). At the time of the building’s completion, the West Bottoms was the central industrial district of the city with many factories and warehouses. The Adams building was used as a “warehouse, storage of farm implements, and later, manufacturing of harness and saddlery, with inventory sold and distributed throughout the southwestern United States” (Millstein & Lutz, 2019). The first company to occupy the building was Buford & George Manufacturing Company,

Buford & George Manufacturing Company Harness and Saddle Catalog No. 6 (1898). Box 1, Folders 1-2, Buford & George Manufacturing Company Collection (K0339) SHSMO-KC.

which largely contributed to the economic boom of the West Bottoms, getting the district recognized on a national scale (Millstein & Lutz, 2019). The West Bottoms industrial district thrived for many years because of its immediate proximity to agricultural industry and both river and rail transportation hubs (Millstein & Lutz, 2019). The building was then used by John Deere for their harness factory, and later, by Velie Saddlery Company. In 1913, Velie Saddlery Company liquidated all of its assets, and the building then sat vacant for roughly four years. Since 1917, the building has been occupied by various companies with some periods of vacancy. It remains in good condition and has retained a majority of its original features, such as cast-iron piers on the facade and interior heavy timber construction (Millstein & Lutz, 2019).

Building Plans

96| Building Analysis

Alfred Edward Jones, Jr., Architectural Collection (K0004), State Historical Society of MissouriKansas City Research Center Architectural drawing by Van Brunt & Howe, floor plans 1-3, 1894

Buford & George Manufacturing Company Harness and Saddle Catalog No. 6 (1898). Box 1, Folders 1-2, Buford & George Manufacturing Company Collection (K0339) SHSMO-KC.

98| Building Analysis

Building Plans

Alfred Edward Jones, Jr., Architectural Collection (K0004), State Historical Society of MissouriKansas City Research Center Architectural drawing by Van Brunt & Howe, floor plans 4-6, 1894

Present Day

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100| Building Analysis

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https://www.google.com/maps/

101

Chapter 10

https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/opinion/sunday/what-biracial-people-know.html

102| Generative Intent

Generative intent Values

Framework

Outcomes

Low-Cost Housing

Create housing that is affordable for young professionals and those who are socioeconomically disadvantaged

The ability to focus on achieving financial goals

Quality Housing

Housing that is thoughtfully designed around health and wellness principles

Increased quality of life for all, regardless of income or socioeconomic limitations.

Community & Co-Living

Create a social living environment for residents to contribute to their community

Cultivate a community that is ethnically, socially, and socioeconomically diverse

103

1. 2.

Concept 1

When everyone is included, everyone wins.

Unique / Unity

Jesse Jackson The greater the diversity, the greater the perfection. Thomas Berry

1. https://weheartit.com/entry/104038694 2. https://aspiremetro.com/modern-lexicon/ 3. https://www.archdaily.com/214007/shoreham-street-project-orange pinimg.com/originals/f7/fd/fa/f7fdfabc242e0dfd06bb0f3924da1b1c.jpg 5. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/04/opinion/sunday/what-biracial-people-know.html

104| Generative Intent

4. https://i.

Communities thrive when there is acceptance and support for everyone, regardless of differences. Diverse communities allow people to experience different ideas, cultures, cuisine, art, and everything in between. Because it is in the early stages of redevelopment, the West Bottoms has an opportunity to create a community that is built on the principle of diversity. These roots will help the community grow in such a way that all people are able to feel included. The West Bottoms is full of beautiful historic brick buildings with graffiti adorned, rusted fire escapes. The buildings embrace their history, with company names from years ago slowly fading from their facades while new shops open their doors. Attempting to mimic this style with a new building that has not yet endured the floods and generations of life would be disingenuous. To accompany a diverse community, the newly developed West Bottoms could include diverse architectural styles, displaying beauty in many forms. In many cases, high-quality housing is expensive and unattainable for socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Although it may be the norm, it is not a requirement of quality living space to be expensive. Through thoughtful design that places importance on health, access to light and green space, sustainable lifestyle, gathering, and community, this project can help raise the standard for housing that is affordable while contributing to a diverse community.

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/27/books/review/as-close-to-us-as-breathing-byelizabeth-poliner.html?smid=pin-share

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Unity through our differences. Merging old with new. Creating space and place for all. Who you are over what you have.

105

6. 5.

Concept 2 Expression of Character

The power of finding beauty in the humblest things make home happy and life lovely. Louisa May Alcott You may encounter many defeats, but you must not be defeated. In fact, it may be necessary to encounter the defeats, so you can know who you are, what you can rise from, how you can still come out of it. Maya Angelou

1. https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3373840/Australian-family-spend-two-years-renovating-abandoned-French-chateau.html 2. https://creativemarket.com/nick. starichenko/871609-Fire-escape-stairs-in-old-building?u=ohlove 3. https://www.anniemontgomerydesign.com/ 4. https://mrvtr.tumblr.com/ 5. https://www.cooperther.club.com 6. https://www.saatchiart.com/art/Drawing-samo-basquiat/284005/2363960/view

106| Generative Intent

The West Bottoms played a major role in establishing Kansas City as an economic hub of the midwest. Generations of people have found success and devastation as the land was developed and flourished, then brutally damaged by floods. The buildings that stand there today have seen many successes and failures, collecting scars along the way. This has created a strong sense of character in the West Bottoms, connecting people to its past while seeing a spark of growth, suggesting the possibility of a prosperous future.

https://www.assemblynewyork.com/blogs/news?utm_source=pinterest&utm_medium=social

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Another important piece of character in the West Bottoms is graffiti. Rather than cover up graffiti, many of the buildings embrace the artwork that adorns their sides and alleyways. This artwork is emblematic of a creative and expressive community. There is a certain grittiness about the West Bottoms that draws people to explore and enjoy the area. Preserving this atmosphere is paramount to the success of this project. Embracing the character of the context and allowing for continued expression of artists will allow the project to be a contributor to the West Bottoms. To achieve these goals, the building must not feel too precious and embrace its imperfections. Humble building materials and forms that draw people in rather than keep them away will be important features of the building shell. Open communal spaces within the building can act as blank canvases to foster expression and collaboration between residents. 107

5. 6.

