Ancient Art History by Aashna Patel

TITLE: ART APPRECIATION NAME OF THE COLLEGE: PEARL ACADEMY

DEPARTMENT: PG-IDS NAME: AASHNA PATEL (2014-16)

DATE OF SUBMISSION: 10 DECEMBER 2014 DURATION OF THE PROJECT:

TUTOR‟S NAME: SUHASINI TANEJA

Letter Of Acknowledgement I would like to thank the institute Pearl Academy for giving me the platform to conduct the research on Art Appreciation. I would also like to thank my professors, Harroop Maâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;am for guiding me throughout my research to make this report more appealing with a proper format and Suhasini Maâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;am for helping me with the information needed to make this report. This work is an original document and any reference if taken from other sources, then, have been duly acknowledged. At last I would like to thank my friends Ganiv Chadha and Isha Sharma who motivated me to complete this research.

Faculty Signature

Student Signature

Table of Contents SR. NO.

PARTICULARS

PAGE NO.

Chapter 1: EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Chapter 2: Literature Review MESOPATAMIUN CIVILIZATION

EGYPSTIAN CIVILIZATION

GREEK CIVILIZATION

ROMAN CIVILIZATION

RENAISSANCE

BAROQUE

ROCOCO

ROMANTICISM

11.

IMPRESSIONISM

12.

EXPRESSIONISM

13.

FAUVISM

14.

CUBISM

15.

FUTURISM

16.

SURREALISM

17.

DADAISM

18.

MINIMALISM

19.

POP ART

20.

OP ART

21.

ART NOUVEAU

22.

ART DECO

23.

ENVIRONMENTAL ART

101

24.

INSTALLATION ART

102

25.

HINDU ART

106

26.

Chapter 3: LIMITATIONS

116

27.

Chapter 4: CONCLUSION

117

28.

Chapter 5: BIBLIOGRAPHY: I TEXT REFERENCING

118

II IMAGE REFERENCING

120

IMAGE CONTENTS SR. NO.

PARTICULARS

PAGE NO.

Fig. 1 Ziggaurats

Fig. 2 Ruins from a temple in Nippur

Fig. 3 Temple at Babylon

Fig. 4 Temple at Babylon

Fig. 5 Imperial Palace of Nineveh

Fig. 6 Great Sphinx of Giza

Fig. 7 Great Pyramid of Giza

Fig. 8 Karnak

Fig. 9 Luxor Temple

10.

Fig. 10 Kouro and Kore

11.

Fig. 11 Diadumeuos

Fig. 12 The Laocoon

13.

Fig. 13 Dying Gaul

14.

Fig. 14 Type of Order

15.

Fig. 15 Doric Order

16.

Fig. 16 Detailed Orders

17.

Fig. 17 Types of Vaults

18.

Fig. 18 Tunnel Vault

19.

Fig. 19 Barrel Vault

20.

Fig. 20 The Coliseum

21.

Fig. 21 Groin Vault

22.

Fig. 22 Groin Vault

23.

Fig. 23 Hagia Sophia

24.

Fig. 24 Light Rays At Hagia

25.

Fig. 25 Roman Frescoed Room

26.

Fig. 26 The Fall of Rome

27.

Fig. 27 The Dying Niobid

Fig. 28 Glass Mould of The Virgin

Fig. 29 Giotto

Fig. 30 David

Fig. 31 Mona Lisa

Fig. 32 The Ecstasy of St. Teresa

Fig. 33 Royal

Fig. 34 Gothic Structures

Fig. 35 The Versailles Palace in France

Fig. 36 Staircase of Kloster

Fig. 37 Krumlov Castle

Fig. 38 St. Mathew and The Angel

Fig. 39 Rococo Interiors

Fig. 40 Marie Antoinette

Fig. 41 Vieled Girl

42.

Fig. 42 S-shaped Sofa

43.

Fig. 43 Rococo Fashion

44.

Fig. 44 The Swing

Fig. 45 Waterfall

Fig. 46 Happy Lovers

Fig. 47 Sunshine

Fig. 48 The Stone Breaker

Fig. 49 The Laundress

Fig. 50 The Farmers Lunch

Fig. 51 The Gleaners

Fig. 52 Young Women From The Village

Fig. 53 The Fox Hunt

Fig. 54 Impression, Soliel Levant

Fig. 55 Olympia

Fig. 56 Le Dejeuner Sur Lâ&#x20AC;&#x;

Fig. 57 Ballet Rehearsal

Fig. 58 Self Potrait

Fig. 59 Starry Night Over The Rhone

Fig. 60 Series Of Sunflower

Fig. 61 Bedroom In Arles

Fig. 62 The Scream

Fig. 63 Madonna

Fig. 64 The Day After

Fig. 65 Fate Of the Animal

Fig. 66 The Red Horses

Fig. 67 Madame Matisse

Fig. 68 Room In Red

Fig. 69 Joy Of Life

Fig. 70 Blue Nude

Fig. 71 The Old Guitarist

Fig. 72 Les Demoiselles dâ&#x20AC;&#x;Aviguon

Fig. 73 Little Harbor In Normandy

Fig. 74 Autotors

Fig. 75 Dynamism of a Car

Fig. 76 Untitled

Fig. 77 Untitled

Fig. 78 The Street Enters The House

Fig. 79 Elasticity

Fig. 80 Development of A Bottle in Space

Fig. 81 Square of Concentric Circles

Fig. 82 Persistence of Dreams

Fig. 83 The Great Masterbator

Fig. 84 Lobster Telephone

Fig. 85 Lips Sofa

Fig. 86 Breakfast In Fur

Fig. 87 Mona Lisa

Fig. 88 Soft Toilet

Fig. 89 Madonaa

Fig. 90 Ration Book

Fig. 91 1943 Ration Book

Fig. 92 1943 Ration Book

Fig. 93 Campbell Juice

Fig. 94 Coca Cola

Fig. 95 Marilyn Manroe

Fig. 96 Lips

Fig. 97 Portrait

Fig. 98 Lips

Fig. 99 Micky

100

Fig. 100 Untitled

101

Fig. 101 Untitled

103

Fig. 103 Inspiration of Nation

104

Fig. 104 Persian Metro Entrance

105

Fig. 105 Persian Metro Entrance

106

Fig. 106 Dressing

107

Fig. 107 Entry

108

Fig. 108 Entrance

109

Fig. 109 Rose Window

110

Fig. 110 Circular Rose Window

111

Fig. 111 Goudi

112

Fig. 112 Goudi Window

113

Fig. 113 Sunset View Goudi

114

Fig. 114 Doors

115

Fig. 115 Sun Motif

100

116

Fig. 116 Sun Window

100

117

Fig. 117 Sun Rooftop

100

118

Fig. 118 Fiji

101

119

Fig. 119 Wall

103

120

Fig. 120 Color Window

104

121

Fig. 121 Dog

104

122

Fig. 122 Kinetic Rain Drop

105

123

Fig. 123 Pashupati Seal

106

124

Fig. 124 Bronze Dancing Girl

106

125

Fig. 125 The Priest King

107

126

Fig. 126 Bhimbhetka Rock Panting

108

127

Fig. 127 Sripuram Temple

109

128

Fig. 128 Khajuraho Temple

110

129

Fig. 129 The Famous Khajuraho Temple

109

130

Fig. 130 Jal Mahal

113

131

Fig. 131 Jama Masjid

113

132

Fig. 132 Kishan Radha

114

133

Fig. 133Kishangarh

114

134

Fig. 134 Bani Thani

114

Executive Summary This research was conducted in order to understand the Ancient Art History of the world. The report is inclusive of every possible topic, which has left a mark in the history of art. I began my research right from the Mesopotamian Civilization going on to other civilizations such as Egypt, Greece, Roman. To understand things better I have included paintings along with the year in which they were created. The report not only consists of the above, but also includes the Modern Art which consists of Impressionism, Expressionism, Cubism, Dadaism, Pop Art etc. Along with this it also includes the Post Modern Art and the Hindu Art. Being a student of Interior Designing and Styling the above research gives me clarity about the art history, which can later be helpful to understand a certain era, or work on a particular theme. Page No. 1

Mesopotamian Civilization Mesopotamia is a word from ancient Greek and means â&#x20AC;&#x153;between rivers.

It is the name for the area of the Tigrisâ&#x20AC;&#x201C;Euphrates river system, which is now Iraq, Kuwait, the northeastern section of Syria, much lesser extent southeastern Turkey and even includes some parts of southwestern Iran. Mesopotamia is considered to be the cradle of civilization in the West. In the Bronze Age, it was inclusive of the Sumer, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian empires. During the Iron Age, it was ruled by the NeoAssyrian and Neo-Babylonian empires. For a period in time, Mesopotamia was also under the rule of the Romans. Page No. 2

MESOPOTAMIAN ARCHITECTURE: We can understand the architecture by the archaeological evidences, texts on buildings, pictorial representation of buildings and architecture of temples, palaces, gates, city walls and also the residential buildings. The overriding or leading material that was used for Mesopotamian architecture was Brick. This was due to the fact that brick was easily available in the local markets. Ziggaurats (step pyramid structures) was the most unique form of architecture built with bricks. Also, the large gateways of cities were made in polychrome brick, like the Ishtar Gate from the Neo-Babylonian era.

