ISOPTWPO Today

D ECEMBER 2013, N O 2

ISOPTWPO Today

Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov is a Russian former cosmonaut. He is the holder of the record for the longest single spaceflight in human history, staying aboard the Mir space station for more than 14 months (437 days 18 hours) during one trip. — Image Credit:NASA

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About ISOPTWPO The ISOPTWPO is International Space Flight and Operations - Personnel, Recruitment, Training, and Operations and Protocol Programs Office (International Space Academy). It is a division of the ISA organization.

Mr. Martin Cabaniss is director and Mr. Abhishek Kumar Sinha is Assistant Director of ISOPTWPO. — International Space Agency(ISA)

“Ad Astra! To The Stars! In Peace For all Mankind!

”

– Mr. Rick R. Dobson, Jr.(Veteran,US Navy)

https://twitter.com/isoptwpo http://isoptwpo.wordpress.com/ https://www.facebook.com/ISOPTWPO http://international-space-agency.us/isoptwpo.html

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Whole body vibration (WBV) is a mechanical stimulus characterized by oscillatory motion that is delivered to the entire body (usually in a vertical manner).Also,known as vibration exercise (VE) or vibration training (VT).Vibration as a therapy is the first mentoned in records from ancient Greece.It was used as a therapy to enhance the performance of the body when specific areas were not functioning well.

During the 1960’s,the effect of vibration on the body was being researched simultaneously in East Germany

by Dr.Biermann and in Russia by Dr.Nazarov.

Dr.Nazarov’s interest was in the effects of vibration on atheletes.The Russians realized that vibration therapy was not only beneficial to their athlete’s performance,but it was also of huge benefit to their astronaut who were experiencing severe loss of muscle and bone density from spending long periods of time in a zero gravity environment.

The Nazarov-Stimulation effects simultaneously the:

The Russians experimented with "biomechancial stimulation" in which vibration was applied directly to the muscles and tendons that were being treated.This is different to today’s application of WBV in that in WBV, vibration is applied to the entire muscular skeletal system through standing on a vibration platform.

• Rheumatic and degenerative illnesses of the joints and the spinal column

Biomechanical Stimulation(BMS) The inventor of this method is Prof. Dr. habil.

Vladimir T. Nazarov.

The BioMechanical Stimulation (BMS) activates the musculature and causes "revival" in case of loss of mobility, strength and fitness, disturbances with pains in the movement apparatus (muscles, ligaments, capsules, joints, spinal column), with paralyses, disturbances with circulation and metabolism, and serves the health prophylaxis and cosmetology simultaneously.

What is Nazarov Stimulation?

With the Nazarov-Stimulation, the muscles are put into natural activity by purely mechanical vibrations, as otherwise it with more consciously, maximum strain arises.

In the difference to all until now confessed vibration methods, the vibrations, exactly defined in amplitude and frequency, are transferred on the tense or lengthened musculature and brought these in longitudinal vibrations, into mechanical resonance.

What does Nazarov Stimulation cause?

The Nazarov-Stimulation causes the essential blood pumping activity of the musculature in shortest time and is more effective than normal muscle training by approximately 10-100 fold. It remedies circulation disturbances, leads to muscle construction/rebuild and coordination and prevents old-age appearances.

• Blood Circulation • Nervous System • Connective Tissues • Regeneration Processes Applicationss of the application of the NazarovStimulation: • Muscle spanning • Pains in the movement apparatus • Necks, shoulder, backs, hip, and knee trouble

• Muscle disappearance, lack of power and elasticity • Injuries with strains, contusions, haematoma, muscle fibre rip

sprains,

• Paralyses of different cause (for example stroke, face paralysis) • Rehabilitation of illness, accident, operation • Whiplash injury • Muscle and tendon shortening, capsule shrinkage, overgrowing together, joint calcification • Circulation disturbances all the type • Lymphatic drain disturbances, edemas • Metabolism disturbances • Disturbances of the sense achievements of the eyes and ears • Concentration and brain accomplishment disturbances • Lack of condition and coordination • Particular illnesses like scleroderma, tinnitus among others • Supporting to the weight decrease with Overweight and Adiposities • Cosmetics, Cellulite, Hair cancellation • General Health prophylaxis • Anti-Aging

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Biomechanical muscle stimulation In the late 1980s , scientists in Russia , who conducted research in the field of space programs lifesupport operations and high performance sport brought irrefutable evidence that the specific mechanical vibrations directed along muscle fibers , leading to significant positive effects in human organs body.

BMS device its working surfaces produce specific vibrations characterized by the frequency (cycles per second) and the amplitude ( vibration level and width ).The effect produced on the body , is extremely natural and mechanical , that is, the body Human not exposed to an electric current, or chemicals. BMS - is sinusoidal external stimulation muscle structure , located in the stretched or stressed state , which leads to vibration of the muscle fibers as in maximum tension. Stimulation is applied along the direction of the muscle fibers in corresponding natural muscle contraction .

BMS influence on various systems of the human body • Improvement of the functions of the nervous system: With stimulation of receptors in the neuromuscular system of information within the periphery CNS (central nervous system) sensor is transmitted through the conductive path. In a healthy neuromuscular system efferent innervation (voltage) should consciously from the brain. Deliberate stretching of a muscle strain or cause irritation of receptors which send a signal to the CNS via neural pathways.

In muscles , abnormal spasm or paralysis , the process is interrupted. Stimulation (command) comes from the brain , but can not be performed or is performed only partially. These types of restrictions lead to a reduction muscle pulse transmitted into the brain. The longer the duration of this condition , the greater the deficit increases metabolism.

BMS generated pulses transmitted skeletal muscular system, stimulate the brain and have a positive effect on brain metabolism .

