General mechanics of flight

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AKNOWLEDGEMENT I, the student of Agnel Polytechnic thank you for giving me a golden opportunity of gaining knowledge through various experiences & media in a professional environment.

I would like to express my sincere & whole hearted thanks to the management of AIR INDIA LTD. without whom this project report would not have been a success. I wuld like to express my heart-felt gratitude to Mr .Nimbalkar & others who contributed their valuable knowledge & time in providing me all the required facilities about the training. I would also like to thank providing me information. I am very grateful to Mr Ashutosh shukla Mr. Magar & all other staffs for their kind co-operation.

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ABSTRACT This report has projected AIR INDIA LIMITED as one of the most diversified 7 elegant aviation companies of India. The historical background of AIR INDIA highlights the gradual establishment of aviation in India. It highlights the company place in international sphere of sophisticated flight management.

Main purpose of undergoing this inplant training is to make a student familiar with the industrial atmosphere and get accustomed with different psychologies that the employees survive through in the industry. For an aid and to solve our queries we have a training supervisor in then industry, I, hereby narrate a brief picture of what I have done, observed, learnt during my training tenure through this report.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Topics

Page No.

Introduction to Air India.

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My Work

48

a. Observations.

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b. Departments of COD

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c. Jet engine and its types

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d What is a Black Box?

78

e .Lights and beacons

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f Mangalore blast aircraft remains

88

g References

91

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InINTRODUCTION

‘It’s all about Imagineering’. This punch line in a nutshell glorifies the achievements of the aviation giant air-india; ltd. Air-india is one of the India’s best-known diversified aviation companies. Air –India is a state owned flag carrier and currently the oldest and the largest airline of the republic of India. It is a part of Indian government owned National Aviation Company of India, ltd [nacil].

The airline operates a fleet of airbus and Boeing aircrafts serving Asia, Europe and North America .its corporate office is

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located at nariman point in south Mumbai. It is the 16th largest airline in Asia. air india has got two major hubs at Indira Gandhi international airport and Chattrapati shivaji international airpor

Air India building at nariman point south Mumbai

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Logo of Air India from 1940 to 2007

J. R. D. Tata, Founder of Air India.

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This company that spells prosperity was established in the year 1932 as Tata airlines,. From then on, it has continued to grow by leaps and bounds, leaving several competitors’ way behind. Air India was founded by J. R. D. Tata in July 1932 as Tata Airlines, a division of Tata Sons Ltd. (now Tata Group). On 15 October 1932, J. R. D. Tata flew a single- engined De Havilland Puss Moth carrying air mail (postal mail of Imperial Airways) from Karachi's Drigh Road Aerodrome to Bombay's Juhu Airstrip via Ahmedabad. The aircraft continued to Madras via Bellary piloted by former Royal Air Force pilot Neville Vintcent.

Tata air services

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Air India memorial

The Air India Memorial in Toronto, Canada dedicated to the victims of Air India Flight 182

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Post-war Expansion Following the end of World War II, regular commercial service was restored in India and Tata Airlines became a public limited company on 29 July 1946 under the name Air India. In 1948, after the Independence of India, 49% of the airline was acquired by the Government of India, with an option to purchase an additional 2%. In return, the airline was granted status to operate international services from India as the designated flag carrier under the name Air India International.

On 8 June 1948, a Lockheed Constellation L-749A named Malabar Princess (registered VT-CQP) took off from Bombay bound for London via Cairo and Geneva. This marked the airline's first long-haul international flight, soon followed by service in 1950 to Nairobi via Aden.

On 25 August 1953, the Government of India exercised its option to purchase a majority stake in the carrier and Air India International Limited was born as one of the fruits of the Air Corporations Act

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The Jet Age Air India International entered the jet age in 1960 when it’s first Boeing 707-420, named Gauri Shankar (registered VT-DJJ), was delivered. Jet services to New York City via London were inaugurated that same year on 14 May 1960. On 8 June 1962, the airline's name was officially truncated to Air India. On 11 June 1962, Air India became the world's first all-jet airline.

In 1971, the airline took delivery of its first Boeing 747-200B named Emperor Ashoka (registered VT-EBD). This coincided with the introduction of the 'Palace in the Sky' livery and branding. A feature of this livery is the paintwork around each aircraft window, in the cusped arch style of windows in Indian palaces. In 1986 Air India took delivery of the Airbus A310-300; the airline is the largest operator of this type in passenger service. In 1988, Air India took delivery of two Boeing 747300Ms in mixed passenger-cargo configuration.

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Air-india moves to jet age

Air india, s first jet boeing 707-420 (gauri shankar) Air India International entered the jet age in 1960 when its first Boeing 707-420, named Gauri Shankar (registered VTDJJ),

was

delivered.

Jet

services

to New

York

City via London were inaugurated that same year on 14 May 1960. On 8 June 1962, the airline's name was officially

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truncated to Air India. On 11 June 1962, Air India became the world's first all-jet airline.

Air india boeing 747-200B [EMPEROR ASHOKA]

In 1971, the airline took delivery of its first Boeing 747200B named Emperor Ashoka (registered VT-EBD). This coincided with the introduction of the 'Palace in the Sky' livery and branding.

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Early 1990s In 1993, Air India took delivery of the flagship of its fleet when the first Boeing 747-400 named Konark (registered VT-ESM) made history by operating the first non-stop flight between New York City and Delhi. In 1994 the airline was registered as Air India Ltd. In 1996, the airline inaugurated service to its second US gateway at O'Hare International Airport in Chicago.

In 1999, the airline opened its dedicated Terminal 2-C at the renamed Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport in Mumbai.

2000-present In 2000, Air India introduced services to Shanghai and to its third US gateway at Newark Liberty International Airport in Newark. In May 2004, Air India launched a wholly-owned low cost airline called Air-India Express. Air India Express started connecting cities in India with the Middle East, Southeast Asia and the Subcontinent. In 2004 Air India launched flights to its fourth US gateway at Los Angeles International Airport in Los

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Angeles (which has since been terminated) and expanded its international routes to include flights from Ahmedabad, Amritsar, Bangalore and Hyderabad.