Fig. 1 Ziggaurats Page No. 3

http://mesopotamiadiv1.wikispaces.com (2014)

Temple complexes at Uruk from the 4th millennium BC, palaces and temples from Early Dynastic periods are the most extraordinary and remarkable remains from the early Mesopotamian period. Some examples of such notable constructions are Third Dynasty of Uruk remains at Nippur, Khafajah, Tell Asmar, Ebla, Aleppo, temples at Assyrian, temples at Babylonian and many more.

Fig. 2 Ruins from a temple in Nippur http://t1.gstatic.com (2014)

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Fig. 4 Temple at Babylon http://www.world-mysteries.com (2014)

Fig. 3 Temple at Babylon https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 5 Imperial Palace of Nineveh, capital of Assyria http://www.hudsonfla.com (2014)

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There was a temple in the centre of the city that represented the significance of the city‟s patron deity who was worshipped by all the communities residing in the city. It was also the origin of the world‟s first cities and it was principally made of sun-dried brick. As Bertman said, “The domestic architecture of Mesopotamia grew out of the soil upon which it stood. Unlike Egypt, Mesopotamia –especially in the south– was barren of stone that could be quarried for construction.” The land of Mesopotamia didn‟t have trees for timber, so the residents used resources that were readily and plentifully available like muddy clay at the banks of its rivers and rushes and reeds that grew in marshes. With the help of such resources, Mesopotamians crafted the world‟s first arches, roofed structures and columns. Homes were made of sundried clay bricks. Page No. 6

The gods were thought to be present in the planning and execution of any building project and very specific prayers, recited in a set order to the proper deity, were considered of utmost importance in the success of the project and the prosperity of the occupants of the home. Whichever kingdom or empire held sway across Mesopotamia, in whatever historical period, the vital role of the gods in the lives of the people remained undiminished. The construction was so good; it was thought that Gods were in presence during the planning and execution of the various construction projects. A set of specific prayers were recited to the appropriate deity. This was of great significance for the accomplishment of the project and also for the opulence of the people residing in the home. The position of the Gods remained unchanged throughout the rule of various emperors. Page No. 7

Ancient Egyptian architecture is prominently recognised across the globe. Egypt the land of pharaohs has an abundance of strong and unique architectural structures of pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces. Great Pyramid of Giza and the Great Sphinx of Giza are the most famous amongst them.

Fig. 6 Great Sphinx of Giza http://paradiseintheworld.com (2014)

Fig. 7 Great Pyramid of Giza http://t3.gsta tic.com (2014) Page No. 8

Egyptian buildings narrate out loud the stories of pharaohs, its gods , life of the common people and its natural habitat. Egyptian structures were illuminated with magnificent images carved on stones , beautiful paintings, hieroglyphs and three diementional statues. Sun baked mud bricks and stones like granite, limestone and sandstone were used as building material due to the scarcity of wood. The mud walls were stabalised by thickening the sloping walls and leaving a few openings, this was known as the echoing method . On closely observing the the architectural designs it is realized the stone was usually used for tombs and temples while the royal palaces and fortresses were built using bricks. The key to the success of these designs mainly lies in the hands of its architects and engineers who had high level of expertise. They imparted similar skills into the workforce working on these projects.

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Fig. 8 Karnak https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 9 Luxor Temple https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com (2014) Page No. 10

The Greek civilization has furnished the old world with the finest and most different figures and building design. They strived for excellence in their understanding of structure and human body, they achieved this by the Golden Proportion. The understanding of this period can be done with the help of three periods: 1.

Archaic Period

Classical Period

Hellenistic Period

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ARCHAIC PERIOD: This is a

period of ancient Greek history that followed the Greek Dark Age. It is a period of traditional style of sculptures and other forms of art and craft that were distinctive at that time, while there is more natural look of work made in the following Classical period. This period had elongated limbs and a triangular torso.

The Kouro and Kore are best examples for understanding the human proportions of that time.

Fig. 10 Kouro and Kore https://c2.staticflickr.com

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CLASSICAL PERIOD: This is a period of the rebirth of art and

went through structural transformation. These sculptures beautified the human body especially the male. These sculptures seemed as if they have life

in them because of the expressions they show and the positions they are in.

Fig. 11 Diadumenos http://www.britishmuseum.org (2014) Page No. 13

HELLENISTIC PERIOD: This period the sculptures had more drama and seemed as if they had a story in them. This made them look as if its real also by this time women and children were also allowed to become a subject for sculptures.

Fig. 13 Dying Gaul http://klimtlover.files.wordpress.com (2014)

Fig. 12 The Laocoon http://www.hinsdale86.org Page No. 14

THREE ORDERS: The Greek period followed three types of orders in its monuments. 1. Doric Order 2. Ionic Order 3. Corinthian Order

Fig. 14 Types Of Order http://www.caitloon.com (2014)

Fig. 15 Doric Order http://www.cmhpf.org (2014) Page No. 15

Fig. 16 Detailed Orders http://www.radford.edu (2014)

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Rome carried forward the characteristics of Greece. It discovered the “concrete” ie. One could paste things together and create a sculpture. The Romans even recognized peoples achievements and awarded and rewarded them and created “busts” for them.

The Vaults – which are the arches; is the main characteristic of this period. There were three types of Vaults: 1. Barrel 2. Groin (they were the crossed arches hence they have a

greater height, are stronger and more stable)

3. Ribbed Page No. 17

The romans did not discover these vaults but they perfected them and by using them they came up with some of the most monumental and spacious structures the world had ever seen.

Fig. 17 Types of Vaults http://www.cbcurtis.net (2014) Page No. 18

Fig. 18 Tunnel Vault or Barrel Vault https://www.oneonta.edu (2014)

Fig. 19 Barrel Vault http://www.setareh.arch.vt.edu (2014)

Fig. 20 The Coliseum https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com (2014) Page No. 19

The Groin Vault was a Roman innovation where two vaults meet at right angles. It was a way to join multiple spaces together because it needed support. Instead of one huge arch they used different vaults. Incase of styling they achieved a lot.

Fig. 21 Groin Vault http://media-cacheec0.pinimg.com (2014)

Fig. 22 Groin Vault http://media.lanecc.edu (2014) Page No. 20

HAGIA SOPHIA This monument has mosaics, dome, church which is dome shaped and not in triangular form. The dome has an opening from where light comes in. They say that this light directly comes from God. It has an amazing interior and an Islamic making.

Fig. 23 Hagia Sophia https://ridgeaphistory.wikispaces.com (2014)

Fig. 24 Light Rays At Hagia http://www.teslasociety.com (2014)

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ROMAN WALL PAINTINGS

Fig. 25 Roman Frescoed Room http://www.metmuseum.org (2014)

At that time there were not too many windows, so to make the rooms bigger they made it beautiful from inside. The painted walls and panels in such a way that they made thumbnails of a painting on a panel and framed it around. They even painted the ceiling. They gave the impression of depth to make it more beautiful. Page No. 22

DARK AGE PERIOD Key dates: 13th â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 14th Century. The architecture, sculptures, literature everything was burnt. Most of European history was lost and destroyed. Rome broke due to cultural differences. Christianity came up. People only concentrated on fighting that time, there was no development in architecture. Fashion was also affected but at a lesser level.

Fig. 26 The Fall of Rome http://www.mmdtkw.org (2014)

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Key Date: 15th Century.

During this period trade became important; middle class took up trading. Art was introduced. Because even middle class had more money to spend.

THE DYING NIOBID It was one of the first sculptures commissioned for private collection. Fig. 27 The Dying Niobid http://www.bc.edu (2014)

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DONATELLO PAINTINGS was an early Renaissance Italian sculptor from Florence. Whatever he made Was about virgin marry or Jesus or stories from the Bible.

Fig. 28 Glass mould of The Virgin and Child with Four Angels http://upload.wikimedia.org (2014) Page No. 25

Giotto, was an Italian painter and architect from Florence. He is considered as one of the first oneâ&#x20AC;&#x;s in a line of great artists who contributed to the Italian Renaissance. Fig. 29 Giotto https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com (2014)

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Late Renaissance you see a lot of perspective. Michelangelo

Fig. 30 David http://www.wga.hu (2014)

Da Vinci

Fig. 31 Mona Lisa

http://blog.paperblanks.com (2014)Page No. 27

Fig. 32 The Ecstasy Of St. Teresa

Key Dates: 1600-1750 (started off during the close of 16th century) By the end of the 16th century people were tired of fighting. And, the King had distributed areas to his Generals and collected taxes from them regularly. He did this so that it could get easy for him to rule. Bernini (1652)

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The King was still the richest, because of the regular incomes that he earned by collecting taxes. Since the King had distributed his work, the Royals started devoting most of their time socializing, partying and fashion. In the Baroque era people started building furniture. Everything that time was goddy and huge. Even the painters played a lot with light and shadow. They created mystery, and showed exaggerated expressions, even the bodies were stretched out.

BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE According to Francis D.K. Ching in A Visual Dictionary of Architecture (p. 133), Baroque Architecture is â&#x20AC;&#x153;A style of architecture originating in Italy in the early 17th century and variously prevalent in Europe and the New World for a century and a half, characterized by free and sculptural use of the classical orders and ornament, dynamic opposition and interpenetration of spaces, and the dramatic combined effects of architecture, sculpture, painting, and the decorative artsâ&#x20AC;?. Page No. 29

Baroque workmanship is experienced in private structural planning (royal residences) as much as clerical structures like holy places and religious communities. Florid houses of worship are exemplified by wide naves and, contrasted with Gothic structures, rather low roofs delegated by high domes (arches).

Fig. 33 Royal www.italiantourism.com (2014)

Fig. 34 Gothic Structures www.italiantourism.com (2014) Page No. 30

Fig. 35 The Versailles Palace in France http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net (2014)

In Baroque Architecture, they use only those architectural features which give greatness, such as gigantic columns, high vaults, enormous arcs and curves and even huge domes, they use colors with great contrasts, and Page No. 31 great empty spaces.

The Baroque style had its own essence of interiors in its construction. The entrance is huge with immense empty space. Then comes the staircase which has a monumental effect. Fig. 36 Staircase of Kloster Schantal Monastery â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Germany http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net (2014)

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BAROQUE THEATRE Fig. 37 Krumlov Castle http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net (2014)

BAROQUE PAINTING Fig. 38 Saint Matthew and the Angel by Caravaggio http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net (2014)

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Rococo is a part of the 18th century movement of art which started in Paris. During this period everything that was being painted or built was more humorous, elaborate, flowery and fancy and graceful. Their style was luxuriant and used light colors, asymmetrical designs, curves, and gold. Their approach of work was more witty and playful; unlike Baroque. The rooms during this period were a piece of art work with stylish and lavish furniture, small sculptures, attractive decorated mirrors, and even the linen matched the room and paintings on the wall.

Fig. 39 Rococo Interiors http://cyarthistory.wikispaces.com (2014)

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The Rococo was also important in theatre. The book The Rococo states that no other art movement "has produced a wittier, more elegant, and teasing dialogue full of elusive and camouflaging language and gestures, refined feelings and subtle criticism" than Rococo theatre, especially that of France.

Fig. 40 Marie Antoinette http://3.bp.blogspot.com (2014)

Fan became a very important accessory. There was an official language using the fan. This was developed because it was very difficult to amongst two people in public. The way the fan was held had different symbols â&#x20AC;&#x201C; eg.: if a particular woman is single or taken. Page No. 35

The love seat was developed in this era. There was a reason behind it. As informed earlier it was very difficult for two people to communicate in public; they could then sit together on the same seat but facing different walls.

Fig. 41 Veiled Girl Corradini (1750)

Fig. 42 S-shaped Sofa https://static.squarespace.com (2014)

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Fig. 43 Rococo Fashion http://t2.gstatic.com (2014)

Women at that time didnâ&#x20AC;&#x;t have any say their only job was to give babies. They were not allowed to work, nor were they allowed to interfere in politics. Because of which, they had interest in fashion only. They were not allowed to own anything, except for fashion and jewelry. Page No. 37

Earlier, women were not allowed to show their body parts in any way. While one can see in this image that the womanâ&#x20AC;&#x;s dress is flying and all the three men are flirting with her. In Rococo, we come across such paintings because women started coming out of their houses.

Fig. 44 The Swing Fragonard (1767)

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Romanticism Key Dates: 16th Century

People were romantic about the notion of their country, how a society should be, very idealistic in nature. Artists started thinking about themselves as a thinking individual. They were no more forced to paint what they were asked. All this happened because of the break up in Christianity. There was a big change in the view. Social change came through middle class. The artists got confidence for change due to middle class because they managed to earn for their living. And people started appreciating the thinking of artists. Page No. 39

Romantics were fascinated of nature. Eg: waterfall. They were fascinated by the exotic people.

Fig. 45 Waterfall

Fig. 46 Happy Lovers

Larson (1825)

Fragonard (1865) Page No. 40

Realism (also known as Naturalism) in the arts is the attempt to represent subject matter thoughtfully, without artificially and avoiding artistic conventions, implausible, exotic and supernatural elements. Realism was an art movement that revolted against the emotional and exaggerated themes of Romanticism. Artists and writers began to explore the reality of everyday life.

Fig. 47 Sunshine, Brittany

Hill (1884)

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REALISM MOVEMENT The Realism movement lasted around forty years from 1840 to 1880. It followed the Romanticism movement and came before Modern Art. Movement began in the mid-19th century as a reaction to Romanticism and History painting. In favor of depictions of 'real' life, the Realist painters used common laborers, and ordinary people in ordinary surroundings engaged in real activities as subjects for their works. Its chief exponents were Gustave Courbet, Jean-FranĂ§ois Millet, HonorĂŠ Daumier, and Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot.

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CHARACTERISTICS OF REALISM Realism artists tried to depict the real world exactly as it appears. They painted everyday subjects and people. They didn't try to interpret the setting or add emotional meaning to the scenes.

Fig. 48 The Stone Breakers Courbet (1849)

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CHARACTERISTICS: GENRES AND SUBJECT MATTER The style of Realism spread to almost all genres, including History painting, portraits, genre-painting, and landscapes. Favourite subject matter for Realist artists included: genre scenes of rural and urban working class life, scenes of street-life, cafes and night clubs, as well as increasing frankness in the treatment of the body, nudity and sensual subjects. Realism heralded a general move away from the 'ideal' (as typified by the art of Classical mythology, so beloved by Renaissance artists and sculptors) towards the ordinary.

Fig. 49 The Laundress, Jean-Baptiste Greuze (1761) Page No. 44

In their figure drawing and figure painting, Realists portrayed real people not idealized types. Artists felt increasingly free to depict real-life situations stripped of aesthetics and universal truths. Realism reflected a progressive and highly influential shift in the significance and function of art in general, including literature as well as fine art. Fig. 50 The Farmers' Lunch

Velรกzquez (1620)

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ARTISTS: 1. First, Jean-Francois Millet: He was a French painter and was part of the Realism art movement.

1.a. The Gleaners It was one of the most well know painting of Millet. This painting is a great example of realism. It shows three peasant women gleaning a field for some scraps of wheat. They are bent over in hard work in the hope of finding a tiny bit of food

Fig. 51 The Gleaners Millet (1857)

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2. Gustave Courbet He was Committed to painting only what he could see, he rejected academic convention and the Romanticism of the previous generation of visual artists.

2.a. Young Women from the Village One of Courbetâ&#x20AC;&#x;s work shows stark contrast to romanticism. The three women are dressed in their country clothes and the landscape is rough and a little ugly. Even the cows are scraggly looking. The rich lady is handing some money to the poor girl while the others look on.

Fig. 52 Young Women from the Village Courbet (1852)

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3. Winslow Homer

Fig. 53 The Fox Hunt Homer (1893)

The painting shows a hungry fox hunting in the snow for food. At the same time there are ravens which are so driven to hunger they are hunting the fox. There is nothing heroic or romantic about this painting, just the reality of what happens in the winter to hungry animals. Page No. 48

Key Dates: 19th century.

At this time people started painting landscapes and seascapes. They used happy and bright colors, very thin brush strokes and played with light. First painting of impressionism was named â&#x20AC;&#x153;Impressionist Sunriseâ&#x20AC;?

Fig. 54 Impression, Soleil Levant Monet (1872)

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Fig. 55 Olympia Manet (1863)

The lady is naked, confident and inviting suitor for herself. Page No. 50

Fig. 56 Le Dejeuner Sur Lâ&#x20AC;&#x;

Manet (1862)

Two men and a woman are having lunch together. The womanâ&#x20AC;&#x;s eyes is challenging the audience asking what are they looking at.

Page No. 51

Fig. 57 Ballet Rehearsal

He painted skin and balleri nas the most.

Degas (1873)

Page No. 52

Fig. 59 Starry Night Over The Rhone Gogh (1888)

Fig. 58 Self-portrait Gogh (1889)

His used bold strokes, very wild and round strokes. Page No. 53

Fig. 61 Bedroom in Arles http://uploads2.wikiart.org/images/vincentvan-gogh/sunflowers-1888.jpg

Fig. 60 Series of Sunflower http://t0.gstatic.com

Gogh was also famous for sunflower and shoes. Page No. 54

Key Dates: 1905-1925

The word Expressionism was termed to represent distortion and exaggeration for emotional effect, for the art works of the early twentieth century, originated in Germany. Here, the artists started leaving behind forms and started using colors intensely and their art showed rough, distorted lines; crude, rapid brushstrokes; and jarring colors to describe urban street scenes and other contemporary subjects. Expressionism left a mark on fine arts, dance, cinema, literature and the theatre.

