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Well folks, 2020 has been one interesting year. Did COVID-19 throw your business off line - or mayR S I R EWD C I X D P A S T E R N D L N Q S P G U L J P R B B E H S OU T H A F R I C A X X D L O be it threw it online? I am so thrilled to see that our V Q B S J O D BWS H Y P K E Q B YWZWH C O V sales have resumed, many of them on-line. Buying Q C A Z T E Z J I O A QH A J X H J N L KMO I L E F B Y S R R A R A R F I A F B L O C E P D I ON / selling goats and showing at shows is one of P Z X G I DM B O Q B M K J Z H MO BWO H R C F the ways many producers earn a living. As for the Q FWY A Y Y GD X P U E D TWZ L I GU Y E C B Z P A T D E U A Q C NMGNG T Z A V N Z B GM E commercial side, goat prices haven't seen the dip L S CMA F P S O J E C S HN R A L ZMH E A RM M F V F A Z D R H Y Z OOHGOO F X VMC B I O that other species have at the USDA markets. But N T U U J N N B O C Z RWS L S B N S L S Z GMC nonetheless, this year has been one to FORGET. UWU L G R C R N G V L Z Z F N I L Z J WB A P N T L F HMA E H V I E Z X OD V I C E S K B DON I know... That is supposed to be to "remember", O E H K L P J F A S K N S S A B K I DM F L G R K but I am ready to put up the Christmas decorations L H CMOOQ Z P L G L Y V U U I WF N E F Q T T E O R L R Y U P R R GW I T H E R S R B F N H V A and call it a year. How about you? V C J G V DM F UO X X T V R GU A Y G Z S T O T Since we are all in a new reality, let's take the R K H T H L S SW I F X NMM I T I D E B A S X T D N I HW T M K P L X D G C X S KWO I Z V U S O opportunity to spin up more on-line content. I P L B V B F V D V D P X U H A X J WEWV E WO O invite you to head over to the ABGA website for R T QQ P C P A E P B T I WY X N Z H T U PWX V Z I Y B VM L M T G Z AM S X V T A S K LWB K E some fun. T V M L G C U S V C D T DW L L B OM A MD U X C Be the first to answer the on-line quiz for T J HMD F Z A A V K B E MA Y F V R C K L C GD N Y Y G X B T P GQ Z S B L MK Q X T X Z N K DD your free gift. Yes, you read that correctly! The Boer Goat magazine will be integrating the mailed paper magazine with on-line SOUTH AFRICA ENNOBLEMENT FAMANCHA PROGENY videos, tutorials and other information. PASTERN WITHERS DEWORM IMPORT Coming soon, you will be able to read an TATTOO JABGA SIRE LOIN article in the magazine and go on-line to view instructional videos that support BOER HOCK BUCK ABGA the magazine content. Pictures are great. KID HOOF DOE DAM But, watching experts within the industry Sullivan’s would be one step further, especially when you are trimming hooves or doing • Amplifies Hair Dimension & Shine. something detailed. In the meantime, • Works on all hair types in all temperatures. let's have some fun with the puzzles and quiz here in the printed version. And, if you want, you can go to the ABGA website at htps://abga.org/resourcBuild your own custom worksheet at education.com/worksheet-generator es/the-boer-goat-magazine-2/ to complete Sullivan’s © 2007 - 2020 Education.com a Fall 2020 interactive quiz. The first member to correctly complete this quiz will receive a free gift from me, the editor. • Boost metabolic fat I also have a place where you can sugburning for fresher appearance. gest future topics for the magazine and provide feedback. I am always looking for ways to make the articles more in tune with what you, our members, want. Don't Sullivan’s be shy. I need your pictures and your sugMini 360 Smart Brush gestions. This is your magazine. I just put • Now Available in 6” Design • High Quality Brush Tip it together for you. Let's make it what you • Ends Covered for no blower whistle. want and kick up a notch. BAM!
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Sullivan Supply Inc. Karla Blackstock
Dunlap, Iowa - 1-800-475-5902 • Hillsboro, Texas - 1-800-588-7096 • Lodi, California - 1-888-914-5972
www.sullivansupply.com
The Boer Goat - 1
INSIDE
OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN BOER GOAT ASSOCIATION
THIS ISSUE
4 Affiliates
Learn about the objectives and benefits of the ABGA Affiliate program.
5
How to obtain a FAMANCHA card?
6
The new online system
8
Goat prices still high
10
Editor's Corner
12 Standouts Are you breeding to the best of the best? Should 14
16
you be thinking about performance traits? Livestock Medication Safety
Respiratory Diseases in Goats
18 Zoonotic Diseases
22 Managing Selenium 24
Bio security
26 Classifieds CONTACT
4258 S Jackson St San Angelo, Texas 76903 TEL: 325.486.2242 FAX: 325.486.2637
PUBLISHER
AMERICAN BOER GOAT ASSOCIATION KARLA BLACKSTOCK, MANAGING EDITOR & CREATIVE DIRECTOR
INTERESTED IN ADVERTISING?
Make sure to showcase your ranch or company by advertising in the business card section or by purchasing ad space.
WANT TO SEE YOUR PHOTO IN THE MAGAZINE?
If you would like to see your photo in the The Boer Goat, please submit your picture to editor@abga.org. Please send photos in the largest size you have available and include your name for print.
The Boer Goat hereby expressly limits its liability resulting from any and all misprints, errors and/or all inaccuracies whatsoever in the advertisement and editorial content published by The Boer Goat and its said liability is here by limited to the refund of the customer or its payment for the said advertisement, the running of a corrected advertisement, or editorial notice. Notification by the customer of any errors must be made within 30 days of distribution of the magazine. The opinions or views expressed in all editorials are those of the writer or persons interviewed and not The Boer Goat. The Boer Goat does, however, reserve the right to edit or refuse all material, which might be objectable in content. No material or part thereof, may be reproduced or used out of context without prior, specific approval of a proper credit to The Boer Goat.
