Aaron Swartjes - The Productive Oasis

The Productive Oasis The Secret Garden as a Tool for Sustainable Upgrading and Urban Development

Aaron Swartjes design studio (maib34) designing in a South Asian contemporary city: Karachi (Pakistan) tutors: Martine De Maeseneer & Asiya Sadiq Polack International Master of Architecture KU Leuven, Faculty of Architecture, campus Sint-Lucas Brussels 2016-2017

The Productive Oasis The Secret Garden as a Tool for Sustainable Upgrading and Urban Development

Aaron Swartjes

Table of Contents I.

II.

SUSTAINABLE UPGRADING

7

PRODUCTIVITY & URBAN FARMING

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1. Migration and Relocation History of Karachi 2. Katchi Abadis and Slums 3. Slum Development Approaches 4. Urban Metabolism and Sustainability 5. Analysis of Karachi

1. Productivity: How to Achieve Sustainability?

2. Urban Farming 3. Case Study: Urban Farming in Aleppo to Survive During War 4. Agriculture and Cuisine in Karachi 5. Case Study: Desert Farming Moisturizer 6. Soil in Karachi

III. TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE

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& VERNACULAR

1. The Persian Garden 2. Principles of Traditional Islamic Architecture 3. The Roman Domus 4. Home 5. The Great Mosque of Samarra

IV.

THE PRODUCTIVE OASIS

1. Intervention Objective Overview 2. S 3. M 4. L 5

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6

I. SUSTAINABLE UPGRADING

7

1838

1870

1890

1922

1. Migration and Relocation History of Karachi

1839: British occupation

Rapid development & creation of railways and transport.

Transit point for South Indian - Central Asian trade

9

mass migration in South Asia

10

1947: End of the British rule & separation from India

Start of a mass migration: refugees come to Karachi.

Karachi’s population increased by 161 per cent. This was the result of the migration of 600 000 refugees from India. This migration completely changed Karachi, not only demographically, but also culturally and ethnically.

The refugees settled in squatter settlements on the city’s periphery and within the city itself occupying open areas.

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plans and drawings by Doxiadis

RELOCATION New Karachi

RELOCATION Korangi

1958: Military takeover

The government decided to shift the refugee population and other recent migrants from the squatter colonies to the new townships of Korangi and New Karachi, both about 20 km from the old city centre.

The Greater Karachi Redevelopment Plan (GKRP) by Doxiadis created two new townships: New Karachi and Korangi

= RELOCATION The two townships were supposed to develop industrial areas so as to provide employment to the shifted populations. However, this did not materialise and as a result, people had to travel long distances to work at the port and city centre. Thus, Karachi’s transport problems were created.

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geography of Karachi

Karachi can be devided into two geographical parts: 1. Hills in the north and west 2. Undulating plain and coastal areas in the south-east

The military government bulldozed squatter settlements within the city.

These shifted to the sides of storm drains near the roads that linked the new townships to the city.

= RELOCATION katchi abadis = non-permanent, informally developed settlements Around the 1980’s a new masterplan: the KMP2000 (Karachi Master Plan) was proposed. Due to instability and conflict, it wasn’t possible to implement it.

Islamisation: closing down of Karachi’s active nightlife, racecourse, bars, billiard rooms and a number of cinemas. All this had an adverse effect on Karachi’s cultural and intellectual life. further industrialization and rural to urban migration

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37%

Katchi Abadis

44%

High Density & Low-Rise Housing (Lower Class)

22% population

Middle and Higher Class Housing

Since no new housing schemes or development projects on a large enough scale have been initiated, homelessness has increased and so has the expansion of katchi abadis and the densification of inner city slums.

Over 80 per cent of the people in these settlements work in the informal sector.

These factors result in the political and social alienation of the youth which in turn leads to ethnic violence and crime.

Negative economy Climate change and climate refugees are a new migration factor.

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2. Katchi Abadis and Slums Karachi is divided into planned areas and unplanned areas:

Unplanned areas are known as katchi abadis = non-permanent settlements.

1. unorganised invasions of state lands (after the partition with India) > mostly relocated during the 1960’s 2. informal subdivisions of state land (ISD) > further devided in notfied & non-notified katchi abadis In addition to katchi abadis, there are settlements that are referred to as ‘slums’.

1. inner city traditional working class areas that have densified too much 2. goths (old villages) that became part of the urban sprawl

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URBAN SPRAWL

The creation and expansion of katchi abadis is now taking place almost exclusively to the west and north of Karachi.

- availability of government land and road infrastructure - closer and better connected to employment generating areas - closer to the larger katchi abadis where informal industrial activities and large populations provide jobs and a demand for services

URBAN SPRAWL

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1960

1968

1978

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The unorganised invasion katchi abadis are located in and on the periphery of the Karachi of the 1940s and early 1950s. They are organic in plan with narrow winding streets, no open spaces and irregular plots.

They have now acquired water and electricity but sewage and wastewater infrastructure is of very poor quality. Most of these settlements are small in size and make use of the education and health facilities of the planned areas. The settlements have densified over time and have permanent houses in them, often three floors high.

The ISDs developed by informal developers are planned on a grid iron pattern.

Many of them now have paved roads. The private sector (mostly informal) has established schools and health centres. The houses are built of concrete blocks (mostly unplastered) and tin sheets. An increasing number of inhabitants are building concrete roofs and first floors and shifting their tin sheets to the upper floor rooms.

The majority of the residents work within their settlements and are employed in the informal sector.

New ISDs (1981 onwards) are developing to the west and north of Karachi. Most of them are really the extension of older ISDs and share many of their characteristics. However, their population is not primarily composed of migrants but of families moving from the environmentally degraded inner city slums or older katchi abadis to these locations.

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3. Slum Development Approaches

People in Karachi don’t want to relocate anymore.

People in Karachi want to own their houses and have access to good transport and infrastructure.

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en billion (UN, onditions over o reach a total

anticipate and allow them not

dvocates for a erventions to a raphy, citywide erventions.

nsformation in nting Citywide g an approach s an accessible program.

