2. Land tenure consideration

learning and communication skills.

In addition, according to the intent of landscape design of this Women’s House, several cash crops are planned to be planted around the site, including peanuts, sugarcane, cotton, tomato, green beans, etc. Therefore, some related planting lessons will be organized in the Women’s House. l Moreover, in order to bring economic benefits to the Women’s House, all the cash crops around the building will be sold as products belonging to the Women’s House. This means that promotional and sales activities need to be carried out by local women. In fact, all the activities in this Women’s House are planned to achieve gender equality in Baghere. As shown in the diagram below:

Figure: Activities in Women’s House to achieve gender equality

1.5.6 Local women organization

The United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN Women), as a member of the United Nations Development Group, is good for the Women’s House to obtain some help. A National Strategy for Gender Equality and Equity has been developed with the support of UN Women Senegal Program (UN Women Africa, 2021). The development of this Women’s House could be in line with the guidelines of the relevant authorities to promote the development of Baghere and enhance the rights and interests of local women.

2.1 Site selection

We chose the 'ideal site' determined by the competition organizer. The site has a flat terrain, convenient transportation, sufficient water resources, complete surrounding service facilities, covering education, medical, administrative, folk, and other living resources, meeting the primary construction conditions of the 15-minute life circle. Simultaneously, according to the population

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data, this site can radiate more female residents in the village and surrounding communities. It is a suitable site for construction.

2.2 Land environment and land tenure arrangements

Since 2000, with the development of domestic economic activities in Senegal, the demand of Senegalese people, communities, and enterprises for land acquisition has been expanding, especially the centralized acquisition of large-scale land. It also brings new challenges to the government and urban planning departments to clarify the use of land rights and legal responsibilities. Senegal has always been a country focusing on the development of agricultural production. In 1964, the national government promulgated the "land law", which stipulates that the land is owned by the state and modified and used up to now. The state confiscates the landlords' land, which accounts for 15% of the population, and the peasants have the right to use the land they share.

Senegal's land is divided into state-owned land, public land, and state land. The state allocates the right to manage state-owned land to local governments. State-owned land registered in rural areas, excluding agricultural land, mainly includes land connected to public buildings or public facilities. The state decides whether to set up projects on public land, but it must first consult the Regional Council. The areas covered by the unique land management plan should be reported by the local government, approved by the Council, and managed by the District, city, or rural community. 95% of the national land is agricultural land. The state holds the state-owned land. The rules of land use are determined at the national level and managed by the Rural Committee.

The land type we choose is state-owned land. At present, the relevant land law of the site is the land law issued in 1964. Our building type is the self-built house, which serves the community. Therefore, the more detailed land type is "home territories" used for housing and rural livelihood activities (zones des terroirs); The use rules and construction standards are managed by the village committee. The service life of the application is 60 to 90 years.

Moreover, in Africa, gender discrimination in land ownership, rights, and access prevent women and their communities from realizing their full potential and contributing to sustainable development. In Africa, women own less land and usually can only obtain or obtain public use rights through male relatives. Such a phenomenon puts African women in a disadvantageous position in society. The Senegalese government has realized that women's more land-use rights are conducive to the development of social equity, effectively reducing the social crime rate and poverty, and conducive to social education and children's development health care. The government is increasingly motivated to further enhance women's access to land and natural resources. For example, at the land + conference, four countries, including Senegal, set goals for women's greater land distribution rights participation. Among them,

Goal 1 points out: end poverty in all its forms everywhere Indicator 1.4.2: Proportion of total adult population with secure tenure rights to land, with legally recognized documentation and who perceive their rights to land as safe, by sex and by type of tenure

Goal 5: achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls Indicator 5.a.1 (a) Proportion of total agricultural population with ownership or secure rights over agricultural land, by sex; and (b) share of women among owners or rights-bearers of agricultural land, by type of tenure. Indicator 5.a.2: Proportion of countries where the legal framework (including customary law) guarantees women's equal rights to land ownership and/or control

To sum up, our construction land is in line with the government's goal of protecting women and the land development strategy of gender equality in Senegal.

2.3 The act of safeguarding the land tenure

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The protection of land use right mainly comes from two aspects: the protection of national laws and land management institutions' management.

Senegal’s formal law – including the National Domain Law of 1964, the 1972 Rural Community Law, and the Decentralization Law of 1996, and multiple decrees – decentralized land administration functions to a subnational system of regional and local governing bodies (the commune in urban areas and communities in rural areas). Our project's site also needs to comply with the norms and requirements for land in these legal frameworks.

The central government has complete power over land planning, and the Ministry of human settlements and construction and the Ministry of water resources are the two departments that exercise power most frequently. Village committees are responsible for implementing the central government's land development plan, including all kinds of residential, commercial, and industrial development and construction. Central-level institutions in charge of registration of private land rights and transactions in land are the Land Operations Control Commission (Commission de Contrôles des Opérations Domanicales – CCOD), the Director of Land (Directeur des Domaines) and the Collector (Receveur des Domaines) (Monkam 2009;World Bank 2002).

2.4 Land tenure risk

Previously, we wrote that our buildings are mainly dedicated to providing places for women's activities and promoting gender equality. Therefore, land tenure is in line with the national land development strategy and goals. And the land type is exact. Therefore, land tenure has no high risk during the construction period and at least 60 years of building use.

2.5 Land application and approval procedures

The state government should first register the national land, including "homeland," in the state's name and issue laws to distribute the land in the public interest. The condition often takes advantage of this mandatory right to purchase land from areas managed by rural Council/towns and distributes it to private operators through long-term leasing. The project shall apply to the local village committee for the land use right, and the village committee shall report it to the Land Committee under the government. The members of the Land Committee shall discuss, decide the land allocation and announce the resolution.

2.6 Improvement of existing construction and Village Planning Proposal

2.6.1 planning and construction of more public toilets

Planning and building more public toilets can not only reflect gender equality but also meet the washing needs of more women. The setting of public toilets is an urban infrastructure construction and a necessary public service. In Baghere village, the current number of public toilets can not meet pedestrians' needs, especially women. Building more public toilets will significantly improve women's health.

On the other hand, the construction differences caused by gender differences should also be considered in public toilets. Many people have seen such a situation: the men's toilet is left out in front of the door, but there is a long line in front of the women's toilet. The imbalance of the proportion of male and female toilets has brought great trouble to women. The difference in physiological structure between men and women leads to that it is more difficult for women to go to the toilet than men in time and space. Women usually spend 2-3 times more time in the toilet than men; in terms of space, men's space for urination is relatively small, while women's space is relatively large, resulting in fewer women than men in the same toilet space. Many cities and regions have also faced an imbalance in the proportion of male and female toilet seats to varying degrees, resulting from the mechanized understanding of gender equality. It seems that the superficial 1:1 setting is gender equality, but it ignores the difference between men's and women's physiological

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