2 - The Boer Goat
Corona Virus Food Assistance Program The newest CFAP (CFAP2) is providing payments for commodity sale losses for goats sold for meat, fiber sales and dairy goat milk sales, based on 2019 sales figures. This is the result of the continued efforts of the American Goat Federation's board, advisors, member organizations, and our Public Policy Chair and Legislative Liaison, Tammy Fisher. Applications are being accepted at USDA's Farm Service Agency through December 11, 2020. USE YOUR INFORMATION FOR 2019 KID GOATS, GOAT MILK AND MOHAIR • Sale of kid goats for food or fiber (Not those sold for breeding) • Sale of goat milk Turn in all receipts for 2019 sales to verify the dollar amount of revenue produced. Organize receipts and highlight pertinent information that identifies the animals being claimed (description of the animals and the sales derived from them). Enter the total dollar amount on the worksheet for the FSA (Farm Services Agency) office. Payments for sales commodities will be equal to the sum of the result of the amount of producer's eligible 2019 sales within each specified category, multiplied by the payment factor for that range from the table below:
2019-2020 AMERICAN BOER GOAT ASSOCIATION
Board of Directors REGION 10: TROY VEAL (EC) PRESIDENT: tvanveal@yahoo.com REGION 5: KENNY ELWOOD (EC) VICE-PRESIDENT: kennyelwood@hotmail.com REGION 2: KEN BATY TREASURER: kbaty@crc-co.net REGION 15: SUSAN BURNER (EC) SECRETARY: wvburners@comcast.net REGION 1: MADDIE FENTON • maddie.fenton7@gmail.com REGION 3: CLARK HUINKER • chuinker@fmtvets.com REGION 4: KEVIN RICHMOND krichmond6896@gmail.com REGION 6: DAVID CARWELL • David@bdgenetics.com REGION 7: LINDA WEST • ll-west@sbcglobal.net RANDY DUSEK • lazystranch@yahoo.com
JOHN BLACKSTOCK • blackstock.jd8@gmail.com
REGION 8: DERIC WETHERELL (EC) • dpwether@yahoo.com REGION 9: KIM MORGAN • km4881@gmail.com REGION 11: CINDY WESTFALL • cindy_price_westfall@yahoo.com REGION 12: SUSAN BURNER • wvburners@comcast.net REGION 13: KATHY DAVES-CARR • dxdarlin1@yahoo.com REGION 14: JOHN RILEY • jrileythree@gmail.com
*EC DENOTES EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE MEMBER
2019 Sales Range Payment Factor Up to $49,999 ----------- 10.6% $50,000-99,999 ----------- 9.9% $100,000-499,999 --------- 9.7% $500,000-999,999 --------- 9.0% All sales over $1 Mil. -------- 8.8%
Medicine Safety Quiz 1. It is a good idea to store some livestock medical supplies with food. T F 2. If accidentally stuck by a needle, you do not need to see a physician. T F 3. Wash hands in hot, soapy water after completing health care tasks. T F 4. Live vaccines are considered hazardous. T F 5. Lock all livestock medical supplies in a cabinet away from children. T F Answer Key on Pg. 25
2020 AMERICAN BOER GOAT ASSOCIATION
Staff
MARY ELLEN VILLARREAL, Executive Director • mary@abga.org4 MONICA BRIDGES, Youth Coordinator • monica@abga.org MAURGAN BULLARD, Member Services • maurgan@abga.org SONIA CERVANTEZ, Accounts Receivable • sonia@abga.org CIERRA MARTINEZ, Member Services • cierra@abga.org
ABGA OFFICE HOURS: Monday-Friday • 8:00 am to 5:00 pm (CST)
The Boer Goat - 3
s e t a i l i f f A
Boer Goat Association of North Carolina
Northern California Meat Goat Association
Contact: Kelly Clark
Contact: Carl McCosker
Serving States: North Carolina
Email: ncmga@yahoo.com
PO Box 36479; Greensboro, NC 27416 Email: KellyClark@triad.rr.com
Keystone Goat Producers Association 125 Ivy Drive, Middletown, PA 17057
PO Box 553
Gridley, CA 95948 530-205-7922
Tall Corn Meat Goat Wether Assoc, Inc
Email: camstoys@comcast.net
Contact: James Shepard
Illinois Meat Goat Producers
Website: www.meatgoatwether.com
Serving States: Pennsylvania, Maryland, Ohio, Virginia, West Virginia, New Jersey, New York 779 CR 800 E; Tolono, IL 61880 Email: dpwether@yahoo.com
4458 32nd St; Grinnell IA 50112 Email: dcc3200@gmail.com Serving States: Iowa
website: www.ilmeatgoat.org
Serving States: Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, Indiana Indiana Boer Goat Classic 7974 East 100 South Elwood, IN 46978
Email: treasurer@indianaboergoat.org Website: www.indianaboergoat.org
The objectives of the ABGA Affiliate program include: • • • • •
To provide resources at the local clubs level
To provide networking opportunities for the local clubs
To attract and retain goat producers
To assist with educational opportunities
To cultivate grassroots input from local clubs
Local clubs benefit from joining the group of recognized affiliates by receiving:
..Listing on the Affiliate page of The Boer Goat including a
4 - The Boer Goat
short description • • • • • • • •
Listing on the Affiliate section of ABGA website with description of club’s mission
Listing of club events (shows and educational events) on the ABGA Event Calendar
Monthly listing of new ABGA members in the Affiliate’s area
Eligibility to receive ABGA promotional and educational material for club events
Eligibility for educational funds
Eligibility for cost share programs
Membership matching funds at the end of each year Opportunities for future programs