Page No. 55

The period of expressionism was all about expressing your own self. Their paintings illustrated more of subjective matter, i.e. the feeling a particular event would leave on them. The artist showed their emotions in the paintings by using little exaggeration, distortion (alteration), primitivism, and imagination. They used Also, they used colorful, vibrating, passionate application of formal elements. In short, expression was one of the most talked about art movements of the 19th and 20th century, because it was highly subjective, personal, had use of unplanned and unstructured selfexpressions. It had artists own sense and image of world representation. The search of harmony and forms was not as important as trying to achieve the highest expression intensity. While, Impressionism was all about replicating the impression proposed by the surrounding world. Page No. 56

ARTISTS: 1. Edvard Munch

1.a. The Scream: This famous painting shows a real life experience of Munch, he screamed while on a walk in nature with his two friends that are seen in the background who had left him behind. The sound must have been heard at a time when his mind was in an abnormal state, Munch renders it in a style which if pushed to extremes can destroy human integrity.

Fig. 62 The Scream Munch(1893)

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1.b. Madonna Originally called Loving Woman, this picture according to Munch symbolizes the indispensible acts of the female life cycle: sexual intercourse, causing fertilization, procreation and death. The bloodred halo around the woman's head could be considered as the spiritual counterpart also; she seems to float within curing bands of colored light indicating art nouveau. The painting was criticized because Munch depicted â&#x20AC;&#x153;Virgin Maryâ&#x20AC;? in a form like this.

Fig. 63 Madonna Munch (1894)

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1.c. The Day After The critic denounced it as portraying a drunken prostitute. He did paint several pictures of prostitutes, tending to depict them as unattractive or even grotesque, whereas this woman closely resembles the Madonna and, different though the setting, shares her ethereal beauty.

Fig. 64 The Day After Munch (1894)

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2. Franz Marc Fig. 65 Fate Of The Animals

Marc (1915)

2. a. Fate of the Animals Marc explains that there was a change in his art after the world war and that happened because he began to see the ugliness in animals, which he had previously thought, only existed in humans. He was no longer able to see the beauty, which animals had once represented for him. The animal topics which once conveyed a sense of emotion no longer held their charm. The use of lines and geometric shapes now carried the emotional characteristics, which were previously conveyed by animals. Page No. 60

2.b. The Red Horses Marc assigned different colors to different category. For him, blue symbolized spirituality and masculinity; while, yellow was for femininity; and terrestrial Fig. 66 The Red Horses materiality to red. Marc, (1911) He did this because his friend Kandinsky was extremely serious about color symbolism. Marc wrote: "Every color must say clearly 'who and what it is, and must, moreover, be related to a clear form." With the vigorous red of the horses Marc intended to highlight an imaginable positioning for this particular group of animals. The white area symbolizes purity. Mark has used green color in the painting because he said that once green is introduced, "You never entirely bring the eternally material, brutal red to rest." In that spirit, the horses seem nervous beyond all possibility of resolution. Only the blue, as Marc has described, gives a peaceful touch to the agitated atmosphere.

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Fauve means “wild beasts” in French. In the early twentieth century a few modern artists displayed painterly qualities that loved playing with colors. Fauvism as a style began around 1900 and continued beyond 1910. The most influential members of this art movement were Henri Matisse and André Derain.

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ARTISTS: 1.Henry Matisse 1. a. Madame Matisse This painting consists of a portrait of Matisse‟s‟ own wife. The foreground and the background are divided into different areas of color. The Green strip conveys a superb instance of what he was trying to achieve in art; he used the color to convey emotions, for instance the green color shows envy on his wife‟s face. He has used lesser form; at the same time it‟s a plethora of colors on the canvas. He has used very sharp and intense colors to depict the portrait.

Fig. 67 Madame Matisse

Matisse (1905) Page No. 63

1.b. The Dessert: Harmony In Red or The Room In Red

Fig. 68 Room In Red Matisse (1908)

This painting is said to be one Matisse‟s masterpieces. Earlier, the painting had blue in large extent and was called “Harmony in Blue” but Matisse wasn‟t satisfied with the outcome and yet again painted it with the color red. In the painting, a maid is arranging fruits on the table. The room has red theme but at the same time the pattern that is created on the tablecloth is followed on the wallpaper as well. This shows the uniformity. The fruits on the table show abundance and which is physiologically very comforting.

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1.c. Joy Of Life

Fig. 69 Joy Of Life Matisse (1906)

Matisse often painted landscapes in the south of France during the summer. With the help of this particular painting he tried to show things one indulges in for pleasure. Such as sexual acts, showing intimacy are being brought out in the painting. The massive painting and its shocking colors received mixed reviews at the Salon des Independentsâ&#x20AC;&#x;. Page No. 65

Key Date: 20th Century.

It‟s the most influential art movement of that time. Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque are the two main artists of that time. Picasso‟s Blue Period mostly started in 1901 in Spain. He got highly influenced only when he visited the women‟s prison called St. Lazare which is in Paris; where the nuns served as guards. Fig. 70 Blue Nude Picasso (1902)

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Later, Picasso started getting a lot of work. And then he fell in love, therefore later he had the red period or the rose period. His very first cubic painting was the Les Demoiselles d'Avignon.

Fig. 71 The Old Guitarist Picasso (1903)

Fig. 72 Les Demoiselles d'Avignon Picasso (1907) Page No. 67

Georges Braque He was another famous French artist of the 20th century.

Fig. 73 Port en Normandie (Little Harbor in Normandy) Braque (1909)

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The founder or the idle of Futurism is Marinetti. He came up with a futuristic manifest. Futurists were fascinated by speed, progress (technology that grew around them â&#x20AC;&#x201C; things like air planes, machinery etc.). even the colors that they used were very bold and aggressive and the manner in which they used it was also harsh.

Fig. 74 Gianattasio, U. Autoorb (1920) Page No. 69

Fig. 75 Russolo, L. (1913) Dynamism of a Car

They were people who believed only in future. They didn‟t acknowledge the present. Futurists liked loud noises, crashing, banging. They were little bit of fanatics. Because they didn‟t mind to go to any limits to achieve what they are tying to. They also didn‟t have high opinion of women as gender. They thought that they aren‟t needed. They believed in pure race like Nazi. They didn‟t mind war to get the purest form of race.

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They made sculptures that were named “movement in time” or the “movement through time”.

Fig. 76 Carra, Untitled (2014)

Fig. 77 Carra Untitiled (2014]

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ARTISTS: 1. Umberto Boccioni

1.a.The Street Enters The House: Here, two women are seeing what is being constructed outside their house from their respective balconies. These women are happy because the construction is taking place; itâ&#x20AC;&#x;s a sign of progress.

Fig. 78 The Street Enters The House. Boccioni, U. (1911) Page No. 72

Fig. 79 Elasticity. Boccioni (1912)

Fig. 80 Development Of A Bottle In Space. Boccioni, U. (1913). Page No. 73

Surreal means something that is not real. For example, our dreams are surreal; ie. Can and cannot be real. Our mind consists of three states which are : 1. Conscious (one is aware about what is happening

around

them)

2. Subconscious (feeling of de-javu)

3. Unconscious

Surrealism is highly influenced by above. Page No. 74

ARTISTS: 1. Kandinsky 1.a. Squares of Concentric Round Circles

Fig. 81 Squares Of Concentric Round Circles Kandinsky (1913) Page No. 75

2. Salvador Dali 2.a. Persistence of Dreams A painting of 1931, and is one of his most recognizable works. The painting was first shown at the Julien Levy Gallery in 1932, the painting has been in the collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City since 1934. Dali showed „softness and hardness‟ through pocket watches. The rocks to the right represent a tip of Cap de Creus peninsula in northeastern Catalonia. Most of Dalí's paintings were inspired by the landscapes of his life in Catalonia. The shadow in the foreground of the painting is a reference to Mount Pani. The orange clock at the bottom left of the painting is covered in ants as a symbol of decay.

Fig. 82 Persistence Of Dreams Dali (1931)

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2.b. The Great Masturbator

Fig. 83 The Great Masturbator Dali (1929)

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Dali was famous for his sculptures such as the lobster phone or the lip sofa.

NOTE: Dali even worked with Manray and did a lot about photography and made short films. Fig. 84 Lobster Telephone Dali, (1938)

Fig. 85 Lips Sofa Dali, S. (1937)

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Dada is said to be an artistic and literary movement, which started in Zurich in 1916. It happened as an effect of World War I. This movement was political in nature. They had a club in which all the members talked about issues related to the government. They used the medium of print to reach the masses. Here, print means journals and posters. Dadaism believed that â&#x20AC;&#x17E;simple things in life can be art.â&#x20AC;&#x; Paul Klee (an artist) was extremely famous for his cutworks.

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ARTISTS: 1. Marcen Tuchane 1.a. Cup and Saucer in Fur or Breakfast in Fur Fig. 86 Breakfast In Fur Tuchane (1936)

The movement believed in that everything existing or readymade can be worked upon. One does not need to make things always. They believed in giving shocks to gain attention. Page No. 80

Marcel came up with such weird ideas where he painted moustache on Mona Lisa and a fountain out of a shit pot.