• Improved circulation : Healthy heart , including the blood vessels , performs necessary for optimal function of pumping blood supply. Muscles play a leading role in ensuring krovenasosnoy function.

BMS compression occurs through capillary environment , blood extruded from the vessel . Like flap anatomical formation of veins and venules (valves ) prevent backflow of venous blood. Under the influence of BMS in the capillaries periodically creates a vacuum and results in improved muscle function krovenasosnaya.

Experimental studies show that with the use of BMS krovenasosnaya function , for example, the ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

forearm , the hand region is increased by 10 %, and additional dynamic load up to 30% .

• Improved flexibility and mobility: Under the influence of heat takes place BMS tissue and increase blood flow, which gives muscles are able to more tension. (ISSURIN et al 1994,565).release of tissue neurotransmitters suppress feelings of pain, such as serotonin or Histamine increases the threshold and thus provide more muscle strong tensile (WEBER 1997 , 39 ) . Test BMS in Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt showed that even when short term exposure there is a significant increase in the flexibility of up to 10-15% . In 6-8 weeks with two practical sessions per week were achieved growth rates 20-30 %. Thereby , BMS preferable other methods of stretching .

Neurophysiological increased flexibility can be explained by the fact that there is a stimulation Golgi tendon organs (tendon spindles) . Golgi tendon excitation leads to inhibition of contraction, followed by relaxation of muscles ( studied at the University of Johann Wolfgang - Prof . Dr. Schmidtbleicher).

Clinic of Dermatology at the University of Tübingen has undertaken a study of six patients with ortogenicheskoy edema ( swelling ) with a transition to venous and lymphatic obstruction and continue to severe chronic venous disease . Physiological mobility of the upper sphere Ankle - a crucial factor in the functional ability of muscle shin.

After several hours of painless postterapii with BMS achieved a significant increased mobility of the ankle joint , improved gait and complete healing transplant undertaken in the mobilization (Research Clinics in Dermatology Tübingen - Thomas Klyscz, Claudia Ritter-Schempp, Michael Jurgen, Gernot Russner).

In the rehabilitation field , the results show that using BMS adhesions and scarring from injuries can be treated more effectively (functional disease musculoskeletal system according to Dr. Brugger).

• Resorption,lymphatic drainage:State matrix (cell function and intracellular substances) plays a central role in all processes of rehabilitation, treatment and recovery. Insufficient permeability - in overly acidic environment becomes a gel-like matrix liquid consistency - leads to clogging of the supply and removal of feeding grooves. As a result, there comes lack of blood flow and oxygenation , and in addition to this , hyperacidity tissue level . When this condition persists , structural changes occur in the late all in all tissues (muscles, blood vessels , nervous system, bones, cartilage,etc.).

By encouraging individual muscle vibration , BMS

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returns connective tissue to optimal functioning .

Liquefaction and neutralization of acid as well as normalization of blood flow and metabolism contribute to the removal of results optimization of recovery and immunological protection.

ing death", which is what this disease is referred to, had nearly dried out the body of this licensed athlete; her skin was stretched taut like a size too-small gymnastic suit, so that she could hardly move, and she was unable to open her mouth due to the welding together of her jaws.

• Increase in bone mass and prevention of osteoporosis:Throughout the life of bone growth occurs . To 35 years old bone augmentation is largely dominant process - there is a steady increase in bone mass. Later, bone mass usually decreases by approximately 1.5 %.

For bone degradation resistance level of muscle activity , inter alia , is of major importance because bone growth is stimulated by dynamic loading .

For many years, the space agencies (NASA, Roscosmos Russia ,ESA ,etc.) were concerned consequences of lack of muscle activity , as loss of bone mass (osteoporosis) is one of the most significant problems in the conditions for astronauts microgravity. For this reason, cosmonaut training includes enhanced training, for the development of adequate body resistance under conditions of weightlessness and immobilization.

In this respect , exercise and training activities are of particular value . In this regard , the use of BMS opens up broad prospects for successful these tasks. On the one hand , a large training effect is achieved very a short time (at a frequency of 40 Hz, this means 2400 effects the training cycles per minute), which is desirable for the support of the muscle fiber type 1 (Schuler and Pette, 1996). On the other hand , training with the use of BMS is usually combined with traditional weight training (eg squats). Bone strength achieved thus , in conjunction with an increase in muscle mass , superior results are achieved conventional method (Ferrando et al.) Thanks to BMS , the astronauts in orbit can be given less time to counter the atrophy of skeletal muscle mass, the efficiency of their research work is greatly increased. Session 3 minute biomechanical stimulation has the same effect on the musculoskeletal system , as well as jogging distance of 10000 m.

There was no help in sight, until the professor from Latvia treated her face with the vibrator for only a short time, while first stretching the muscles with his fingers.

Within a few minutes, Christine Treutlein was able to open her mouth. Today, the patient who continues to be treated in the Center in Bad Bruckenau, is as energetic and active as before her illness.

BMS - Biomechanical muscle Stimulation basic Concepts(version 1.01 RUS)

Nazarov’s first German patient Christine Treutlein In spring of 1993, at seminar held in Wurzburg, the scientists treated patients suffering from sclerodemia with muscle stimulators. Nazarov’s first German patient Christine Treutlein, from Wurzburg, even became suicidal after 11 years of unimaginable suffering. The "creepISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

Soviet Gymnastics World Champion and Olympic Winners The Soviet Gymnastics World Champion and Olympic Winners have been training themselves since 1979 with biomechanical stimulation. Since the beginning of the 80s, the Bolshoi Ballet, the St. Petersburg Kirov Theater and the Waganow Dancing School have used this method. Athletes, who worked 3 minutes a day for six days consecutively with the vibrating expander (hand machine stimulator), experienced muscle strength improvement of 12% - without vibration, no increase in strength was shown.