On 1 December 2009, Air India introduced services to its fifth US gateway at Washington Dulles International Airport in Washington, D.C., accessed via a stopover at JFK Airport in New York City. This service has been terminated indefinitely without further notifications.

Merger with the Indian In 2007, the Government of India announced that Air India would be merged with Indian. As part of the merger process, a new company called the National Aviation Company of India Limited(NACIL) was established, into which both Air India (along with Air India Express) and Indian (along with Alliance Air) will be merged.

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Merger with the Indian In 2007, the Government of India announced that Air India would be merged with Indian. As part of the merger process, a new company called the National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL) was established, into which both Air India (along with Air India Express) and Indian (along with Alliance Air) will be merged.

In 2006, the Indian government ordered 111 aircraft from Boeing and Airbus.

Corporate Affairs and Identity Organization Air India has two subsidiaries and two affiliated carries.

Together Air India, Air India Cargo, Air India Express, Indian and Air India Regional form the National Aviation Company of India Limited.

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Subsidiaries Air India Cargo In 1954, Air India Cargo started its freighter operations with a Douglas DC-3 Dakota aircraft; giving Air India the distinction of being the first Asian airline to operate freighters. The airline operates cargo flights to many destinations. The airline also has ground truck-transportation arrangements on select destinations.

A member of IATA, Air India carries all types of cargo including dangerous goods (hazardous materials) and live animals, provided such shipments are tendered according to IATA Dangerous Goods Regulations and IATA Live Animals Regulations.

At the warehouse in Mumbai, Air India has developed a system of inventory management for cargo handling of import/export

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Air India Express Air India Express is the airline's low-cost subsidiary which was established in 2005 during the aviation boom in India. It operates scheduled passenger services primarily to the Persian Gulf and South East Asia. Air India Express is currently the only airline in NACIL which posts profits. It operates a fleet of Next Generation Boeing 737-800 aircraft. Cochin International Airport is the main hub of the airline from which it has connections to almost all the Gulf countries.

Air India express

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Air India is broadly divided into two subsidiaries  Air india cargo  Air india express

Air India cargo

Air India cargo 19

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Air India express base at Cochin international airport Cochin is the primary base of air India express

The main hubs of the air India express are as follows:  Calicut international airport  Cochin international airport  Trivandrum international airport

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Air India, s affiliated carriers  Indian (airline)  Air india regional

Indian (airline)

Indian formerly Indian Airlines is a major Indian airline based in Mumbai and focuses primarily on domestic routes, along with several international services to neighboring countries in Asia. It is state-owned, and is administered by the Ministry of Civil Aviation. It is one of the two flag carriers of India, the other being Air India.

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The Indian (airline) airbus

The airline is set up under the Air Corporations Act, 1953 with an initial capital of 32 million and started operations on 1 August 1953. It was established after legislation came into force to nationalize the entire airline industry in India. Two new national airlines were to be formed along the same lines as happened in the United

Kingdom

with British

Overseas

Airways

Corporation (BOAC) and British European Airways (BEA). Air India took over international routes and Indian Airlines Corporation (IAC) took over the domestic and regional routes.

Indian Airlines Limited is wholly owned by the Government of India through a holding company and has 19,300 employees as of March 2007. Its annual turn-over, together with that of its subsidiary Alliance Air, is well over 4000 crores (around

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US$ 1 billion). Together with its subsidiary, Alliance Air, Indian Airlines carries a total of over 7.5 million passengers annually.

In December 2007, Air India was invited to join the Star Alliance.

Presently Air India is working as a part of star alliance Air India has been given contract of maintaining and manufacturing engines.

Foreign collaborations Air India has code sharing agreements with the following airlines

 Aeroflot (Russia )  Air Mauritius  Austrian airways  Indian ( affiliate )  Kuwait airways  Lufthansa  South African airways  Turkish airways

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With Air india, s own entry into star alliance in 2011, all other code share agreements with non star alliance partners may be terminated

Air india adopts certain types of different flyer programmes .flying returns is one the recent flyer programs undertaken by air india in recent years .Flying Returns is Air India's frequent flyer programme. The programme is also shared by Indian and all other NACIL carriers.

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Air India flyer programme

Air India flyer returns programme It offers different comfort facilities like lounges in different airports in the world under its services And special maharaja lounges

Maharaja Lounge Maharaja Lounge means "Emperor's Lounge", and is offered to First and Business class passengers. Air India shares lounges with other international airlines at international airports that do not have a Maharaja Lounge available. There are five Maharaja Lounges, one at each of the five major destinations of Air India, which are as following: India -- Delhi and Mumbai International -- London-Heathrow and New York-JFK

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Air India's Maharaja Lounge at New York City's John F. Kennedy International Airport

New Aircraft Orders On 11 January 2006, Air India announced an order for Sixty Eight jets - eighteen Boeing 737-800, eight Boeing 777-200LR

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Worldliners, twenty-three Boeing 777-300ER and twenty seven Boeing 787-8 Dreamliners.

The airlines received its first Boeing 777-200LR aircraft on 26 July 2007; and Boeing 777-300ER on 10 October 2007.

In April 2010, the airline has ordered three Boeing 777-300ERs. Air India expects to get its first Boeing 787 Dreamliner in June 2011.

Three Boeing 777-200LR Aircraft are listed for sale.

In-Flight Entertainment Air India's Boeing 777-200LR/-300ER as well as some refurbished Boeing 747-400 aircraft use the Thales Top Series IFE systems for onboard in-flight entertainment. Airbus A310s do not have personal LCD screens. Airbus A330s have

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widescreen displays in Business and Economy classes but no personal IFEs. The selection of music on board Air India aircraft would be the envy of any radio station. Passengers can choose from Indian popular music, Indian Classical, Ghazals, Bollywood hits and from Western Classical, Pop, Jazz, Country and Nostalgia.

A special channel for Regional songs has been compiled to suit all passengers coming from different regions. A Japanese channel is available for our Japanese passengers.

