ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS PORTFOLIO
UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT SAN ANTONIO
ARC 4183/5953
FALL 2016
ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS PORTFOLIO
ABEL GUAJARDO, ADOLFO TOVAR, SOFIA VALDEZ, JUAN CARLOS RAMIREZ
“We abuse land because we regard it as a commodity belonging to us. When we see land as a community to which we belong, we may begin to use it with love and respect. Capable, under science, of contributing to culture.” – ALDO LEOPOLD “...being green, focusing the nation on greater energy efficiency and conservation, is not some girlie-man issue. It is actually the most tough-minded, geostrategic, pro-growth and patriotic thing we can do. Living green is not for sissies. Sticking with oil, and basically saying that a country that can double the speed of microchips every 18 months is somehow incapable of innovating its way to energy independence - that is for sissies, [and] defeatists...”
– THOMAS FRIEDMAN, NEW YORK TIMES. JANUARY 6, 2006.
APPROACH / Applying architectural methods and passive solar systems to keep inside of buildings thermally and visually comfortable while minimizing dependency on electricity grid.
Advanced issues in the design of environmentally responsive buildings and the natural and artificial systems that support them, such as embodied energy, active and passive heating and cooling, indoor air quality, solar orientation, daylighting and artificial illumination, acoustics, and building services systems. Includes the use of appropriate performance assessment tools.
PROBLEM
SOLUTION
DESIGN
The urban built environment is
Planning and designing collabora-
Design that uses strategies and tools improve a
responsible for most of the world's
tive efforts that pave the way to a
building’s energy performance reducing the
fossil fuel consumption and green-
sustainable and carbon neutral
environmental carbon footprint, while improving
house gas emissions.
future
the ocupants’ comfort and health
TABLE OF CONTENTS / CLIMATE ANALYSIS
8
SOLAR CONTROL + DESIGN
16
DESIGN FOR LIGHT AND SHADE
22
THERMAL PERFORMANCE + ENERGY USE
28
7
CLIMATE ANALYSIS / Climate is a key environmental force in response to which architecture should take form. Some of major climatic factors include temperature, relative humidity, sky cover conditions, and wind velocity and direction. In this study will help us understanding climatic factors, working with climatic diagrams and charts, and using them to analyze the climate in a certain location.
8
TEMPERATURE RANGE
S ummer season is the hottest with a maximum temperature of about 102 degree Fahrenheit, a minimum of 51 degree Fahrenheit, and the mean varies around 78 to 69 degree Fahrenheit
LEGEND ECORDED HIGH-
COMFORT ZONE CO
DESIGN HIGHAVERAGE A AVER AGE HIGHMEAN-
SUMMER WINTER (At A 50% 50 Relative Humidity)
AVERAGE A AVER AGE LOWDESIGN LOWRECORDED LOW-
During Fall season, the highest temperature is of about 91 degree Fahrenheit, the lowest temperature recorded is of 15 degree Fahrenheit, and a mean of about 69 to 15 degree Fahrenheit. Winter season is the coldest with a maximum temperature of about 66 degree Fahrenheit, a minimum of 15 degree
PSYCHRONOMETRIC CHART ASHRAE 2005
Fahrenheit, and a mean around 48 and 37
RELATIVE HUMIDITY
degree Fahrenheit.
100%
80%
LEGEND
60%
DRY BULB TEMP (Deg. F.)
Spring season’s highest temperature is
100%
.028
0%
COMFORTABLE NOT COMFORTABLE
about 87 degree Fahrenheit, the lowest .024
temperature is 25 degree Fahrenheit, and a mean around 48 to 74 degree Fahrenheit. .016
LOCATION Albuquerque, New Mexico
.012
CLIMATE TYPE Hot-dry / Mixed-dry .008
CLIMATE ZONE 3B
.004
10
9
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
HUMIDITY RATIO
.020
From the data, we recognize this as a PSYCHONOMETRIC CHART. The psychonometric chart is simply defined as the measurement of the moisture contenct in the air. The legend shows us where in the chart a person would be comfortable with the temperature and where they would not be. The table shows all the information plotted on the charts, from the total hours of comfort, the colors represent a precentage of which each items is covered.
TIMETABLE PLOT LEGEND 0 a.m.
2 a.m.
4 a.m.
DRY BULB TEMP (Deg. F.) < 32
8% 61%
32 - 68
19%
68 - 79 79 - 100
11% 6 a.m. Sunrise 8 a.m.