A PRACTICAL GUIDE TO DESIGNING, PLANNING, AND EXECUTING CITYWIDE SLUM UPGRADING PROGRAMMES

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Slum upgrading interventions typically include the following: - installation or improvement of basic infrastructure such as water reticulation, sanitation, waste collection, road networks, storm drainage and flood prevention, electricity, security lighting and public telephones; - regularisation of security of tenure; - relocation of and compensation for the residents (both men and women) dislocated by the improvements; housing improvement; - construction or rehabilitation of community facilities such as nurseries, health posts and community open spaces; - improvement of access to health care, education and social support programmes to address issues of security, violence, substance abuse, etc; - removal or mitigation of environmental hazards; - provision of incentives for community management and maintenance; - enhancement of income-earning opportunities through training and micro-credits; - building of social capital and the institutional framework to sustain improvements

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the Orangi Pilot Project

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SLUM UPGRADING is a much cheaper alternative to previous approaches The Orangi Pilot Project, for example, was a very succesful upgrading of a slumlike area in Karachi.

“Maintenance became a major issue with neither government nor community taking responsibility.”

In later years, problems emerged in these programmes. Much was learned from the first two decades of slum upgrading, and this shaped the direction of initiatives from the 1990s onwards. Four key lessons were: - The participation of slum dwellers and community organizations is critical.

Projects need to be designed from the ‘bottom up,’ working with households and communities so that they can have an input into decisions regarding what levels of service they receive.

- The long-term success of upgrading interventions requires that consideration be given to the costs involved and to designing a level of service that is affordable to the community and to the local government.

- Upgrading cannot be the only component of a housing policy and upgrading programmes must be integrated with city level and country policies, programmes and strategies to achieve synergies with other supporting interventions addressing poverty, vulnerability and promoting economic growth.

- Upgrading programmes are most effective when led by the municipal authority and implemented at the community level through a broad set of intermediaries including community based organizations, NGOs, and UN agencies such as UNICEF and UN-Habitat.

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32

UN-HABITAT is advocating the opening of streets as the driving force in citywide slum upgrading.

This simple strategy uses streets not only as thoroughfares and networks along which water and sewerage pipes, power lines, and drainage systems are laid but as a common good where social, cultural and economic activities are articulated, reinforced and facilitated. This includes meetings and social interactions, economic activities such as shops and a feeling of greater public safety as new streets open up often seemingly impenetrable networks of narrow paths and alleyways. It also sees a developed street network as enhancing the connectivity of slum areas to the rest of the city.

In this way the streets focus is integral to the citywide upgrading approach: individual slums are improved at the same time as they are becoming better integrated into the city fabric. Streets are not treated solely as physical components of a settlement or of the city but as public spaces which bring together social and economic activities and facilitate and reinforce them.

They enhance the settlement’s identity and confirm slum dwellers’ citizenship at the city level as their formal existence is underlined in official city maps, where they become part of the overall network of city infrastructure and services rather than marginalised, grey areas of underdevelopment on the city fringes or pockets of neglect in the middle of urban advancement. Therefore, opening streets, or reinforcing and improving existing streets and accesses, should be considered a sine qua non, in slum upgrading interventions with a view to integrating slums into overall city planning and management.

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34

Conclusion: RELOCATION URBAN SPRAWL RESETTLEMENT (SLUM) UPGRADING

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Cable car in a favela (Brazil)

Escalators in a favela (Colombia) 36

“Slums as a Mode for Sustainable Living?”

In the next 35 years, there will be 1 billion more slum residents worldwide. For the first time in human history, more people live in urban environments than in rural ones. This urbanization happens particularly in the developing cities of Latin America, Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. The 20th century saw cities build upward, the 21st century will see them spread out: enter the megacity.

Slums are often located at the edges of slums and feel disconnected from the city.

New infrastructure, like cable cars, can provide a better connection between the slums and the rest of the city.

The soaring lifts carry commuters over the rooftops of the shanties, making the trek considerably easier and connecting residents with hospitals, train stations and commercial centers below.

Not only do new methods of local transit result in fewer barriers between the city’s poor and affluent neighborhoods, they’re cleaner, more efficient and quieter than gas-guzzling buses; all crucial features in the age of climate change.

When even the poorest residents of a city have legal claim to the land beneath their homes, they can turn their attention to updating their dwellings and starting businesses. When empower slum residents are empowered to work, urban renewal experts say, you allow these markets to grow and prosper. based on an article by Phillip Ross

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4. Urban Metabolism and Sustainability

Cities need energy, materials, water and nutrients to provide sustenance and shelter to its citizens, to produce goods and services, to grow and eliminate waster and pollution.

Bigger cities demand more food, water and fuel which in turn causes an increase in emissions, refuse and wastewater production. In fact, the modern urban metabolic cycle drives environmental change on a local-to-global scale, affecting land-use and cover, biodiversity, hydrosystems, biogeochemical cycles and climate. Such an ideal situation can be created when cities build efficient waste disposal systems, green spaces and green buildings, public transport and attract employers producing green products from local resources for regional markets.

Here, the behaviours and lifestyle of city-dwellers plays a role.

Sustainability depends on social, economic, environmental and governance factors.

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“Changing the world is said to be an aspiration. Sustaining the world is said to be a necessity.”

Cities express our aspirations and hopes. They are local citadels of the evolving global urban system, built to protect us from our fears and insecurities. Family by family, person by person, the world’s population is gravitating towards the bright lights of urban intensity and high mass consumption.

Even the world’s most ‘liveable cities’ – Melbourne, Munich, Vancouver and Vienna – are utterly unsustainable in global ecological terms. If all city residents across the globe consumed at the rate of the world’s most liveable cities the planet would be in catastrophic trouble.

The Circles of Sustainability figure used throughout this book provides a relatively simple view of the sustainability of a particular city, urban settlement, or region.

The circular figure is divided into four domains: ecology, economics, politics and culture.

Each of these domains is divided in seven sub-domains, with the names of each of these sub-domains read from top to bottom in the lists under each domain name.

Assessment is conducted on a nine-point scale. The scale ranges from ‘critical sustainability’, the first step, to ‘vibrant sustainability’, the ninth step.

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A Case in South Asia -

1438 km2 of sprawl with the Aravali Mountain range and Yamuna river Hot Dry climate with annual monsoons before the winter.

Landlocked city by Uttar Pradesh, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh.

17 million residents - 10th largest city Projected population by 2030 is 30 million.

A spike in population growth occurred during the 1940s because of the migration of displaced Sikhs, Hindu Punjabis and Sindhis. It was one of the largest forced resettlements in human history, and the movement continued into the following decades.

- The economy has shifted from agriculture as the primary - Establishment of high-tech industries shifted the commodity market Globalizing economically has generated an increasing division of rich and poor and put tremendous pressure on the access of the poor to land and housing.

- The carbon footprint of Delhi is 0,7 metric tons per person.