Air India's video program includes a choice of the most recent English and Hindi feature films. One-hour video magazine represents the finest in comedy, nature & wildlife, adventure, action and life style. There are special movies in Tamil and Malayalam selected for passengers travelling from Thiruvananthapuram, Kochi, Kozhikode and Chennai toGulf and Singapore

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Business Class seats onboard the Boeing 777-300ER

First Class seats onboard the Boeing 777-200LR

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Livery 1970–2007 livery Air India's livery was mostly painted in red and white colors.

The bottoms of the aircraft remain metal and unpainted but the upper portion is given a white background along with the airline's name written in red. The name is in Hindi on one side and in English on the other. The painted on red palace style carvings on the outside of the windows refer to their slogan "your palace in the sky" which is written on the back of the aircraft. Near the noses of Air India aircraft, the air plane is given a name. Most planes are named after powerful Indian kings or landmarks. Finally, the tail is mostly red with again, the carrier's name written in Hindi on one side and English on the other.

In 1989, to supplement its "Flying Palace" livery, Air India introduced a new "sun" livery that was mostly white with a golden sun on a red tail. Only applied to around a half of Air India's fleet, the new livery did not succeed, as the Indian flying public

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Pre-Merger Livery On 15 May 2007, Air India refreshed its livery, making the Rajasthani arches along the windows slightly smaller, extending a stylized cheat line from the vertical tail of the aircraft to the nose, and painting a small portion of the underbelly red.

Additionally, engine nacelles are now deep red, and a goldcolored version of the airline's stylized Konark trademark now adorns both the vertical tail and engine nacelles.

The changes made in the air India livery throughout these years Air India service destinations

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Post-Merger Livery On May 22, 2007, Air India and Indian unveiled their new livery. The logo of the new airline is a Flying Swan with the Konark Chakra placed inside it. The Flying Swan has been morphed from Air India’s characteristic logo, ‘The Centaur’ whereas the ‘Konark Chakra’ is reminiscent of Indian’s logo.

The new logo features prominently on the tail of the aircraft.

Individually the Konark Chakra also features on all the engines of the aircraft. The choice of colours namely red for “Flying Swan” and orange for “Konark Chakra” are meant to signify vigor and advancement. Further the colors also have a strong association with two carriers thereby retaining the earlier imagery of traditional hospitality and service.

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Air India serves 11 domestic nations, 18 international nations in 11 countries across Asia, Europe and North America

Air india serves the following nations as of November 2010 Iran

Syria

united arab emirates

Saudi arabia

Ghana

Tanzania

Ethiopia

Australia

Yemen

Bangladesh

india

Pakistan

Netherlands

Germany

Iraq

Uganda

Bahrain

Switzerland

Thailand

Malaysia

Lebanon

Mauritius

United kingdom

Japan

Belgium

Czech republic Canada

Egypt United states

Peoples republic of china

Sri Lanka

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Destinations Air India serves 11 domestic destinations and 18 international destinations in 11 countries across Asia, Europe and North America.

Short-haul Routes Air India's short-haul routes mainly include domestic cities and cities in South East Asia and South West Asia. For short-haul routes its Airbus A310, Airbus A330, Boeing 747-400 and Boeing 777-200/-200ER are used apart from Airbus A320 family aircraft of Indian which are operated with Air India call sign and code.

Long-haul Routes The airline has long-haul destinations in East Asia, Europe and North America which are served using Boeing 777-200LR/300ER aircraft.

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Air india and nacil are the services of NACIL now

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Air India, s Airbus and Boeing jets Air India has got a wide range of air buses and boeing jets belonging to different categories used for domestic as well as international services Like airbus A330 200, Boeing 747-400, Boeing 777 200LR

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The Airbus body, twin-engine,

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A330-200 is

a

large-capacity, wide-

medium-to-long-range

commercial

passenger airliner. Built at Toulouse in France by Airbus, over 700 units have been delivered. Air India has go two of these air buses

The Boeing 747-400 is a wide body commercial airliner, and is the second-most recent version of the Boeing 747 aircraft. The 400 series is the best-selling model in the 747 family. The 747-400 is to

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be superseded by the Boeing 747-8 as the latest commercial model.

The last 747-400 was delivered in December 2009

Air India cargo airbus A310 300F

Air India now as NACIL The National Aviation Company of India Limited (NACIL) was a company formed by the government of India to oversee the merger of Air India and Indian Airlines. NACIL lasted 3 years and was renamed Air India on October 26th, 2010. It was incorporated under the Companies Act 1956 on 30 March 2007 and was owned by the Government of India based at the Air India Building in Nariman

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Point, Mumbai. The Company was created to facilitate the merger of the two main state-owned airlines in India: Air India, with its subsidiary Air-India

Express and Indian

Airlines,

subsidiary Alliance Air.

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together

with

its

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NACIL Fleet (As on 1st August 2010) Aircraft type

Owned

Leased

Total

Operational Fleet Wide Body B777-200LR

NACIL (A)

8

0

8

B777-300ER

NACIL (A)

12

0

12

B747-400

NACIL (A)

5*

0

5

A310-300

NACIL (A)

4**

0

4

A330-200

NACIL (I)

0

2

2

29

2

31

Wide Body Total

Narrow Body B737-800 (AIX)

NACIL (A)

17

4

21

A320

NACIL (I)

23***

5

28

A319

NACIL (I)

19

5

24

A321

NACIL (I)

20

0

20

CRJ-700

NACIL (I)

0

4

4

ATR42

NACIL (I)

0

7

7

Narrow Body Total

79

25

104

Total Operational Fleet

108

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135

Freighters A310-300 %

NACIL (A)

3****

0

3

B737-200

NACIL (I)

6

0

6

9

0

9

Freighters Total Note: *

Includes 3 under Sale & Lease Back.

**

All under Sale & Lease Back.

***

Includes 8 under Sale & Lease Back. and 11 more are under proposal for sale.

****

Includes 2 under Sale & Lease Back. % Additional 1 A310 Freighter is Leased Out.

