Applied pathological anatomy in inspection of meat

Applied pathological anatomy inspection of meat Inspection technique and Entry Patterns H.I.D.A.O.A. S 7 (DCEV2) School year 2008-2009

Translation by Abohameed aly

reminders: • Ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections: - AM 17/03/92, Article 19: "Inspection and control of approved establishments accordance with this decree, as well as ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections must be provided by a veterinary inspector.

To ensure such inspections and controls, the veterinary inspector shall be assisted by health technicians and attendants under his authority and responsibility.

- Ante-mortem inspection is a veterinary specificity (diagnosis) - Even in cases of emergency, ante-mortem examination must be carried out by the veterinary inspector of the slaughterhouse (AM of 9 June 2000, Article 8) - Post mortem inspection: normal and abnormal carcasses are sorted by technicians and attendants (except emergency slaughter), under the authority of the veterinary - No transfer of responsibility

Reminders: the "hygiene package" • Regulations EC 853/2004 and 854/2004 of 29 April 2004: organization of controls and specific rules applicable to BDOAs - Applicable to 1 January 2006 - Increased accountability of operators - Strengthening of upstream requirements: • Livestock information (livestock register) • Animal health status • Cleanliness of the animals • "animal welfare": good treatment - Information to be transmitted within 24 hours the introduction of animals into the slaughterhouse

Inspection technique Ante-mortem Inspection (Former Formula): - Documents: if absence ==> postponement of slaughter or slaughter and carcass (854/2004) - Animal protection: search for ill-treatment and acts of cruelty - Pathologies: • Research on diseases transmissible to humans and animals • Research into diseases or disturbances of general meat unfit for human consumption • Search for signs indicating the administration of active substances pharmacological • Tired or injured animals - Animals "affected" by a communicable disease or affecting the health of meat: => euthanasia and rendering - Suspect animals: ==> End-of-chain slaughter and detailed examination

Inspection technique • Ante-mortem inspection (hygiene package): - Obligatory, on all animals - Within 24 hours of arrival of the animals at the slaughterhouse, and less than 24 hours before slaughter, and at any time - Search for signs indicating that "the welfare of animals has been compromised " - Search for a condition likely to "harm animal or human health". human health, including zoonoses and diseases on the list of notifiable diseases of the World Health Organization animal health - Full Clinical Inspection of Suspect Animals - Specific requirements for animals slaughtered outside slaughterhouses

List O.I.E. (common diseases to several species)

Brucellosis (Brucella abortus) • Brucellosis(Brucella melitensis) • Brucellosis (Brucella am) • Cowdriosis • Echinococcosis / hydatidosis •Japanese encephalitis • Foot and mouth disease • Fever catarrhal sheep • Anthrax West Nile Fever • Rift Valley Fever • Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever • Fever Q • Leptospirosis • Aujeszky's disease • Myiasis Chrysomya bezziana • Myiasis  Cochliomyia hominivorax • Paratuberculosis • Rinderpest •Rabies • Vesicular stomatitis • Trichinellosis • Tularemia • http://www.oie.int/fr/maladies/en_classification.htm

List O.I.E. bovine diseases Bovine Anaplasmosis • Bovine Babesiosis •Bovine Genital Campylobacteriosis • Coryza gangreneux • Contagious nodular dermatosis • Bovine viral diarrhea • Encephalopathy bovine spongiform encephalopathy • Bovine leukosis Enzootic • Contagious Pneumonia bovine • Infectious rhinotracheitis bovine / infectious pustular vulvovaginitis •Hemorrhagic septicemia • Theileriosis •Trichomoniasis • Trypanosomosis (transmitted bytsé-tsé) • Bovine tuberculosis

Cleanliness of the animals ...

Inspection technique

• Post-mortem inspection: - Uninterrupted supervision of inspection officers - Inspection of all parts of an animal, including blood - Three Times: • Visual inspection • palpation of certain organs • Incision of certain organs and lymph nodes - If cuts are necessary, have them practiced by the owner of the carcass or its representative - SANCTIONS: • Applying the health stamp used in the slaughterhouse • Instructions for further examinations (bacteriology, residues ...)