In 1980, twenty-four athletes of the Soviet Youth Gymnastic Team, in Suchumi, practiced very painful splits on a board, which most of them were unable to do without the help of a partner. After the affected muscles had been treated four times for 5 minutes with the stimulator, the young gymnasts were able to perform these same exercises without great effort. Another athlete of this group, who was already able to do the split, was now able to touch the floor with his groin even after they had put 12 centimeter high boards under his legs.

Thanks to biomechanical stimulation, the dancers of the Bolshoi Theater suffer less from injuries than before, even though there is more demanded from them, and the number of older dancers with irreversible joint damage is significantly below the international average. But even if the Nazarov stimulation method appears to cause miracles, it has nothing to do with the ignominy of Russian healers, but is based instead on the latest empirical scientific experiences. Nazarov found that it is not the heart alone pumping the blood through the last branch of the body - to do this, the heart would have to be 15 - 20 times stronger. Instead, each muscles possesses its own circulatory system which is independent of the heart: after the death of a human being, the muscles remain alive for 70 minutes, with this vibrator stimulation, the muscles remain alive for 7 days.

Congress for Physical Therapy and Special Exhibition

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- "Physiotherapy and Spa," May 3-5, 1996 in LübeckTravemünde.

How are the positive effects of the activity tremor (blood pumping, nerve stimulation, better muscle physiology) obtained?

With BMS, muscles can be activated to the level of the activity tremor for a longer time than they can with traditional methods which rely on will power and personal effort.

In the BMS theory, change in a muscle length activates the muscle and its capillaries, and this raises its blood pump function. This also influences the muscles’ mechano-receptors, and consequently, the CNS - Central Nervous System.

The rising and falling of the vibratode takes part in a sine-rhythm with a frequency between 20 and 30 Hz. Optimal blood-pumping effect is reached with a frequency of 20-23 Hz. With frequencies higher than 25 Hz., the blood pump effect decreases (similar to a ventricle fibrillation) and the influence on the mechano-receptors would increase. The mechano-receptors and the CNS are most effectively influenced by a frequency of 2830 Hz. In cases where blood pumping is desired, (for example, muscle shortness) the 20-23 frequency is used. To influence the CNS (for example the "distraction stimulus" for pain alleviation) 28-30 Hz. is used.

And in sessions where both influences are desired, 24-27 Hz. can be utilized.

BIOMECHANICAL STIMULATION AND ITS APPLICATION IN PHYSIOTHERAPY BMS means a transfer of mechanical vibrations with a set frequency and amplitude on the neuromuscular system. The idea is based on a mechanical imitation of the physiological tremor, an intense stimulation from the outside on tensed muscles in the form of a sinus curve, which leads to a longitudinal vibration of the muscle fibers as experienced with a maximal workout.

The influence is applied lengthwise on the muscle fibers in the direction of the normal muscle contraction. This creates an intense stimulus of the mechano receptors in the muscle fibers, which then leads in a direct way to the Central Nervous System (CNS). The vibration frequency usually ranges 18-30 Hz, numbers we most often ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

find with the natural vibration of the muscle fibers (the physiological or activity tremor). In every living body, muscles vibrate constantly with different frequencies.

Movement produces, in the tendons, vibrations with a wide band of frequencies, which can be shown even when the body seems motionless. The amplitude and the frequency varies by changing the length of the tendomuscular system (contraction). By concentrating on the body’s own vibration parameters, BMS positively effects the muscle blood circulation system, the lymphatic system and the coordination of the peripheral and central nervous system.

• Effect on the circulation and the lymphatic system:By compressing the capillaries with muscle activation, the blood is pressed out of the vessel.

When pressure is lessened the original form of the capillary is regained, thanks to the elasticity of its walls, and arterial blood can flow in again.

The flow back from the venous blood is stopped by anatomical forms like valves, which we will find even in the smallest capillaries.

Due to enforced longitudinal vibration a vacuum is periodically created in the capillaries, leading to an increased blood pump function.

Scientific experiments with isolated or partly isolated muscles have shown that, through the longitudinal vibration of muscles (for instance, in the forearm and hand areas) the pump function increased by 10% and under maximal dynamic activity by 30%.

BMS leads to a significant better blood circulation in the stimulated tissues.

• Effect on the central nervous system: A further possible influence on the human organism is the stimulation of the receptors of the neuromuscular system. Information from the periphery is processed to the CNS through the sensatory nerve tracks. The stimulation of the nerves starts on or at their endings, the so called mechanoreceptors.

They are described as the smallest end of nerve branches which surround one or more muscles fibers like a spindle.

Mechanoreceptors are also called proprioceptors.

They deliver kinesthetic information (awareness of position, movement and weight). Mechanoreceptors exist in muscle tendons, fascies and connective tissue which is found in practically all organs. Longitudinal changes of the muscles change the form of these nerve endings leading to a stimulation of the nerves. The resulting information is sent to the CNS. Muscle fibers, tendons, fascies and capsules

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are stretched and loosened by BMS. As a result, signals from all these areas quickly reach the CNS and initiate systematic reactions of the whole organisms.

By stimulating the mechanoreceptors, whose information is transferred into the CNS, excitation centers are created in the motorical zone of the cerebral cortex. The stimulation effect depends more on the speed of the stimulation, rather than its strength. Frequencies which optimize the blood pump function are different from those favorable to the stimulation of the mechanoreceptors. The choice must be made to address one or the other function. • Effect on mobility: Experimental research at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt has shown that, a treatment consisting of 3 applications at 2 minutes each, with a 2 minute pause between the series, leads to a spontaneous increase in mobility of 10-15% of the muscle length.