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Awards & Recognitions Air India has won the Galileo Express TravelWorld Award 2008 for the Best Short-Haul International Airline. The award was presented to Air India on December 10, 2008. Air India has an extensive network covering all major destinations in the Gulf and South East Asia from most major Indian cities. Air India has previously been a recipient of the Galileo Express TravelWorld Award for the “Best International West Bound Airline out of India” for three successive years as well as for launching the “Best Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative.”

Air India was also conferred the prestigious Amity Corporate Excellence Award instituted by the Amity International Business School, Noida, Uttar Pradesh to honour Corporates

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with distinct vision, innovation, competitiveness and sustenance. It also won the Special category Award which recognizes the Most significant corporate Social Responsibility initiative (CSR) taken by an organization.  Preferred International Airline award for travel and hospitality from Awaz Consumer Awards 2006.  Best International West Bound Airline out of India for three successive years by Galileo Express TravelWorld Award.  Best Corporate Social Responsibility Initiative. by Galileo Express TravelWorld Award.  Best Short-Haul International Airline by Galileo Express TravelWorld Award 2008.  The Mercury Award for the years 1994 and 2003, from the International Flight Catering Association, for finest in-flight catering services.  Amity Corporate Excellence Award instituted by the Amity International Business School, Noida, Uttar Pradesh to

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honour Corporates with distinct vision, innovation, competitiveness and sustenance.  Reader’s Digest Trusted Brand Award.  Dun and Bradstreet Award(D&B)- first in terms of revenue out of the top airline companies out of India.  Best South Asian Airline award by readers of TTG Asia, TTG China, TTG Mice and TTG-BT Mice China, all renowned Mice and business travel publications.  Cargo Airline of the Year, at the 26th Cargo Airline of the Year Awards.  The airline entered the Guinness Book of World Records for the most people evacuated by a civil airliner. Over 111,000 people were evacuated from Amman to Mumbai – a distance of 4,117 km, by operating 488 flights in association with Indian, from 13 August to 11 October 1990 – lasting 59 days

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 .The operation was carried out during Persian Gulf War in 1990 to evacuate Indian expatriates from Kuwait and Iraq.  The Montreal Protocol Public Awareness Award was awarded to Air India by the United Nations for environmental protection, especially in the ozone layer.  World's first all-jet airline - June 1962.  World's largest operator of Airbus A310-300.  Air India's security department became the first aviation security organization in the world to acquire ISO 9002 certification (31 January 2001).  Air India's Department of Engineering has obtained the ISO 9002 for its Engineering facilities for meeting international standards.

The awards are an eloquent testimony to passengers’ faith in Air India and the airline’s continued effort to ensure consumer satisfaction.

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Star Alliance With a quantum jump in product profile resulting from induction of new aircraft and consequent expansion of network, Air India will be all set to join the Star Alliance by middle of 2010. Star Alliance, is a leading global airline alliance of 21 top international carriers. Once Air India becomes a member, passengers will enjoy enormous benefits, including seamless transfers while travelling across the world, more frequent flyer mileage points, code-sharing leading to a wider choice of flights and access to lounge facilities worldwide. The Star Alliance network offers more than 17,000 daily flights to 916 destinations in 160 countries.

Dining Dining aboard Air India is a gourmet experience. The airline offers a choice of menus to suit all types of palates - Indian and

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Continental. Apart from these, there is western nouvelle cuisine, an appetizing choice of Asian specialties, and even Japanese meals on the India-Japan route. Besides, if any passenger has a special food requirement, he can choose from any of the 23 special meals, details of which are also available on the website. The meal preference can also be intimated through the travel agent while making reservation. The menus are constantly revamped and the wines carried on board live up to the food they complement! Meals are served to First Class passengers in bone china crockery. Alcoholic beverages are served complimentary in all classes.

Facilities on the ground Besides the much-talked about and appreciated in-flight service on board, ground facilities have also been upgraded. Air India's lounge for transit passengers at Mumbai Airport is equipped

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with shower facilities, specially designed slumberettes, Wi-Fi, a gymnasium and a business centre. First and Executive Class passengers can surf the net or send e-mail in the comfort of our business centre located in the Maharajah Lounge while waiting for their flight to depart. There is a lounge for unaccompanied minors as well. Air India has its own exclusive lounges at Delhi, London, Hong Kong and New York in addition to the one in Mumbai. At other international airports, Air India has tie-ups with other international airlines or local Airports Authorities for lounge facility.

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My Work

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Prologue Fascination surrounded all over my nerves when I, for the first time entered the premises of Air India. Positive vibes started breezing towards me as I, with my colleague, reported to our head.

We were placed in the Engine Overhaul Department [EOD] by the Placement Officer. As we entered our department, I gazed through the hybrid, world-class machines.

We were asked by the officials to go through the department and were assigned our specific cubicles.

As we observed the various machines in the Maintenance & Services Section, the respective personnel guided with the actual function of the instruments and their uses.

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First day of our training – a memorable one – we were thrilled to work in India’s most trusted airline company, Air India.

Observations

My entire job was done in the form of observations and referrals. Information of various important machines were collected and thoroughly studied. Following is a report, completely imbibed into my mind that I present.

Engineering always deals with a variety of factors. Such a factor here is servicing and maintenance of engine parts, fixtures which are used by the different parts of an aircraft, and maintenance of engines

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DEPARTMENTS OF COD UNDER CARRIAGE WHEELS : The following were the jobs done in Wheels Section.

1. Leak check – It is the process of testing leakage for the wheels to be dismantled and for wheels after assembly.

The gas used for testing is Nitrogen & Carbon di oxide.

2. Disc Assembly ( Hub Built Up )- The inner and the outer flanges of the wheel are joined using nut & bolt.

Now this disc is assembled with the tyre by means of a computer programmed machine fed with specifications of bolt size and pressure to be exerted.

3. Heat Shield Removal - heat shields are highly heat resistant plates used in outer flange of the wheel glued to inner surface with the help of an adhesive , interlocked with keys. These are to be removed while disassembling the wheel.

4. Heat shield Installation - this is done by again applying the adhesive and the locks on the outer flange , before the hub built up and disc assembly .