10 a.m.
12 noon
2 p.m.
4 p.m. Sunset 6 p.m.
8 p.m.
10 p.m.
12 p.m. Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
SKY COVER CHART
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
> 100
0%
From the data, we recognize that this chart will demonstrate the DRY BULB temperatures in a two hour lapse throughout the year. Dry bulb temperature is defined as the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture. We can see that in the mornings of the month of January and part of December the city experiences the average of most cold temperatures, ranging in the first division, being 32 o Farenheit of less.
L EGEND Total Cloud Cover- 100% RECORDED HIGHAVERAGE HIGHMEANAVERAGE LOWRECORDED LOWClear Skies-
0%
Summer season is the hottest with a maximum temperature of about 102 degree Fahrenheit, a minimum of 51 degree Fahrenheit, and the mean varies around 78 to 69 degree Fahrenheit. During Fall season, the highest temperature is of about 91 degree Fahrenheit, the lowest temperature recorded is of 15 degree Fahrenheit, and a mean of about 69 to 15 degree Fahrenheit. Winter season is the coldest with a maximum temperature of about 66 degree Fahrenheit, a minimum of 15 degree Fahrenheit, and a mean around 48 and 37 degree Fahrenheit. Spring seasonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s highest temperature is about 87 degree Fahrenheit, the lowest temperature is 25 degree Fahrenheit, and a mean around 48 to 74 degree Fahrenheit.
10
From the data, we recognize this as the WIND WHEEL. The wind wheel is simply a diagram that shows a number of variables of the local climate related to wind direction.
WIND WHEEL
summer charts, we can analyse the that the wind coming from the north lasts for a longer period of time compared to that
10 15 25
10
15 25 30 35 40 45
For example, on both the winter and
SUMMER
30
WINTER
35 40 45
WEST
EAST
WEST
EAST 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10
coming form other directions. The summer wind wheel shows that Albuquerque’s wind speeds increse dramatically during the summer days, coming at up to 40 mph from all directions except from the North
WIND SPEED (mph) 10%
10%
LEGEND TEMPERATURE (Deg. F.) < 32 32 - 68 0% 68 - 79
East.
79 - 100 > 100
AVG
RH MIN
100%
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%) < 30
TEMP
30 - 70
AVG MAX
> 70 10%
HOURS
20%
LOCATION Albuquerque, New Mexico CLIMATE TYPE Hot-dry / Mixed-dry CLIMATE ZONE 3B
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The Legend between the wheels shows the di erent manings on the chart, anything from the duration of the wind, to the speed, the relative humidity and temperature. It also shows that Albuquerque relatively gets its highest gusts of winds coming from the North West, East and South, gusting up to 35 mph at times. Both charts show that Albuquerque’s relative humidity stays constat throughtout both seasons. Both charts show that Albuquerque’s wind temperatures tend to increase when the wind is blowing from the west side, and it generally decreases when coming from the east.
MONTHLY DIURNAL AVERAGE
TEMPERATURE RANGE
LEGEND
High temperature during summer, achieving a max. of 95 F
RECORDED HIGH-
COMFORT ZONE
DESIGN HIGH-
SUMMER
AVERAGE HIGH-
WINTER
MEAN-
(At 50% Relative Humidity)
Highest Dry bulb during summer, especially during July.
TEMPERATURE: (degrees F) DRY BULB MEAN
Comfort zone during summer between 75 F and 79 F
AVERAGE LOW-
WET BULB MEAN
Highest radiation during summer achieving more than 400 Etu/sq. ft.
DRY BULB (all hours) COMFORT ZONE
DESIGN LOWRECOTDED LOW-
L EGEND HOURLY AVERAGES
Low temperature during winter min of 0 F
SUMMER WINTER (At 50% Relative Humidity)
Highest dry bulb temperature concentration during winter
RADIATION: (Btu/sq.ft)
Comfort zone during winter between 68 F and 75 F
GLOBAL HORIZ. DIRECT NORMAL DIFFUSE
Comfort zone in summer 350 Etu/sq. ft of radiation and a temperature of 79 F Comfort zone in winter 325 Etu/sq. ft of radiation and a temperature of 70 C
12
From the data, we recognize this as the WIND WHEEL. The wind wheel is simply a diagram that shows a number of variables of the local climate related to wind direction.
LEGEND
2 HOUR TEMPERATURE CHART
DRY BULB TEMP (Deg. F.) < 32
16% 0 a.m.