- Establishment of high-tech industries shifted the commodity market One only has to look as far as census data on housing to see that although the majority of houses in Delhi have either stone, slate or concrete as their roofs, 86 percent of households in Delhi are constructed with burnt-brick walls. The processes involved with burnt-brick production are not environmentally friendly.

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44

UN Sustainable Development Goals

On September 25th 2015, countries adopted a set of goals to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure prosperity for all as part of a new sustainable development agenda.

Each goal has specific targets to be achieved over the next 15 years. For the goals to be reached, everyone needs to do their part: governments, the private sector, civil society and people in general.

Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns

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Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.

It is time to rethink how we grow, share and consume our food. If done right, agriculture, forestry and fisheries can provide nutritious food for all and generate decent incomes, while supporting people-centered rural development and protecting the environment.

The food and agriculture sector offers key solutions for development, and is central for hunger and poverty eradication.

Goal 8: Promote inclusive and sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work for all A continued lack of decent work opportunities, insufficient investments and under-consumption lead to an erosion of the basic social contract underlying democratic societies: that all must share in progress. The creation of quality jobs will remain a major challenge for almost all economies well beyond 2015.

Sustainable economic growth will require societies to create the conditions that allow people to have quality jobs that stimulate the economy while not harming the environment. Job opportunities and decent working conditions are also required for the whole working age population.

Goal 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote sustainable industrialization and foster innovation Investments in infrastructure – transport, irrigation, energy and information and communication technology – are crucial to achieving sustainable development and empowering communities in many countries. It has long been recognized that growth in productivity and incomes, and improvements in health and education outcomes require investment in infrastructure.

Inclusive and sustainable industrial development is the primary source of income generation, allows for rapid and sustained increases in living standards for all people, and provides the technological solutions to environmentally sound industrialization.

Without technology and innovation, industrialization will not happen, and without industrialization, development will not happen.

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Goal 11: Make cities inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable However, many challenges exist to maintaining cities in a way that continues to create jobs and prosperity while not straining land and resources. Common urban challenges include congestion, lack of funds to provide basic services, a shortage of adequate housing and declining infrastructure.

The challenges cities face can be overcome in ways that allow them to continue to thrive and grow, while improving resource use and reducing pollution and poverty. The future we want includes cities of opportunities for all, with access to basic services, energy, housing, transportation and more.

Goal 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns Sustainable consumption and production is about promoting resource and energy efficiency, sustainable infrastructure, and providing access to basic services, green and decent jobs and a better quality of life for all. Its implementation helps to achieve overall development plans, reduce future economic, environmental and social costs, strengthen economic competitiveness and reduce poverty.

Sustainable consumption and production aims at “doing more and better with less,� increasing net welfare gains from economic activities by reducing resource use, degradation and pollution along the whole lifecycle, while increasing quality of life. It involves different stakeholders, including business, consumers, policy makers, researchers, scientists, retailers, media, and development cooperation agencies, among others.

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Headline AUThOR’s Name Author’s position in the project etc.

Functions / program: sanitation (provision of toilets); educating children; meeting space for women (toilets, meeting room); cooking (employment program); recycling, gardening, cultural and recreational activities Benefits to the community: providing toilets in a safe space for local people to utilize;

TRIRATNA PRERANA MANDAL teaching children skills (English, computers);2002 ≥ 2012 empowering women through self-employment (cooking) and women’s discussion groups; offering a platform for cultural activities; recycling and utilizing waste for compost Positive impact on the built environment: a service facility with open space in a densely built area, recycling and composting, gardening and tree planting.

People involved: a group of seven key organizers from the local community; seventy-five families who use the toilets; children, women, mentors from the municipal government, architect, and contractors (in the building phase).

Community toilets and center in India (Handmade Urbanism) 48

“Multiple small interventions may not look like much, but together they give added meaning to the incompleteness of the city.”

- Saskia Sassen Experience from studies suggest that the potential for social integration and democratic engagement of socially excluded urban residents is often realized through the type of small-scale accupuncture projects that succeed in bringing people and communities together in ways that formal planning processes have so uniquely failed to do.

These accupuncture projects can have a huge impact on an entire slum environment.

“Cities are complex systems. But they are incomplete systems. In this mix lies the possibility of making – making the urban, the political, the civic, a history, and, I want to argue, the possibility of tactical urbanism.

A working slum can have many of the features of a city, and, indeed, some are cities.

I want to center the concept of tactical urbanism, and the project it entails, in this understanding of the city because it is in such a space that this type of urbanism can thrive. Herein lies also the possibility for those who lack power to be able to make a history, a politics, even if they do not get empowered. Powerlessness can become complex in the city.”

- Saskia Sassen

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Islamabad

Pakistan

Karachi

5. Analyis of Karachi

2

1

3

4 5

1.

2.

3.

Ghaziabad

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4.

5.

1. urban sprawl in a very early development stage 2. initial stage of development on a grid structure 3. grid structure in progress Ghaziabad 4. grid structure 5. organic development

Ghaziabad (3.) is a good example of a territory on the periphery of Karachi. It clearly follows the typical grid structure that is so commonly used in the city.

Urban sprawl is mostly taking place in the North-West of Karachi - exactly where Ghaziabad is located. This neighborhood in Orangi town is already densely built, but still in progress. Gaps and open spaces are still visible. This is the place where Karachi is growing. The open space to the West will soon be conquered by new urban development. The outlines for the grid are already visible in some places. This is the most interesting location.

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URBAN SPRAWL

3

Orangi Town

URBAN SPRAWL 3

Orangi Town

The urban sprawl in Karachi is mostly taking place in the North-West. Orangi Town - one of the biggest slum areas in the world - is the key neighborhood in this development. Orangi Town grew very quickly and will continue to do so.

Since Ghaziabad (3.) is situated on the West of Orangi Town it is the front line of the further urban sprawl.

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II. PRODUCTIVITY & URBAN FARMING

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26.10.16 ↓ 15.01.17

[NL]

A Good City Has Industry

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1. Productivity: How to Achieve Sustainability?

“Circular economy is necessary and promising�

10 clues for building the productive city: 1. Building a productive city requires a more fine-grained pattern of the urban economy.