Concept 3 Shared Growth

There is no power for change greater than a community discovering what it cares about. Margaret J Wheatley In every community, there is work to be done. In every nation, there are wounds to heal. In every heart, there is the power to do it Marianne Williamson

1. http://ecovisionslc.org/food-coop-leed-design/ 2. https://www.daninoce.com.br/decor/luzinhas-alem-natal-cordoes-de-luz/ 3. https://www.flickr.com/photos/fotoedge/49590404186/ 4. https://food52.com/blog/15053-a-not-sad-desk-lunch-on-another-level 5. https://archinect.com/firms/project/70121287/messenger-coffee-co/150239842 6. https://www. sprayseemo.com/about

108| Generative Intent

As humans, we are social creatures that look to gather with others. A community can often be built around shared principles or ideas that unify groups of people. The West Bottoms is full of small local businesses that sell handmade goods, locally roasted coffee, and other items that are as much about the people that make them as they are the product itself. Shopping small and supporting members of the community are already strong ideals, it is important that this project create spaces that foster these principles. This can be possible through an emphasis on open spaces for collaboration between residents, shared amenities such as a community garden, and a place for community organizers to assemble. The ground floor will offer amenities that are open to the public so residents are able to interact with different people from the area. This will help the new building on the block be inviting to the community, adding to it rather than taking from it. Bringing people together here could also help the surrounding business to grow from the increased foot traffic and new residents in the area.

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2019/11/25/the-grocery-store-where-produce-meets-politics

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109

Revised Concept Shared Growth

There is no power for change greater than a community discovering what it cares about. Margaret J Wheatley

2. 1.

“Sea of Lovely People” by Hannah Lane

1. https://food52.com/blog/15053-a-not-sad-desk-lunch-on-another-level 2. https://aspiremetro.com/modern-lexicon/ 3. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/f7/fd/fa/ f7fdfabc242e0dfd06bb0f3924da1b1c.jpg 4. https://www.wander-lust.nl/rooftops-in-amsterdam/ 5. https://hannahlane.com/gallery#crowd 6. Buford & George Manufacturing Company Harness and Saddle Catalog No. 6 (1898). Box 1, Folders 1-2, Buford & George Manufacturing Company Collection (K0339) SHSMO-KC. 7. https://www.loc.gov/ item/75694656/

110| Generative Intent

https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/10/dining/olmsted-restaurant-review.html?smid=pi-nytfood&smtyp=cur

This concept begins with the primary goal of this project: to offer quality housing for a more affordable price in dense urban centers. By accomplishing this goal, it creates many more opportunities to create community and add value to the West Bottoms. When housing cost less, it gives more people the ability to be included, a vital step in creating access for diverse communities. With the ability to cater to many different types of people, what can help to unify those people? Well, every human has 3 basic needs: shelter, water, and food. Food has the ability to bring people together at many different stages. People can help one another grow it, harvest it, sell or cook it, and finally enjoy eating it. The West Bottoms can uniquely benefit from a food-centric design because it lacks a grocery store or convenient place to get cooking essentials. Implementation of vertical gardens throughout the project would make it possible for residents to grow fresh produce.

The ground floor commercial space could become a co-op for that product to be sold or traded along with the standard grocery store products. This would not only benefit residents but the greater West Bottoms - potentially encouraging more development of the area. Further benefits from food-centric design include reducing the financial stress of residents from regularly buying fresh locally-sourced produce. Unifying the community through the access to and enjoyment of food could help to set a precedent for new development that it is possible to create cost-sensitive housing that promotes health and wellbeing while also fostering a diverse community.

111

Chapter 11

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112| Schematic Design

Schematic Design

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113

Parti - Historical Inspiration

Economic Hub

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Sun & Wind Diagram by author

114| Schematic Design

With its immediate proximity to the Missouri River and the addition of the stockyards, the West Bottoms became the economic hub of Kansas City in the late 1800s and early 1900s. This encouraged development to occur around the West Bottoms - loosely illustrated by this diagram. The economic hub acted as the heart of the city, bringing people in and giving them a place to work, buy, sell, and manufacture goods. This historical inspiration is the basis of the Parti.

Adapted from https://www.google.com/earth/

7,400 SF x 4 9,600 SF 39,200 SF

Diagram by author

115

Community Garden

Dog Park Community Space

Parking Diagram by author

Site Plan Development The site has many unique features that offer opportunity for development that benefits the residents and the greater West Bottoms. The building sits on a rather large lot, taking up nearly one-third of a city block. Additionally, a large portion of the site is south facing, getting direct sun throughout the year. This access to southern sunlight makes that portion of the site a great candidate for a community garden, growing fresh produce for the residents. With the addition of a grocery co-op, people from the surrounding area will be coming to the site to shop for food and household items. A portion of the site can be developed into an outdoor community amenity.

116| Schematic Design

This can include tables for dining, casual seating, and access to greenspace, which is lacking in the industrial district. A dog park could also be created on the site for residents in the West Bottoms to use. The remainder of the site will become a parking lot for residents, co-op customers, and dog park visitors. Trees and other planted elements will be included around the perimeter to help manage noise and try to minimize views of the parking lot.

Site Plan Ideation

Drawings by author

117

Newly developed storm water management greenspace

Connection to Greenspace A plot of land just south of the site has recently been developed into a storm water management system that also adds walking trails and much needed greenspace to the industrial district. Creating public space outside of the micro-apartment complex could be a great way to connect users of the walking trails to the West Bottoms by offering a place to gather, purchase food, and eat. 118| Schematic Design

Adapted from https://www.google.com/earth/

119

Commercial: Floor 1

Ground Floor

Drawing by author

Co-op Entry Grocery Storage

Loading Docks Leasing

Loading & Grocery Storage

Lobby

Cold Storage

Grocery Co-op

Egress Stair

Elevator N

Residential Entry

120| Schematic Design

Co-op Entry

Grocery Co-op

Drawing by author

Co-op Schematic Plan Frozen Goods

Alcohol

Self Checkout

Secondary Entry/Exit

With the parking lot encouraging car traffic to the site, a larger entrance that is more accessible will be added to the East side of the building, becoming the new primary entrance. The existing entry that is street-facing will act as the secondary entry.

Dry Goods

Eggs

Dairy Produce

Carts

Primary Entry/Exit

A lobby and leasing office are located on the ground floor to create a clear entry into the residential portion of the building. This space also has quick access to the elevator and staircase.

Checkout

Diagram by author

121

Residential: Floors 2-5

Historical Existing Floor Plan

Alfred Edward Jones, Jr., Architectural Collection (K0004), State Historical Society of MissouriKansas City Research Center Architectural drawing by Van Brunt & Howe, floor plans 2, 1894

122| Schematic Design

Diagram adapted from Architectural drawing by Van Brunt & Howe

Adjacencies The adjacencies shown exist in both vertical and horizontal directions. Elements such as the elevator, egress stairs, and light well are vertical elements where the rest are horizontal. In alignment with the parti, the amenities are central to each floor, creating a unifying element for the residents throughout the building. There is easy vertical circulation between the amenities, encouraging residents to utilize the entire building, rather than only the floor they live on.