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5. Segregation – it is the process of differentiating the nuts , bolts and washers for the required hub built up of the wheel , and applying grease on the body of the bolt.

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BRAKES How Brakes Work ?

Basically it is a friction brake. The friction is produced by the six or eight pistons exerting hydraulic pressure on the stator plates.

There is a series of stator & rotor plates. The pressure is applied by the working fluid ( skydrol ) The brake is aligned in the same shaft as that of the wheels. The rotor rotates at the speed of the wheel. This is slowed by the pressure applied by the pistons on the stator plate, thus reducing the speed & the brake is successfully applied.

We worked on 777 MB ( Moissier Bugatti ) Skydrol Leak Test , Padding , De-padding , Surface polishing of pistons, assembly & Dis-assembly of brakes were the things we observed.

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LANDING GEAR ASSEMBLY

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CABIN SAFETY & SURVIVAL EQUIPMENTS

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An evacuation slide is an inflatable slide used to evacuate an aircraft quickly. An escape slide is required on all commercial (passenger carrying) aircraft where the door sill height is such that, in the event of an evacuation, passengers would be unable to "step down" from the door uninjured (Federal Aviation Administration requires slides on all aircraft doors where the floor is 6 feet (1.8 m) or more above the ground).

Escape slides are packed and held within the door structure inside the slide bustle, a protruding part of the inside of an aircraft door that varies in size depending on both the size of the aircraft and the size of the door.

Many, but not all slides are also designed to double as life rafts in case of a water landing.

Usage: 1) Have a Plan. Know where the exits are when you sit down on a plane.

2) Have a back-up plan. Passengers often have trouble opening the exit hatches and slides sometimes malfunction.

3) Get out fast. Don't even think about grabbing your overhead luggage.

4) Jump! If everyone would jump the evacuation could go 50% faster. And faster is better.

5) To avoid burns keep your heels up and your arms crossed over your chest.

6) When you reach the bottom, get out of the way. Pile-ups at the bottom of the slide can be brutal and slow down the exit for everyone.

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Window exits: Window exits usually come in two configurations: 



An unhinged hatch type exit, where the hatch is unlocked from the inside and pulled into the cabin, whereupon it can be disposed. Some carriers recommend placing the hatch onto the adjacent seats, while others may recommend dropping it in the next seat row, or rotating the exit and throwing it outside the aircraft as far forward as possible. A manual inflation handle for the evacuation slide, if equipped, can be found in the window frame. Most aircraft overwing exits are of this type.

A hinged "self disposing" exit hatch, that opens automatically outward using a spring when the exit handle is pulled. This exit design was designed in response to research generated after the Manchester air disaster in 1985 which indicated that unhinged hatch type exits were difficult to open by untrained passengers.

Window exits are usually equipped with "ditching" or "life" lines. These may be attached to the inside frame of the window exit, or located in a nearby storage locker. One end has a buckle to connect to attachments on the aircraft's wings.

SYSTEMS GENERAL HEAT EXCHANGERS USED IN AIRCRAFTS:

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Heat exchangers are used in aircraft of all sizes, flying different missions, in many different aircraft systems. Sometimes a heat exchanger is used to cool something, such as the air in the cabin; sometimes to warm something, such as the fuel in the tanks. Their theory of operation is simple, yet they are vital to the performance of the aircraft.

CONSTRUCTION do not come in contact with each other; only the heat energy within the unit is exchanged. A heat exchanger core contains no moving parts, although, depending on the application, there could be a valve to restrict or increase flow to change the amount of heating or cooling. The radiator in your car is a heat exchanger--airflow through it cools the engine coolant circulating inside.

LARGE AIRCRAFT us in large transport aircraft. Many major systems use them. Hydraulic systems cool their fluid, and warm the fuel, with heat exchangers placed inside fuel tanks. Cabin pressurization systems cool the hot engine bleed air to a temperature suitable for use within the cabin with a heat exchanger. The air conditioning system is based on a heat exchanger, known as an air-cycle machine, to provide air at the desired temperature to the cabin and flight deck.

MEDIUM-SIZED AIRCRAFT the complexity of their larger cousins, but they still utilize heat exchangers for different reasons. Nearly all have an oil cooler, which is simply a heat exchanger that allows air to flow over a coil (radiator) carrying hot engine oil. Some larger piston-engine aircraft use a

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combustion heater for cabin heat. In this unit, a burner provides heat to the core of a heat exchanger--where it is transferred to the cabin air circulating in the outer half of the exchanger.

SMALL AIRCRAFT ircraft utilize heat exchangers. Many use the oil cooler, described in Section 3. For cabin heat, small aircraft use a heater "muff." The muff is a circular tube, fitted over the muffler or exhaust pipe, that transfers the heat from the exhaust to the cabin. Perhaps not the most efficient heat exchanger, the muff is a welcome addition when at altitude on a cold day.

WARNINGS

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Heat exchangers can become blocked if the aircraft flies through debris or is struck by birds. Blockage is corrected by removing the obstruction, assuming no physical damage to the unit. Heat exchanger failures are more often the result of cracking in one side or the other, resulting in the mixing of the hot and cold sides. This can cause a serious problem. A failure in the muff heater, for instance, can result in carbon monoxide entering the cabin. Carbon monoxide is a dangerous gas, which is why most small airplanes carry carbon monoxide detectors.

Thrust reversal Thrust reversal, also called reverse thrust, is the temporary diversion of an aircraft engine's exhaust or changing of propeller pitch so that the thrust produced is directed

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forward, rather than aft. This acts against the forward travel of the aircraft, providing deceleration. Thrust reversers are used by many jet aircraft to help slow down just after touch-down, reducing wear on the brakes and enabling shorter landing distances. It is also available on many propeller-driven aircraft through reversing the controllable pitch propellers to a negative angle.

Operation Reverse thrust is typically applied immediately after touchdown, often along with spoilers, to improve deceleration early in the landing roll when residual aerodynamic lift and high speed limit the effectiveness of the friction brakes located on the landing gear. Reverse thrust is always selected manually, either using levers attached to the thrust levers, or by moving the thrust levers into a reverse thrust 'gate'. When thrust is reversed, passengers will hear a sudden increase in engine noise, particularly those seated just forward of the engines.