2. Cherish the generosity of existing volumes and structures.

3. A lot of small initiatives will make the next urban economy.

4. Let the scale of workspaces define housing development, and not vice versa.

5. Combining housing with industry asks for new architectural compositions.

6. Urban industry needs its public visibility and buildings.

7. Urban public space connects thinkers and makers in a solidary city.

8. Sharing facilities liberates extra space for the urban economy.

9. Fostering coalitions between companies allows for maximum use of limited space.

10. A circular urban economy keeps more added value in and for the city.

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3. A lot of small initiatives will make the next urban economy.

Many innovative companies have emerged in a back room or garage. Such small premises are fundamental if the city is to be productive and inclusive.

4. Let the scale of workspaces define housing development, and not vice versa.

An urban economy is impossible without spaces that are bigger, taller and wider.

Because urban projects are usually custom designed homes, they seldom have room for real production activities. Which is why we must apply reversed logic: by designing urban redevelopment tailored workspaces, the city makes room for living and employment.

5. Combining housing with industry asks for new architectural compositions.

A productive city is a liveable city. Innovative architecture and smart combinations of living and working, limit the inconvenience of logistics and manufacturing economy, in the city.

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6. Urban industry needs its public visibility and buildings.

By giving prominence to industrial activities, and reintroducing them in the street and the city, the industry may once again have a place in our daily lives.

Our industry and manufacturers will then experience a sense of pride.

8. Sharing facilities liberates extra space for the urban economy.

Space is a scarce commodity in the city. If companies use facilities and infrastructure together, rather than each in their own property, we will gain space for the urban economy. Shared spaces also add public spaces and passages to the urban industrial area.

10. A circular urban economy keeps more added value in and for the city.

Today, a lot of money in earned through the city, but not always by and for the city. If we can organize manufacturing and logistics into shorter chains and closed cycles, the city will be more sustainable and a larger part of the value will remain in the city. We therefore need to develop knowledge about the flows in and out of the city.

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Urban Farming in Karachi, Pakistan

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2. Urban Farming Why Urban Farming ?

Pakistan has been an agricultural country since ages. Going back to those roots in terms of productivity, would be a solution in terms of economy, sociality and ecology.

- provides the basic food supply - employment opportunities - moderate initial investment - Environmentally fundamental - towards self sustainable neighbourhoods - communal act - low maintenance Urban agriculture or urban farming is the practice of cultivating, processing, and distributing food in or around a village, town, or city

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How Urban Farming ?

Location: Due to the availability of open lands, courtyards and rooftops in karachi, the location to begin an urban farm does not require much investment.

Sun, Soil and Water: Ample sunlight, water through rainwater harvesting as well as irrigation is possible for Karachi at a very economic price through NGO’s.

Labour: As a community driven activity, adequate marketing would encourage local persons from the neighbourhood to join in as a business opportunity.

Recycle: Collection of Kitchen waste from the entire neighbourhood on a daily basis would generate a good amount of manure to fertilize the soil for a continuous productive landscape. This activity could be taken over as a community initiative for the women of the house.

Distribution: Mobile carts and neighbourhood stores would be the initial means of distribution, but as the production multiplies itself, the community could make profits out of it.

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Ahmad

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3. Case Study: Urban Farming in

Aleppo to Survive During War

1. Suleiman (26) turned his abandoned, isolated house with cracked walls and broken windows into an animal farm: - rabbits, ducks, chickens and pigeons - each animal has its room, but they share food and water on the courtyard “My friend and I were wondering what we could possibly do if Aleppo was besieged.

We got the idea of building large farms that cater to the people’s animal-product needs. But, nobody adopted the project, so we reduced its scale, and I found that my deserted house would be the perfect place for it.� they try to spread the idea of urban farming all over the city: - to survive during siege - as a hobby - for trade

2. An elderly man is caring over 25 chickens, some ducks and geese in a house where the destroyed ceiling serves as a shelter for these animals, children often visit and love the place

3. Ahmad (13) is growing vegetables around his house - trees were cut to use for heating - planted vegetables to face hunger after the siege - mint leaves, potatoes, fava beans, pepers...

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potatoes

cucumbers

courgettes

aubergine / eggplant

parsley

spinach

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Can Urban Agriculture help to save Aleppo?

4. farmer Salim Atrache:

“After the siege of Aleppo and the prevention of food from entering the city, there was an urgent need for agricultural self-sufficiency�

- intent to provide food for the masses on his plot of several dozen hectares (large fields on the city outskirts) - other farmers have smaller plots, around 0,1 to 0,2 hectares - different scale than other Aleppo residents who have been raising animals and growing food in the city - used crops include: potatoes, cucumbers, courgettes, aubergine, parsley & spinach

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apricot

chickpea

cotton

date palm

kinnow

mandarins & clementines

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4. Agriculture and Cuisine in Karachi Agriculture accounts for 21% of the GDP of Pakistan and employs 43% of the labour force (37% of all males & 75% of all females).

In Pakistan, the most agricultural province is Punjab where wheat and cotton are the most grown. Mango orchards are mostly found in Sindh (Karachi) and Punjab provinces that make Pakistan the world’s 4th largest producer of mangoes.

Even though agriculture is of such importance to the country of Pakistan, according to World Food Programme (2009), more than 48% of the population is food insecure. This is mainly because of an ever increasing population and the high demand on water resources.

The 12 most important agricultural products in Pakistan are:

mango

milk

onion

rice

sugarcane

wheat

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jamun

chikoo 72

guava

Typical Fruit Trees in Karachi and the Sindh province Karachi is the capital of the Sindh province and the largest and most poplous city in Pakistan. It’s Pakistan’s primary industrial and financial centre. The remainder of Sindh has an agriculture based economy, and produces fruit, food consumer items, and vegetables for the consumption other parts of the country.

Because of the nearness to the sea, Karachi’s climate is different from the rest of Pakistan. Because of this, not all typical products of Pakistan can be grown here.

A variety of fruit trees can be grown very easily in Karachi.

sharifa (sugar apple)

mango 73

cinnamon

mustard

garlic

cumin

ginger

fenugreek

bay leaf

mint

coriander

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Cuisine in the Sindh province The daily food in most Sindhi households consists of wheat-based flat-bread and rice accompanied by two dishes: one gravy and one dry.

The dishes are prepared with a variety of popular herbs, spices and nuts that are grown locally: Spices Dry mango powder Cardamom pods Black cardamom Salt Black pepper Garlic Ginger Cumin seeds Turmeric powder Asafetida Jiggery Chilies Tamarind Poppy seeds Caraway Mustard seeds Clove Sesame seed Garam Masala Cinnamon Aniseed Red Chili

Herbs Coriander Mint Fenugreek Bay leaf Curry Nuts Peanuts Cashew nuts Almonds Pistachio Walnut

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5. Case Study: Desert Farming Moisturizer

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Soil Types in Pakistan 1.