Entry Leasing Offices Grocery Co-op Gym Co-working space Community Garden Media Room Micro-Apartments Double Micro-Apartments Elevator Egress Stairs Light Well Immediate Adjacency Relative Adjacency Not Related Diagram by author

Residential Floors 2-4

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Residential Top Floor

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123

Apartments

Amenities

Egress

Light Well Schematic Plan 1 This schematic organization is based on the Parti, centering the apartments around the amenity space and light well. This organization also focuses on Northern exposures with views of the 12th street bridge and greater West Bottoms.

Diagram by author

Schematic Plan 2 Similar to Plan 1, this organization places emphasis on a large light well, but focuses on East-facing apartments rather than North facing. Eastern exposures have greater access to daylight and this particular eastern exposure offers views to the financial district.

Diagram by author

Schematic Plan 3 This schematic organization is an adaptation of Plan 2, but breaks light well into two smaller pieces. They are located within the amenity space, acting as vertical volumes. The light wells also help act as a barrier between gathering areas & circulation paths.

124| Schematic Design

Diagram by author

11’ 30’

12’

Interior Schematic Plan

Diagram by author

Interior Circulation

Diagram by author

125

Apartment Schemes

WC Storage

Sleeping Loft

W/D

Living

Storage

Sleeping Loft

Living

Storage

Shower W/D

WC Coats

Sleeping Loft

Shower

Kitchen

Sink

Bed

Kitchen

Sink

Bed Kitchen

Shower

Kitchen

Shower WC Coats

W/D

Shower

Kitchen Living

Diagram by author UP

Living

Shower

Storage

Living

Sleeping Loft

W/D

Bed Sleeping Loft

Shower W/D

Bed

Shower

Sleeping Loft

W/D

Bed

Shower

WC Coats

Kitchen

Sink

Bed

Kitchen

Sink WC Coats

Storage

Living

WC Coats

Shower W/D

Storage

Living

Bed

Shower

Sleeping Loft

W/D

Storage

Kitchen

Bed Living

WC Coats Sink

Bed Living

WC Coats Sink

Kitchen

Bed

Sink

Kitchen

Coats

Storage

Bed Sleeping Loft

Storage

W/D

Storage

Sleeping Loft

Storage

Living

Sink Kitchen

Bed

Storage

Living

Storage

Diagram by author

https://camillestyles.com/design/this-minimalist-home-willinspire-you-to-live-with-less/

Sink Kitchen

Living

Shower Coats Living

Diagram by author

https://www.remodelista.com/posts/favorite-modern-pinkbathrooms/

Single Unit Schematic Plans In order to increase the size of important spaces such as the kitchen and living room, a sleeping loft was added above the restroom. The living room is large enough to use as the bedroom and the loft as storage if they so choose. Several options are presented with an ADA accessible restroom layout in addition to staircase options for accessing the loft. No program was placed along the window wall(s) since the location of windows is different for each unit.

126| Schematic Design https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential

Sink

W/D

Sink

W/D

Shower

Kitchen

Sink

Coats WC

Shower

Kitchen

Storage Storage

Sink

Living

Bed

Coats

Storage WC

Sink

Coats

Storage Living

Bed

Diagram by author

Sink

Bed Storage

Storage

Coats

Shower WC

ink

Sink Bed Storage

Storage

oats

https://www.silo57.ca/2019/04/23/cette-magnifique-maison-entierementrenovee-par-la-shed-possede-une-cage-descalier-trop-belle

Shower W/D WC

Living

Sink

ink

W/D

oats

Kitchen Living

Kitchen

Diagram by author

https://www.rover.ebay.com

Double Unit Schematic Plans The double unit shown is located on a corner and has two walls with windows. The square shape of the space creates the opportunity for there to be an L-shaped layout with sleeping and cooking at opposing corners. This helps to create spatial division while still making use of the windows. The bathroom and storage are located near the door since they will benefit less from the immediate access to windows. This double unit layout would be comfortable for a couple or a single resident.

127 https://www.dezeen.com/2021/01/18/life-minimalist-micro-apartments-ianlee-seoul/

$90/SF = $2.7m $120/SF = $1.2m $3,900,000

Estimated Cost to Renovate

Diagram by author

$1.7/SF = $7,400/mo $1.7/SF = $7,400/mo $1.7/SF = $7,400/mo $1.7/SF = $7,400/mo $1.5/SF = $14,400/mo $44,000/mo or $528,000/yr

Estimated Rental Profit

128| Schematic Design

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129

Chapter 12

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130| Design Development

Design Development

Project Scope Diagram by author

131

Age: 22 Job: Young Professional Salary: $44,000/yr

Age: 24 Job: Barista Salary: $30,000/yr

Age: 31 Job: Visual Artist Salary: $46,000/yr

Recent college graduate working an entry level job at a consulting firm. They need to reduce living expenses to focus on their student debt.

Works at a local coffee shop in the West Bottoms and wants a social atmosphere that is within walking & biking distance of work.

Wants to live near their newly rented studio space in the West Bottoms. This new expense requires them to save money on rent.

Image by author

132| Design Development

Age: 26 Job: Software engineer Salary: $72,000/yr

Age: 29 Job: Fitness Coach Salary: $38,000/yr

Just moved to Kansas City for a job opportunity and wants to focus on saving while acclimating to the new environment.

Desires a healthy active lifestyle and wants to live in close proximity to fresh food and a running trail.

133

Parking 62 parking spaces

4 Accessible Parking spaces

Co-op Entry Apt. Entry

Rain Water Capture Image by author

134| Design Development

Community Garden

Dog Park

2nd Floor Patio

Employee Parking 7 parking spaces

Loading Docks 3 loading docks

135

Floors 2-5 (Not to Scale)

136| Design Development

Diagram by author

137

Floors 2-5

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138| Design Development

Diagram by author

Amenities by Floor

Diagram by author

Game and Media The game room has a pool table and board games for residents to use with friends. The media room allows for residents to have viewing parties that might not be possible in their microapartments.

Co-working Space This amenity offers work space in various postures for residents to use as an extension of their living space as a “home office.”

Club Room The top floor has the most access to the natural light coming through the light wells, so an open gathering community space is most appropriate for this floor. 139

Gym

Diagram by author

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Game & Media

Diagram by author

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Co-working Space

Diagram by author Image by author

Club Room

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140| Design Development

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Diagram by author

Layers of Privacy The amenity spaces are the most public and are open to all residents as spaces to collaborate and interact. The seating in the circulation areas are semi-public because they are in small personal seating groups. The apartment units are the most private and are a home base for the residents.