Fig. 87 Mona Lisa Duchamp, M.(1919)

Fig. 88 Soft Toilet Duchamp, M.(1917) Page No. 81

It is a kind of art where minimal forms are used. Forms consist of lines, colors, shapes etc. Which an artist takes help off. Here, only 5 colors are used which are Black, White and the Primary Color Wheel. As time passed, use of black color in form of lines became thinner and other colors got lesser too except for one that is white. Minimal use of colors with maximum white color in it.

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It came up in the 1950â&#x20AC;&#x;s primarily in U.K and U.S.A. it had a direct retaliation against fine arts (ie. Expressionism, deco, cubism etc). It doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x;t come under fine arts but its still considered as an art movement. Fig. 89 Madonna Warhol,A.(1899)

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Fig. 90 Ration Book http://www.geni.com/

Consumerism hit the UK and USA very badly after the 2nd world war. This war was well panned because everybody was aware of the problems faced from the 1st war. Therefore, in the 2nd war they came up with the system of rationing, where every family was given ration booklet from which they could purchase their grocery (eg: two coupons for a pair of stockings or six coupons for a pound of sugar) until the war was over. At this time, everybody was equally attacked, the rich and poor faced the same problem. After the war ended, people increased on their consumption.

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Fig 91 1943 Ration Book http://resources.woodland s-junior.kent.sch.uk/

An image of how the ration books looked like that time. If noticed the below image has dates for when can that ticket be used. Fig. 92 1943 Ration Book http://resources.woodland s-junior.kent.sch.uk/ Page No. 85

Increase in Consumption

Increase in demand

More products came up

Pop art came up!!!

There was a need for advertisement

Pop art was used for commercial purpose (ie. To sell products) hence, pop art comes under commercial arts. It gave a platform to do something other than painting. They started branding and packaging. Eduardo Paolozzi is a pop-art artist and he was the one who gave this name. The pop art in both these countries was completely different. In USA, they went to caricature â&#x20AC;&#x201C; they picked up stuff from comics and were pretty open and dramatic about it while creating their work. While, at the same time in UK, the popart was more satire, it was an element of Page No. 86 irony. It led more towards humor and controlled emotions.

Andy Warhol is considered as the father of pop-art. Some of his work is the Campbellâ&#x20AC;&#x;s Tomato Juice packaging. Ie., anything that is in daily use. He used silk screen printing. All Campbell soup cans, cocacola (he took coke as a subject and created wallpaper out of it).

Fig. 93 Campbell Juice Warhol, A. (1962)

Fig. 94. Coca Cola Warhol, A (1975)

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He also made a lot of films. Eg: a film of 60mins. On a man who is eating a burger, or for that matter someone who is sleeping. Most of his work was on Edie Sedgwick. Later came up the Hippi culture in 1960â&#x20AC;&#x;s. the subject was popular mass culture. Madonna, Micheal Jackson, Joan Miro, Banana, Lips, portraits of popular Celebritires, Micky Mouse became pretty popular. When someone thinks of popart or when you try to find information on the same the first thing that comes to your mind is about the very famous Marilyn Monroe.

Fig. 95 Marilyn Moroe Warhol,A.(1899)

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Fig. 96 Lips Iyhnelaas.deviantart.com (2014)

Fig. 97 Portrait becuo.com (2014)

Fig. 98 Lips eveningstars242.devianart.com (2014)

Fig. 99 Micky artexpertswebsite.com (2014)

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OP Art is actually known as Optical Art.

Itâ&#x20AC;&#x;s a style of visual craftsmanship that makes utilization of optical illusions. Its an art style known to trick the eye. It plays with the positive and negative spaces. It is all about monochrome. Its usually done in 2-D but it appears as if it is on 3-D.

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Fig. 100 Allen, R. Untitled (1966)

Fig. 101 Movement In Squares. Riley, B. (1961). Page No. 91

When you concentrate on this image of Riley you will notice that after view viewing the image for a few seconds, it begins to dance and wave in front of oneâ&#x20AC;&#x;s eyes.

Fig. 102 Dominance Portfolio, Blue. Riley, B. (1977) Page No. 92

The French termed this new art Nouveau in the 1980â&#x20AC;&#x;s â&#x20AC;&#x201C; 1910. It is inspired by natural forms and structures, and not just by flowers and plants but also curvy lines and a lot of use of gold. To figure out if a particular window, place, painting, pillars, staircases or for that matter any structure or wall or theme is using this kind of art one just has to look for the above, ie. Arches, curves, flower patterns etc. Fig. 103 Inspiration of nation Mucha, A.

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The famous metro station in Paris is an excellent example of Art Nouveau. Fig. 104 Persian Metro Entrance Guimard, H. (1900)

Fig. 105 Persian Metro Entrance Guimard, H. (1900) Page No. 94

Fig. 107 Entry http://2.bp.blogspot.com (2014)

Fig. 106 Dressing http://nimbusantiques.files. wordpress.com (2014)

Fig. 108 Entrance http://www.livinglanguage.com Page No. 95

Nouvae became very famous for its revived stained glass. This got the rose windows concept. Fig. 109 Rose Window http://t2.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 110 Circular Rose Window http://t2.gstatic.com (2014) Page No. 96

ARTISTS: 1. Antoni Gaudi

He used a lot of glass and ceramic in his work. If noticed, his work has so many carvings and curves in them. The famous Gaudi structure in Spain is his most famous. It has become a tourist attraction now. With innumerable arches all over. He started making it in 1882. Fig 111 Goudi

http://www.dailyartfixx.com (2014) Page No. 97

Some of his art work. The famous Park Guell that he designed was established in 1914. Fig. 112 Goudi Window http://t1.gstatic.com (2014)

Fig. 113 Sunset View Gaudi http://blogimgs.only-apartments.com/ Page No. 98

This art is completely opposite from Nouveau, while that was about curvy lines and details; this was about straight lines, parallel lines and 90 degrees. Extremely geometric in nature. The high-rise buildings in Chicago are mostly made keeping the Art Deco in mind. Moreover, they were made in that period because steel and concept of sky rise was discovered in that time. They have panels of steels and glass. Also, it has the sun burst motifs. This period also came up with its own font style.

Fig. 114 Doors http://upload.wikimedia.org/ (2014) Page No. 99

Sun Burst Motifs Fig. 115 Sun Motif http://www.purlfrost.com (2014)

Fig. 117 Sun Rooftop Fig. 116 Sun Window http://www.qvolabs.com/ (2014)

www.art-deco-style.com (2014) Page No. 100

Post modernism was mainly about environmentalism art. A section of people in 1960â&#x20AC;&#x;s realized that they were doing nothing for the earth. Therefore, they started using earth in art. They believed that whatever is around you, create art from that. Create awareness about the earth.

Fig. 118 Fiji http://www.thethirdray.com/ (2014)

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Itâ&#x20AC;&#x;s a piece of art. Ie. You install something.

There two kinds that is the 2-D and the 3-D. 2-D is the painting while 3-D is the sculpture. Installation is basically when there is space involved, that is you have a particular space and how you use it. Installation has a lot of audiovisual, paintings, sculptures. There no restriction on how you want put up your work. More and more technology is used to make installations. Installations are of two kinds: a. Interactive b. Static

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Interactive Installation Art: You use audience to interact with your installation and this piece of art reacts to the actions of the audience. This kind of response from the installation adds more value. Eg: you put your hand on a wall, as soon as you put your impression comes there and there is a change in the installations appearance. This kind of installation keeps changing.

Fig. 119 Wall https://encrypted-tbn3.gstatic.com [2014] Page No. 103

Fig. 120 Color Wall http://t1.gstatic.com/ (2014)

Fig. 121 Dog http://brokensidewalk.com/ (2014)

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STATIC INSTALLATION ART: They are installations which you cannot communicate with. One is not allowed to touch them.

This is the kinetic rain drop installation at the Changi Airport, Singapore.

Fig. 122 Kinetic Rain Drop http://static.dezeen.com (2014) Page No. 105

Harappan Civilization: This bronze statuette of a Dancing Girl is from around 2500 BC, from the Mohenjo-daro site of Indus Valley Civilization. They used rings with seals on them which they imprisoned it on wax to show their signature. Pashupati Seal showed their religious beliefs.

Fig. 123 Pashupati Seal http://upload.wikimedia.org (2014)

Fig. 124Bronze Dancing Girl http://www.columbia.edu (2014) Page No. 106

The Priest showed how close to what Harappans looked like.

Fig. 125 The Priest King http://upload.wikimedia.org

Other widely used material except for Bronze is Teracotta. Page No. 107

Buddhism and Jainism Bhrambetka Rock Paintings: This is oldest form of documented art. These are the Buddhists and Jain scripts. They were written on leaves because paper wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x;t discovered at that time. All this was started in the 10th century.

Fig. 126 Bhimbetka Rock Paintings http://arthistoryworld s.org

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Manuscripts: the Buddhists mainly used white, black and red colors in manuscripts. They had wooden covers on the palm leaves to preserve it. While, the Jain manuscripts were written and bundled. And their stories were through visuals which were very bright and colorful. They used a lot of red and orange.