FAMACHA© System and how to obtain a FAMACHA© card Use of the FAMACHA© system allows small ruminant producers to make deworming decisions based on an estimate of the the level of anemia in sheep and goats affected by barber pole worm (Haemonchus contortus) infection. The barber pole worm is the most economically important parasite affecting sheep and goat production on pasture and the most common cause of anemia during the grazing season in most of the U.S. It has a small “tooth” that lacerates the animal’s stomach (abomasum) wall, and it feeds on the blood that is released. This can result in anemia, (reduction below normal in the number of red cells in the blood) and in severe cases, death. The FAMACHA© card, developed in South Africa, was introduced to the U.S. by the American Consortium for Small Ruminant Parasite Control (https://www.wormx.info/) This online training program was developed by Dr. Katherine Petersson and Dr. Anne Zajac, DVM, members of the ACSRPC, as part of a Northeast SARE grant and is administered by the University of Rhode Island. The ACSRPC fully endorses the program for those who are unable to attend a workshop. The FAMACHA© card is a tool that matches the color of the eye mucous membranes of small ruminants with a laminated color chart showing 5 color categories that correspond to different levels of anemia. Category 1 represents “not anemic” with category 5 representing “severely anemic.” The FAMACHA© system uses the scores determined with the card to identify and selectively deworm sheep and goats with anemia. Selective deworming minimizes drug use and slows the rate of development of drug resistant parasite populations including barber pole worm and other GIN parasites. It can also aid in selective breeding decisions by identifying those animals that are most susceptible to barber pole worm infection. Online FAMACHA© Certification Training is required to purchase a FAMACHA© card. Traditionally, training is provided by in-person workshops taught by certified FAMACHA© instructors. These workshops are usually a combination of lecture/discussion and hands-on instruction. Class size is usually limited to enhance learning opportunities. To meet the needs of those who don't have access to in-person trainings, the University of Rhode Island began offering online FAMACHA© certification in March 2016. As of September 2019, 213 people had received FAMACHA© certification. In 2020, online FAMACHA© certification opportunities were expanded due to the Covid 19 pandemic. Several institutions are now offering online FAMACHA© certification. Online FAMACHA© certification is a multi-part process. It usually involves watching a video on integrated parasite management and proper FAMACHA© technique. There is usually follow-up to ... Continued on page 9
The Boer Goat - 5
Goat Prices
Flying High
Figure 1. U.S.and Texas Meat and Other Goat Inventory; 2010‐2019 70%
2.4
60%
2.3 Meat and Other Goat Inventory, U.S. Texas As a % of U.S. Total
2.2
50%
2.1
40%
2
30%
1.9
20%
1.8
10% Source: USDA, NASS
http://www.interfaith-calendar.org
6 - The Boer Goat
Percent-%
Meat and Other Goats (million Hd.)
Texas’ goat prices have been “on fire” for several months, Thompson said. COVID-19 and the negative economic ripples it created have not unsteadied supplies, prices or demand so far. The nation’s goat herd is up almost 2% to 2.09 million, compared to 2.06 million last year, Thompson said. Texas increased 3% during the same time to 765,000 head from 740,000 head. The state’s largest sheep and goat market in San Angelo reported goat sale numbers were 10% higher than in 2019, he said. Even as sale numbers rose, so did prices. “Prices went up an average of 4% this season,” he said. “Volumes are up and prices are up, and those typically don’t go
the videos: a survey or quiz. Participants are required to make a video demonstrating proper FAMACHA© technique. The video must be approved by the persons administering the course. Once course requirements are met, a Certificate of Competence is issued and the participant is eligible to purchase a FAMACHA© card. The minimum age for FAMACHA© certification is 13. University of Rhode Island Online FAMACHA© Certification with Drs. Anne Zajac and Katherine Petersso University of Maryland Online FAMACHA© Certification with Susan Schoenian Virginia State University / Fort Valley State University Online FAMACHA© Certification with Drs. Niki Whitley & Dahlia O'Brien
9.0
$230
8.0
$220
7.0
$210
6.0
$200
5.0
$190
4.0 Price ($/Cwt.)
$180
3.0
Sales Volume
$170
$220
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
Figure 7. Kid Goat Prices by Weight Class in San Angelo, TX; 2010‐2018
$215 $210 $205 $200 $195 $190 $185
30‐39
40‐49
50‐59
60‐69
70‐79
Weight (Lbs.)
$220
Figure 7. Kid Goat Prices by Weight Class in San Angelo, TX; 2010‐2018
$215 $210 $205 $200 $195 $190 $185
30‐39
40‐49
50‐59 Weight (Lbs.)
60‐69
70‐79
2.0
Average Monthly Volume (1,000 Hd.)
Price ($/Cwt.)
$240
Price ($/Cwt.)
... Continued from page 5.
Figure 5. San Angelo Kid Goat Prices and Marketings by Month; 2010‐2018
Price ($/Cwt.)
up together. So, demand is obviously there.” Kid and nanny prices in San Angelo were $289.40 and $148.07 per hundredweight, respectively, on March 18, Thompson said. Peak prices for those class goats were $267.47 and $133.96, respectively in 2019. For even more perspective on the rise of goat prices, kids were more than $101 per hundredweight higher this March than the average price per hundredweight in 2011. Thompson said goat meat production may be insulated from any disruptions from COVID-19 because animals are not processed at large centralized facilities. These large facilities could face disruptions including sick workers or shutdown times for extra sanitization. However, multiple smaller operations are expected to fare better and stay on schedule. “It remains to be seen what the impact to beef, chicken and other proteins’ production capacity could be, but most processing operations are running at capacity right now,” he said.
in the Boer Goat Industry Congratulations to the breeders and owners of the animals listed below. The following animals have received the awards of Ennoblement, Doe of Excellence and Sire of Merit.
