Cattle nephritis

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Nephritis • Hematogenous nephritis – Non-suppurative nephritis

Pathology of the urinary tract Nephritis

Glomerulonephritis • Bacterial ~ – Haematogenous purulent nephritis → later ☺

• Viral ~ – Systemic diseases • newcastle disease, swine fever, infectious canine hepatitis, porcine cytomegalovirus infection – endothelial hypertrophy, necrosis, haemorrhages, mesangium-proliferation

• Chemical ~ – Adriamycin, cyclosporin A, hyperimmune sera, gold, d-penicillamine

• Immunological ~ – Immuncomplex ~ – Nephrotoxic ~

• Glomerulonephritis • Interstitial nephritis

– Suppurative nephritis

• Urinogenic nephritis

Glomerulonephritis • Immune complex glomerulonephritis – Type III. hypersensitivity reaction

• Nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis – Type II. hypersensitivity reaction

• Features • enlarged, moist, pale kidneys with many petechiae in the cortex (glomeruli) • exsudation, infiltration, cell proliferation, sclerosis, basement membrane damage, capillary necrosis, fibroblast proliferation

Immune complex glomerulonephritis • Chronic bacterial infections – Endocarditis, polyarthritis, endometritis

• Viral infections – SP, ASP, BVD, EIA, FIP, FIV/FeLV ☺

• Parasitic conditions – Dirofilariosis

• Autoimmune diseases – Systemic lupus erythematosus, autoimmune hemolytic anaemia

• Neoplasia


Nephrotoxic glomerulonephritis • Cytotoxic hypersensitivity reaction • Binding of specific antibodies to cell surface antigens – Blood group antigens – transfusion! – Goodpasture syndrome – Myasthenia gravis

Type III hypersensitivity reaction

Immune complex glomerulonephritis • Histopathological forms – (Exsudative glomerulonephritis) – Proliferative glomerulonephritis • proliferation of mesangial cells, endothelial cells, epithelial cells

– Membranous glomerulonephritis – Membraneproliferative glomerulonephritis – Glomerulosclerosis

Type II hypersensitivity reaction

Membranosus GN

IC Exsudative glomerulonephritis

Pathology of the urinary tract


Exsudative glomerulonephritis, cattle

Exsudative glomerulonephritis, swine

Porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome

Pathology of the urinary tract

Pathology of the urinary tract

Mesangial cell Endothelial cell

Mesangial cell proliferative glomerulonephritis

Membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis


Nephritis • Hematogenous nephritis – Non-suppurative nephritis • Glomerulonephritis • Interstitial nephritis

– Suppurative nephritis

• Urinogenic nephritis

Interstitial nephritis • „Tubulointerstitial nephritis” – tubular epithelial damage → interstitial nephritis

• Acute – subacute – chronic • Infectious – non-infectious origin • Features – diffuse or multifocal greyish-white discolouration in the cortex and medulla – lymphoplasmacytic cellular infiltration • histiocytes, giant cells might be also present • some neutrophil granulocyte in the acute phase • fibrosis, glomerulosclerosis in chronic cases

Interstitial nephritis • Leptospirosis – Leptospira interrogans var. canicola, pomona, icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo etc. – Pathogenesis • • • •

leptospiraemia localisation in capillaries migration into tubular lumens survival in epithelial cells of proximal and distal convoluted tubules, damage of these structures • diffuse interstitial nephritis

Interstitial nephritis • Canine infectious hepatitis – Canine adenovirus 2 (CAV-2) – Pathogenesis • viral glomerulitis, glomerulonephritis • localisation and persistence in tubular epithelial cells (inclusion bodies!) • tubular epithelial necrosis • chronic lymphoplasmocytic nephritis

Interstitial nephritis • • • • •

Canine herpesvirus infection Sheep pox Equine arteriitis Malignant catarrhal fever PCV-2, PRRS virus

Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, PCV-2, pig


Interstitial nephritis, PCV-2 infection, pig

Interstitial nephritis, PCV-2 infection, pig

Granulomatous nephritis • Mycobacteriosis – „Nephritis tuberculosa caseosa” – „Nephritis tuberculosa proliferativa”

Interstitial nephritis, PCV-2 infection, pig

Granulomatous nephritis • Granuloma formation – Macroscopically visible foci dispersed mainly in the cortex – Characteristic granulomatous cell proliferation • lymphocytes, histiocytes, giant cells, eosinophil and/or neutrophil granulocytes, fibroblasts

– Differential diagnosis → neoplasia!

Granulomatous nephritis • Viruses – Feline coronavirus (FIP) • mainly in „dry” form: pyogranulomatous vasculitis

• Fungi – Aspergillus sp., Histoplasma sp.

• Parasites – Toxocara sp. - dogs

• Protozoa – Encephalitozoon cuniculi - rabbit

• Plant toxins – fodder vetch (Vicia villosa, hairy vetch) - cattle


FIP, cat

Hairy vetch poisoning, cattle

Nephritis

Suppurative nephritis • Embolic suppurative nephritis (glomerulitis)

• Hematogenous nephritis – Non-suppurative nephritis

– Pathogens

• Glomerulonephritis • Interstitial nephritis

• • • • • •

– Suppurative nephritis

• Urinogenic nephritis

Actinobacillus equuli Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Actinomyces pyogenes Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis Francisella tularensis Pasteurella multocida

Pathology of the urinary tract

Nephritis • Hematogenous nephritis – Non-suppurative nephritis • Glomerulonephritis • Interstitial nephritis

Hematogenous suppurative (embolic) nephritis

– Suppurative nephritis

• Urinogenic nephritis (pyelonephritis)

Pathology of the urinary tract


Pyelonephritis • Features – Exsudate accumulation in the pelvis – Inflammation, necrosis of calyces – Tubulointerstitial inflammation – Asymmetric deposition of fibrotic tissue – Pyonephros, perinephric abscess

Ascending pyelonephritis

Pyelonephritis • Predisposing factors – Urocystitis – Stasis of urine, urine abnormalities – Iatrogenic – Developmental anomalies of calyces, pelvis or ureteric valves – Vesicoureteral reflux

Pyelonephritis • Ascending infection – Pathogens • • • • • • • •

Escherichia coli Enterobacter spp. Pseudomonas spp. Proteus spp. Corynebacterium renale Actinobaculum suis Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp. Mixed infections


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