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Branches of Linguistics Morphology

September, 19th 2015 Licda. Milvia Rosales

Morphology Morphemes are the minimal units of words that have a meaning and cannot be subdivided.

Types of Morphemes: ď‚›Free Morpheme: They can occur alone.

Example: Bad ď‚›Bound

Morpheme: They must occur with another morpheme.

Example: ly

Affixes, prefixes, suffixes, infixes and circumfixes. Affixes are the bound morpheme. Prefixes are added to the beginning of another morpheme. Suffixes are added to the end. Infixes are inserted into other morphemes. Circumfixes are attached to another morpheme at the beginning and end.

Examples:

Prefix:

re- added to do = redo

Suffix:

-or added to edit = editor

Infix:

-um- added to fikas (strong) = fumikas (to be strong) in Bontoc Philippines

Circumfix:

ge- and -t to lieb (love) = geliebt (loved) in German

There are two categories of affixes: ď‚›Derivational

and inflectional are added to morphemes to form new words.

ď‚›Inflectional

affixes are added to the end of an existing word for purely grammatical reasons.

In English there are only eight total inflectional affixes: -s

3rd person singular present She waits

-ed -ing -en -s -'s

Past tense Progressive Past participle Plural Possessive

She waited She's eating She has eaten Three apples Lori's son

-er

Comparative

You are taller

-est Superlative

You are the shortest

Syntax  The

study of the combination of words. It deals with phrase and sentence formation out of words.

Examples:  Nouns: dog, house, kid, men, women  Verbs: sing, jump, run, read.  Adjectives: small, big, nice.  Adverbs: quickly, badly.  Determiners: a, an, the, this, that, these.  Auxiliary verbs: forms of be, have, may can, shall, should.  Prepositions: at, in, on, under, over, of.  Conjuctions: and, but or.

Phonetics and Phonology There are three types of the study of the sounds of language.  Acoustic

Phonetics is the study of the physical properties of sounds.  Auditory Phonetics is the study of the way listeners perceive sounds.  Articulatory Phonetics is the study of how the vocal tracts produce the sounds.

I take it you already know of tough and bough and cough and dough?

Some may stumble, but not you, on hiccough, thorough, slough, and through?

So now you are ready, perhaps, to learn of less familiar traps?

Beware of heard, a dreadful word, that looks like beard, but sounds like bird.

And dead, it's said like bed, not bead; for goodness' sake, don't call it deed!

Watch out for meat and great and threat.

(They rhyme with suite and straight and debt.)

A moth is not a moth in mother, nor both in bother, broth in brother.

And here is not a match for there, nor dear and fear, for bear and pear.

And then there's dose and rose and lose - just look them up - and goose and choose And cork and work and card and ward and font and front and word and sword

International Phonetics Alphabet (IPA.) Phonetic Alphabet for English Pronunciation p

pill

d

dill

h

heal

ʌ

but

b

bill

n

neal

l

leaf

aj

light

m

mill

s

seal

r

reef

ɔj

boy

f

feel

z

zeal

j

you

ɪ

bit

v

veal

č

chill

w

witc h

ɛ

bet

θ

thig h

ǰ

Jill

i

beet

ʊ

foot

ð

thy

ʍ

whic h

e

bait

ɔ

awe

š

shill

k

kill

u

boot

a

bar

ž

azur e

g

gill

o

boa t

ə

sofa

t

till

ŋ

ring

æ

bat

aw

cow

Places of Articulation  Bilabial:

lips together  Labiodental: lower lip against front teeth  Interdental: tongue between teeth  Alveolar: tongue near alveolar ridge on roof of mouth (in between teeth and hard palate)  Palatal: tongue on hard palate  Velar: tongue near velum  Glottal: space between vocal folds The following sound is not found in the English language, although it is common in languages such as French and Arabic:  Uvular: raise back of tongue to uvula

Manners of Articulation Stop:

obstruct airstream completely Fricative: partial obstruction with friction Affricate: stop airstream, then release Liquids: partial obstruction, no friction Glides: little or no obstruction, must occur with a vowel

Minimal pair exercise /f/ /v/  http://www.manythings.org/mp/m09.html  http://www.esl-lab.com/pron3.htm

Phones and Allophones  Phones

are not physical sounds, they are mental representations of the phonological units of language.  An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language.  Examples: 

I will use slashes // to enclose phonemes and brackets [] to enclose allophones

 [i]

and [ĩ] are allophones of the phoneme /i/; [ɪ] and [ɪ]̃ are allophones of the phoneme /ɪ/.

Semantics ď‚›Lexical

semantics is concerned with the meanings of words and the meaning of relationships among words.

ď‚›Phrasal

semantics is concerned with the meaning of syntactic units larger than the word.

The –nyms  Homonyms:

different words that are pronounced the same, but may or may not be spelled the same (to, two, and too)

 Polysemous:

word that has multiple meanings that are related conceptually or historically (bear can mean to tolerate or to carry or to support)

 Homograph:

different words that are spelled identically and possibly pronounced the same; if they are pronounced the same, they are also homonyms (pen can mean writing utensil or cage)

 Heteronym:

homographs that are pronounced differently (dove the bird and dove the past tense of dive)

 Synonym:

words that mean the same but sound different (couch and sofa)

 Antonym:

words that are opposite in meaning Complementary pairs: alive and dead Gradable pairs: big and small.

 Hyponym:

set of related words (red, white, yellow, blue are all hyponyms of "color")

ď‚›Metonym:

word used in place of another to convey the same meaning (jock used for athlete, Washington used for American government, crown used for monarchy)

ď‚›Retronym:

expressions that are no longer redundant (silent movie used to be redundant because a long time ago, all movies were silent, but this is no longer true or redundant)

Pragmatics  Pragmatics

is the study of how context affects meaning, such as how sentences are interpreted in certain situations.

 The

kids have eaten already and surprisingly, they are hungry.

 The

linguistic context helps to interpret the second sentence depending on what the first sentence says.

Psycholinguistics  The

study of the mental aspects of language and speech.  It studies how word meaning, sentence meaning, and discourse meaning are computed and represented in the mind.

The three primary processes investigated in psycholinguistics  •Language Comprehension  •Language Production  •Language Acquisition

To summarize  Morphology

is the component of grammar that builds words out of units of meaning (morphemes)  Semantics: The meaning of words and sentences  Syntax: The grammatical arrangement of words in a sentence or phrase  Phonology: The sound pattern of language  Pragmatics: How language is used in a social context

E-graphy 

Linguistics 101: An Introduction to the Study of Language.



http://www.cs.bham.ac.uk/~pxc/nlp/InteractiveNLP/NLP_syn1.html



Pragmatics: http://www.watertown.k12.sd.us/education/components/links/links.php?s ectiondetailid=1734



Comics creation http://www.makebeliefscomix.com/Comix/



Antonym and synonyms http://www.k12reader.com/worksheet/fix-thestory-with-antonyms/view/



Homonyms: http://www.edhelper.com/language/Homonyms4512.html http://englishforeveryone.org/PDFs/Homonyms,%20Homographs,%20Hom ophones.pdf