2.

3.

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4.

5.

6. Soil in Karachi Pakistan’s climate is arid and that affects the soil: without moisturing it, vegetation grows very scarcely. There are roughly 26 soil types in Pakistan, 3 of them are found in and near Karachi. soil types in Karachi (nr. 20) Rolling to hilly sandy soils (shore) (nr. 21) Mainly loamy partly gravelly soils (nr. 23) Mountains: Rocky out-crop with patchy soils

Valleys : Mainly loamy partly gravelly soils Loam contains portions of clay, silt, sand and organic matter. The proportions of the content determine the ease to cultivate and produce on the soil. In general, loam is easy to cultivate, water and weed. If there is too much clay, adding organic matter (compost) is an easy way to make it better manageable.

Rammed Earth Rammed earth is a technique for building walls, foundations and floors using natural raw materials such as earth, chalk, lime or gravel. Rammed earth is simple to construct, fire resistant, thermally massive, strong and durable.

A rammed earth wall is built in five steps (see lower left image): 1. A framework is built and a layer of mois earth is filled in (mixture of sand, gravel, clay and concrete) 2. The layer of moist earth is compressed 3. The next layer of moist is added 4. Succesive layers of moist are added and compressed 5. The framework is removed, leaving the rammed earth wall

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III. TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE & VERNACULAR

81

82

83

ctional

centrality of water in the perception of Muslim Muslims respect water as the most complexityIranians. of water in Persian gardens. important means of cleaning and purifying. The Quran describes paradise as a garden beneath which rivers flow (Tabbaa 1987). The Persian garden’s atmosphere is very similar to the image that the Quran has represented from the paradise as the retaliation of the good deeds, actions and manners.

Additionally, water has been the element that could transfer the extremely arid lands of Persia to the quasi-paradise gardens.

inscriptions, water plays an aest Persian gardens, water is a central e determinant of the axes (Fig. 15). Th cannot be exclusive to the functio water; since the designer could place around the perimeter of the garde explicit expression. The presence of w gardens is the representation of its sig Persian culture. Water in Persian gar produces a desirable sound, affectin aesthetics of the garden.

The respect for water in the Iranian culture cannot be only because of the culture and the related meanings. But also it is owed to the water functional role in the production and maintenance of gardens.

Especially, the vast amount of arid lands, shortage of rainfalls, sequential droughts and the harsh climate in a vast part of Iran have caused many Iranians to suffer from water insufficiency. The Creation of Persian gardens is owed to the exploration of water among the huge deserts of Persia. Therefore, water can be considered as the most significant element in Persian gardens, transferring a desert to a desirable microclimate usually inside walls in which trees and flowers can grow. The garden’s existence depends on the presence of water, which can provide freshness and melodious sound.

In addition to the semantic and functional

The geometric division of gardens h achieved through the placement of w Persian gardens were mostly segme streams generating major and min is usually the identifier of centra gardens. The water flows in the m garden to the pool in front of the edi an architectural emphasis on the pla edifice. The water in Persian garden inert element; rather it is a dynamic t either with its fountains and water natural flow on the slope of the gro feature of the water in Persian garde its reflection. The big pool in front o usually a reflector of the pavilion an of the gardens adding another chara complexity of water in Persian garde

garden, Bagh-e-Shazdeh pools and water channels (Khansari et al.

1998)

y – Regional Chapter Germany (IALE-D)

Figure 15. Water as the main element in Persian Bagh-e-Shazdeh Garden (Iran) garden, Bagh-e-Shazdeh pools and water channel 1998) 84

ISSN 1865-1542 - www.landscape-online.de Official Journal of the International Association for Landscape Ecology – Regional Chapter Germany (IALE-D)

1. The Persian Garden = representation of Paradise on Earth

organisation: - rectangle devided into four squares - symmetry and rhythm

water: - water axis (north-south and east-west) to symmetrically divide the garden - central (water-themed) pavilion - water = sacred, carfully controled - advanced irrigation techniques to supply water 1. humidifying function to the garden 2. reflective and sparkling design element 3. audible function: producing quiet, cobbling sounds in the silent garden

walled garden: - enclosed & introverted, like the Islamic housing concept - big entrance building, beautifully decorated

multi-use garden: - food and water for both humans and animals - shade, cooling and freshness - nice and different sights and smells - active and passive activities

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Part One ______________________________________________ Theoretical Background Urban fabric in traditional cities was organic; thus most of the plots were irregular. To obtain the internal courtyard that was the central design for traditional houses, the regular geometric courtyard was the first to be planned. Then passageways and rooms were to be arranged around the courtyard. The irregular parts and undesirable angles were modified by changing the walls depth that may be used as shafts, service areas, niches, cabinets, or fixed furniture- Figure 2.5.

old Medina in Fez (Morocco)

Ursi

room

terrace

Kitchen

talar

ma jaz

room

Ursi

talar nee m

room

takhat bush

tarmah

room

Ursi

Ursi

Ground Floor Plan

Upper Floor Plan

adapting to the irregular site

Figure 2.5- Modification of structure to fit to irregular plot in a traditional house in Baghdad 86 (Source: Schoeauer, 2000)

2. Principles of Traditional Islamic Architecture

Traditional architecture in the Arab World was a natural product of interaction between environmental factors (site, geography, topography, and climate) and social and cultural values (religion, traditions, norms, and cultural background).

It was a reflection of Muslim’s view to the environment as a living entity, materialized on different scales in the city.

1. Compact Urban Planning - compact urban fabric to protect from sunlight, extreme temperatures and sandstorms (minimal thermal load on the house) - one complex structure, difficult to distinguish the individual house - shaded streets - narrow passageways - unique design houses: courtyard typology, joined in clusters to create a dense urban fabric

2. Site Planning goal = minimize the internal daytime temperature and produce shaded exterior living space - position of the sun - direction of the wind - often irregular plots:

1. planning of the geometric courtyard

2. passageways and rooms are created around

3. modification of irregular parts into shafts, service areas, furniture...

87

Socially, the courtyard house provided a perfect solution for male and female segregation in Islam. Moreover, It preserve the family, especially women, privacy from intruders’ eyes and provided an open space for family and children to act their life freely. Courtyard houses were flexible, thus they could accommodate to family growth and fit to the requirements of extended families.