Paths of Egress

Diagram by author

Natural Lighting

Diagram by author

141

Solar Energy Solar panels are added on the roof facing south to capture the most sunlight

Sun Shading Shading devices are used on the south side of the building to help reduce solar gain

Rain Water Capture This water can be used to water the community garden and landscaping on the site

Sustainable Strategies

Grey Water Recycling After going through a grey water processing system, it can be used to water the greenspace on site

142| Design Development

Water Heater & AC Compact energy efficient appliances are used above the ceiling in the unit bathrooms to conserve energy and floor space

Roof 58' - 3"

Operable Windows These windows allow for residents to use fresh air to cool their space

Level 5 47' - 3"

Level 4 35' - 3"

Level 3 23' - 9"

Level 2 12' - 3"

Level 1 0' - 0"

Site Level -4' - 0"

Diagram by author

143

Graffiti mural by Rif Raf Giraffe, a Kansas City artist

144| Design Development

Image by author

Noise Reduction Strategy To address the railroad noise that is adjacent to the site, mature pine trees were placed at the perimeter of the site. The density of the pine needles makes this type of tree one of the most effective for reducing sound. Pine trees were also chosen because they retain their foliage year-round. A second line of this tree was placed next to the building to further assist in minimizing sound. 145 Image by author

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Single Unit Layout 300 Square Feet

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146| Design Development

Diagram by author

Spatial Layering In such a small space, overlapping spaces is a necessary solution. The spaces are arranged in the above sequence to let them blend together but also retain their identities and functions. Diagram by author

10’

30’

Sleeping “mode” When the bed is needed, it can be pulled down into the living space and tucked away when it isn’t in use. This helps to conserve space during the day and reduce visual clutter. Diagram by author

Daytime “mode” When the bed is tucked away, the space can be used for common living functions like sitting on the couch, watching TV, etc. 147

26’

2’ - 6”

15’

Double Unit Layout

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390 Square Feet

https://stock.adobe.com/images/vector-terrazzo-texturemodern-surface-abstract-seamless-pattern-granitebackground/294858160

Diagram by author

Materials & Finishes 148| Design Development

https://www.s architecture/t tile-cm-20x20

sketchuptextureclub.com/textures/ tiles-interior/plain-color/cm-20-x-20/floor0-texture-seamless-15774

Image by author

https://www.sketchuptextureclub.com/textures/ architecture/wood/fine-wood/light-wood/ natural-light-wood-fine-texture-seamless-04309

https://www.eurekalighting.com/products/scout-9/

https://camillestyles.com/design/this-minimalist-home-willinspire-you-to-live-with-less/

149

Chapter 13

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150| Design Revisions

Design Revisions Upon receiving feedback on the design development phase, design changes were made to complete the final design of the project. The primary changes that were made were to the apartment unit interiors. The kitchen arrangements were switched from a liner arrangement to an “L” arrangement, allowing for more space in the living and sleeping areas. Storage was also a large focus in design revisions, and a significant amount of it was added, both at standing scale and overhead. The amenity spaces received slight changes, mostly in material, lighting, and use of biophilic elements.

151

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152| Design Revisions

153

1 Parking 62 parking spaces 4 Accessible spaces 4 EV charging spaces

2 Co-op Entry 3 Apt. Entry 4 Community Garden 5 Dog Park 6 2nd Floor Patio 7 Employee Parking 7 parking spaces

8 Loading Docks 3 loading docks

9 Rain Water Capture

9 Image by author

154| Design Revisions

4 EV charging spaces

155

Graffiti mural by Rif Raf Giraffe, a Kansas City artist

Image by author

156| Design Revisions

157

Floors 2-5 (Not to Scale)

Single Units 158| Design Revisions

Double Units

Diagram by author

Paths of Egress

Diagram by author

159

2 Private

Semi-Public

Public

Diagram by author Layers of Privacy The amenity spaces are the most public and are open to all residents as spaces to collaborate and interact. The seating in the circulation areas are semi-public because they are in small personal seating groups. The apartment units are the most private and are a home base for the residents.

160| Design Revisions

Diagram by author

Amenities by Floor Game & Media

Diagram by author

Co-working Space

Diagram by author

Club Room

Diagram by author

161

Diagram by author

Natural Light - Plan

Roof 58' - 3"

Level 5 47' - 3"

Level 4 35' - 3"

Level 3 23' - 9"

Level 2 12' - 3"

Level 1 0' - 0"

Site Level -4' - 0"

Light Wells - Section N/S

162| Design Revisions

Diagram by author

Natural light plays a large role in health and wellness, and the central portion of the building does not have access to windows. To bring this much needed natural light into the building, two light wells are punctured from floors 2-5. The amenity spaces are immediately adjacent to these light wells, benefiting greatly from them. To make best use of this light, plants were placed in proximity to the light wells, incorporating biophilic elements on each floor.

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163

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164| Design Revisions

Gym

Diagram by author

The gym has a feature wall with more graffiti art from local Kansas City Artist, Rif Raf Giraffe. There is a range of cardio machines, free weights, and weight machines for a range of exercises. A quality gym with access to natural light can help encourage residents to live a more healthy and active lifestyle.

Game & Media

Diagram by author

The game room has a pool table and board games for residents to use with friends. The media room offers a large TV and surround sound system that allows residents to have viewing parties that might not be possible in their micro-apartments. This could be great for watching sports, movies, or playing video games. 165

Co-working Space

Diagram by author

This amenity offers work space in various postures for residents to use as an extension of their living space as a “home office.” An emphasis on a variety of postures is important so there are options based on the task at hand. This is especially important for those who may be neurodiverse and require visual and/or audio privacy while working.

Club Room

Diagram by author

The top floor has the most access to the natural light coming through the light wells, so an open gathering community space is most appropriate for this floor. This amenity includes a TV lounge, bar/kitchen, dining table, and casual seating area. The space could be used by several groups of people at the same time or reserved for a larger party. 166| Design Revisions

Image by author

167

Solar Energy Solar panels are added on the roof facing south to capture the most sunlight

Sun Shading Shading devices are used on the south side of the building to help reduce solar gain

Rain Water Capture This water can be used to water the community garden and landscaping on the site

Sustainable Strategies

Grey Water Recycling After going through a grey water processing system, it can be used to water the greenspace on site

168| Design Revisions

Compact Water Heater A compact energy efficient water heater used above the ceiling in the unit bathrooms to conserve energy and floor space

Roof 58' - 3"

Operable Windows These windows allow for residents to use fresh air to cool their space

Level 5 47' - 3"

Level 4 35' - 3"

Level 3 23' - 9"

Level 2 12' - 3"

Level 1 0' - 0"

Site Level -4' - 0"

Diagram by author

Key Plan 169

Single Units Diagram by author

300sf 10’ 2’ - 6”

30’

Diagram by author

10’

30’

The kitchens have been changed from a linear arrangement to an “L” arrangement. This helps to create spatial division between the kitchen and living and sleeping spaces . To further reinforce this separation, a retractable curtain was added, allowing residents to visually separate the two. The curtain could also help create a greater sense of privacy when sleeping. Storage was added throughout the apartment, with over 100 cubic feet of overhead storage alone. This would be perfect for bulky items that do not need to be accessed frequently, such as blankets, winter clothes, large kitchen accessories, etc.