Thrust reverser deployed on the Pratt & Whitney JT8D-7 turbofan engine of an Aloha Airlines Boeing 737-200 landing at Honolulu, HI

The early deceleration provided by reverse thrust can reduce landing roll by a third or more. Regulations dictate, however, that a plane must be able to land on a runway without the use of thrust reversers in order to be certified to land there as part of scheduled airline service.

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Once the aircraft's speed has slowed, thrust reverse is shut down to prevent the reversed airflow from raising debris in front of the engine intakes where it can be ingested, causing foreign object damage. Thrust reverse is effective at any aircraft speed, and, if circumstances require, can be used all the way to a stop, or even to provide thrust to push the aircraft backward, though aircraft tugs or towbars are more commonly used for that purpose.

If the full power of reverse thrust is not desirable, thrust reverse can be operated with the throttles set at less than full power, even down to idle power, which reduces stress and wear on engine components. Reverse thrust is sometimes selected on idling engines to eliminate residual thrust, in icy or slippery conditions, or where the engines' jet blast could do damage.

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Jet engines A jet engine is a reaction engine that discharges a fast moving jet of fluid to generate thrust by jet propulsion and in accordance with Newton’ slaws of motion This broad definition

of jet

engines includes

turbojets, turbofans, rockets, ramjets, pulse jets and pump jets. In general, most jet engines are internal combustion engines but non-combusting forms also exist.

In common parlance, the term jet engine loosely refers to an internal combustion air breathing jet engine (a duct engine).

These typically consist of an engine with a rotary (rotating) air compressor powered by a turbine

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Simulation of a low bypass turbofan airflow

There are a large number of different types of jet engines, all of which achieve forward thrust from the principle of jet propulsion.

 Air breathing jet engine  Turbine powered jet engine  Turbofan powered  Gas turbine powered

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Air breathing Jet engine Nearly all aircraft are propelled by air breathing jet engines, and most of the air breathing jet engines that are in use are turbofan jet engines which give good efficiency at speeds just below the speed of sound.

TURBO JET POWERED

Gas turbines are rotary engines that extract energy from a flow of combustion gas. They have an upstream compressor coupled to a downstream turbine with a combustion chamber in-between. In aircraft engines, those three core components are often called the "gas generator." There are many different variations of gas turbines, but they all use a gas generator system of some type.

Turbojet A turbojet engine is a gas turbine engine that works by compressing air with an inlet and a compressor (axial, centrifugal, or both), mixing fuel with the compressed air, burning the mixture in the combustor, and then passing the hot, high pressure air through a turbine and a nozzle. The compressor is powered by the turbine, which extracts energy from the expanding gas passing through it.

The engine converts internal energy in the fuel to kinetic energy in the exhaust, producing thrust. All the air ingested by the inlet is

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passed through the compressor, combustor, and turbine, unlike the turbofan engine described below.

The main point of study was said to be turbojet engine. As this engine mainly used in airplanes nowadays

Study on Turbojet engine

Diagram of a gas turbine engine A jet engine goes through different stages like suction, compression, combustion and exhaust respectively during it working

These stages have been explained in detail below

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Air intake Preceding the compressor is the air intake (or inlet). It is designed to be as efficient as possible at recovering the ram pressure of the air stream tube approaching the intake. The air leaving the intake then enters the compressor. The stators (stationary blades) guide the airflow of the compressed gases.

Compressor The compressor is driven by the turbine. The compressor rotates at very high speed, adding energy to the airflow and at the same time squeezing (compressing) it into a smaller space. Compressing the air increases its pressure and temperature.

In most turbojet-powered aircraft, bleed air is extracted from the compressor section at various stages to perform a variety of jobs including air conditioning/pressurization, engine inlet anti-icing and turbine cooling. Bleeding air off decreases the overall efficiency of the engine, but the usefulness of the compressed air outweighs the loss in efficiency.

Several types of compressor are used in turbojets and gas turbines in general: axial, centrifugal, axial-centrifugal, double-centrifugal, etc.

Early turbojet compressors had overall pressure ratios as low as 5:1 (as do a lot of simple auxiliary power units and small propulsion turbojets today). Aerodynamic improvements, plus splitting the compression system into two separate units and/or incorporating variable compressor geometry, enabled later turbojets to have overall

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pressure ratios of 15:1 or more. For comparison, modern civil turbofan engines have overall pressure ratios of 44:1 or more.

After leaving the compressor section, the compressed air enters the combustion chamber.

Combustion chamber The burning process in the combustor is significantly different from that in a piston engine. In a piston engine the burning gases are confined to a small volume and, as the fuel burns, the pressure increases dramatically. In a turbojet the air and fuel mixture passes unconfined through the combustion chamber. As the mixture burns its temperature increases dramatically, but the pressure actually decreases a few percent.

The fuel-air mixture must be brought almost to a stop so that a stable flame can be maintained. This occurs just after the start of the combustion chamber. The aft part of this flame front is allowed to progress rearward. This ensures that all of the fuel is burned, as the flame becomes hotter when it leans out, and because of the shape of the combustion chamber the flow is accelerated rearwards. Some pressure drop is required, as it is the reason why the expanding gases travel out the rear of the engine rather than out the front.

Less than 25% of the air is involved in combustion, in some engines as little as 12%, the rest acting as a reservoir to absorb the heating effects of the burning fuel

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Turbine Hot gases leaving the combustor are allowed to expand through the turbine. Turbines are usually made up of high temperature metals such as inconel to resist the high temperature, and frequently have built-in cooling channels.

In the first stage the turbine is largely an impulse turbine (similar to a pelton wheel) and rotates because of the impact of the hot gas stream. Later stages are convergent ducts that accelerate the gas rearward and gain energy from that process. Pressure drops, and energy is transferred into the shaft. The turbine's rotational energy is used primarily to drive the compressor. Some shaft power is extracted to drive accessories, like fuel, oil, and hydraulic pumps.