ENNOBLEMENTS Name 3LF STARGATE AFB2 BLACKOUT 9088 TEN MILE BARON MW8 WESTFALL’S MR. DIBS MBG14 HURRICANE GLORY TGF4 FOUR T’S WORD ON THE STREET SHEPHERD CREEK BIG CHECK TO CASH SHOW ME BOERS EMPIRE OYHEE TOTAL ADDICTION JMI DOUBLE VISION HOPK H-4 WAR HORSE C25 GHCF PAI CHECK’S EASY MONEY MADI DEVIL’S IMPULSE LK7 TOP TRAIL BLAZER LBE WOODY GP7 SSFRI EGGS IR MAN HIGH CALIBRE BA CSF RUNNING BEAR 2CCB THE VILLAINS GOLDEN BOY SRF2 SHAMROCKS RELOAD BY DESIGN 4-L BOER GOATS PARTY OUT WEST SGG MONSTROSITY SJGA CROSSBOW’S SMOKIN GUNN ELFAN MR. MOOSE BOSTON SCHOOL MANOR INSANELY HOT GSR FLASHPOINT MW8 WESTFALL’S JUNE BUG CASPER FARM’S LANEY ADVBG ANGEL FACE CREEKWOOD BOERS HEART AND SOUL SHOW ME BOERS MOONLIGHT FLOWER BOET SUNSHINE EWING KENAI EXPRESS
Sex Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Buck Doe Doe Doe Doe Doe Doe Doe
Owner Josh & Johanna Weir Donald & Becky Davis Dillon Kellar Boston Stapleton Gregory & Brittany Meiss Saige Givens Jason and/or Katherine Klug Joe & Barbie Teel Charlene Wendt & Samantha Davis Jason Miller Brandie Gunn Karen Richter Costa Ashley Roles Logan King Ellis Godbee Guiseppe Paliotta Tom Valuska Tara Hicks Faith Bjerke Jared Lindenfelser Ryan Throckmorton Doug & Joanne Peters Emet Fanning Tom & Lisa Gordon Curtis & Amie Elmore Eden Basford Dillon Kellar Josh & Johanna Weir Jeri Troesken Travis Levings Darcy Boettger Baylee Lamb
Breeder Patrick & Shelley Lowry Mark Fraser Wade or Ronda Zander Matthew Westfall Gregory & Brittany Meiss John, Seth & Glania Trimble Jason and/or Katherine Klug Wess & Lori Peterson Charlene Wendt & Samantha Davis Jason Miller Jared Hopkins Jeremy Sanders Madison Fenton Chad & Nancy Steinke Laura Estes Guiseppe Paliotta Chestnut Springs Farm Josh Pilcher Kaden Merriman Jared Lindenfelser Brandon & Amanda Smith Sydney Lewis Emet Fanning Cecelia Knott Sarah Brend Matthew Westfall Dillon Kellar Aaron & Denise Crabtree Nancy Certain Wess & Lori Peterson Darcy Boettger Dickie & Kyle Ewing & Joel Green
in the Boer Goat Industry Congratulations to the breeders and owners of the animals listed below. The following animals have received the awards of Ennoblement, Doe of Excellence and Sire of Merit.
ENNOBLEMENTS Name
Sex
Owner
BROKEN S LEPPIN LISA CAPRIOLE’S DIPSTICK CJSF SPARKLING WHISKEY HBS P13 2M BOER GOATS DESIREE RBMG SANGARIA
Doe Doe Doe Doe Doe Doe
Waylen Dorscher Kole McNeer Natalye Scholl John & Mary Morrow Bobby Allen Brogan Brunt
HSFG HILLSIDE HITMANS DOUBLE STUFF ROR1 FIXIN’ TO FLY
Doe Doe
Austin Pagel Sherri & Ed Biggs
Breeder Cecil & Sharon Swepston Terry Brown Natalye Scholl Hugh & Ann Schafer Steve & Dale Wilson Thomas & Jacqueline Redden and Ike Redden Rodney & Lori Meyer
SIRE OF MERIT Name anim_name EGGS ROCKIN HARVE B393 JCKN SMOKE A LITTLE SMOKE CAPRIOLE’S MEZONNY
Owner memb_name Marge Skaggs/Scotty & Jenn Merrill Janet Moraczewski Grace Coulston
Breeder breeder_name Will & Alan Harvey Jason Coin Terry Brown
DOE OF EXCELLENCE Name
Owner
BB14 SOUTHERN CHARM 3TM Z BABY SC4 4C FACE THE FRONT JJ BOER GOATS MOON GIRL KJO FABULOUS DISASTER 2M BOER GOATS 2M MERCEDES JW19 HOT HOOVES SPOT OF GOLD PF08 SOMTHIN’ TO TALK ABOUT LSB12 MASSACHUSETTS MISS RBMG ICE QUEEN
Blakely Clements & Dr James Haught DVM Tassi Jo Fadely Thalia I Ochoa JJ Boer Goats Jeri Troesken Matthew Schoenbauer Zach Finholdt Desirae Polzin Judy Kimbrell Ronald, Beth & Hannah Goeb
SHGG JAR OF HEARTS JJ BOER GOATS G468 QUEEN
Grace Coulston Garin Cooper
Breeder Bryan Fountain & Blakely Clements Matt & Traci Day Carlie Callahan JJ Boer Goats Kelly Edwards Paul & Kim Morgan Jody Weist Paige Pitlick Judy Kimbrell Thomas & Jacqueline Redden and Ike Redden Grace Coulston JJ Boer Goats
Livestock Medication by Shelby Rodriguez
Safety Tips
Are your goat medications safely stored away from your children or other animals? Are you guilty of grabbing "refrigerated" medication and leaving it out on the counter in the middle of the night? Let's face it, we are all busy and raising livestock doesn't stop outside the hours of 8 am to 5 pm. But, keeping your head on straight during a medical emergency can often times eliminate yet another trip to the local emergency room - for yourself. Livestock medicines, vaccines, syringes, and needles should be kept in a locked cabinet. Medicines requiring refrigeration should be stored away from food in a child proof area. Purchase vaccines on an "as needed" basis and keep them separate from other medications as live vaccines can be potentially harmful and/or cause diseases. Disposal should comply with infectious waste requirements. Check with the local waste disposal management office. EPA regulations require that sharp objects be disposed of in sturdy plastic containers such as a laundry detergent bottle, a two liter soda container or a coffee can with a heavily taped plastic lid. Check for additional local regulations. Storing uncapped or recapping used sharps is risky. Drop used needles or syringes directly into the disposal container without recapping them. If someone is stuck by a needle, clean the wound and then cover it with a bandage. See a physician or call poison control and follow instructions. A tetanus injection may be needed. When working with animal health care medicines: •Store all livestock medical suppliesin a locked cabinet. •Store medicines away from food and children. •Be careful not to stick yourself or anyone else when using a needle. •Discard all used needles and syringes in an approved method. •Seek medical attention if stuck by a used needle. •Never reuse medical supplies. It may spread disease. •Wash hands with hot water and a disinfectant when finished with health tasks. •Purchase drugs only as needed.