2 a.m.
59%
32 - 68
20%
68 - 79
5%
79 - 100
0%
> 100
4 a.m.
6 a.m. Sunrise 8 a.m.
From the data, we recognize that this chart will demonstrate the DRY BULB temperatures in a two hour lapse throughout the year. Dry bulb temperature is defined as the temperature of air measured by a thermometer freely exposed to the air but shielded from radiation and moisture
10 a.m.
12 noon
We can see that in the month of January and beginign of February we see the average of most cold temperatures, ranging in the first division, being 32º Farenheit of less.
2 p.m.
4 p.m.
For example, on both the winter and
Sunset 6 p.m.
summer charts, we can analyse the that
8 p.m.
the wind coming from the north lasts for a longer period of time compared to that
Overall, the city of Columbus, Ohio does not reach hot teperatures. The graph shows that over only 5% of the year Columbus experiences tempreatures ranging from 79º to 100º, but nothing over 100º.
Over their Spring and Autumn time, the city of Columbus experiences a pleasantly chill temperature average of about 32-68 degrees farenheit as shown on the graph
10 p.m.
12 p.m. Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
During their morning and evening times, the city rarely experiences temperatures that range over the 79º range. Normally Through out the year, they range from uner 32º during the winter to up to 79º during the summer.
coming form other directions. The summer wind wheel shows that Albuquerque’s wind speeds increse dramatically during the summer days, coming at up to 40 mph
SKY COVER CHART
L EGEND Total Cloud Cover- 100%
from all directions except from the North
RECORDED HIGHAVERAGE HIGH-
East.
MEANAVERAGE LOWRECORDED LOWClear Skies-
0%
Winter Season has the highest percentage average of clouds covering the sky during with an average high above 90%.
During Fall, the highest percentage of sky cover is 90%, an lowest average low during August with less than 10%
Winter season hs the biggest percentage of clouds covering the sky with its highest percetage of 98% and the lowest during January with an 17%.
LOCATION Columbus, Ohio CLIMATE TYPE Cold / Very cold CLIMATE ZONE 7
13
During Spring, the highest percentage of sky cover is 95%, an average low in between 25% and 30%, and a mean in between 60% and 70%.
WIND WHEEL
5 10 15 20 25 30
EAST
WEST 30 25 20 15 10 5
10%
WIND SPEED (mph)
LEGEND TEMPERATURE (Deg. F.) < 32 32 - 68 68 - 79
0%
79 - 100 > 100 RELATIVE HUMIDITY (%)
AVG
RH
100%
< 30
MIN TEMP
AVG
30 - 70 MAX
> 70 10%
HOURS
20%
14
15
SOLAR CONTROL + DESIGN / Proper design of a fenestration system makes a balance between solar admission and rejection. The objective of this study is to understand the performance of window shading devices with regard to their ability to block direct solar penetration at overheated (hottest) periods and to let the sun in at underheated (coldest) periods of the year.
16
In order to understand how the fenestration system works, our team built two models of the Kimbell Musem, one of each of the designs by Renzo Piano and Louis Kahn.
different angles in different hours of the day. That photographs where taken at
LEFT SHOT
Then we took a series of photographs a at
Louis Kahn
10:00 am, 12:00 pm and 2:00 pm accord-
10:00 a.m.
12:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
10:00 a.m.
12:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
10:00 a.m.
12:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
ing to our solar position diagram.
inside the buildings making this an effective fenestration system. In addition, the buildings have a roof system that diffuse light allowing natural light in the building,
RIGHT SHOT
In all the photographs we can see shadow
along with overhang eaves that provide shades for the glazed facades on the
FRONT SHOT
Renzo Piano design.
17
LEFT SHOT
Renzo Piano
12:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
10:00 a.m.
12:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
10:00 a.m.
12:00 p.m.
2:00 p.m.
FRONT SHOT
RIGHT SHOT
10:00 a.m.
18
19
SOLAR CONTROL DESIGN Proper design of a fenestration system makes a balance between solar admission and rejection. An effective design of a shading device that can effectively provide shade during overheated periods without blocking sun in underheated periods of the year.
Solid static shade
Geometric device
When folding creating depth blocking direct sun from west/east and top, but allowing indirect natural light from a center opening. Open fenestration
Solid static shade
Open fenestration
direct indirect
Geometric device
20
21
DESIGN FOR LIGHT AND SHADE / Proper design of a fenestration system makes a balance between solar admission and rejection. The objective of this study is to understand the performance of window shading devices with regard to their ability to block direct solar penetration at overheated (hottest) periods and to let the sun in at underheated (coldest) periods of the year.