Because of its significantly higher entry temperature, the turbine pressure ratio is much lower than that of the compressor. In a turbojet almost two-thirds of all the power generated by burning fuel is used by the compressor to compress the air for the engine.

Schematic diagram showing the operation of an axial flow turbojet engine.

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General physical principles The general physical principles involved in the working of jet engine are as follows All jet engines are reaction engines that generate thrust by emitting a jet of fluid rearwards at relatively high speed. The forces on the inside of the engine needed to create this jet give a strong thrust on the engine which pushes the craft forwards.

Jet engines make their jet from propellant from tank age that is attached to the engine (as in a 'rocket') as well as in duct engines (those commonly used on aircraft) by ingesting an external fluid (very typically air) and expelling it at higher speed .

These physical properties include the following

 Thrust  Energy efficiency  Propulsive efficiency  Cycle efficiency  Thrust to weight ratio  noise

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Thrust

Thrust from air breathing jet engines depends on the difference in speed of the air before and after it goes through the jet engine, the 'master cross-section' A, and the density of the air p The motion impulse of the engine is equal to the fluid mass multiplied by the speed at which the engine emits this mass: I = mc

Where m is the fluid mass per second and c is the exhaust speed.

In other words, a vehicle gets the same thrust if it outputs a lot of exhaust very slowly or a little exhaust very quickly. (In practice parts of the exhaust may be faster than others, but it is the average momentum that matters, and thus the important quantity is called the effective exhaust speed - c here.)

However, when a vehicle moves with certain velocity v, the fluid moves towards it, creating an opposing ram drag at the intake

Most types of jet engine have an intake, which provides the bulk of the fluid exiting the exhaust. Conventional rocket motors, however, do not have an intake, the oxidizer and fuel both being carried within the vehicle. Therefore, rocket motors do not have ram drag; the gross

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thrust of the nozzle is the net thrust of the engine. Consequently, the thrust characteristics of a rocket motor are different from that of an air breathing jet engine, and thrust is independent of speed.

Energy efficiency

Dependence of the energy efficiency (η) upon the vehicle speed/exhaust speed ratio (v/c) for air-breathing jet and rocket engines Energy efficiency (η) of jet engines installed in vehicles has two main components, cycle efficiency (ηp)- how efficiently the engine can accelerate the jet, and propulsive efficiency (ηp)-how much of the energy of the jet ends up in the vehicle body rather than being carried away as kinetic energy of the jet.

Even though overall energy efficiency η is simply: η = ηpηc

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Propulsive efficiency For all jet engines the propulsive efficiency is highest when the engine emits an exhaust jet at a speed that is the same as, or nearly the same as, the vehicle velocity as this gives the smallest residual kinetic energy. The exact formula for air-breathing engines moving at speed v with an exhaust velocity c is given in the literature as: is

Cycle efficiency In addition to propulsive efficiency, another factor is cycle efficiency; essentially a jet engine is typically a form of heat engine.

Heat engine efficiency is determined by the ratio of temperatures that are reached in the engine, in this case at the entry to the propulsive nozzle, to the temperature that they are exhausted at, which in turn is limited by the overall pressure ratio that can be achieved.

Cycle efficiency is highest in rocket engines (~60+ %), as they can achieve extremely high combustion temperatures and can have very large, energy efficient nozzles. Cycle efficiency in turbojet and similar is nearer to 30%, the practical combustion temperatures and nozzle efficiencies are much lower.

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Thrust-to-weight ratio The thrust to weight ratio of jet engines of similar principles varies somewhat with scale, but mostly is a function of engine construction technology. Clearly for a given engine, the lighter the engine, the better the thrust to weight is, the less fuel is used to compensate for drag due to the lift needed to carry the engine weight, or to accelerate the mass of the engine.

As can be seen in the following table, rocket engines generally achieve very much higher thrust to weight ratios than duct engines such as turbojet and turbofan engines. This is primarily because rockets almost universally use dense liquid or solid reaction mass which gives a much smaller volume and hence the pressurization system that supplies the nozzle is much smaller and lighter for the same performance. Duct engines have to deal with air which is 2-3 orders of magnitude less dense and this gives pressures over much larger areas, and which in turn results in more engineering materials being needed to hold the engine together and for the air compressor.

Noise Noise is due to shockwaves that form when the exhaust jet interacts with the external air. The intensity of the noise is proportional to the thrust as well as proportional to the fourth power of the jet velocity.

Generally then, the lower speed exhaust jets emitted from engines such as high bypass turbofans are the quietest, whereas the fastest jets are the loudest.

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Air India section EOD (engine overhaul division) old airport

JET ENGINES PLACED IN EOD SECTION OF AI INDIA FOR MAINTAINENCE AND SERVICING

Engines belonging to category 50c2, 80c2, and G-90 are brought here for servicing

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Engine attachments kept as non serviceable parts in EOD

Diagram showing secondary flow and lubrication systems in an engine

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What is a Black Box? A “black box” or a flight data recorder (FDR) (also ADR, for accident data recorder) is a kind of flight recorder. It is a device used to record specific aircraft performance parameters.

Another kind of flight recorder is the cockpit voice recorder (CVR), which records conversation in the cockpit, radio communications between the cockpit crew and others (including conversation with air traffic control personnel), as well as ambient sounds.

The data recorded by the FDR is used for accident investigation, as well as for analyzing air safety issues, material degradation and engine performance. Due to their importance in investigating accidents, these ICAO-regulated devices are carefully engineered and stoutly constructed to withstand the force of a high speed impact and the heat of an intense fire.

Contrary to the "black box" reference, the exterior of the FDR is

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coated with heat-resistant bright Red paint for high visibility in wreckage, and the unit is usually mounted in the aircraft's empennage (tail section), where it is more likely to survive a severe crash. Following an accident, recovery of the "black boxes" is second in importance only to the rescue of survivor sand recovery of human remains

Flight data recorder (FDR) and cockpit voice recorder (CVR)

An example of an FDR (flight data recorder)

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Aircraft Lights and Beacons Planes are equipped with a variety of lights that are used for navigation, safety, and to improve visibility during flight or when taxiing on the ground. Some of the most important exterior lights carried by commercial airliners can be seen in the below photo of a Boeing 737.