Tlar

Courtyard Courtyard

Tlar

Traditional house in Saudi Arabia (Source: the author)

Neem

Oda

Traditional house in Baghdad (Source: Schoeauer, 2000)

Part One ______________________________________________ Theoretical Background the courtyard and fills the surrounding rooms. Building structure even furniture are cooled at night and remain so until late afternoon. In addition, the courtyard loses heat rapidly by radiation to the clear night sky (Moore, 1993, P.50). During the second phase, at midday, sun Traditional house in the UAE

Traditional house in Tunisia

(Source:floor Al-Azzawi, 2004)Some of the cool air begins (Source: Sibley, 2006) strikes the courtyard directly. to rise and leaks out of the

surrounding rooms.

This induces convection currents that may further Figure 2.6- Different plans for traditional courtyard houses the Arab World comfort. The examples of traditional courtyard houses in theinafford Arab World courtyard now begins to act as chimney during this time when the outside temperatures are Environmentally, highest – Figure 2.7. courtyard was a thermal regulator, thus exposure to the sun is to be avoided and courtyards are to be kept small and overshadowed by high walls, wide eaves and foliage (Macintosh, 1973, P.8). In hot areas, where most of the Arab countries locate, courtyard functions in three phases. During the first phase, the cool night air descends into 79

thermal performance of the courtyard Figure 2.7- Thermal performance of the courtyard in a traditional house (Source: Ragette, 2003)

88

During the third phase, the courtyard floor and the inside of the house get warmer and further convection currents are set up by late afternoon. Most of the cool air trapped within the

3. Design Philosophy: Courtyard House goal = privacy and protection courtyard = climatic and social solution - restricted to family use - shading - privacy from open space - flexible

1. multi-use space

2. adaptable to family growth - thermal regulator: small surface + high walls

thermal performance cycle: 1. cool night air descends into the courtyard and cools all the adjacent rooms structure and furniture cool down, this remains until the afternoon 2. at midday the sun hits the courtyard floor directly, cool air rises and leaks out of the rooms, inducing comfortable convection currents = chimney-effect 3. by late afternoon, the courtyard and inner rooms warm up, creating more convection currents, cool air spills out courtyard and house are protected by the longer structures of the other structures in the dense urban fabric after sunset, temperature drops very quickly and the courtyard starts radiating the heat: the cycle starts again

89

malqaf ventilation system

traditional wind tower

reinterpreted wind tower, for Masdar City (smart city concept) 90

4. Building Envelope & Materials = barrier against the outside climate - resist heat transference - reflect sunlight => thick walls with minimal openings - traditional and local materials: brick, stone, palm trunks...

=> recylable and sustainable

5. Natural Ventilation = passive cooling design characteristic - house oriented in respect to the prevailing wind - orientation of blank facades to shield from hot winds, but allow winter sunlight to penetrate typologies: courtyard, wind tower, malqaf, barjeel

6. Thermal Mass Effect subterranean building concept = utilizing mass thermal storage of earth to absorb heat during the warmest part of a periodic temperature cycle and release it later during a cooler part

91

impression of an atrium

impression of a peristylium

92

3. The Roman Domus = the Latin courtyard house

introvert architecture: to protect the house from intruders, everything was organised inwards to the courtyards

organisation: a vestibulum (entrance hall) leads into the atrium (large central hall); around the central atrium, all the other functions (bedroom, dining...) are organised; a peristylium (courtyard garden) is located in the second part of the house

atrium = central and most important room = the place for social and political life, greeting place for guests and clients = open roof with water element below in the floor (compluvium + impluvium) letting in light, rain and fresh air

peristylium = open courtyard within the house = inner garden surrounden by a covered poritco = can contain flowers and shrubs, fountains, benches, sculptures and fish ponds = non-productive garden

93

94

4. Home What does home mean?

Marc greets things in the

morning Hi boy with the bike on the vase on the bloom

ploom ploom

hi chair by the table hi bread on the table hi fisher-of-fish with the pipe

and

hi fisher-of -fish with cap

cap and pipe

of the fisher-of-fish

hi

H i i i —i fish hi little fish hi tiny fishy-fine of mine

95

PAUL v. OSTAIJEN

“You know that point in your life when you realise the house you grew up in isn’t really your home anymore? All of the sudden, even though you have some place where you put your shit, that idea of home is gone.”

“I still feel at home in my house.”

“You’ll see when you move out it just sort of happens one day and it’s gone. And you can never get it back. It’s like you feel homesick for a place that doesn’t even exist. I mean it’s like this rite of passage, you know. You won’t have this feeling again until you create a new idea of home for yourself, you know, for your kids, for the family you start, it’s like a cycle or something. I don’t know, I miss the idea of it.

Maybe that’s all family really is—a group of people who miss the same imaginary place.”

fragment from the movie Garden State (2004)

96

The poem talks about a boy who greets the everyday objects in his house after he gets up.

We, humans, are creatures of habit. It shows in the way the boy looks at the table: it’s the table that has been there every morning and will also be there tomorrow and the day after. The people we live with and the objects that surround us constitute this feeling of familiarity. In a way, we own our home. We feel possessive.

Tiny fishy-fine of mine.

In this way the concept of a ‘family’ is closely related to a ‘home’. I think this notion of family has to be interpreted in the broadest way. Not necessarily bloodrelated. The strongest sense of home often coincides geographically with a dwelling, ‘our house’.

The movie Garden State deals with the feelings of a 26-year-old guy who feels lost and lonesome. In this fragment we hear that this guy has lost his feeling of ‘home’. Although the physical house is still out there - or the table from the kid who greets things in the morning – the feeling is gone. This proves that ‘home’ cannot only be a location or certain familiar items.

It is a combination of tangible items related to a certain place, shared by a group of people: a family - again in the broadest meaning possible - during a period of time in your life. In that way, what is most familiar to you at any given point in your life, I would call ‘home’.

In the movie Garden State, the guy talks about the idea of home as a cycle. I think we keep creating new concepts of ‘home’ throughout our lives. Any new table can become the familiar table that a boy would greet in the morning.

