This Health System Assessment (HSA) was carried out to identify strengths and challenges of the Ugandan health system, and to make recommendations for interventions to strengthen the system. It has three specific objectives: First, it provides a baseline for monitoring health system performance throughout the period of the country‟s Health Sector Strategic and Investment Plan 2010/11–2014/15 (HSSIP). Second, it provides a snapshot, in a single document, of the status of Uganda‟s health system based on data collected from published documents and stakeholder interviews on different aspects of the system. Finally, it identifies the strengths and weaknesses of the system and provides recommendations, which can inform Government of Uganda (GoU) policymakers, development partners, and other stakeholders of potential areas for further strengthening, including ways to effectively implement the HSSIP.