Different Lights & Beacons on the Boeing 737

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The external lights on aircraft fall into two general categories.

The first is navigation lights or beacons that are always illuminated while the aircraft is in operation. A second type includes takeoff and landing lights that are used to improve visibility when the plane is close to or on the ground.

Following are the various types of lights and beacons (in brief):

Navigation lights: All aircraft are equipped with a steady light near the leading edge of each wingtip. When facing forward from the perspective of the pilot, the light on the right wingtip is green while that on the left wing is red. The different colors make it possible for an outside observer, such as the pilot of another aircraft, to determine which direction the plane is flying. These navigation lights are most useful at night when it is more difficult to tell the direction the plane is going without them.

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Navigation or Position lights: In addition to the red and green lights, most planes are also fitted with other steady white navigation lights in various locations. Large airliners, in particular, will often have such lighting on the trailing edge of each wingtip. These lights are also sometimes placed along the trailing edges of the horizontal tail. Another popular location is at the very aft end of the fuselage or at the top of the vertical tail. One of these latter lights placed along the aircraft centerline is especially common on smaller airliners and commuter planes. Whatever the location, the purpose of these steady white lights is to improve the plane's visibility from behind the aircraft.

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Anti-Collision Beacon lights: Two beacon lights are fitted to aircraft near the center of the fuselage. One is located on top of the fuselage and the other on the bottom. These lights are colored reddish orange and rotate to produce a flashing effect.

The beacons are turned on just before the engines are started and they remain active until the last engine is shut down. The beacons help to serve as a safety warning to ground personnel that the engines are operational.

Strobe lights: High-intensity strobe lights that flash a whitecolored light are located on each wingtip. Smaller planes are only equipped with one of these strobes near the leading edge just behind the red or green navigation light. Larger airliners may be equipped with an additional strobe at the trailing edge as well. These flashing lights are very bright and intended to attract attention during flight. They are sometimes also used on

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the runway and during taxi to make the plane more conspicuous.

Logo lights: These lights are not required but are common on most commercial aircraft. The lights are usually located on the surface of or at the tips of the horizontal stabilizer. The steady white lights are used to illuminate the company's logo painted on the vertical tail. While useful for advertising, the primary purpose of these lights is safety since the bright lights help to make the plane more visible.

Wing lights: Many airliners feature lights along the root of the wing leading edge that can be used to illuminate the wing and engine pylons in flight. These lights may be used to make the plane more visible during takeoff and landing or to inspect the wings for damage in flight. Pilots can also use the wing lights to inspect the wings and slats for any ice accretion that might build up when flying through clouds.

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Explanation of the lights (in detail) Taxi lights: A bright white lamp is located on the nose landing gear strut of most planes. This light is typically turned on whenever the aircraft is in motion on the ground for greater visibility during taxi, takeoff, and landing.

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Landing lights: Bright white landing lights are usually fitted to most planes for enhanced visibility during the landing approach. These lights can also be used to illuminate the runway at poorly lit airports. They are often required for night landings but also commonly used during the day as well to make the plane more noticeable. While the usage of these lights is common, their location can vary from plane to plane.

Landing lights may be located in the wing root, in the outboard wing, or somewhere along the forward fuselage. Some aircraft are equipped with multiple sets of landing lights in more than one of these locations. The 737, for example, has inboard landing lights located in the wing root as well as outboard landing lights in the outboard flap fairings.

Runway Turnoff lights: Usually located in the leading edge of the wing root, these bright white lamps are intended to provide side and forward lighting during taxi and when turning off the

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runway. These lights are most useful at poorly lit airports but are usually unnecessary. The lights can also be used in flight if greater visibility is required.

Wheel Well lights: Some planes are equipped with additional lights in the nose and main gear wheel wells. These lights are provided primarily to assist ground personnel in making preflight inspections of a plane at night.

Taxi, landing, and turnoff lights visible on the Boeing 777

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Mangalore Blast Aircraft Remains I am a lucky person. On 21st July, 2010, I looked almost thrilled to everyone. I had got the golden opportunity to see the recent Mangalore blast plane remains that killed almost all the people on board in May 2010.

I was horrified to see the two engines which were partly destroyed, with all the external coverings gone. One engine remained entangled with broken fan wings.

The personnel explained, “Even though the head pilot was experienced, he had eventually lost control. The runway, which is criticized for its narrowness, helped the plane to not and properly. The pilot failed to follow the usual scenario to land the plane; and did that, as e reached half the runway. The tires, due to high pressure burst out accentuating the plane to move forward faster (sic)�

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As I looked upon the devastated remains carefully, I saw that the two front tires were the main culprits. They burst upon the heavy landing by the pilot and accelerated the plane to crash to the valley ahead. The body parts were not even active, the wings a scratched and wired, I could visualize the pressure in which the plane must have crashed. These remains were confidential; so we weren’t allowed for any further probe.

“I pray that the slain fliers may rest in peace.”

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PERSONAL DEVELOPMENTS

I had the opportunity of hands on work experience, which has helped me in thinking from the quality point of view. Effective use of available resources and punctuality was the subsequent consequence of this. The free working environment helped me to accept responsibilities and improve my decision – making abilities lower down the order. Finally I have also developed the art of getting work done from people and maintaining proper records and documents of the work done.

Thus, I can confidently conclude that this training was the most beneficial and enlightening experience, which is bound to help me, when I will be exposed to the real life experience

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REFERENCE All the above stated information, all diagrams, sketches and pictures are chiefly contributed by the respective journals, manuals, books & websites named below.

Following are the sources of information:  Honeywell Inc. Journals [Instruments & Flight Controls]  Manuals of Instruments [Individual Equipments]  Wikipedia [All other information on cockpit and Introduction to Air India]  Air India – Website [Air India, Simplified]  Aerospace Web [Aircraft Lights & Beacons] 

Google & Getty Images – Images Courtesy

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