This change of the segment length with a one time treatment is reversible and it lasts approximately 30 minutes. With long term treatment BMS is highly effective for mobility training. In a longitudinal cut section test, during a 6 to 8 week duration with 2 training periods per week, increased growth rates of 20-30% can be expected . This makes BMS preferable to all other stretching techniques.

A neurophysiological explanation for the improved flexibility is the stimulation of the Golgi tendon organs. Stimulation of the Golgi tendons leads to an inhibition of the contraction followed by a relaxation of the muscle. The Dermatology Clinic at the University of Tuebingen conducted a study involving 6 patients with joint immobility connected to arthrogene congestion syndrom caused by a serious chronic vein disease. The physiological size of mobility of the upper ankle represents an important factor of the ability of the calf muscle to operate. This leads to a vicious cycle.

The range of mobility of the upper ankle is closely connected to the venous pump capacity. The reduced venous pump capacity may lead to chronic joint mobility restriction in the upper ankle. Therapeutic activities in use to date in rehabilitation centers, regarding this health problem, include compression bandages, vascular training and an individually adapted physiotherapeutic training program with PNF (proprioceptive neuromuscular ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

fascilitation). Now for the first time BMS has been used; 10 treatments of 15 min duration each, in a 2 week time frame resulted in significant improvement of ankle joint mobility, manner of walking, an improved overall mobility, several hours of lasting post therapeutic pain relief (up to freedom of pain), and a complete healing of the skin graft which had been executed following the joint mobilization. Control checks after 4 weeks showed a very good skin condition and the ankle joint mobility was still on the level of the BMS therapy result.

The spontaneous change of the segment length is probably caused by the change of sensitivity of the muscle spindle and by changes of structure of the connective tissue and of muscular structures.

Results in the area of rehabilitation show that adhesions caused by scar tissue can effectively be treated with BMS. • Treatment in the area of neurology(apoplexy):Treatment for paralysis in the arm and leg area begins with a stimulation on the leg device using a low frequency of 22-24 Hz for approximately 2 min to improve blood circulation and to get the patient used to the stimulation (loose and spastic paralysis). The frequency is then raised to 26-28 Hz for 3 minutes (per group of muscles). Patients with a spastic hemiparesis are brought into a reflex inhibiting position. The abductor muscles, legs and both arms are sequentially placed on the leg device. Under the vibration the patient tries to move against the expected spastic reaction, i.e. to open the fingers, to abduct the thumb, dorsalflexion of the wrist and extension of the elbow joint.

BMS treatment of healthy half of the body, as well as problem areas, is important for the symmetry of the body. Depending on the degree of mobility the patient uses different starting positions such as sitting, standing, standing on one foot, etc. It was a surprise that even a strong stimulation of the forearm flexors or finger flexors never led to an increase of the spastic reaction. On the contrary, the opening of the hands was easier and the adducted position of the thumb was nearly always loosened up. The normalization of the muscle tone makes it easier for the patient to create "normal movements" and the time following the stimulation can be used to activate movements. Usually the improved muscle tone in the beginning of a treatment sequence lasts from one to 5 hours. Patients with a loose paresis are stimulated with a higher frequency of 28-32 Hz. Starting position

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and the steps of the stimulation treatment are identical with those of a spastic hemiparesis. In cases of a loose paresis an additional manual stimulation under BMS is applied. The patient is also asked to visualize the movement before starting with the help of the therapist.

• Treatment in the orthopedic area – Chondropathy Patellae(kneecap):The symptom has been treated in a test series with frequencies being used for building up muscles and those for pain relief. Treatment sequencies of 3 times per week have been proven an excellent success.

– Restriction of Mobility in the Hip Joint:Stimulation with BMS to relax areas of bruised and shortened muscles: The adductors, ARO and flexors, including musculus rectus femoris, m. erector trunci lumbalis and m. quadratus lumbarum are stretched with BMS. An existing strong hip bending contraction should be treated by additional stimulation of the M triceps and the short muscles of the foot. A decision for the frequencies depends on the symptom to be treated. Shortening of muscles requests frequencies different from those to produce pain relief which are located in the upper frequency area of 28-30 Hz.

ences pain relief already after 2 or 3 stimulations and is able to open his mouth wider.

The above is a translation of a presentation given at the annum conference of the German Association of Physiotherapy Munich, October 1997 annual meeting Published in the 6/97 edition of the journal "Therapie + Praxis".

The author Mrs. Marianne Walter (physiotherapist) has trained the first American BMS-Specialist The contact resulting in an official invitation to this conference was made during a medical exposition where Mrs. Walter demonstrated as a representant of Optimal Life GmbH BMS application in presence of the president of the German Association of Physiotherapy.

Commercial devices that deliver WBV • Galileo platform: – manufactured by Novotec (Germany) – available from Orthometrix Inc., White Plains, NY • NEMES platform: – manufactured by Nemesis (The Netherlands) • Power Plate: – Power Plate of No. America, Culver City, CA • Exogen platform:

– Carpal Tunnel Syndrome and Tennis Elbow:Conventional physiotheraputic techniques, like friction, etc. multiply their result if used in connection with BMS. BMS treatment in the above areas have produced extraordinarily positive results.

– PHS and Disturbance in the area of the Rotator Cuff: A significant better blood circulation in the stimulated tissue, the spontaneous increase of the restricted mobility and a reduction of pain phenomena show that BMS is a very effective therapy tool.

– Dysfunction of the Jaw Joint:This disturbance can successfully be treated with BMS if the problems are caused by muscles surrounding the joint. Usually the muscle m. masseter is involved by 70% and the m. pteryoideus by 84% to create this painful dysfunction. The theraputic method is to stimulate the trigger points of these muscles in a stretched initial position. The patient experiISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

– manufactured in USA – currently an investigational device

Galileo Vibrating Platform • Works as a teeterboard with 0-5 mm amplitude (medial to distal) and variable frequency • 25 - 27 Hz seems optimal for increasing muscle power • This frequency corresponds with time required for a single up-down movement to cause a natural stretch reflex plus relaxation of the agonists and antagonists.