22
The design proposal will focus on provididing sufficient useful natural light in interior spaces along with abundant fresh air. It will take advantage of proper shading at critical times and will aim towards low energy consumption, as determined by EUI. Albuquerque has a cold semi-arid climate. Albuquerque is in the northern tip of the Chihuahuan Desert, near the edge of
SOUTH ELEVATION
the Colorado Plateau. The average annual precipitation is less than half of evaporation, with no month averages below freezing. The Challenge is to design a standalone high-performance climate-responsive cabin (to be occupied by a couple).
FLOOR PLAN
LOCATION Albuquerque, New Mexico CLIMATE TYPE Hot-dry / Mixed-dry CLIMATE ZONE 3B
23
ROOF PLAN
NORTH
HIGH-PERFORMANCE CABIN Overhang for Shade Control
Triple Pain Glazing Louver System for Shading
^ŚĂĚŝŶŐ ŽŶƟŶƵŽƵƐ tĂůů
The building will also use the daylighting rules of
To achieve these goals, the use of various passive
thumb to determine the needed window area on cabin
heating and cooling systems will be essential as well
facades as well as depth of light penetration, with the
as design stradegies of geometry, orientation, building
help of analytic softwares to determine various design
skin, materials, openings, night insulation, shading
alternatives with regard to daylight availaibility metrics
devices.
for a high performance building.
24
Architecture 2030 Challange LV VHHNLQJ D WDUJHW (8, RI Â&#x201D; 12 kBTU/sqft/yr for a residential space. Actual EUI is 20 kBTU/sqft/yr. Curtain walls provide natural light, and ventilation to the interior as well as views to the outside. Complete lighting for all spaces can be achieved. Passive heating and cooling mitigations possible. Minimized direct sun exposure while having a well lit space. Natural ventilation easily achieved. East to weast orientation optimized the preformance of the building. Percentage of time there is more than two hours of direct sun light in a single day (between 12pm 2pm between June 21 - August 21) is less than 5%.
25
62% over lit 38% well lit
ENVELOPE
NORTH
Architecture 2030 Challange LV VHHNLQJ D WDUJHW (8, RI Â&#x201D; 12 kBTU/sqft/yr for a residential space. Actual EUI is 20 kBTU/sqft/yr.
SOUTH ELEVATION
EAST ELEVATION
26
27
THERMAL PERFORMANCE + ENERGY USE / The objective of this study is to determine design heat loss for the high-performance cabin that has been proposed and use it to size a mechanical heating system for it. As well as determine the buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heating energy use.
28
WALL SECTION 14'-2" T.O. JOIST OIST
8'-0" B.O. CANOPY
i FOUNDATION SYSTEM;
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RE: STRUCTURAL This mini split model has a heating mode to ensure optimal comfort when your home FINISH GRADE VARIES; RE: LANDSCAPE CONCRETE SLAB SLOPE 1'-0"- 0'-1/4" isn't warm enough. It is equipped with the 1'-0" i-see SensorTM and responds to trouble0'-1/4" some regions closer to the ceiling and the floor. It scans the room and makes adjustments based on the ambient temperature to ensure optimal comfort. It is ENERGY STAR compliant, having met or exceeded strict energy efficiency guidelines set by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Increased energy efficiency helps you save money on your energy bills and reduces carbon pollu- tion and other greenhouse gases. http://www.mitsubishicomfo f rt.com/products/multi-room/product-listing/wall-mount-deluxe