10 - The Boer Goat
Review the Following Points: •Keep all livestock medications stored in locked cabinet. •Never store medicines with food, and wash hands immediately after completing health task. •Reusing medical supplies can spread disease. •Seek medical attention if stuck with a needle. Mineral oil when injected into tissue is non-degradable and highly irritant - There are many vaccines for livestock that use mineral oil as the carrier. These include, but are not limited to Gudair (Sheep Johnes Disease), Silirium (Cattle Johnes Disease), Pilliguard (Cattle Pink Eye), Roratvec Corona (Calf scour vaccines), Vibrovax (Cattle Vibrio), Bovillis MH & MH/IBR vaccines (Cattle respiratory diseases), Bovillis S (Cattle Salmonella) and Ovillis Campyvac (Sheep abortion). I have not limited these to goat medications as I believe many goat producers also have other animals and these medications can be extremely painful and/or threatening if injected.
So, next time you get one of these messages on Facebook, reply back with the appropriate response. Dectomax is a vegetable oil-based adjutant, which causes only moderate irritation!
Vegetable Oil Based Adjuvants - Moderately irritant Accidental self-injection of these can cause local reactions depending on amount and location. Livestock medications include Arrachis (peanut) cotton seed & sesame oil, Injectable Drenches ( Dectomax 70% sesame oil), Hormones (Testosterone e.g. Ropel, Tepro and Testoprop; Progesterone oestradiol) and Antibiotics (Moxylan, Excenel). Specific adjuvant not disclosed Consider surgical flushing if acute pain and inflammation within 24 hours. One example is Cydectin LA. Potentially Toxic: Hormones Self-Injection can induce premature labor Not to be used by pregnant women. Seek immediate medical attention if any type of hormones are injected. If possible the application of gentle squeezing pressure with absorbent material (e.g. facial tissue) at the injection site will swab up unabsorbed material. Strong squeezing of the site should be avoided. The damaged area should be thoroughly cleansed and a topical antiseptic applied.
PETA Invests in Sheep’s and Goats’ Futures During COVID-19 Market Slump ShareTweet
PETA has taken advantage of the COVID-19 market slump to purchase stocks in nearly two dozen companies—including Ralph Lauren, Urban Outfitters, Guess, and Capri Holdings (the parent company of Michael Kors and Versace)—in order to push brands to ban wool, mohair, and cashmere. PETA leaders tweeted that, "we are heading to the boardroom to pressure retailers not to sell items that are devastating to the environment and that goats, sheep, and other animals suffered and died for."
Respiratory Diseases signs, symptoms, treatments
There are a number of respiratory diseases that affect goats at all stages of their lives. These causes include viral and bacterial infections, as well as irritants to the nasal passages and injuries during transportation and confinement. There are also a number of flies and parasites that can cause irritation and injuries that can lead to infections. Kids typically develop respiratory infections due to an infectious agent. Kids that have recently been weaned can develop respiratory infections due to a variety of risk factors, including changes in nutrition, transportation, loss of maternal antibodies, exposure to new pathogens, adverse housing conditions, and overcrowding. Barn ventilation in extremely cold weather deserves special comment because it is often overlooked. Warming a barn increases the relative humidity, thus producing a stressful situation. Moisture should never be allowed to accumulate on the walls, ceilings and floors. Dusty conditions can also accumulate when ventilation is not adequate inside barns. When inspecting facilities for irritants, make sure to inspect at the goat’s level. There are two generalized areas of concern for respiratory diseases, lower tract diseases and upper tract diseases. Lower tract diseases usually result from a disease-causing agent. Upper tract diseases are normally associated with inhaling foreign bodies or irritants, or injury to the trachea although viral and bacterial diseases can occur.
Lower Respiratory Tract Diseases Blood-borne infections Most respiratory disease problems of baby kids are due to septicemia or blood-borne infections. While these diseases involve all systems of the kid, respiratory symptoms often predominate. Commonly, these infections are due to inadequate colostrum consumption and environments with heavy bacterial loads. Some organisms responsible for these infections include E. coli, Mannheimia haemolytica, Pasturella multicoda, Mycoplasma, and Streptococci. Signs and symptoms These diseases occur where wet and crowded conditions exist. The onset is sudden with kids becoming weak and depressed, refusing to eat, running a fever, and breathing rapidly. Sometimes, sudden death is the only sign. Large numbers of triplet or quadruplet litters may increase incidence. Treatment, prevention, and control
12 - The Boer Goat
Kids exhibiting these signs are in a medical emergency. Treat using antibiotics having a gram negative/gram positive spectrum to counteract a wide variety of organisms. A veterinarian may prescribe antibiotics to help with the infection and to keep any secondary infections from occuring. Proper management can prevent occurrence. Late gestation dams should be in good body condition (3 – 3.5). Maternity pens and kidding pens should be clean and adequately ventilated. Ensure navels are dipped in iodine at birth and that kids consume adequate colostrum.
Enzootic pneumonia Enzootic pneumonia is the end stage of infections by a variety of primary agents (mycoplasma, chlamydia, adenovirus, syncytial virus, IBR, PI-3, Caprine herpes virus) or by the various stresses experienced in intensive weanling management, most notably coccidiosis. This pneumonia is usually a herd problem in goats raised in confinement or under intensive management. Predisposing conditions include crowding, inadequate ventilation, and high humidity. Signs and symptoms Animals will have a moist, soft cough, increased respiratory rate, nasal discharge, watery eyes, and decreased gains. When listening to the lungs, crackling and wheezing is heard. Treatment, prevention, and control Many of the pathogens associated with caprine pneumonias are not susceptible to certain drugs. Products that can aid in the control of enzootic pneumonia should be used under the supervision of a veterinarian. Reduce stress and overcrowding, maintain adequate ventilation and sanitation to reduce incidence.