• http://www.galileo-training.com

GalileorSpace bedrest study

at

the

Toulouse

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Repeatedly and successfully the technology of Galileo Training has been applied in international space research to avoid loss of muscle and bone during simulated weightlessness. Last week a new bedrest study was launched by the European Space Agency (ESA) in Toulouse, carried out by the Institut de MĂŠdecine et de Physiologie Spatiales (MEDES - IMPS). Galileo Space is present again and is employed as a reference method for effective astronaut training.

Why do 12 volunteers agree to lie in bed three times within a year for 21 days each, with a head -down tilt of 6 degree ?

They do it because it is a recognised condition for simulated weightlessness, because the gravitational weight is reduced by the horizontal position. The participants are not allowed to stand up, not even to get some fresh air or to visit the bathroom. This absolute bed rest causes similar reactions in the body as weightlessness, but it is simpler and cheaper to perform than to send the participants into space.

Without gravity the body loses muscle and bone.

Particularly this fact would result in serious problems during long-term missions such as a trip to Mars. As in earlier studies the new study is therefore performed to find a better understanding about the challenges of a long-term stay in space and find measures to counteract the bone and muscle degradation. In Toulouse, the additional impact of a tailored nutrition on the workout is investigated.

The 12 participants were divided into three groups.

The control group spends time in bed without any form of countermeasure. The second group trained according to a fixed training schedule on Galileo Space. Similarly to the Berlin BedRest studies a variant of Galileo High Intensity Training (HIT) is used. The last group also completes the training, but in addition nutrition supplements widely used among bodybuilders are applied. The aim

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of the study is to examine the right combination of exercise and nutrition. Therefore, the Galileo Training again was significantly reduced compared to the last Berlin BedRest study (BBR2). With this deliberately suboptimal training of only 2 * 4 minutes per week the positive effects of the diet on the maintenance of muscle and bone shall be demonstrated.

After the first 21 days, the participants meet four months later again for the second round in the hospital at Medes. The third round starts then until 2013.

The results from Toulouse are not only important for the space research but also for practical help here on earth: in sport, health promotion or in therapy to help, for example, patients, that are unable to perform a normal muscle training.

Article from "GalileorSpace at the Toulouse bedrest study"

GalileorTraining,Leonardo Mechanograph and pQCT at the Mars500 mission A Galileo Training device was used that was identical to the basic mechanical and electronical components of the normal, compact series models Galileo Advanced or Advanced Plus. Only some additional modules such as a smart card support and a data logger to monitor the actual training time were added. In addition, an especially for the Mars500 mission developed solution for complete decoupling between vibration training device and station was used. This decoupling is also necessary for a possible use on the ISS, to prevent the transmission of vibrations to the highly sensitive space station.

Article from "GalileorTraining, Leonardo Mechanographrand pQCT at the Mars500 mission-an overview"

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Scientific proof • LOW BACK: J. Rittweger, et al; Spine 2002 Sep 1;27(17):1829-34. "Treatment of chronic lower back pain with lumbar extension and wholebody vibration exercise: a randomized controlled trial" STUDY DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial with a 6-month follow-up period was conducted.

OBJECTIVE: To compare lumbar extension exercise and whole-body vibration exercise for chronic lower back pain.

SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Chronic lower back pain involves muscular as well as connective and neural systems. Different types of physiotherapy are applied for its treatment. Industrial vibration is regarded as a risk factor. Recently, vibration exercise has been developed as a new type of physiotherapy. It is thought to activate muscles via reflexes.

METHODS: In this study, 60 patients with chronic lower back pain devoid of "specific" spine diseases, who had a mean age of 51.7 years and a pain history of 13.1 years, practiced either isodynamic lumbar extension or vibration exercise for 3 months. Outcome measures were lumbar extension torque, pain sensation (visual analog scale), and pain-related disability (pain disability index).

RESULTS: A significant and comparable reduction in pain sensation and pain-related disability was observed in both groups. Lumbar extension torque increased significantly in the vibration exercise group (30.1 Nm/kg), but significantly more in the lumbar extension group (+59.2 Nm/kg; SEM 10.2; P < 0.05). No correlation was found between gain in lumbar torque and pain relief or pain-related disability (P > 0.2).

CONCLUSIONS: The current data indicate that poor lumbar muscle force probably is not the exclusive cause of chronic lower back pain. Different types of exercise therapy tend to yield comparable results. Interestingly, wellcontrolled vibration may be the cure rather than the cause of lower back pain.

• CARDIOVASCULAR: J. Rittweger, et al; Int J Sports Med 2002 Aug;23(6):428-32. "Oxygen uptake in whole-body vibration exercise: influence of vibration frequency, amplitude, and external load" Vibration exercise (VbX) is a new type of physical training to increase muscle power. The present study was designed to assess the influence of whole-body VbX on metabolic power. Specific oxygen uptake (sVdot;O 2 ) was assessed, testing the ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

hypotheses that sVdot;O 2 increases with the frequency of vibration (tested in 10 males) and with the amplitude (tested in 8 males), and that the VbX-related increase in sVdot;O 2 is enhanced by increased muscle force (tested in 8 males). With a vibration amplitude of 5 mm, a linear increase in sVdot;O 2 was found from frequencies 18 to 34 Hz (p < 0.01). Each vibration cycle evoked an oxygen consumption of approximately 2.5 micro l x kg (-1). At a vibration frequency of 26 Hz, sVdot;O 2 increased more than proportionally with amplitudes from 2.5 to 7.5 mm. With an additional load of 40 % of the lean body mass attached to the waist, sVdot;O 2 likewise increased significantly.