97

98

5. The Great Mosque of Samarra built in 852

introverted architecture

minaret (Malwiya) = spiraling tower “used to call for prayer�

52m high 33m diameter basis

mosque = walled field with many columns 239 m x 156 m classic 3:2 length - width ratio

99

100

IV. THE PRODUCTIVE OASIS

101

SMALL

scale objective

proposed timing

supplementing the daily fruit and vegetable supply in an average household tomorrow

ecological benefits

thermal house insulation, reduction of the urban heat island effect, composting

economic benefits

saving money on grocery shopping

community benefits

first step towards sustainability: posibility to keep the incremental logic and vernacular living models

102

1. Intervention Objective Overview

MEDIUM

LARGE

providing knowledge, information creating the frame for a selfand seeds for urban farming sustainable community 2018

2030

thermal house insulation, reduction of the urban heat island effect, composting

thermal house insulation, reduction of the urban heat island effect, composting, supporting biodiversity

diverse fragments to activate the neighborhood: some creating productive landscapes: employment opportulocal employment opportunities, small local market/sales nities for a part of the local community, generating local opportunities economic development next step towards sustainability: educational purposes for sustainability: posibility to keep the incremental logic and inhabitants, posibility to keep the incremental logic and vernacular living models, educational purposes for inhavernacular living models, a place to come together bitants and the further generations, aswel as education for other neighborhoods/cities/countries, a place to come together, eat, drink, pray, enjoy and play => education and eco-tourism: a model for sustainable living = creating a frame for the possible future layout of the new city

103

104

2.

S

rooftops and courtyards in Ghaziabad

105

urban farms as an add-on on rooftops and in courtyards

106

S SMALL

scale objective

proposed timing

supplementing the daily fruit and vegetable supply in an average household tomorrow

ecological benefits

thermal house insulation, reduction of the urban heat island effect, composting

economic benefits

saving money on grocery shopping

community benefits

first step towards sustainability: posibility to keep the incremental logic and vernacular living models

107

108

S Zahra is an urban farmer in Karachi and shares her experiences on her blog, this is how she introduces herself: “Khush-amadeed! Welcome to my Garden. I am Zahra Ali Husain an urban organic grower, sustainability educator, freelance writer and a blogger. I love to grow my ‘Crops in Pots’ organically on my terrace garden in Karachi, Pakistan.

Here I share my ‘garden’ discoveries, inspirations and dreams. Join me on the journey of self discovery while I walk through a garden.”

In one blog post, Zahra explains how she manages to get a 40 kg yield from a small urban farm. This is the result:

40 kg of vegetables from a 5m² garden (8kg/m²) Tomatoes Cucumber Eggplant Corn Ears Spinach Bell Peppers Hot Pepper Beans Lettuce leaves Squash Chives

14 -20 kg 2 kg 3,5 kg 4-8 0,75 kg 2,6 kg 1,5 kg 5,5 kg 0,5 kg 10-25 a few bunches

I was able to contact Zahra and ask her some more information about urban farming in Karachi. She was happy to help. The numbers of the 40kg yield are the estimates of one growing season, meaning 3 to 6 months in Karachi.

109

research area = 27 510 m² = 4 420 m² of rooftops & courtyards

110

S Getting started with urban farming is not difficult at all. Zahra estimates the time around 1 hour to prepare the soil and sow seeds. After that it’s simply watering every day and fertilizing every once in a while.

The only (big) issue with urban farming in Karachi is that there are hardly any seeds available. There is no local seed bank or place to buy it. Zahra uses imported seeds to grow her crops. According to her, people in Karachi would be very eager to start small gardens of their own, if there would be seeds available.

(S) Intervention Brief My small architectural proposal (S intervention) is rather a calculation than a design. Based on facts, I calculated how many fruit and vegetables people in the research area could grow in a year and how it would benefit them financially.

These numbers can act as an instigator for inhabitants to start building small gardens themselves. This idea fits very well together with the incremental logic on which many neighborhoods in Karachi are based. Growing (a part of) your own fruits and vegetables is a first step towards a sustainable neighborhood or city.

Slum, slum-like or ex-slum areas are perfectly fit to make this step.

111

research area Ghaziabad inhabitants resarch area Ghaziabad

27.

2.

recommended (WHO) daily fruit & vegetable consumption recommended (WHO) yearly fruit & vegetable consumption recommended consumption for this Ghaziabad research area

401.

average household in Ghaziabad average yield from a 5m² garden average yield supply for yearly fruit & vegetable consumption of a Ghaziabad inhabitant supply for yearly fruit & vegetable consumption of a Ghaziabad household 1 Pakistani rupee = average cost for a day supply of fruit & vegetables for a household = average cost for a year supply of fruit & vegetables for a household =

average household's daily fruit & vegetable consumption daily cost per kg of fruit & vegetables = 112

36.

3

a Ghaziabad a Ghaziabad

onsumption onsumption esearch area

S 27.510 2.750

m² people

0,4 kg/person 146 kg/person 401.500 kg

n Ghaziabad

6 people

5m² garden average yield

40 kg 8 kg/m²

d inhabitant d household

27,4 % 4,6 %

tani rupee =

0,0091 €

a household = a household =

nsumption

& vegetables =

100 rupee 0,91 € 36.500 rupee 332,15 €

2,4 kg 41,67 rupee/kg 0,38 €/kg

113

3 454 m² courtyards (12,5 %)

1/3 for urban farming = 1 150 m²

114

S

9 820 m² rooftops (36 %)

1/3 for urban farming = 3 270 m²

115

old ouseh per h

g)

ption

its (k

nsum

& fru 9.200 26.160 35.360

% of -

sav

uced

the an

veget

nual co

ables # inh 116

2.750 2.750 2.750 2.750

prod

nts abita

m²) area ( Ghaziabad research area 27.510 courtyards (1/3rd) 1.150 rooftops (1/3rd) 3.270 courtyards + rooftops (1/3rd) 4.420

2,29 6,52 1 8,81 1

2,29 383.333 6,52 1.090.000 8,81 1.473.333

3.488 9.919 13.407

-

836 2.378 3.215

117

saved mone y per hous ehold after 1 yea r (â‚Ź)

save d mon ey pe r hous ehold after 1 year ( rupee )

saved mone y after 1 yea r (â‚Ź)

saved mone y afte r 1 ye ar (ru pee)

mptio n pe r hous ehold

S

7,61 21,64 29,25

urban farms on rooftops and in courtyards in the research area in Ghaziabad

118

S

Conclusion when the community in this research area (27 510 m²) of Ghaziabad uses 1/3rd of it’s courtyard and rooftop surface for urban farming 1. they can provide almost 9% of the ideal yearly fruit and vegetable supply for all people in this area 2. they can save 3 215 rupees (almost 30 euros) per household in 1 year on grocery shopping

119

A Secret Garden in a leftover space in the urban fabric

120

M

3.