Pasteurella Pneumonic pasteurellosis (pasteurella) is a killer pneumonia in all livestock species affected. Pasturella pneumonia is caused by either Mannheimia hemolytica that causes sudden death or Pasturella multicoda that causes respiratory signs with pneumonia. M. hemolytica is blood-borne and outbreaks usually occur in feedlot conditions where animals are stressed, transported, and commingled. Usually several animals will be involved. They will be noticeably sick and off by themselves. Commonly, nutritional management, ventilation, and parasite control are less than ideal. Signs and symptoms Typically, the first animal is found dead followed by signs
of pneumonia noticed in herdmates. Affected animals will be off feed, have a moist cough, and appear depressed. The lungs will typically make a wheezing or crackling sound. P. multicoda is capable of entering the blood stream and causing arthritis and mastitis (Blue bag mastitis). Treatment, prevention, and control Antibiotics, prescribed by a veterinarian, can be used in treatment. There are no pasteurella vaccines made for goats. While there are a variety of bovine pasteurella vaccines available, their effectiveness in goats has not been proven.
Mycoplasma pneumonia The Mycoplasma species are commonly involved in pneumonias of goats, although usually more of a problem for dairy goat than meat goat producers. Pleuropneumonia is a specific disease caused by Mycoplasma mycoides and is a significant cause of sickness and death in does and kids. In kids, the organism is transmitted orally through contaminated milk or colostrum. Outbreaks often occur when animals are stressed, such as in overcrowded conditions.
Treatment, prevention, and control It is unclear how effective treatment is for this condition. Anthelmintics will stop parasite egg production, but may not effectively remove the parasite. Prevention strategies include avoiding low, wet pastures, particularly during the early morning hours or at night. Avoid mixing different age groups of animals or having young animals graze on pastures contaminated by adults. Frequent deworming with certain anthelmintics can also help control the parasite. However, this is not recommended as frequent, large-sclae use of anthelmintics can increase the rate of drug resistance by other internal parasites such as barberpole worms.
Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases Irritants, trachea injury Constant or long-term inhalation of irritants, such as dust or ammonia, and trachea damage through incorrect use of balling or drenching guns can cause respiratory problems.
Signs and symptoms The disease is highly contagious and usually involves multiple animals in the herd. Signs include fever, cough, respiratory distress, joint damage and lameness, nervous system disorders, and/or mastitis.
Signs and symptoms The predominant sign is coughing and sneezing. Animals may have nasal discharge. With simple inflammation of the respiratory passages due to inhaling dust or other irritants, animals appear healthy other than the annoying cough and sneeze. Other signs would include foul odor to the breath, off feed, cough, and nasal discharge.
Treatment, prevention, and control Antibiotics must have a mycoplasma spectrum of activity. Treatment can assist in relieving symptoms of the disease, but affected animals may shed the organism for life. Some animals may appear to respond to treatment but will relapse and be chronically poor performing. The organism is spread by direct contact, through the air, milk and ear mites.
Treatment, prevention, and control Remove all sources of respiratory irritants from the environment. Dispose of moldy hay, shake dusty hay away from animals, or wet the hay. Environmental dust can be eliminated by wetting the area. Clean bedding to remove urine and feces. Ensure good ventilation and maintain as clean an environment as is possible.
Verminous pneumonias Verminous pneumonia is caused by certain types of lungworms (e.g., Dictyocaulus filarial, Muellerius capillaries, and Protostrongylus rufescens). Young animals are most commonly affected. These parasites prefer low lying, moist pastures. Some of the parasites, Muellerius and Protostrongylus, for example, require snails or slugs as intermediate hosts in their life cycle. Heavy pasture contamination with these parasites can occur from high stocking densities. Signs and symptoms Signs usually consist of a persistent, chronic coughing in a herd or flock. Animals will have increased respiration rate and lose weight.
Nasal bots Nasal bots are uncommon in the deep southern portion of the United States but are common elsewhere. The gadfly deposits eggs on the nostrils, leaving the larvae to migrate to the frontal sinuses and are expelled by sneezing. Signs and symptoms The main symptom is violent sneezing in the late summer. Affected animals have a nasal discharge that may be tinged with blood. Some animals may make a snoring sound due to nasal obstruction.
The Boer Goat - 13
Zoonotic Diseases from Goats
Zoonotic diseases are contagious diseases that spread between animals and humans. It is estimated that approximately 75% of recently emerging infectious diseases affecting humans are diseases of animal origin; approximately 60% of all human pathogens are zoonotic. Humans can contract zoonotic diseases through direct contact with infected animals, and also by consumption of contaminated food or water, inhalation, arthropod vectors (such as flies, ticks, and mosquitoes) and pests. Below is a condensed list of sheep and goat diseases that can be transmitted to humans. The diseases are grouped in alphabetical order within groups of common routes for human infection. Many of these diseases, whether in animals or humans, are reportable to State and Federal Authorities. Contact your State Veterinarian or your State/Local Health Department for information about State disease reporting requirements in animals and humans, respectively.
Rabies Rabies is a severe, viral disease that can affect all mammals, including sheep and goats. People most often get rabies from the bite (direct contact) of an infected animal, but can also be exposed to the virus by entry of saliva, brain or spinal cord fluid of an infected animal into cuts or breaks in the skin or mucous membranes. Early human symptoms include fever, headache, confusion and abnormal behavior (neurological signs). Once signs begin, recovery is very rare. If you are bitten by an animal, immediately contact local animal control so the animal may be tested or quarantined, and contact your physician immediately to determine whether post- exposure treatment is indicated.
Contagious Ecthyma (Soremouth) Caused by the Orf virus, contagious ecthyma in people is called Orf. People become infected by direct contact with skin lesions or scabs usually on the face and mouth of infected animals. In people, usually only one single lesion (local sore/wound) develops.
Ringworm (Dermatophytosis) Ringworm is a common fungal disease caused by dermatophytes. People can become infected by direct contact with the spores on an infected animal. The spores may be on the animal’s hair/wool or skin, and can even be on fomites such as brushes or clippers. Dermatophytosis tends to be more common in show lambs than production flocks. Itchiness is the most common symptom, and the spots are generally inflamed at the edge with redness, scaling, and occasionally blistering.