Sculptures: Soap stone was used in temples that is because of its softness which helps in easy carving. While, a lot of Marble was used during the Mughals. As one goes down towards South the number of temples increase. Most of them have the Gopuram that is the conical shape on top of the temple.

Fig. 127 Sripuram Golden Temple http://www.velloregoldentemple.com (2014))

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Guptas and Mauryas: Gupta art was fascinated by Buddhists art and Greece also. One can understand this because a lot of Buddha figures were seen at that time. Gandhari School art is very famous. The Khajuraho temples are famous for its sexual elements. In India, stitching wasnâ&#x20AC;&#x;t introduced so they draped a single clothe which was the dhoti both to males and females.

Fig. 128 Khajuraho Temple http://upload.wikimedia.org (2014) Page No. 110

Fig. 129 The Famous Khajuraho Temple http://www.thehummingnotes.com/ (2014) Page No. 111

Miniatures: There are four types of Miniature paintings: 1. Mughal 2. Deccani 3. Rajputh 4. Pahari

It is called miniature because everything was very detailed and small. Mughal: The Islamic architecture has geometric shapes and foliage. They never use animals or humans. Jal Mahal, Jama Masjid and Forts are an example of Islamic architecture. Akbar got the first school of art in his court in India. They even carried artists at the battlefield. Jahangir was a good administrator he didnâ&#x20AC;&#x;t spend much on dances and music but on fixing roads and made the economy better. He gave importance to flora and fauna, there was more usage of pastel colors while Akbar used vibrant colors.

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Fig. 130 Jal Mahal http://i1.trekearth.com (2014)

Fig. 131 Jama Masjid http://www.columbia.edu Page No. 113

Rajputs: They documented the bani thani, elephants, wars, sharp features and camels.

Pahari: It documented the Krishna and Gopi and even the Raadha Raas Leela. Deccani: They were very proportional, geometric in nature and gave a lot of importance to foreground and Fig. 133 Kishangarh background. Fig. 132 Kishan Radha

http://t2.gstatic.com (2014)

http://craftoptions.com (2014)

Fig. 134 Bani Thani http://t3.gstatic.com Page No. 114 (2014)

The British used our artists for documentation purpose especially the maps. Since war happened very often that time so due to victory and defeat one had to keep changing their maps constantly of their reigns. There was no need to make portraits anymore as cameras came into existence.

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â&#x20AC;˘

The biggest limitation I faced was the time constraint, since I got a maximum of 60 days to understand the topics covered in this research.

â&#x20AC;˘

Each topic is so interesting that I want to know more about it, but they are so vast that it was very difficult for me to include everything in this report.

â&#x20AC;˘

It was very difficult to get the right images for certain topics covered because of the dynamic changes around us.

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The type of person I am I never thought that researching on art history would be so interesting. I enjoyed it because as and when I was learning I could relate it with myself. When I went to Spain I visited the Park Guell since itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s a famous tourist destination, but I now know why is it so popular. After I learnt about Art Nouveu I could trace that the famous Alfredoâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s restaurant in Juhu, Mumbai has picked up the same theme for its interiors. As and when I could relate myself to the subject I found it more interesting to research on.

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TEXT REFERENCING • Mark, J. (2009) Mesopotamia- definition, Available at: http://www.ancient.eu/Mesopotamia/, [Accessed: 6 December 2014] • Wikipedia.org, Mesopotamia, Availabe at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesopotamia#Architecture [Accessed: 6 December 2014] • Wikipedia.org, Land of the Pharaohs, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_the_Pharaohs [Accessed: 5 December 2014] • Wikipedia.org, Giotto, Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto [Accessed: 7 December 2014] • http://www.pixel77.com, /the-influence-of-art-history-on-modern-design-–-baroque-style/ • Adriana. (2010) The Influence of Art History on Modern Design â€“ Baroque Style, Available at: http://www.pixel77.com/the-influence-of-art-history-on-modern-design-–-baroque-style/, [Accessed: 5 December 2014] • Italiantourism.com, Baroque art in Southern Italy, Available at: http://www.italiantourism.com/baroccodelsud.html, [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Page No. 118

• Wikipedia.org, Realism (arts), Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts) • Artmovements.co.uk, Art Movements, Available at: http://www.artmovements.co.uk/expressionism.htm [Accessed: 7 December 2014] • Edvardmunch.org, Edvard Munch. Available at: http://www.edvardmunch.org/the-scream.jsp#prettyPhoto [Accessed: 22 November 2014] • Franzmarc.org, Franz Marc. Available at: http://www.franzmarc.org/The-Red-Horses.jsp [Accessed: 7 December 2014] • Artionado.com, Matisse. Available at: http://www.artionado.com/Matisse/Matisse%20fauve%20works%206.html [Accessed: 22 November 2014] • 123helpme.com, Fauvism. Available at: http://www.123helpme.com/preview.asp?id=43802 [Accessed: 22 November 2014] • Pablopicasso.org, Picasso. Available at: http://www.pablopicasso.org/cubism.jsp [Accessed at: 7 December 2014] • Arthistory.com, Riley B. Available at: http://arthistory.about.com/cs/arthistory10one/a/op_art.htm [Accessed: 4 December 2014]

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IMAGE REFERENCING Fig. 1 Ziggaurats. Available at: http://mesopotamiadiv1.wikispaces.com/file/view/harran_picture.jpg/292946016/harran_pi cture.jpg 2014 [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 2 Ruins from a temple in Nippur. Available at: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSSlZMTkveqEAI2tKxUen75IWoinSUPrPgf903 H6-SBD63ZaFV6 [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 3 Temple at Babylon. Available at: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTYYSICFXuLQbuRMlqXpU3lNZMQFCcFaOegN7iaqPJZXGGHF6J_g [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 4 Temple at Babylon. Available at: http://www.world-mysteries.com/newgw/bofc54.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 5 Imperial Palace of Nineveh, capital of Assyria. Available at:

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Fig. 6 Great Pyramid of Giza. Available at: http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQuauMdvUKTrWH7VdMHSDSj3qBUti2B1Q06XG LEIjA1IHGqhGOBeQ [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 7 Great Sphinx of Giza. Available at: http://paradiseintheworld.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/Great-Sphinx-of-Giza-Cairo.jpg [Accessed at: 5 December 2014] Fig. 8 Karnak. Available at: https://encryptedtbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ1g7geVk1Oc0i1g5TYdRU95SG_XsijJ Nt47ZlD4vIWTnQWxSGV [Accessed at: 5 December 2014] Fig. 9 Luxor Temple. Available at: https://encryptedtbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRWZbaUMbSprHyL0mbxOfxgg70Bc8C 0qG7bm6-XxSJhftVY5k_i [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 10 Kouro and Kore. Available at: https://c2.staticflickr.com/4/3494/3175838540_f7c4350eae.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Page No. 121

Fig. 11 Diadumenos. Available at: http://www.britishmuseum.org/collectionimages/AN01156/AN01156485_001_l.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 12 The Laocoon. Available at: http://www.hinsdale86.org/staff/jrollers/apah/arthistoryimages/GreekS22.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 13 Dying Gaul. Available at: http://klimtlover.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/dying-gaul.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 14 Types of Order. Available at: http://www.caitloon.com/columns.jpeg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 15 Doric Order. Available at: http://www.cmhpf.org/kids/Pix-n-stuff/Doric.gif [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Page No. 122

Fig. 16 Detailed Orders. Available at: http://www.radford.edu/rbarris/schoolofathens/architecture2x72.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

Fig. 17 Types of Vaults. Available at: http://www.cbcurtis.net/benedict/Humanities%20Site/images/vault_diagram.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 18 Tunnel vault. Available at: https://www.oneonta.edu/faculty/farberas/arth/Images/109images/Roman/Arch_vault_barrel .jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014]

Fig. 19 Barrel Vault. Available at: http://www.setareh.arch.vt.edu/safas/design_imgs/Barrel%20Vault%20of%20Basilica%20of% 20St%20Sernin%201100.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 20 The Colloseum. Available at: https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/1552/flashcards/763411/jpg/italy-romecolosseum.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014]

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Fig. 21 Groin Vault. Available at: http://media-cache-ec0.pinimg.com/236x/bd/54/63/bd5463178443c6515fa0961afe9bc3d6.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 22 Groin Vault. Available at: http://media.lanecc.edu/users/plunkettm/Moodle/Art-202/Images/Roman/RomanVaults_groin-iso.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 23 Hagia Sophia. Available at: https://ridgeaphistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/hagia_sophia.jpg/294591914/762x484/hagia_so phia.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 24 Light Rays at Hagia. Availabe at: http://www.teslasociety.com/pictures/Roman%20Empire%20Images/RomanEmpire2.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Fig. 25 Roman Frescoed Room. Available at: http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/images/h2/h2_03.14.13a-g.jpg [Accessed: 6 December 2014] Page No. 124