170| Design Revisions

Image by author

171

Image by author

172| Design Revisions

Diagram by author

10’

30’

Furniture Plan 1

Diagram by author

10’

30’

Furniture Plan 2 Materiality The materials and finishes within the apartment units are reflective of the generative intent: connecting people through food. This led to an earthy color palette consisting of a muted warm green as the dominant color, maple wood accents, and the existing wood floors that are original to the building. A colorful terrazzo counter and backslash help to bring an energetic accent piece to the space. Black pendant lights are hung in the kitchen to contrast with the green cabinets that act as their backdrop. The surface mounted light in the living space is white to help it blend into the ceiling and let it act as a diffused warm overhead glow.

173

Acoustic Isolation Walls https://www.acoustiguard.com/products/soundproofingwalls-ceilings/resilmount-sound-isolation-clips.html Image by author

Triple Glazed Windows https://www.myglazing.com/be-informed/double-tripleglazing-helps-reduce-window-condensation/

Image by author

The building is in close proximity to an active railroad and a highway, so acoustic privacy is an important concern. To help minimize sound from the exterior, two strategies are being used: acoustic isolation walls and triple glazed windows. The isolation walls separate the drywall from being in contact with the building facade, reducing the transfer of sound waves. Triple glazed windows further limit sound transfer, but they also better insulate the building. Better insulated windows keep air conditioning in when it’s hot outside, and warm air in when it’s cold outside - in turn, reducing heating and cooling costs. 174| Design Revisions Image by author

Sustainable Strategies Low-Flow Faucet 1

Water Efficient Dishwasher 2

Energy Efficient Oven 3

Energy Efficient Microwave 4

Induction Cooktop 5

Nest Thermostat 6

Diagram by author

Water Efficient Shower (ADA)

Compact Water Heater

Water Efficient Toilet

Compact Vanity

LED Lighting

Circadian Rhythm LED’s

1. https://www.build.com/product/summary/1087816?uid=2883677 2. https://www.greenbuildingadvisor.com/article/all-about-dishwashers 3. https://www.electrolux.co.uk/kitchen/ cooking/compact-built-in-range/compact-oven/kvlbe00x/ 4. https://www.rueducommerce.fr/produit/electrolux-micro-ondes-encastrable-emt25207ox-18887586 5. https://www.ajmadison. com/cgi-bin/ajmadison/SEU122B.html?utm_source=google&utm_medium=cse&utm_ 6. https://store.google.com/product/nest_thermostat?hl=en-US&gclid=CjwKCAjwj6SEBhAOEiwAvFRuKNb Gp7k8wPP1zDu3PQmLHXzFRb6E5-QOkd96Gtmw8o-w7wJ67eES6xoCw4QQAvD_BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds 7. https://www.us.kohler.com/us/awaken-g110-2.0-gpm-deluxe-slidebar-kit/productDetail/ shower-packages/1058169.htm?skuId=1058149&brandId=1257762 8. https://www.grainger.com/ 9. https://www.faucet.com/kohler-k-23188-white-reach-0-8-1-28-gpf-dual-flushone-piece-elongated-toilet-with-actuator-flush-seat/f4087352?uid=4087352 10. https://www.bimobject.com/en/jika/product/453631 11. https://www.eurekalighting.com/products/scout-9/ 12. https://www.feit.com/product/intellibulb-day-night-620-lumen-2700k-5000k-led-a19/

175

Overhead Storage 67 cubic ft

Image by author

176| Design Revisions

Overhead Storage 44 cubic ft

Closet & Drawers 2 closets 50+ hangers 6 drawers

Pantry 2’ x 2’ x 7.5’ 30 cubic ft

177

Double Units Diagram by author

390sf

26’

Image by author

2’ - 6”

15’

The strategies that were applied to the single units were also applied to the double: L shaped kitchen and the addition of storage. The significantly larger living space allows for a greater variety of furniture arrangements. These units would be much more comfortable for young couples or those with more standard sized furniture.

178| Design Revisions Image by author

Diagram by author

26’

2’ - 6”

15’

179

Call out soundproof gyp on this wall

Image by author

180| Design Revisions

181

Diagram by author

26’

2’ - 6”

15’

Furniture Plan 1

Diagram by author

26’

2’ - 6”

15’

Furniture Plan 2 182| Design Revisions

Image by author

183

Book Shelves 9 cubic feet 225+ books

Quick-access Shelves 3.5 cubic feet

Shoe Shelves 3.5 cubic feet 8-10 pairs of shoes

184| Design Revisions

Image by author

Diagram by author

Image by author

Drawer Storage 6 cubic feet drawer

Bench Seating

Open Storage

Closet & Drawers 2 feet wide 25+ hangers 3 drawers

Image by author

Murphy Bed

Overhead Storage 32.5 cubic ft of overhead storage

185

Design Conclusions 1

Highly functional spaces Small living spaces require multifunctionality. Implied spatial definition creates the feeling of rooms within a space, allowing for user choice based on need and activity. Diverse storage options are also necessary.

Access to natural light When designing spaces that support health and wellness, natural light is a necessity, thus large windows and tall ceilings are important features. Light wells were created to bring in light when windows were not available.

Sustainable strategies at all scales It is important to incorporate sustainable strategies at site, building, and human scales. These could include elements (in order from site to human) like solar capture, insulated windows, and low-flow faucets.

Diverse amenities To encourage socialization between residents, they need to be encouraged to use community amenities as extensions of their living space. A range of amenities across multiple floors encourages vertical circulation.

Access to greenspace Another factor when designing for health and wellness in access to greenspace. Outdoor amenities such as a community garden and dog park offer this while also allowing for social interaction between residents.