A further increase was observed when the load was applied to the shoulders. The present findings indicate that metabolic power in wholebody VbX can be parametrically controlled by frequency and amplitude, and by application of additional loads.

These results further substantiate the view that VbX enhances muscular metabolic power, and thus muscle activity.

• BONE & STRENGTH: M. Siegrist, et al (Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, AG Bone Metabolism at the clinic right of the Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany); Int. J. Sports Med. vol 23, jul (2002): 154 "Influence of a new form of strength training on health in comparison and in combination with Estradiol and Norethisteron" It seems certain that a positive correlation between training, psychic and physical health exists. A new training device (Galileo900 - 2000) enables people to perform an intensive strength training with additional high-frequency mechanical oscillation (OSZI). We wanted to find out how this new training device influences behavior and psychic and physical health of postmenopausal women.

Based on the results we can conclude that OSZI corresponds with the hitherto results for behavior and psychic and physical health during training.

• NEUROMUSCULAR & CARDIOPULMONARY: P. Wameling, et al (Preventive and Rehabilitative Sports Medicine, AG Bone Metabolism at the clinic right of the Isar, Technical University of Munich, Germany); Int. J. Sports Med. Vol 23, jul (2002): 155-156 "Influence of a new form of resistance training on cardiopulmonary and muscular functional parameters as well as on sympatho-adrenergic reactions" An intervention oscillating training (amplitude 12 mm, 25-30 Hz) with the help of a new training device, Galileo2000 (NOVOTEC) gave evidence to execute positive effects on neuromuscular ex-

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citability and local muscular hemodynamics.

• STRENGTH & BALANCE: S. Torvinen, et al (Bone Research Group, UKK Institute, Tampere, Finland); Clin. Physiol. (2002) 22, 145-152. "Effect of vibration exposure on muscular performance and body balance in a randomized cross-over study" This randomized crossover study was designed to investigate the effects of a 4-min vibration bout on muscle performance and body balance in young, healthy subjects. Sixteen volunteers (eight men, eight women, age 24-33 years) underwent both the 4-min vibration- and sham-interventions in a randomized order on different days. Six performance tests (stability platform, grip strength, isometric extension strength of lower extremities, tandem-walk, vertical jump and shuttle run) were performed 10 min before (baseline), and 2 and 60 min after the intervention. The effect of vibration on the surface electromyography (EMG) of soleus, gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis muscles was also investigated. The vibration-loading, based on a tilting platform, induced a transient (significant at the 2-min test) 2.5% net benefit in the jump height (P = 0.019), 3.2% benefit in the isometric extension strength of lower extremities (P=0.020) and 15.7% improvement in the body balance (P = 0.049). In the other 2-min or in the 60-min tests, there were no statistically significant differences between the vibration- and sham-interventions.

Decreased mean power frequency in EMG of all muscles during the vibration indicated evolving muscle fatigue, while the root mean square voltage of EMG signal increased in calf muscles. We have shown in this study that a single bout of whole body vibration transiently improves muscle performance of lower extremities and body balance in young healthy adults.

• TRAINING: J. Rittweger, et al (Institut fur Physiologie, Freie Universitat Berlin, Germany); Eur J Appl Physiol (2001) 86: 169-173. "Oxygen uptake during whole-body vibration exercise: comparison with squatting as a slow voluntary movement" In this study we investigated metabolic power during whole-body vibration exercise (VbX) compared to mild resistance exercise. Specific oxygen consumption (VO2) and subjectively perceived exertion (rating of perceived exertion, RPE; Borg scale) were assessed in 12 young healthy subjects (8 female and 4 male). The outcome parameters were assessed during the last minute of a 3-min exercise ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

bout, which consisted of either (1) simple standing,(2) squatting in cycles of 6 s to 90 degrees knee flexion, and (3) squatting as before with an additional load of 40% of the subject’s body weight (35% in females). Exercise types 1-3 were performed with (VbX+) and without (VbX-) platform vibration at a frequency of 26 Hz and an amplitude of 6 mm. Compared to the VbXcondition, the specific VO2 was increased with vibration by 4.5 ml x min(-1) x kg(-1).

Likewise, squatting and the additional load were factors that further increased VO2. Corresponding changes were observed in RPE. There was a correlation between VbX- and VbX+ values for exercise types 1-3 (r = 0.90). The correlation coefficient between squat/nosquat values (r = 0.70 without and r = 0.71 with the additional load) was significantly lower than that for VbX-/VbX+. Variation in specific VO2 was significantly higher in the squatting paradigm than with vibration. It is concluded that the increased metabolic power observed in association with VbX is due to muscular activity. It is likely that this muscular activity is easier to control between individuals than is simple squatting.

• BLOOD-FLOW: Kerschan-Schindl K, Grampp S, Henk C, Resch H, Preisinger E, Fialka-Moser V, Imhof H.: Clin Physiol 2001 May;21(3):377-82: "Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume."

Occupationally used high-frequency vibration is supposed to have negative effects on blood flow and muscle strength. Conversely, low-frequency vibration used as a training tool appears to increase muscle strength, but nothing is known about its effects on peripheral circulation. The aim of this investigation was to quantify alterations in muscle blood volume after whole muscle vibration–after exercising on the training device Galileo 2000 (Novotec GmbH, Pforzheim, Germany). Twenty healthy adults performed a 9-min standing test.

They stood with both feet on a platform, producing oscillating mechanical vibrations of 26 Hz. Alterations in muscle blood volume of the quadriceps and gastrocnemius muscles were assessed with power Doppler sonography and arterial blood flow of the popliteal artery with a Doppler ultrasound machine. Measurements were performed before and imm ediately after exercising. Power Doppler indices indicative of muscular blood circulation in the calf and thigh significantly increased after exercise. The mean blood flow velocity in the popliteal artery increased from 6.5 to 13.0 cm x s(-1) and its resistive index was significantly reduced. The results indicate that low-frequency vibration does

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not have the negative effects on peripheral circulation known from occupational highfrequency vibration.