Fig. 26 The Fall of Rome. Available at: http://www.mmdtkw.org/ALRItkwRom303_1_1.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 27 The Dying Niobid. Available at: http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/avp/cas/fnart/art/greek/10_97_5_116.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 28 Glass mould of The Virgin and Child with Four Angels. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Virgin_and_childVAglass.jpg/44 0px-Virgin_and_childVAglass.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 29 Giotto. Available at: http://www.getty.edu/art/exhibitions/florence/images/327729ex1_d_730w.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 30 David. Available at: http://www.wga.hu/art/m/michelan/1sculptu/david/david.jpg (2014) [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

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Fig. 31 Mona Lisa. Available at: http://blog.paperblanks.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Da-Vinci-Great-Works_MonaLisa.jpg(2014) [Accessed at: 7 December 2014] Fig. 32 Bernini, G. (1652), The Ecstasy Of St. Teresa http://content.artofmanliness.com/uploads//2010/08/bernini.jpg [Accessed at: 5 December 2014] Fig. 33 Royal. Available at: http://www.italiantourism.com/baroccodelsud.html [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 34 Gothic structures. Available at: http://www.italiantourism.com/baroccodelsud.html [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 35 The Versailles Palace in France. Available at: http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/Versailles51375217sm.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Page No. 126

Fig. 36 Staircase of Kloster Schantal Monastery â&#x20AC;&#x201C; Germany. Available at: http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net/wpcontent/uploads/2010/07/68952655_8b6d829432.jpg , [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 37 Krumlov castle. Available at: http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net/wpcontent/uploads/2010/07/3117708661_2b5beec6aa.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 38 Caravaggio (2014). St. Mattew and the Angel. Available at: http://d2rjbizkeyx29c.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/475pxCaravaggio_MatthewAngel.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 39 Rococo Interiors. Available at: http://cyarthistory.wikispaces.com/file/view/2903.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Fig. 40 Marie Antoinette. Available at: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_B0b1jmQJ8ok/S_XAk6O49rI/AAAAAAAAAAM/6hbCieVRTW M/s1600/marie_antoinette.jpg [Accessed: 5 December 2014] Page No. 127

Fig. 41 Corradini A., Veiled Girl (1750) http://www.allposters.com/IMAGES/BRGPOD/165464_b.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 42 S-shaped sofa. Available at: https://static.squarespace.com/static/511b12efe4b0d075328d3e82/541ca7cde4b0739fc523457 6/541ca7d1e4b0739fc523624c/1325279075847/1000w/red-sofa-josephine_1.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 43 Rococo Fashion. Available at: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ243uIEpMR3_FuiujmDuCl3UsO4lxOooS9YemCIDoL3-4zPik [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 44 Fragonard, J. The Swing, 1767 http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Fragonard_-_swing.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 45 Larson, S. (1825) Waterfall. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/xtncAhaNNSc/TwHtuj6qX0I/AAAAAAAABJA/1oComS5nQY4/s640/698pxMarcus_Larson_-_Vattenfall_i_Sm%25C3%25A5land.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

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Fig. 46 Fragonard. (1865). Happy Lovers. Available at: http://www.conservapedia.com/images/thumb/d/dc/Fragonard_Happy_Lovers.jpg/330pxFragonard_Happy_Lovers.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 47 Nathaniel Hill, N. (1884) Sunshine, Brittany. Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/history-of-art/realism.htm [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 48 Courbet, G. (1849), The Stone Breakers. Available at: http://www.visual-artscork.com/history-of-art/realism.htm [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 49 Greuze J, 1761, The Laundress. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts) [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 50 Velรกzquez, D. (1620) The Farmers' Lunch Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realism_(arts) [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Page No. 129

Fig. 51 Millet, J. (1857) The Gleaners. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gleaners [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 52 Courbet, G. (1852) Young Women from the Village. Available at: http://www.gustave-courbet.com/images/paintings/young-women-from-the-village.jpg [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 53 Homer, W. (1893) The Fox Hunt. Available at: http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/artists_a-k/homer/Homer_FoxHunt.jpg [Accessed at: 4 December 2014]

Fig. 54 Monet, C. (1872) Impression, Soleil Levant. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Claude_Monet%2C_Impr ession%2C_soleil_levant.jpg/800px-Claude_Monet%2C_Impression%2C_soleil_levant.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 55 Manet, E. (1863). Olympia. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Edouard_Manet_-_Olympia__Google_Art_Project_3.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Page No. 130

Fig. 56 Manet, E. (1862). Le Dejeuner Sur L. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Edouard_Manet__Luncheon_on_the_Grass_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/600px-Edouard_Manet__Luncheon_on_the_Grass_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 57 Degas, E. (1873). Ballet Rehearsal. Available at: https://encryptedtbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSB58uYm1MrYxof7cpL4cuk8Kbyj BuF5ZNnQgxYIWUfTsA_vjlHmw [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 58 Gogh, V. (1889). Self-portrait. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Vincent_van_Gogh_-_SelfPortrait_-_Google_Art_Project_%28719161%29.jpg/923px-Vincent_van_Gogh_-_SelfPortrait_-_Google_Art_Project_%28719161%29.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 59 Gogh, V. (1888). Starry Night Over the Rhone. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Starry_Night_Over_the_R hone.jpg/1600px-Starry_Night_Over_the_Rhone.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Page No. 131

Fig. 60 Series of Sunflower. Available at: http://t0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcTVZsMQZ2fYIc6L8LcrEsUvZygDqQfXEX120ho Sq7sZK9pzBM-X [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 61 Bedroom in Arles. Available at: http://uploads2.wikiart.org/images/vincent-van-gogh/sunflowers-1888.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 62 Munch, E.(1893) The Scream. Available at: http://spydersden.files.wordpress.com/2014/03/the_scream.jpg [Accessed: 25 November 2014] Fig. 63 Munch, E. (1894), Madonna. Available at: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/rCmkG453N10/TzsbGPnkc6I/AAAAAAAABUQ/P9OeQvBbCfo/s1600/munch.madonna.j pg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 64 Munch, E. (1894), The Day After. Available at: http://uploads1.wikiart.org/images/edvard-munch/the-day-after-1895.jpg [Accessed: 22.10.2014]

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Fig. 65 Marc, F. (1915) Fate Of The Animals. Available at: http://arttattler.com/Images/Commentary/Shapiro%20Degenerate%20Art/Franz_MarcThe_fate_of_the_animals-1913.jpg [Accessed: 22.10.2014] Fig. 66 Marc, F. (1911) The Red Horses. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-plFjbSCZHeo/TzwtV1TtsI/AAAAAAAAOxw/Hxce3jy18Go/s1600/32.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 67 Matisse, H. (1905) Madame Matisse. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2d/Matisse_-_Green_Line.jpeg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig 68 Matisse, H. (1908) Room In Red. Available at: http://everypainterpaintshimself.com/article_images_new/Harmony_in_Red.JPG [Accessed: 22.10.2014] Fig 69 Matisse, H. (1906) Joy Of Life. Available at: http://www.artchive.com/artchive/m/matisse/bonheur.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014 Fig. 70 Picasso, P. (1902). Blue Nude. Available at: http://www.pablopicasso.org/images/paintings/blue-nude.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

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Fig. 71 Picasso, P. (1903). The Old Guitarist. Available at: http://www.pablopicasso.org/images/paintings/the-old-guitarist.jpg [Accessed at: 7 December 2014] Fig. 72 Picasso (1907). Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. Available at: http://www.moma.org/explore/conservation/demoiselles/images/demoiselles_NewFINAL.jpg [Accessed at: 7 December 2014] Fig. 73 Braque (1909) Port en Normandie (Little Harbor in Normandy). Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/ [Accessed at 7 December 2014] Fig. 74 Gianattasio, U. (1920) Autoorb. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/BvVJKVhehw0/TdxNNLmyAmI/AAAAAAAACiI/XtwLhRGIsDc/s1600/Ugo-Gianattasiountitled-racecar-1920.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014]

Fig. 75 Russolo, L. (1913) Dynamism of a Car. Available at: http://iedei.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/luigi-russolo-dynamism-of-an-automobile.jpeg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Page No. 134

Fig. 76 Carra, Untitled (2014) Available at: https://jerome23.files.wordpress.com/2009/05/carra.jpg?w=720 [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 77 Carra Untitiled (2014) Available at: http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_PuDhxVX1XMg/SWflO0DwDpI/AAAAAAAAAX8/rlPIvjuh5jQ/s4 00/animsculpwhite.jpg [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 78 Boccioni, U. (1911) The Street Enters The House. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Umberto_Boccioni__A_strada_entra_nella_casa.jpg [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 79 Boccioni, U. (1912). Elasticity. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/Umberto_Boccioni_-_Elastic.jpg [Accessed at: 4 December 2014] Fig. 80 Boccioni, U. (1913). Development Of A Bottle In Space. Available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%27Development_of_a_Bottle_in_Space%27,_bronze_sculptu re_by_Umberto_Boccioni,_1913,_Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art.jpg [Accessed at: 2 December 2014] Page No. 135