• Input (restriction of use)

Inspection technique

Post-mortem inspection: - Mandatory and systematic research: • Cysticercosis of pigs (Cysticercus cellulosae, Taenia solium) • Cysticercosis of other species (including C. bovis) • Gland of solipeds (Burkholderia mallei) • BSE testing: cattle over 30 months old (48 months soon) • Trichinae of pigs and solipeds • TSEs on sheep and goats (according to economic situation) • Tuberculosis and brucellosis - In a very general way: function of the dominant (species, sex, age, type of production, etc.)

Inspection technique • Cattle over 6 weeks old: - Visual examination: head, throat, tongue, trachea and lungs, pericardium and heart, liver, gastrointestinal tract, spleen, kidneys, uterus, udder, diaphragm, pleura,peritoneum, joints, lymph nodes (n.l.), visible muscle surfaces - Palpation: tongue, lungs, esophagus, liver, liver lymph nodes and pancreatic, stomach and mesenteric lymph nodes, spleen, udder(if necessary) - Incisions: • External massagers (2 incisions) and internal (1 incision), n.l. of the head. Elimination of tonsils • N.l. pulmonary parenchyma, pulmonary parenchyma, trachea and main bronchi • Heart: 1 incision opening the 2 ventricles, passing through the septum • Liver: 2 incisions: palette and base of the caudate lobe • Possibly: n.l. intestinal, kidneys, udder.

Technique d'inspection

• Cattle less than 6 weeks old: - Visual examination: head and throat, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart, diaphragm, liver and corresponding lymph nodes, gastrointestinal tract,spleen, kidneys, pleura, peritoneum, umbilical region, joints - Palpation: tongue (!), Lungs, liver, n.l. Gastrointestinal Spleen Region umbilical and joints - Incisions: • N.l. retropharyngeal; ablation of the tonsils • N.l. pulmonary trachea, main bronchi • Heart: an incision (see cattle) • Liver if necessary • N.l. gastrointestinal tract if necessary • Kidneys and n.l. if necessary • Umbilical region and joints if necessary

• Pigs:

Inspection technique

- Visual examination: head and throat, mouth, back mouth, tongue, lungs,trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart, diaphragm, liver and n.l., gastrointestinal tract,mesentery, n.l. corresponding, spleen, kidneys, pleura, peritoneum, organs genitals, udder and n.l., umbilical region and joints - Palpation: lungs and n.l., liver and n.l., n.l. stomach and mesenteric,spleen, umbilical region and joints.

- Incisions: • N.l. submaxillary, elimination of tonsils • Lungs, trachea and main bronchi • Heart: an incision • Kidneys and n.l. (if necessary) • N.l. mammals (sow) • Umbilical region and joints (if necessary and with all precautions hygienic: risk of spread of zoonoses: red mullet, salmonella,Pasteurella ...)

Inspection technique

• Small ruminants: - Visual examination: head, throat, mouth, tongue, n.l. correspondents lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart, diaphragm, liver and n.l. gastrointestinal tract, mesentery and n.l. corresponding, spleen, kidneys, pleura, peritoneum, genitals, udder and n.l., umbilical region and joints.

- Palpation: lungs and n.l., liver and n.l., spleen, umbilical region and joints - Incisions: • Lung and n.l. If in doubt • Heart in case of doubt • Liver: visceral face (examination of the bile ducts) • Kidneys and n.l. if necessary • Umbilical region and joints if necessary

Inspection technique

• Domestic solipeds: - Visual examination: head and throat, tongue, lungs, trachea, esophagus, pericardium, heart,diaphragm, liver and n.l., gastrointestinal tract, mesentery and n.l., spleen, kidney,pleura, peritoneum, genitalia, udder and n.l., umbilical region and joints - Palpation: n.l. cephalic, tongue, lungs, n.l. pulmonary, liver and n.l., spleen,kidneys, umbilical region and joints.

- Incisions: • N.l. cephalic, ablation of the tonsils.

• N.l. lung, if necessary. Lung, trachea and main bronchi • Heart: an incision • N.l. stomach and mesentery • Kidneys and n.l., if necessary • N.l. breast, if necessary • Umbilical region and joints, if necessary - N.B .: horses with a gray or white dress: obligatory search for tumors melanic: kidneys (incised over their entire length) and rhomboid (shoulder lift)

Logic of Inspection

• Why seize (justification)?