ROOF LAYERS
WALL LAYERS R-Value 0.17 .44 4.0 / inch 3.35/inch 6.88 0.45 0.68 R-Value of Path
Roof Asphalt shingles 1” foam insulating 5” batt isulation Wood rafters Gympsum board (0.5”) R60 SPRAY INSULATION ON
ING CLIP SCREWED WOOD SIDING
Path 1 0.17 0.44 4.0 5
Path 2 0.17 0.44 -
Wall
R-Value 0.17 .62 4.0 3.35/inch 4.38 4.45 4.68 Total R-Value of Path
Vinyl siding 1” Ridig foam insulating sheathing
27.52 0.23 0.23 0.68 0.68 22.27 29.14 x 85% x 15% 4.37 Weighted R-Value of Path 18.93 23.3 Total R-Value of Roof U-Factor of Roof 0.1
Wood stud (nominal 2x4) Gympsum board (0.5”)
Path 1 0.17 1.24 4.0 11.73
Path 2 0.17 1.24 -
17.52 0.23 0.23 4.68 4.68 22.05 23.84 x 85% x 15% 3.58 Weighted R-Value of Path 18.74 22.32 Total R-Value of Wall U-Factor of Wall 0.1
TONGUE & GROOVE WOOD SIDING
R45 SPRAY INSULATION ON
FLOOR LAYERS
ENVELOPE HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS R-Value 0.17
Floor
Path 1 0.17
Path 2 .017
Surface East Façade
METAL CANOPY
STORE FRONT GLAZING NG SYSTEM OW DOUBLE GLASS WINDOW
Component
Component·s U-factor
Surface Area, sf (A)
Wall
0.1 0.35 0.1 0.1 0.35 0.1 0.35 0.1
247.76 48.72
24.8 17.05
1.29 0.89
231.75
23.2
1.21
606 248
60.6 86.8
3.15 4.51
205 405
20.5 141.75
1.07 7.37
Window Door
27.52
West Façade
0.68 0.68 0.68 28.37 R-Value of Path 12.58 x 85% x 15% 4.26 Weighted R-Value of Path 10.69 14.95 0 .1
North Façade
Wall Window Door Wall Window
South Façade
Door Wall Window
Insulation Wood rafters
3.35/inch 6.88
11.73
Door
Roof
1867.5
UA envelope Q envelope
= Envelope·s Design Heat Loss
U*A
186.75 561.45 -
8 $ ¨7
9.71 29.2
WOOD RAIN SCREEN SIDING SYSTEM
DESIGN HEAT LOSS CALCULATIONS 1/4" HARDWOOD FLOORING ORING 1/4" UNDERLAYMENT DOUBLE BUBBLE FOIL INSULATION TION R-30 3/4" PLYWOOD
Heat Loss Components Envelope Perimeter Infiltration Ventilation
Formula
QEnvelope 8 $ ¨7 Qperimeter ) 3 ¨7 Qinfil = 0.018*ACH*VROXPH ¨7 Qventilation 9 ¨7 Total Design Heat Loss
Design Heat Loss
29.2 3.11 4.11 523.38 561.8 BTU/hr
30
B4. OVERALL HEAT LOSS CRITERIA FOR SOLAR GUIDELINES (BP=65 F) HDD=3986 O
B5. BALANCE POINT TEMPERATURE Tbp= Tinside -________ Qgains UAreference Tbp = 65 oF -________ 5032.92 782.79 Tbp = 61.57 ~ 62oF O
B6. HEATING DEGREE DAYS (BP=62 F)
B8. HEATING ENERGY USE
HDD=3357 UA envelope
B7. ANNUAL HEATING ENERGY USE (E) E = UA reference x HDD@Tbp x 24 E = 782.79 x 3357 x 24 E = 63,067.82 KBtu
Heat Loss Rate Balance Point Temperature HDD at BP Temperature Annual Heating Energy Use (E) Heating Energy Use Index (EUI)
Formula U*A (UA reference - UA South Glass) x 24 ____________________ Floor Area inside gains _________ UAreference -
UA reference x HDD@Tbp x 24 E _________ Floor Area
561.45
112.69 Btu/ D D. ft 62oF 3357 63,067.82 KBtu 52.04 KBtu/sf
32
ENERGY USE B1. INTERNAL HEAT GAINS Heat Gain (HG) Components Occupants Lights/Equipment
Formula 2*450 3.41*1212 Total Heat Gain
Heat Gain 900 4132.92 Btu 5032.92 Btu
B2. BUILDING LOAD COEFFICIENT Formula U*A F*P 0.018*0.48*91503ft 1.1*V UAreference
Heat Loss Components UAenvelope UA perimeter UAinfiltration UAventilation
B3. Building Heat Loss Rate (UA reference-UASouth Glass) x 24 Building Heat Loss Rate =__________________________ Floor Area - 141.75) x 24 Building Heat Loss Rate = (782.79 ____________________________________ 1212 Building Heat Loss Rate =
15,384.96 ____________ 1212
Building Heat Loss Rate = 12.69
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Btu/ D D. ft 3
UA 561.45 98.28 79.06 44 782.79