186| Design Revisions

Image by author

187

Chapter 14

https://www.eurekalighting.com/products/scout-9/

188| Design Specifications

Design Specifications

1. https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/find-and-explore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW7566-westhighland-white 2. https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/ find-and-explore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW6451-nurture-green 3. https://www.sketchuptextureclub.com/textures/architecture/wood/fine-wood/light-wood/natural-light-wood-fine-textureseamless-04309 4. https://stock.adobe.com/images/vector-terrazzo-texture-modern-surface-abstract-seamless-pattern-granite-background/294858160 5. https://www.sketchuptextureclub. com/textures/architecture/tiles-interior/plain-color/cm-20-x-20/floor-tile-cm-20x20-texture-seamless-15774 6. https://www.sketchuptextureclub.com/textures/architecture/wood/fine-wood/light-wood/ light-oak-fine-wood-pbr-texture-seamless-22013

189

Furniture Plan

6 14

14 14

Game & Media

Co-working Space

9 1 1

1 10

10 1

1 5 1

11 11

15 Diagram by author

190| Design Specifications

14 6

11 11 11 11

8 8

10 12

Diagram by author

Grapp Dining Chair with armrests Houe

Crosshatch Chair Herman Miller

Crosshatch Settee Herman Miller

Equa Coffee Table Article

Can Sofa Three Seater HAY

Can Sofa Chair HAY

Betwixt Stool Herman Miller

Massaud Lounge with ottoman Coalesse

Flex Table Slim Steelcase

Diagram by author

Club Room

2 3

1 1

6 5

Enea Cafe Wood Stool Coalesse

CH327 Dining Table Coalesse

Flex Screens Steelcase

GZ6200 Low Table - Large Hightower

Burin Mini Low Table H55 Viccarbe

Border low seat Double Unit Steelcase

14 6

Diagram by author

191

Furniture Used

Ebony, EN Herman Miller https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/wood-veneers/ wood-veneer/ebony/en/

Grapp Dining Chair with armrests Houe https://houe.com/Products/Indoor-Tables/Model/GRAPP-Dining-Chair

Ebony, EN Herman Miller

Oyster, 2V02 Herman Miller

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/wood-veneers/ wood-veneer/ebony/en/

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/textiles/chain/ oyster/2v02/

Crosshatch Chair Herman Miller https://store.hermanmiller.com/living/lounge-chairs-and-ottomans/crosshatch-chair/100074620.html?lang=en_ US&mrkgadid=3200810518&mrkgcl=583&mrkgen=gpla&mrkgbflag=1&mrkgcat=brand&&acctid=21700000001680207&dskeywordid=92700050293585918&lid=9270005029358 5918&ds_s_kwgid=58700005504003683&ds_s_inventory_feed_id=97700000007501188&dsproductgroupid=282807896849&product_ id=100074620&merchid=6218899&prodctry=US&prodlang=en&channel=online&storeid=%7bproduct_store_id%7d&device=c&network=g&matchtype=&locationid=%7bloc_ phyiscal_ms%7d&creative=177757806673&targetid=aud-296618568868:pla-282807896849&campaignid=753657313&adgroupid=45160986692&gclid=Cj0KCQjwvr6EBhDOARIsAPp qUPEzgHioa38BJYtXVfU_VhuQ6SvZfqEaUWhNKhS7Z0X5jijLFR3nGckaAssiEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds

192| Design Specifications

Ebony, EN Herman Miller

Oyster, 2V02 Herman Miller

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/wood-veneers/ wood-veneer/ebony/en/

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/textiles/chain/ oyster/2v02/

Crosshatch Settee Herman Miller https://store.hermanmiller.com/living/sofas/crosshatch-settee/100192255.html?lang=en_ US&mrkgadid=3200810518&mrkgcl=583&mrkgen=gpla&mrkgbflag=1&mrkgcat=brand&&acctid=21700000001680207&dskeywordid=92700050293585918&lid=9270005029358 5918&ds_s_kwgid=58700005504003683&ds_s_inventory_feed_id=97700000007501188&dsproductgroupid=282807896849&product_ id=100192255&merchid=6218899&prodctry=US&prodlang=en&channel=online&storeid=%7bproduct_store_id%7d&device=c&network=g&matchtype=&locationid=%7bloc_phyiscal_ ms%7d&creative=177757806673&targetid=aud-407560088092:pla-282807896849&campaignid=753657313&adgroupid=45160986692&gclid=Cj0KCQjwvr6EBhDOARIsAPpqUPF2kc_ vvWfNIg60nJVfqT_fjoakl-_lBb61uPfMR_3OCLmeAwLQKisaAhXiEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds

Equa Coffee Table Article https://www.article.com/product/11594/equa-black-coffee-table

193

Sage, 2V07 Herman Miller

Black, ZA Herman Miller

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/textiles/chain/ sage/2v07/

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/finishes/finish/ black/za/

Sage, 2V07 Herman Miller

Black, ZA Herman Miller

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/textiles/chain/ sage/2v07/

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/finishes/finish/ black/za/

Can Sofa Three Seater HAY https://us.hay.com/furniture/seating/sofas-and-sectionals/can-sofa/2518230.html?lang=en_US

Can Sofa Chair HAY https://us.hay.com/furniture/seating/sofas-and-sectionals/can-sofa/2518230.html?lang=en_US

194| Design Specifications

Cobblestone, 1R15 Herman Miller

Black, ZA Herman Miller

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/textiles/mclleather/cobblestone/1r15/

https://www.hermanmiller.com/ resources/materials/finishes/finish/ black/za/

Betwixt Stool Herman Miller https://store.hermanmiller.com/dining/stools/betwixt-stool/100199793.html?lang=en_ US&mrkgadid=3200810529&mrkgcl=583&mrkgen=gpla&mrkgbflag=1&mrkgcat=brand&&acctid=21700000001680207&dskeywordid=92700050293585906&lid=9270005029358 5906&ds_s_kwgid=58700005504003683&ds_s_inventory_feed_id=97700000007501188&dsproductgroupid=282563780590&product_ id=100199793&merchid=6218899&prodctry=US&prodlang=en&channel=online&storeid=%7bproduct_store_id%7d&device=c&network=g&matchtype=&locationid=%7bloc_ phyiscal_ms%7d&creative=177757806673&targetid=aud-407560088092:pla-282563780590&campaignid=753657313&adgroupid=45160986692&gclid=Cj0KCQjwvr6EBhDOARIsAPp qUPEaNSmxESnZtqLdjgogK_-l2mxH9cewniA_GoaJfXjXosSEaLLknHMaAvXzEALw_wcB&gclsrc=aw.ds

Elmotique: Flaxen Steelcase

Obsidian Steelcase

https://finishlibrary.steelcase. com/all-surfaces/leather/seatingupholstery/elmotique.html

https://finishlibrary.steelcase.com/ all-surfaces/paint-coating/smoothmetallic-paint/obsidian-4b20.html

Massaud Lounge with ottoman Coalesse https://store.steelcase.com/seating/lounge-chairs/massaud-lounge?viewState=DetailView&cartID=&po rtalUser=&store=&cclcl=en_US