Chlamydiosis Chlamydiosis is a bacterial disease in sheep and goats is caused by Chlamydophila abortus. Pregnant animals can shed large numbers of C. abortus in the placenta and uterine discharges when they abort or give birth. Although rare, people can be infected by direct contact with birthing tissues, but there are additional ways to be infected. In people, animal-associated chlamydiosis causes flu-like signs (fever, body aches, headache), reddened eyes, and pneumonia. Pregnant women should avoid contact with pregnant or aborting animals.
Campylobacteriosis A major cause of enteritis in humans, Campylobacter spp. (e.g., C. jejuni and C. coli) often infects people by the
14 - The Boer Goat
consumption of contaminated or undercooked meat and unpasteurized milk or dairy products (oral). People can also be infected by untreated water or contact with infected animals or feces. People infected with campylobacteriosis can have diarrhea, fever, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache and muscle pain. People with compromised immune systems are at higher risk for severe or recurrent infections.
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis results from infection by Cryptosporidium parvum, a coccidian parasite common in the environment and carried by many animals without symptoms. People often become infected by ingestion following contact with objects contaminated with feces or unwashed hands after contact with ill animals. Infections in people can cause stomach cramps, watery diarrhea, nausea and a poor appetite. Vomiting, fever, and muscle aches may also occur.
Listeriosis Listeria monocytogenes causes listeriosis, a bacterial disease in ruminants and humans. Most infections in people occur by eating raw meat or unpasteurized dairy products (oral), but there are additional ways to be infected. Animals can shed L. monocytogenes in the feces, milk and uterine discharges. Pregnant women or immunocompromised people should take special care to avoid unpasteurized dairy products. Unlike other bacteria, L. monocytogenes can grow in cold temperature, including in the refrigerator. A skin infection form of the disease can occur in people who handle sick animals.
Salmonella People most commonly get salmonellosis from eating (oral) improperly cooked food, such as meat, eggs or unpasteurized milk/dairy products. People can also get salmonellosis by direct contact with feces/diarrhea from infected animals. People with salmonellosis may have diarrhea, fever and abdominal cramping.
Q Fever (Query Fever, Coxiellosis) Q fever results from infection by the bacterium, Coxiella burnetii, which can infect people who inhale aerosolized organisms, or by additional routes. Most human infections are associated with cattle, sheep and goats, and often occur when the animal gives birth. Symptoms of Q fever include fever, chills, night sweats, headache, fatigue and chest pains. Q fever can cause abortion or premature delivery in pregnant women, so pregnant women should avoid contact with pregnant or aborting animals.
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The Boer Goat - 15
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The Boer Goat - 17
Selenium in Goats
Managing by Karla Blackstock
Managing minerals is a year-round job in the goat business. Trace minerals, such as copper, selenium and zinc, are essential components of any domestic livestock species, and supplementation of these minerals can have a positive effect on your herd’s reproduction, disease resistance and feed intake. Some minerals are more important at different developmental stages and at different times of the year. To give these minerals a full glance, the next few issues will highlight minerals and their importance. The first of this series highlights selenium. Selenium plays a critical role in the growth of newborns, fertility of breeding animals and in the prevention of diseases. Because of its role in muscle development, deficiency of this mineral typically presents itself as muscle impairments.
Deficiency Symptoms and Diseases Signs of selenium deficiency include white muscle disease, reproductive disorders (embryonic mortality, infertility and retained placenta), impaired immune function and growth impairment. Because selenium is involved in the immune system response, deficiencies or imbalances can reduce disease resistance. Stress induced by giving birth, milking, weaning and transport has been shown to decrease the ability of the animal to immunologically respond. Proper amounts of selenium in a goat’s diet can adequately counteract these stressful times. However, selenium is closely linked to a number of vitamins, including A, D and E. Vitamin E and selenium are both involved in a variety of metabolic processes, and both nutrients are required to protect tissue membranes from being damaged. Selenium and vitamin E are synergistic. When animals are exhibiting symptoms for selenium deficiency, you also need to consider vitamin E deficiency. Ross also said that harsh winters and droughts can cause goats to be deficient in minerals and vitamins. This also is true, she said, for goats raised in confinement. Vitamin E deficiency has also been found in studies to increase the amount of selenium that is needed to increase
18 - The Boer Goat
stress tolerance, which is why you find vitamin E formulated into many selenium supplements. In addition to the goat’s need for selenium for a healthy immune system (and disease resistance), there are a number of diseases or problems that can occur as a result of selenium deficiency.
White Muscle Disease White muscle disease is a degeneration of muscles and is the major sign of selenium deficiency in ruminant animals, including newborn goats. White muscle disease can develop during gestation or after birth. Kids that have general weakness or stiffness should be evaluated for white muscle disease. In mild cases or in the beginning stages of the degeneration, kids will have a difficulty standing. In these cases, immediate selenium and vitamin E supplementation may improve the kid’s health. Many times when a kid has white muscle disease, it is found because it stopped milking or is cold and unresponsive. Kids found in this state should be warmed prior to feeding. Seek medical advice if necessary.
Decreased Sucking Reflex Kids that are deficient in selenium from gestation will also have a decreased sucking reflex. While there are other factors for kids with a decreased or unenthusiastic sucking reflex, evaluate these kids for a selenium or vitamin E deficiency. Kids that are born “spraddle legged” (either back or back and front legs splayed out) with an inability to rise are usually vitamin E deficient. Treating these kids with vitamin E is easy and may be just what they need. “You can buy regular 400 iu gel caps from a local grocery store, poke a hole in it with a needle and give it orally,” Ross said.
Retained Placenta While there are a number of causes of a retained placenta, nutritional deficiencies, such as selenium and vitamins A and E, are a likely culprit. Supplementing with selenium and
vitamins A, D & E during the last few weeks of gestation will increase the body’s response to stress and could have a positive impact on the overall birthing process. Additionally, kids’ born to mothers who have been supplemented are less likely to develop white muscle disease.