Fig. 81 Kandinsky (1913) Squares Of Concentric Round Circles. Available at: http:/www.wassilykandinsky.net/work-370.php [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 82 Dali, S. (1931) Persistence Of Dreams. Available at: http://www.edali.org/images/paintings/The-Persistence-of-Memory-1931.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 83 Dali, S. (1929) The Great Masturbator. Available at: http://4.bp.blogspot.com/nlTpfXnTtCE/UOh4QL9nrEI/AAAAAAAAKBk/1lY62L3IoJA/s1600/The+Great+Masturbat or.+1929.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 84 Dali, S. (1938) Lobster Telephone. Available at: http://uploads6.wikiart.org/images/salvador-dali/lobster-telephone-1938.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 85 Dali, S. (1937) Lips Sofa. Available at: http://www.meaus.com/dali-lips-sofa-bocca.JPEG [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Page No. 136

Fig. 86 Tuchane, M. (1936) Breakfast In Fur. Available at: http://mediacacheec0.pinimg.com/736x/a7/35/ba/a735ba5103eadd88455ebd284cc74ba4.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 87 Duchamp, M.(1919) Mona Lisa. Available at: http://www.caduxavier.com.br/mackenzie/arq/4/art/dadaismo4.jpg [Accessed: 22 November 2014]

Fig. 88 Duchamp, M.(1917) Soft Toilet. Available at: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQ59vUq8rhaOAmmjvdJDQe5pXJVs0UavyrNJj6 Mh6dXiNwF3CJWyg [Accessed: 22 November 2014] Fig. 89 Warhol,A.(1899), Madonna. Available at: http://www.scrapnframes.com/SITE_EN/PAINTINGS/GALLERY/imagesWarholPopArt_im g/warhol_Marylin_medium.jpg, [Accessed:2 December 2014] Fig. 90 1943, Ration Book. Available at: http://www.geni.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/e.williams_3-465759.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2014]

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Fig 91 1943 Ration Book. Available at: http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/images/rationbks.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 92 1943 Ration Book. Available at: http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/homework/war/images/rationbks.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2014] Fig. 93 Warhol, A. (1962). Campbell Juice. Available at: http://shop.english-online.at/image/cache/data/test/andy-warhol-campbell_s-soup-can1500x500.jpg Accessed: 2.12.2014 Fig. 94 Warhol, A. (1975) Coca Cola. Available at: http://www.adbranch.com/wp-content/uploads/coca-cola_andy_warhol_3_bottles.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 95 Warhol,A. (1899) Marilyn Moroe. Available at: http://www.scrapnframes.com/SITE_EN/PAINTINGS/GALLERY/images/WarholPopArt_img /warhol_Marylin_medium.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Page No. 138

Fig. 96 Lips. Available at: http://fc06.deviantart.net/fs39/f/2008/322/4/a/Pop_Art_Lips_by_lyhnelaas.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 97 Portrait. Available at: http://i.telegraph.co.uk/multimedia/archive/01480/warhol_jackson_1480545c.jph [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 98 Lips. Available at: http://fc02.deviantart.net/fs71/i/2012/306/0/6/pop_art_lips_2_by_eveningstars242d4u2chr.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 99 Micky. Available at: http://www.artexpertswebsite.com/pages/artists/Warhol/Warhol_MickeyMouse.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 100 Allen, R. (1966). Untitled. Available at: http://www.victoriagal.org.uk/exhibitions/current_exhibitions/richard_allen.aspx [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Page No. 139

Fig. 101 Riley, B. (1961). Movement In Squares. Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1b/Riley,_Movement_in_Squares.jpg [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 102 Riley, B. (1977). Dominance Portfolio, Blue. Available at: http://www.opart.co.uk/op-art-gallery/var/resizes/bridget-riley/bridget-riley-dominanceportfolio.jpg?m=1325862449 [Accessed at: 4 December 2014]

Fig. 103 Mucha, A. (2014) Inspiration of nation. Available at: http://www.artnouveaushop.com/art%20nouveau2.jpg [Accessed: 3 December 2014] Fig. 104 Guimard, H. (1900) Persian Metro Entrance. Available at: http://www.collectorsquest.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/art_nouveau.jpg) [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 105 Guimard, H. (1900) Persian Metro Entrance. Available at: http://www.collectorsquest.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/art_nouveau.jpg) [Accessed: 2.12.2014]

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Fig. 106 Dressing. (2014) Available at : http://nimbusantiques.files.wordpress.com/2012/09/art_nouveau_console_table_with_as00 6a2345b.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 107 Entry (2014). Available at: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-k56_YH46oxA/TnGpuipuV6I/AAAAAAAAAAw/FnyI9TA4Yg/s1600/grand-palais_1122952c.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 108 Entrance (2014). Available at: http://www.livinglanguage.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2012/04/MuchaFouquet1.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 109 Rose Window. (2014) Available at: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRUCp3TBNuZvytfbB5NPbwdNHAFG8KLTy83 G7h1dRCTcJz_GUNG [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 110 Circular Rose Window. (2014).Available at: http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcRVEosxN7c3urXYqoui0T809riCWFzRYpf1aUzg1q5P0VUhvCV5Q [Accessed: 2.12.2014]

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Fig 111 Goudi (2014). Available at: http://www.dailyartfixx.com/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Church-of-La-SagradaFam%C3%ADlia-Antoni-Gaudi.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 112 Goudi Window (2014) Available at: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcShFRrSORGob7wUB4RA28jm3xQpnqATAKxr qzVFKBoEAlX-5MIH [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 113 Sunset View Gaudi. (2014). Available at: http://blogimgs.only-apartments.com/images/guide/big/52/park-guell.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig,. 114 Doors (2014) Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Cochise_County_Courthouse_Bisb ee_Arizona_ArtDecoDoors.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 115 Sun Motif. (2014) Available at: http://www.purlfrost.com/content/themes/default/item_images/art-deco-design1a_386_1333015479.png

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Fig. 116 Sun Window (2014) Available at: http://www.qvolabs.com/images/Ev_timeline_Art_Deco_entry.jpg.jpeg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 117 Sun Roof. (2014) Available at: //www.art-deco-style.com/image files/art_deco_stained_glass_ceiling2.jpg [Accessed: 2.12.2014] Fig. 118 Fiji (2014). Available at: http://www.thethirdray.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Screen-Shot-2012-02-05-at12.33.41-PM.png [Accessed: 4 December 2014] Fig. 119 Wall (2014). Available at: https://encryptedtbn3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSjxmBxiFuzCCEjDL53H86dH4SMwnXwQqIO1Eu4e8B-gAwwdLD [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 120 Color Wall (2014). Available at: http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8J3PvmiMtH1cjrHApeUF0o6J61jTP0IRCTFgqi3uXAqsi37wmw

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Fig. 121 Dog (2014). Available at: http://brokensidewalk.com/wpcontent/uploads/2009/09/SniffNewYork.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 122 Kinetic Rain Drop (2014). Available at: http://static.dezeen.com/uploads/2012/07/dezeen_Kinetic-Rain-by-ART+COM_5.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014]

Fig. 123 Pashupati Seal. (2014) Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Shiva_Pashupati.jpg/400pxShiva_Pashupati.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 124 Bronze Dancing Girl. (2014) Available at: http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/bce_500back/indusvalley/dance r/dancerfront.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 125 The Priest King. (2014) Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Mohenjodaro_Priesterkรถnig.jpeg/280px-Mohenjo-daro_Priesterkรถnig.jpeg [Accessed: 2 December 2014]

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Fig. 126 Bhimbetka Rock Paintings. (2014). Available at: http://arthistoryworlds.org/wp-includes/images/3%20bhimbetka-1.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014]

Fig. 127 Sripuram Golden Temple. (2014) Available at: http://www.velloregoldentemple.com/wp-content/gallery/vellore-golden-templephotos/golden-temple-sripuram-vellore-gopuram.jpg [Accessed: 2 December 2014] Fig. 128 Khajuraho Temple. (2014) Available at: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/KhajurahoLakshmana_temple.JPG [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 129 The Famous Khajuraho Temple (2014) Avalable at: http://www.thehummingnotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/Khajuraho-temple-1.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 130 Jal Mahal (2014) Available at: http://i1.trekearth.com/photos/129490/img_1939.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Page No. 146

Fig. 131 Jama Masjid (2014) http://www.columbia.edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00routesdata/1600_1699/shahjahanabad/ja mamasjidphotosmod/jamamasjid2.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 132 Kishan Radha (2014) http://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSsKx1kLvYXsQswrdTXfzsmkbbmqCK7wuZ1OhRRfAgv4K6fL7xOQ [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 133 Kishangarh (2014) http://craftoptions.com/images1/paintings/Painting%20Aug2010/Bestqualityminatures/flo werkingonelephant2.jpg [Accessed: 7 December 2014] Fig. 134 Bani Thani (2014) http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcS4DWfDpsBg0UhEFRQKbLvygMJ8iN0St3re6 M1hl8c17_7d0CCX [Accessed: 7 December 2014]

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