• GERIATRIC STRENGTH & BALANCE: M. Runge, J. Musculoskeletal interactions 2000 (1):54-58: "Balance training and exercise in geriatric patients " We conducted a randomized controlled trial, n=34 (age: mean 67y, range 61-85yr) crossover design, intervention group 2 month training program three time a week (each session 3x2 minutes), performance tests of all participants every two weeks).

The participants reached performance gains in chair rising of 18%, significantly different to the value of the controls. We interpreted the findings as improvements in muscle power of functional relevance by the oscillative muscle stimulation. We observed no serious side effects.

• CARDIO-VASCULAR: J. Rittweger, et al; Clin.

Physiology 2000; 20 (2), 134-142. "Acute effects of exhaustive vibration exercise" Vibration exercise (VE) is a new neuromuscular training method that is applied in athletes as well as in prevention and therapy of osteoporosis. The present study explored the physiological mechanisms of fatigue by VE in 37 young healthy subjects. Exercise and cardiovascular data were compared to progressive bicycle ergometry until exhaustion. VE was performed in two sessions, with a 26 Hz vibration on a ground plate, in combination with squatting plus additional load (40% of body weight). After VE, subjectively perceived exertion on Borg’s scale was 18, and thus as high as after bicycle ergometry. Heart rate after VE increased to 128 min ´s1, blood pressure to 132/52 mmHg, and lactate to 3.5 mM. Oxygen uptake in VE was 48.8% of VO2max in bicycle ergometry.

After VE, voluntary force in knee extension was reduced by 9.2%, jump height by 9.1%, and the decrease of EMG median frequency during maximal voluntary contraction was attenuated. The reproducibility in the two VE sessions was quite good: for heart rate, oxygen uptake and reduction in jump height, correlation coefficients of values from session 1 and from session 2 were between 0.67 and 0.7. Thus, VE can be well controlled in terms of these parameters. Surprisingly, an itching erythema was found in about half of the individuals, and an increase in cutaneous blood flow. It follows that exhaustive whole-body VE elicits a mild cardiovascular exertion, and that neural as ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

well as muscular mechanisms of fatigue may play a role.

• STRENGTH: Mester J, Spitzenfeil P, Schwarzer J, Seifriz F. (Institute for Theory and Practice of Training and Movement, German Sport University, Cologne); J Sci Med Sport 1999 Oct;2(3):211-26: "Biological reaction to vibration–implications for sport."

In many situations of everyday life, vibration load occurs. Here whole body vibration in vehicles, such as boats, cars, helicopters and others as well as hand-transmitted vibration (motor saws etc.) can be named. As vibration is assumed liable to cause various threats to human health, a great number of studies in work science focused on dose-effect relations and concepts for prevention. Although in many sports remarkable vibration load also occurs, there is very little research on the potential dangers and benefits of vibration stimuli, e.g. on whole body vibration and the implications for muscular activity and neuromuscular control in sport. In personal studies the damping behavior and training effects under whole body vibration were investigated. Various research areas have been studied in order to approach the relevant topics: neuromuscular and posture control, energy metabolism in terms of oxygen uptake under whole body vibration and local concentration of phosphates by means of 31P-MRS. Furthermore the effects of strength training under whole body vibration were analyzed. The results underline that vibration is a neglected research topic in sport science from the preventive point of view as well as from the one focusing on the improvement of sport performance.

• STRENGTH & POWER: C.Bosco, et al; Clin. Physiol. 19 (1999) 2; 183-187 "Adaptive responses of human skeletal muscle to vibration exposure" The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of whole-body vibrations (WBV) on the mechanical behavior of human skeletal muscle. For this purpose, six female volleyball players at national level were recruited voluntarily. They were tested with maximal dynamic leg press exercise on a slide machine with extra loads of 70, 90, 110 and 130 kg.

After the testing, one leg was randomly assigned to the control treatment (C) and the other to the experimental treatment (E) consisting of vibrations.

The subjects were then retested at the end of the treatment using the leg press. Results showed remarkable and statistically significant enhancement of the experimental treatment in average velocity

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(AV), average force (AF) and average power (AP) (P < 0.05-0.005). Consequently, the velocity-force and power-force relationship shifted to the right after the treatment.

In conclusion, it was affirmed that the enhancement could be caused by neural factors, as athletes were well accustomed to the leg press exercise and the learning effect was minimized.

• NEUROMUSCULAR: C.Bosco, et al; Clin. Physiol.

19 (1999) 2; 183-187 "The influence of whole body vibration on the mechanical behavior of skeletal muscle" The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of whole body vibrations on the mechanical behavior of human skeletal muscles.

Results showed remarkable and statistically significant enhancement in the EG of the height of the best jump, the mechanical power of the best jump and the average jumping height during 5s Cj. In contrast, no statistically significant variations were noted in the CG. Consequently, it was suggested that the effect of WBV treatment elicit fast biological adaptation connected to neural potentiation.

of long term effects of Galileo2000 in a randomized controlled study" • BONE & STRENGTH: J. Rittweger, et al; Osteoporosis Int. 8 suppl.3 (1998); 121. "Acute Physiological effects of training with Galileo2000: first results" • STRENGTH/POWER: C.Bosco, et al; Biol. Sport 15 (1998) 3; 157-164 "Adaptive responses of human skeletal muscle to vibration exposure" The study was performed in order to test the possibility whether a single whole body vibration (WBV) session will produce human skeletal muscle response.