- Because it is obligatory (reasons explicitly provided for by the regulations) • See AM. From 17/03/92, Article 31 - Public health objective: toxic products (presence of germs, parasites, substances dangerous for the consumer) - Business Objective: • Reputable commodities: color, odor, shape,consistency…

• Insufficient food: composition or content useful principles

Calf liver: malformation

Bovine kidney: malformation

Horse Liver: steatosis

Logic of Inspection • DO NOT MIX UP: ground of seizure and justification of seizure - The reason must be described in precise terms and explicit, without trial of the causes or at the evolutionary stage - The rationale is implicit

Logic of Inspection

• Nature of the abnormal phenomenon: - Traumatic?

- Toxic?

- Parasite?

- Infectious?

• Scope of the process: - Injury - Loco-regional effects - General Impacts

Trauma and accidents

• Traumatic injury (injury, fracture, sero-hemorrhagic infiltration, accident…)

- Regulatory definition: AM of 9 June 2000, JORF of 15 June 2000, Article 1: • "Injured animal: any animal which presents clinical signs provoked abruptly by trauma or by failure of the surgery or obstetric surgery, while in a good state of health before trauma or intervention " • "Sick animal: any animal which exhibits manifest pathological signs with serious repercussions on the general condition other than those defined in paragraph preceded or appeared in different circumstances ".

- An "accident" dating back more than TWO DAYS, or the absence of commemorates, causes the systematic euthanasia of the animal.

Veal shank: fracture Very Local Infiltration Absence of repercussion: Very recent lesion (per-mortem) => partial input

Bovine leg: fracture Importance of haemorrhagic lesions, presence of fibrin

and edema: recent lesion (transport)

Bovine cutting: sero-haemorrhagic infiltration Coagulated blood, fibrin and edema diffusing between the planes muscle: advanced lesion (a few days)

Bovine legs: infiltration sero-haemorrhagic Fibrin and blood the surface of the carcass external contusion Normal-looking muscle Recent injury

Pelvic cow channel: sero-haemorrhagic infiltration Probable origin: accident on the part

Cow back; sero-hemorrhagic infiltration origin: accident on the part Very dark, overworked meat

Mare carcass: Sero-hemorrhagic nfiltration of the pelvic pathway.

Quasi-normal aspect of the carcass but total seizure: unfavorable bacteriological examination

Carcasses of lambs: Sero-hemorrhagic infiltrations extensive, due to the attack herd by stray dogs Total entry

Pork thigh: Fracture of the femur.

Sero-hemorrhagic infiltration.

Injury where predominates the blood: recent character

Generalized processes

• Acute poisoning or intoxination: - Ingestion or in situ production of toxic(Enterotoxicosis ...)

- Liver and kidney damage: degeneration - Sometimes hemolytic jaundice

Liver, tongue and kidney of bovine: fatty degeneration Liver very hypertrophied, friable, dough consistency Hypertrophied, degenerated kidneys Yellow tracheal mucosa: jaundice

Detail of the liver of the previous slide (hile region): soft and friable consistency

Cervical Uterus: gangrenous metritis Liver of the same animal: hepatitis and degeneration (resorption of toxins)

Parasitic lesions • What parasite?

- Zoonoses: • Bovine Cysticercosis • Porcine cysticercosis • Trichinosis - Potential zoonoses • Echinococcosis - Other: • Cysticercosis other • Ascaridoses • Hepatic, pulmonary and intestinal strongylosis • Distomatoses • Hypodermosis

Bovine masseter: live cysticeric

Heart of cattle: calcified cysticercosis

Pig muscle: cysticercosis (Cysticercus cellulosae)

Striped pig muscle: trichinous cyst

Sheep fringe: Echinococcosis

Sheep diaphragm: cysticercosis with Cysticercus ovis, larva of Taenia ovis (definitive host: canidae)

Liver of sheep: cysticercosis with Cysticercus taenuicollis, larva of Taenia marginata (= T. hydatigena). Definitive host: canine Synonyms: hepato-peritoneal cysticercosis, "water ball"

Bovine lung: Induced atelectasis by verminous plugs Dirofilaria sp.

Sheep lungs: "verminous pneumonia" in its three essential forms: 1: calcified pseudotuberculosis (Muellerius capillaris), 2: "gray pneumonia" (Protostrongylus rufescens), 3: apical pneumonia.