MEDIUM

scale objective

proposed timing

providing knowledge, information and seeds for urban farming 2018

ecological benefits

thermal house insulation, reduction of the urban heat island effect, composting

economic benefits

diverse fragments to activate the neighborhood: some local employment opportunities, small local market/sales opportunities

community benefits

next step towards sustainability: educational purposes for inhabitants, posibility to keep the incremental logic and vernacular living models, a place to come together

121

(M) Intervention Brief Most neighborhoods in Karachi are already very densely built, so integrating new interventions in the existing urban fabric is not easy. The Secret Garden (M intervention) is a prototype of a small space for the community that is integrated in the existing urban tissue.

The Secret Garden is a hidden spot in the city, surrounded by walls. One of the walls is much wider, more permeable and filled with functions related to the hidden garden. From the outside, not much is visible. This triggers the curiosity of inhabitants and passers-by.

The Secret Garden is not only for the eyes and the nose. There is one window in the functional wall: a small shop to sell seeds and the collected herbs from the garden inside. People can get acquainted with different possibilities of small-scale urban farming and gardens. If they are interested, they can purchase seeds to start growing their own plants.

There is another opening, but not as defined as the shop. The curtain can be opened or closed in different ways to give the Secret Garden a flexible permeability. A space is provided to have small workshops, either opened to the public or closed of to the garden. Inside, people can have a coffee or tea while enjoying the beauty and tranquility of the Secret Garden. It feels like a different world, closed off from the outside.

122

M

The roof and canopy of the functional wall are accessible. All surfaces are meant to be used. On the rooftop, people can have a different perspective on the area.

It’s also a place where examples and techniques of small scale urban farming can be exhibited and showcased. People can get some inspiration to get their own project started at home.

The street in front of the functional wall is planted with fruit trees to provide shade and food. It’s another way of showing how well agriculture and food production can exist in a city. This concept of planting fruit trees in parts of the streets can be translated to many other locations throughout the neighborhood.

On the opposite side of the functional wall there’s a very small window to offer passers-by a sneak peek to the Secret Garden. At first it sparks the interest to come into the garden and then the garden can inspire people to create something at home for themselves.

123

The Secret Garden - ground floor plan (1/200) 124

M

The Secret Garden - roof plan (1/200) 125

126

M

The Secret Garden adapted to different locations 127

128

4.

L

2016

expected future 129

130

L

expected future

proposed future 131

132

L LARGE

scale objective

proposed timing

creating the frame for a selfsustainable community 2030

ecological benefits

thermal house insulation, reduction of the urban heat island effect, composting, supporting biodiversity

economic benefits

creating productive landscapes: employment opportunities for a part of the local community, generating local economic development

community benefits

sustainability: posibility to keep the incremental logic and vernacular living models, educational purposes for inhabitants and the further generations, aswel as education for other neighborhoods/cities/countries, a place to come together, eat, drink, pray, enjoy and play => education and eco-tourism: a model for sustainable living = creating a frame for the possible future layout of the new city

133

2020

2025 134

L

2030

2035 135

The Productive Oasis: North elevation

The Productive Oasis: West elevation

136

L

The Productive Oasis: South elevation

The Productive Oasis: East elevation

137

The Productive Oasis - axonometric view: ground floor

138

Polyvalent Space

Restaurant

Flower Shop

Market Hall

Tea & Coffee Houses

School

Mixed Use Hall

Community Workshops

Mosque

L

The Productive Oasis - ground floor plan (1/1500) 139

The Productive Oasis - axonometric view: first floor

140

Polyvalent Space

Restaurant

Outdoor Terrace

Market Hall

Communal Rooftop

School

Mixed Use Hall

Community Workshops

Mosque

L

The Productive Oasis - first floor plan (1/1500) 141

The Productive Oasis - axonometric view 142

L (L) Intervention Brief The Productive Oasis is an architectural proposal to deal with the urban sprawl in a South Asian megacity. Inspired by the Persian gardens, the Productive Oasis is a green paradise surrounded by walls. To answer to the context of Karachi, the garden is actually a productive landscape and the wall is the building. The Productive Oasis exists of a productive building in the West and an educational building in the East. The central garden is divided into a public orchard and a productive field. Access and permeability vary between all these parts.

The public orchard is a garden where anybody can come and pick fruits they like.

It’s a beautiful public park, shaded by the trees. There is an elevated walk to enjoy the vegetation from another perspective and to easily access and pluck the fruits.

On the ground floor, ladders are available to climb the trees. The praying wall in the mosque is placed inside the garden. It’s a claustra-wall that blurs the feeling between inside and outside. After prayer, people can immediately access the garden and walk through the modern paradise. On the opposite side, they can enjoy some drinks or do other activities in the coffee and tea houses.

The productive field is not publicly accessible, but very visible and enjoyable all the same. The productive field is excavated, so depth constitutes the boundary.

There is one public connection on the lowest level of the fields and a triple connection on ground level, elevated above the fields. Crops, plants and flowers are grown in the respective parts close to the functions in the walls. From the educational strip, the fields are directly accessible from the school and the workshop spaces. Children can learn from a young age about the benefits of farming with a hands-on approach and people coming to all kinds of workshops can exercise and use as they please in the agricultural strips connected to the building. On the productive side in the West, the flower shop and atelier has direct access to the fields to grow and gather flowers. The restaurant collects ingredients just outside of the kitchen. Crops that are grown in the productive field can be sold immediately in the market.

The water tower is a vital feature in the Productive Oasis. It pumps water from great depths to supply the whole garden and surrounding buildings with water.

It’s also a publicly accessible viewpoint. The tower serves as a monument and landmark of the Productive Oasis.

143

144

145

The Productive Oasis: Tea and Coffee Houses & Market Hall- ground floor plan (1/400) 146

The Productive Oasis: Tea and Coffee Houses & Market Hall - first floor plan (1/400) 147

148

149

The Productive Oasis: Market Hall, Flower Shop & Restaurant - ground floor plan (1/400) 150

The Productive Oasis: Market Hall, Flower Shop & Restaurant - first floor plan (1/400) 151

152

153

The Productive Oasis: Mosque - ground floor plan (1/400) 154

The Productive Oasis: Mosque - first floor plan (1/400) 155

156

157

The Productive Oasis: School & Mixed Use Hall- ground floor plan (1/400) 158

The Productive Oasis: School & Mixed Use Hall - first floor plan (1/400) 159

160

161

162

Aaron Swartjes