In conclusion, the acute effect of a short term WBV on neuromuscular apparatus is expressed by improved movement velocity, muscle force and power in performing leg press exercise with external loads.

Contra-indications / contraindications • NEUROMUSCULAR: C.Bosco, et al; Eur. J. Appl.

Physiol. 79 (1999); 306-311 "Influence of vibration on mechanical power and EMG activity in human arm flexor muscles" The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of vibration on the mechanical properties of arm flexors.

The results showed statistically significant enhancement of the average power in the arm treated with vibrations. The root mean square electromyogram (EMGs ) had not changed following the treatment but, when divided by mechanical power, (P) as an index of neural efficiency, it showed statistically significant increases. It was concluded that mechanical vibrations enhanced muscle P and decreased the related EMG/P relationship in elite athletes. Moreover, the analysis of EMGs recorded before the treatment and during the treatment itself showed an enormous increase in neural activity during vibration up to more than twice the baseline values. This would indicate that this type of treatment is able to stimulate the neuromuscular system more than other treatments used to improve neuromuscular properties.

• BONE & STRENGTH: G. Wilhelm, et al; Osteoporosis Int. 8 suppl.3 (1998); 121. "Evaluation ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

The following contraindications must be excluded before the first application: • Pregnancy • Acute thrombosis (acute vessel closure) • Implants in toned body regions (eg artificial joints) • Acute inflammation of the musculoskeletal system, activated osteoarthritis or arthropathy (eg acute inflammation and swelling in joints) • Acute tendinopathy in toned body regions (acute tendonitis) • Acute hernia (tissue breaks) • Acute disc disease (acute lumbar disc conditional back problem) • Fresh fractures (broken bones) in toned body regions • Lithiasis of the biliary tract and urinary tract • After surgery and fresh wounds and scars in the trained areas of the body or if the healing is not yet complete • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Epilepsy due to secondary injury

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Side Effects Especially at the beginning of the training phase, you should periodically observe (eg in the first two weeks after each training session) your personal perception of training progress in order to adapt the training individually optimal and avoid the side effects listed can.

• Nausea and dizziness caused by rapid, short-term drop in blood pressure • Rapid hypoglycemia in diabetes by high muscle work

NEMESTM Vibrating Platform • NEMES is the abbreviation for NEuro-MEchanicalStimulation • Provides vertical mechanical vibration in the 30-50 Hz range • Shown effective in several muscle strengthening studies http://bosco-system.com/

• Itching in the toned body regions (especially in the calves) by high muscle work • Bubble formation at contact points for training platform The side effects of nausea, dizziness, hypotension and itching are usually harmless. They are signs of too high training intensity or long duration, which by regular applications accordingly slower increase in intensity in terms of duration and amplitude (foot position) is remedied.

Galileo training causes an increased muscular effort, especially in the lower extremities, so that an increased flow of blood takes place in the same, which can lead to short-term blood pressure and dizziness during or shortly after the use of Galileo for sensitive users.

In particular, older users or users with known hypotension (low blood pressure) should consider the possibility of the occurrence of dizziness and hypotension to avoid falls caused by dizziness. The occurrence of dizziness should not be considered as a contraindication, but rather as a sign of Untrainiertheit. A slow, appropriate increase in exercise intensity and duration will help.

To warm up and preparing to Galileo especially older users or Hypotoniker can workout on a stationary bike or rowing machine (low blood pressure) immediately before training with Galileo.

In diabetics may occur in particular during and after prolonged, strenuous Trainingssitzunegn to a rapid blood sugar (hypoglycaemia). Some sugar there.

Skin lesions such as blisters or sores on the soles, you can avoid by wearing (dry) thin socks or gym shoes.

However, please note that you wear no fixed, coarse shoes, otherwise the training effect can be influenced and the training platform is dirty or damaged.

Article from "Contra-indications / contraindications R and side effects for the Galileo Training"

ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

NEMES BOSCO LX-B HEALTH Prof. Carmelo Bosco was the first scientist to prove to expose that every person has his own muscle frequency.

NEMES-BOSCO is the most advanced and revolutionary training system for sports and health to-date, because it

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is designed to vibrate at the individually measured frequencies (Hz) of its users. This is accomplished through the internationally patented built-in electromyograph (EMG) measuring system.

NEMES-BOSCO vibration machines are certified with the highest European CE quality standards (CE 0434) as well as by ISO 9001:2000. In addition, the NEMES models LX-B, LC-B and AT are classified as Class IIa Physical Therapy Devices by the Norwegian Ministry of Health and Social Affairs and DET NORSKE VERITAS (DnV).

• Vibrates at 30-50 Hz • Similar in design to the NEMES

NEMES is produced in different versions studied and designed specifically for different users. Since every human responds differently to the vibration stimuli, the use of our patented frequency detection system, based on electromyography (EMG), will allow each user to execute safe, effective and personalised training sessions.

Vibration training is the latest scientific training approach for enhancing performance and speeding up recovery and rehabilitation. The method has been successfully applied by numerous national teams, professional athletes and sport clubs (NBA, FIFA, NFL, etc) rehabilitation centers, health clubs and sports enthusiasts worldwide. Vibrations can stimulate the biological system of athletes in the same way as strength training or explosive training and this stimulation can be applied in a much shorter period of time as compared to the time needed to perform traditional training sessions.

Power PlateTM Vibrating Platform

Power Plate pro7 Adding Power Plate training to a high intensity resistance training program resulted in greater improvements in the percentage of body fat, compared to resistance training alone In both the exercise groups, bone free lean tissue mass increased after eight months of training.

Article from Power Plate Website http://bit.ly/1ceWojo

Continue in next volume • Developed by an Olympic coach in The Netherlands

ISOPTWPO Today Whole Body Vibration c International Space Agency(ISA)

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