195

Thread Steelcase https://www.steelcase.com/products/power-flooring/thread/

Flex Table Slim Steelcase https://www.coalesse.com/products/tables/collaboration-conference-tables/ch327-dining-table/

196| Design Specifications

Desert Oak V31K Steelcase

Black Matte 4285 Steelcase

https://finishlibrary.steelcase.com/ all-surfaces/desert-oak-v31k-1.html

https://finishlibrary.steelcase.com/ black-matte-3.html

Desert Oak V31K Steelcase https://finishlibrary.steelcase.com/ all-surfaces/desert-oak-v31k-1.html

Enea Cafe Wood Stool Coalesse https://www.steelcase.com/products/desks/steelcase-flex-tables/

Desert Oak V31K Steelcase

Steelcut 2 Steelcase

https://finishlibrary.steelcase.com/ all-surfaces/desert-oak-v31k-1.html

https://finishlibrary.steelcase. com/all-surfaces/fabric/seatingupholstery/655.html

CH327 Dining Table Coalesse https://www.coalesse.com/products/seating/stools/enea-cafe-wood-stools/

197

Forest Nap Steelcase

Steelcut 2 Steelcase

https://finishlibrary.steelcase. com/all-surfaces/fabric/seatingupholstery/512.html

https://finishlibrary.steelcase. com/all-surfaces/fabric/seatingupholstery/655.html

Flex Screens Steelcase https://www.steelcase.com/products/panels/steelcase-flex-screens/

Black Powder Coat Hightower https://hightoweraccess.com/ products/nest-tables#finishes

GZ6200 Low Table - Large Hightower https://hightoweraccess.com/products/nest-tables#pricing

198| Design Specifications

Black RAL 9005 https://www.viccarbe.com/ download/public/Viccarbe_BURINMINI_Patricia-Urquiola_EN_2019. pdf

Burin Mini Low Table H55 Viccarbe https://www.viccarbe.com/low-tables/burin-mini-table/burin-mini-low-table-h55/

Steelcut 2 Steelcase

Desert Oak V31K Steelcase

https://finishlibrary.steelcase. com/all-surfaces/fabric/seatingupholstery/655.html

https://finishlibrary.steelcase.com/ all-surfaces/desert-oak-v31k-1.html

Border low seat Double Unit Steelcase https://www.steelcase.com/products/side-guest-chairs/border/

199

Apartment Fixtures Diagram by author

10’ 2’ - 6”

3 5 4

30’

Diagram by author

3 5 4 26’

2’ - 6”

9 8

6 7

15’

200| Design Specifications

1 Kitchen Faucet Danze

https://www.build.com/product/ summary/1087816?uid=2883677

4 Microwave Electrolux

https://www.rueducommerce.fr/ produit/electrolux-micro-ondesencastrable-emt25207ox-18887586

7 Shower Head Kohler

https://www.us.kohler.com/us/ awaken-g110-2.0-gpm-deluxeslidebar-kit/productDetail/ shower-packages/1058169.

2 Dishwasher Whirlpool

https://www.greenbuildingadvisor. com/article/all-about-dishwashers

5 Electric cooktop smeg

https://www.ajmadison.com/ cgi-bin/ajmadison/SEU122B. html?utm_source=google&utm_ medium=cse&utm_

8 Toilet

Kohler

https://www.faucet.com/kohler-k23188-white-reach-0-8-1-28-gpfdual-flush-one-piece-elongatedtoilet-with-actuator-flush-seat/ f4087352?uid=4087352

3 Compact oven Electrolux

https://www.electrolux.co.uk/kitchen/ cooking/compact-built-in-range/ compact-oven/kvlbe00x/

6 Thermostat Nest

https://store.google.com/product/ nest_thermostat?hl=en-US&gc lid=CjwKCAjwj6SEBhAOEiwAv FRuKNbGp7k8wPP1zDu3PQm LHXzFRb6E5-QOkd96Gtmw8ow7wJ67eES6xoCw4QQAvD_ BwE&gclsrc=aw.ds

9 Compact Vanity Jika

https://www.bimobject.com/en/jika/ product/453631

201

Lighting Fixtures

Scout - 6” Eureka Lighting https://www.eurekalighting.com/products/scout-9/

Helios - 12.6” Eureka Lighting https://www.eurekalighting.com/products/family/helios/?application=Ceiling+Surface

202| Design Specifications

Recessed LED Down Light - 6” AQ Lighting https://www.aqlightinggroup.com/indoor-lighting/commercial-lighting/120v-6-recessed-dimmable-ledcommercial-architectural-down-light-al/

203

Apartment Finishes

White Flour Sherwin Williams https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/find-andexplore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW7566-westhighlandwhite

Terrazzo https://stock.adobe.com/images/vector-terrazzo-texturemodern-surface-abstract-seamless-pattern-granitebackground/294858160

204| Design Specifications

Nurture Green Sherwin Williams https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/find-andexplore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW6451-nurture-green

Square Subway Tile Tilebar https://www.sketchuptextureclub.com/textures/architecture/ tiles-interior/plain-color/cm-20-x-20/floor-tile-cm-20x20-textureseamless-15774

Existing Wood Floors https://www.sketchuptextureclub.com/textures/architecture/ wood/fine-wood/light-wood/natural-light-wood-fine-textureseamless-04309

Light Oak Veneer https://www.sketchuptextureclub.com/textures/architecture/ wood/fine-wood/light-wood/light-oak-fine-wood-pbr-textureseamless-22013

Amenity Finishes

White Flour Sherwin Williams https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/find-andexplore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW7566-westhighlandwhite

Nurture Green Sherwin Williams https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/find-andexplore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW6451-nurture-green

Coral Clay Sherwin Williams https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/find-andexplore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW9005-coral-clay

Kendal Green Sherwin Williams https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/find-andexplore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW6446-arugula

Leisure Blue Sherwin Williams https://www.sherwin-williams.com/homeowners/color/find-andexplore-colors/paint-colors-by-family/SW6509-georgian-bay

Existing Wood Floors https://www.sketchuptextureclub.com/textures/architecture/ wood/fine-wood/light-wood/natural-light-wood-fine-textureseamless-04309

Ecore Athletic Tile XTC Fitness https://www.xtcfitness.ca/products/ecore-athletic-interlockingtile-steel-appeal-2