Supplementation At one time, the FDA prohibited the addition of supplemental selenium in livestock feeds. However, current supplementation is .3 ppm for all livestock diets and free-choice mineral supplementation is currently 12 ppm for goats (not to exceed .7 mg/head/day). Approved FDA sources for supplemental usage for goats include sodium selenite and sodium selenite with organic yeast. Free-choice minerals that are formulated for goats should be offered year-round and have sufficient selenium. Injectable selenium supplements can be prescribed by your veterinarian if necessary. And, a vitamin supplement for A, D
and E can be found in a paste or in an injectable.
Selenium Toxicity Selenium in high amounts can be toxic to animal of all species so it is critical to know what your soils hold before supplementing with high doses of any minerals. “Giving selenium in non-deficient areas of the country can by risky,” said Ross. “You should always pay close attention to levels in your soils before supplementing with high doses of mineral.” In the case of selenium toxicity, symptoms include emaciation, loss of hair, soreness and sloughing of the hooves, excessive salivation and blindness. Most cases of selenium toxicity are found in areas where selenium is found in soils. To find out the selenium, or other mineral, level in your soils, you can contact your local USDA or Extension office.
The Boer Goat - 19
Biosecurity
on US Goat Operations
Biosecurity is a series of management practices designed to prevent the introduction, delivery, and spread of disease pathogens that can harm or adversely affect livestock, crops, environments, and people. These practices may also help eliminate or control diseases already existing on the premises. Below are topics related to biosecurity and VS’ role in emergency planning and response and public health. Additionally, links to other sources of information on biosecurity on the farm are included below.
Segregation Keeping infected animals and contaminated material away from uninfected animals is the most important and effective part of biosecurity. Following are strategies you can use to achieve segregation. • Maintain a closed flock. If this is not possible, only purchase animals that appear healthy and have been inspected by a veterinarian within the last 30 days, and keep them separate from your flock for at least 30 days. • Restrict access to your premises to employees and service personnel, since pathogens can be introduced by vehicles, clothing, and equipment. • Establish a clean/dirty line, where only certain people, vehicles, and equipment are allowed on the clean side. • Require a waiting period of 24 to 48 hours between livestock premise visits for your employees and also your veterinarian. • To the extent possible, prevent contact between your animals and pets, wildlife and rodents. • Use insect control measures, as these R S I R E W D C I X D P A S T E R N D L N Q S P G pests can transmit pathogens. U L J P R B B E H S OU T H A F R I C A X X D L O V Q B S J O D BWS H Y P K E Q B YWZWH C O V Cleaning and Disinfection Q C A Z T E Z J I O A QH A J X H J N L KMO I L E F B Y S R R A R A R F I A F B L O C E P D I ON Cleaning and disinfection of animal housP Z X G I DM B O Q B M K J Z H MO BWO H R C F Q F W Y A Y Y G D X P U E D T W Z L I G U Y E C B ing facilities, vehicles, and equipment (inZ P A T D E U A Q C N M G N G T Z A V N Z B G M E cluding boots and clothing) is a very effective L S C M A F P S O J E C S H N R A L Z M H E A R M way to minimize disease transmission to or M F V F A Z D R H Y Z O O H G O O F X V M C B I O between your animals. Clean everything that N T U U J N N B O C Z RWS L S B N S L S Z GMC is moved between livestock premises and UWU L G R C R N G V L Z Z F N I L Z J WB A P N T L F H M A E H V I E Z X O D V I C E S K B D O N within your own premises. Regularly clean O E H K L P J F A S K N S S A B K I D M F L G R K production areas and always clean equipL H C M O O Q Z P L G L Y V U U I W F N E F Q T T ment after use. E O R L R Y U P R R GW I T H E R S R B F N H V A Manure, dirt, and other potentially heavily V C J G V D M F U O X X T V R G U A Y G Z S T O T contaminated materials need to be cleaned R K H T H L S SW I F X NMM I T I D E B A S X T from housing facilities, vehicles and equipD N I HW T M K P L X D G C X S KWO I Z V U S O P L B V B F V D V D P X U H A X J W E W V E W O O ment. Follow the two steps below to ensure R T Q Q P C P A E P B T I W Y X N Z H T U P W X V proper cleaning. • Apply detergents and foaming agents Z I Y B VM L M T G Z AMS X V T A S K LWB K E T V M L G C U S V C D T D W L L B O M A M D U X C to surfaces prior to cleaning to help remove T J H M D F Z A A V K B E M A Y F V R C K L C G D organic matter and debris. N Y Y G X B T P GQ Z S B L MK Q X T X Z N K DD
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• Use hot water to rinse, and if possible rinse with high-pressure. After cleaning, let all surfaces dry completely. Then apply a disinfectant(s) directly to all cleaned surfaces. The selection and/or use of disinfectants will depend on many factors including, corrosive properties and safety, mechanism of action, presence of organic matter, and the pathogens you are worried about. Rotate the disinfectants you use to avoid pathogens becoming resistant to the action of a particular disinfectant’s compounds.
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) By now, we all know what PPE is. Safety equipment and defensive tools were developed to protect personnel from the hazards of their job’s environment by anticipating the unexpected. Using PPE reduces the chance of suffering an injury .
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• Eyes – goggles / face shields / safety glasses • Face – face shield / protective shields / barriers • Head – hard hat, bump hat Aaron Tompkins 336-363-4639 atompkin@vt.edu • Ears – earplugs / earmuffs • Feet – safety shoes / boots Answer Key to Medicine Safety Questions • Hands and arms – gloves / sleeve guards 1. F, 2. F, 3. T, 4. T, 5. T • Body – shields / barriers / restraints • Airways / lungs – respiratory devices • Protective clothing – vests / safety suits / safety jackets.
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The Boer Goat - 21
r a d n e l Ca Show
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October Platte Valley Boer-Nanza JABGA 5th Annual Jack Talley Memorial The Last Hurrah Wasatch Boer Classic Great Smokey Mountain Arkansas State Fair Alabama State Fair Region 3 JABGA Show KGPA
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The Boer Goat - 23
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