Horse Liver: calcified pseudotubercles of strongylian origin

Pork liver and intestine: ascaridosis and chronic interstitial hepatitis

Bovine liver: cholangitis and sclerosis of distomic origin (Fasciola hepatica)

Bovine liver: cholangitis.

Large living moat emerging from the incised bile ducts

Bovine liver: cholangitis and sclerosis of distomic origin Subacute eosinophilic lymphadenitis

Bovine lung: partially calcified necrotic focus erratic distomatosis

Sheep liver: bile duct ectasia (fasciolosis)

Liver of sheep: foci of scattered sclerosis: dicrocoeliosis

Bovine carcass Eosinophilic dorsal infiltrations Hypodermosis

Spinal canal of cattle: larva migrans (hypodermosis)

Lesions of infectious origin • Characteristic lesions of a communicable disease to the man: - Tuberculosis - Brucellosis - Rouget - Salmonellosis - Coals (bacterial and symptomatic) - Gore

Bovine lung Tuberculosis Complete Primary Complex N.B .: the denomination of tuberculosis is reserved for lesions where the tubercle bacillus by culture or histopathology

Bovine lung tuberculosis Chronic form of organs Other features: Bleeding Accident Regurgitation of agony

Bovine liver: caseous necrosis and multiple nodules (tuberculosis)

Bovine liver: fibro-calcific lymphadenitis and parenchymatous foci multiples of the same nature. Tuberculosis (chronic form of organs)

Cow Placenta: Haemorrhagic necrosis of cotyledons (brucellosis)

Pork carcass: Congestive dermatitis in foci geometric "Disease of the tile" Rouget (cutaneous form) Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

Veal liver Necrotizing insular hepatitis "Ledschbor Liver" salmonellosis

Bovine thigh: pseudotumoral focus of hemorrhagic necrosis: Symptomatic Coal: Clostridium sp.

Cattle spleen: Intense congestion and massive necrosis: Bacterial charcoal "Blood of spleen" (Bacillus anthracis)

Lesions of infectious origin • Other cases: - Extent of virulence?

• Infectious focus: always virulent => seizure • Loco-regional repercussions: lymphadenitis • Passage into the bloodstream: syndromes generalization - septicemia - septico-pyoemia - generalized congestion

Liver of cattle: abscess Encysted process: confined virulence

Bovine liver: hepatic necrobacillosis. Unconfined virulence

Lymphatic node of cattle Congestive Lymphadenitis

Bovine lymph node: fibrous lymphadenitis with hypertrophy of lymphoid follicles

Pig lymph node Congestive Lymphadenitis

Bovine carcass: hemorrhagic septicemia: multiple sufferings

Bovine Intestine Multiple haemorrhagic bleeding septicemia

Bovine lung Hemorrhagic necrosis outbreaks multiple Septico-pyaemia

Pig lung: pyoemic abscess

Bovine kidney: congestive glomerulitis

Bovine kidney: glomerulo-epithelial nephritis

Bovine kidney: Miliary abscess Septico-pyaemia

Pork kidney: congestive glomerulo-nephritis NB: this lesion evokes red mullet

Bovine kidney: multiple abscesses Septico-pyoemia bacillus of necrosis cytosteatonecrosis General congestion

Pork kidney: thromboembolic nephritis

Spleen of cattle: pyoemic abscess

Lesions of infectious origin • Acute lesions (obligation to describe them): - Vascular and cellular phases of inflammation - Congestion - Exudation => congestive, exudative, edematious, fibrinous, sero-fibrinous, sero-haemorrhagic, purulent, necrotic, gangreneous, sickly ...

Bovine peritoneum Congestive Peritonitis

Bovine peritoneum Congestive Peritonitis

Bovine peritoneum Fibrino-congestive peritonitis

Bovine peritoneum: Fibrinocongestive peritonitis

Bovine peritoneum: Gangreneous peritonitis

Bovine carcass: "Generalized congestion" Character bleeding

Lesions of infectious origin • Chronic lesions (compulsory to describe): - Wound healing phase, fibrosis, reorganization, exhaustion. => fibrous, sclerotic, cicatricial, encysted ... => amyotrophies, serous infiltrations

Bovine peritoneum: Fibrous peritonitis

Bovine carcass phthisis

Bovine carcass Hydrocachexie

Bovine carcass: Hydrocachexie

Bovine carcass: Hydrocachexie