205

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Text Bibliography Babisch, W., Wölke, G., Heinrich, J., & Straff, W. (2014). Road traffic noise and hypertension – Accounting for the location of rooms. Environmental Research, 133, 380387. doi:10.1016/j.envres.2014.05.007 Foster, S., Hooper, P., Kleeman, A., Martino, E., & Giles-Corti, B. (2020). The high life: A policy audit of apartment design guidelines and their potential to promote residents health and wellbeing. Cities, 96, 102420. doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102420 Gabbe, C. (2015). Looking Through the Lens of Size: Land Use Regulations and MicroApartments in San Francisco. Cityscape, 17(2), 223-238. Retrieved August 25, 2020, from http://www.jstor.org/stable/26326947 Gazdag, N., & Torlegård, A. (2018). Micro Apartments: A Potential Solution for the Severe Shortage of Small Affordable Apartments in Stockholm Nóra Gazdag and Anna T (Dissertation). Retrieved from http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231411 Geffner, T. (2018). Towards a Smaller Housing Paradigm: A Literature Review of Accessory Dwelling Units and Micro Studios. doi:10.15760/honors.520 Genovesi, M. (2020). Until Debt Do Us Part: Rising Student Debt Burdens and Increasingly Expensive Rental Markets. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3559498 Gicheva, D., & Thompson, J. (2015). The Effects of Student Loans on Long-Term Household Financial Security. Student Loans and the Dynamics of Debt, 287-316. doi:10.17848/9780880994873.ch9 Greenspan, E., Wilkinson, A., Vara, V., & Frazier, I. (n.d.). Are Micro-Apartments a Good Solution to the Affordable-Housing Crisis? Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/ business/currency/are-micro-apartments-a-good-solution-to-the-affordable-housingcrisis Millstein, C., & Lutz, K. (2019, August 12). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form [PDF]. Kansas City: Architectural & Historical Research, LLC. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.federalreserve.gov/publications/2019-economic-wellbeing-of-us-households-in-2018-student-loans-and-other-education-debt.htm Potikyan, M. (2017). Advantages and opportunities of developing and investing in microunits. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Urban Land Institute, 2014. The macro view on micro units. Urban Land Institute, [online] Available at: https://uli.org/wp-content/uploads/ULI-Documents/MicroUnit_ full_rev_2015.pdf

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Image Bibliography PAGE 3 Themelovin. (n.d.). Commune_303. Retrieved from http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/ Carmel Place - nARCHITECTS: Eric Bunge, Mimi Hoang. (2020, May 27). Retrieved from https://narchitects.com/work/ carmel-place/ The Most Annoying Buzzwords Used At Work. (2017, July 28). Retrieved from https://sheerluxe.com/life/most-annoyingbuzzwords-used-at-work Residential. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential Young People Having Business Meeting In Coffee Shop by Aleksandra Jankovic - Team, Business. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.stocksy.com/174802/young-people-having-business-meeting-in-coffee-shop Google Earth. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/earth/ Google Maps. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.google.com/maps/ This document was scanned by Architectural & Historical Research, LLC Alfred Edward Barnes, Jr., Architectural Collection (K0004), State Historical Society of Missouri-Kansas City Research Center. Millstein, C., & Lutz, K. (2019, August 12). National Register of Historic Places Registration Form [PDF]. Kansas City: Architectural & Historical Research, LLC. Velasquez-manoff, M. (2017, March 04). What Biracial People Know. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes. com/2017/03/04/opinion/sunday/what-biracial-people-know.html Scout. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.eurekalighting.com/products/scout-9/ PAGE 6 Themelovin. (n.d.). Commune_303. Retrieved from http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/ PAGE 9 Gallery of Gal·la House / CAVAA Arquitectes - 2. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.archdaily.com/940071/gal-star-lahouse-cavaa-arquitectes/5ec55b69b357657a0500035b-gal-star-la-house-cavaa-arquitectes-photo PAGES 12-13 Using Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs to Motivate Yourself and Your Team. (2021, March 08). Retrieved from https://www. elegantthemes.com/blog/business/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs Mcleod, S. (2020, December 29). Maslows Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from https://www.simplypsychology.org/ maslow.html#gsc.tab=0 PAGE 16 Carmel Place - nARCHITECTS: Eric Bunge, Mimi Hoang. (2020, May 27). Retrieved from https://narchitects.com/work/ carmel-place/ PAGES 18-19 CLASSON RESIDENCE. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.shapelessstudio.com/classonresidence PAGE 20-21 CLASSON RESIDENCE. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.shapelessstudio.com/classonresidence PAGE 26 The Most Annoying Buzzwords Used At Work. (2017, July 28). Retrieved from https://sheerluxe.com/life/most-annoyingbuzzwords-used-at-work

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PAGES 28-29 Chamfer House by Ha Architecture - The Fisher & Paykel Series Feature. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://thelocalproject. com.au/articles/chamfer-house-by-ha-architecture-the-fisher-paykel-series-feature/attachment/an-importantconsideration-given-the-client/?parent=59598 PAGES 30-31 Chamfer House by Ha Architecture - The Fisher & Paykel Series Feature. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://thelocalproject. com.au/articles/chamfer-house-by-ha-architecture-the-fisher-paykel-series-feature/attachment/the-lightwell-providescross-ventilation-along-the-length-of-the-living-room/?parent=59598 PAGES 32-33 Residential. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential Carmel Place - nARCHITECTS: Eric Bunge, Mimi Hoang. (2020, May 27). Retrieved from https://narchitects.com/work/ carmel-place/ (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq Bagna, P. (2020, February 29). Micro Apartment Moabit - Berlin - Paola Bagna. Retrieved from http://paolabagna.com/ refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/ Themelovin. (n.d.). Commune_303. Retrieved from http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/ PAGES 34-35 Carmel Place - nARCHITECTS: Eric Bunge, Mimi Hoang. (2020, May 27). Retrieved from https://narchitects.com/work/ carmel-place/ PAGES 36-37 Carmel Place - nARCHITECTS: Eric Bunge, Mimi Hoang. (2020, May 27). Retrieved from https://narchitects.com/work/ carmel-place/ PAGES 38-39 Residential. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential PAGES 40-41 Residential. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bo-daa.com/en/residential PAGES 42-43 (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq PAGES 44-45 (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.sauerbruchhutton.de/en/project/udq PAGES 46-47 Bagna, P. (2020, February 29). Micro Apartment Moabit - Berlin - Paola Bagna. Retrieved from http://paolabagna.com/ refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/ PAGES 48-49 Bagna, P. (2020, February 29). Micro Apartment Moabit - Berlin - Paola Bagna. Retrieved from http://paolabagna.com/ refurbishment-micro-apartment-berlin-moabit/ PAGES 50-51 Themelovin. (n.d.). Commune_303. Retrieved from http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/ PAGES 52-53 Themelovin. (n.d.). Commune_303. Retrieved from http://www.roomdesignburo.ru/portfolio/commune-303/

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