TEST BANK for Cognition Theory and Practice 1st Edition Russell Revlin by ACADEMIAMILL

Chapter 01: Essay 1

Explain how the role of the outside world differs when comparing empiricism to rationalism. Answer: Empiricism says that reason is used to understand outside world, while rationalism says that concepts are intuitively known, and the outside world reminds us.

Cognition can be defined as the study of the processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, and used. Explain how each of these five functions is different. Answer: Your answer should differentiate among these different cognitive functions.

Explain how both information reduction and information elaboration play roles in cognitive processing. Answer: Information reduction involves reducing what is stored to crucial elements; information elaboration involves expanding recollection to include inferred content.

Describe the behaviorist approach and explain how the cognitive approach differs from it. Be sure to address how the two approaches view mental processes differently. Answer: The behaviorist approach believes that science should exclude unseen entities; consequently, mental processes are not part of scientific explanation. The cognitive approach focuses on understanding mental processes.

How did Gestalt psychology contribute to the development of cognitive psychology? Answer: Gestalt psychology was interested in the relationship between perception of whole and how it relates to perception of parts.

Describe how interest in computer simulation contributed to the development of cognitive psychology. Answer:

It provided the computer metaphor and computer models of mental processes. 7

Explain the difference between serial processing and parallel distributed processing in computer models of human information processing. Answer: Serial processing provides a description of sequential steps in the process; parallel distributed processing emphasizes processes that occur simultaneously.

Describe how behaviorism, Gestalt psychology, human factors, computer simulation, and cognitive neuroscience all played roles in the development of cognitive psychology. Answer: Your answer should be that behaviorism has a scientific emphasis, Gestalt focuses on perceptual processes, human factors focus on the impact of cognitive processes on interactions with technology, computer simulation involves modeling cognitive processes, and cognitive neuroscience focuses on the neurological basis of cognitive processes.

Explain how response accuracy, produced response, and response latency differ as measures of cognitive processes. For each method, describe a research situation where it would be the most useful approach. Answer: Your answer should show an understanding of the differences in what each measures; examples may vary, but information sought should match the method used.

How might transfer of training be used to investigate cognitive processes? Answer: It allows investigation of whether information can be used in a novel setting.

One of the primary goals of this text is to link research, theory, and practice. Give two examples of areas where cognitive findings have had practical implications. Answer: Answers may vary, but should illustrate practical implications.

Use an example to explain the difference between cognitive universals that have a biological basis and cultural differences that may still play a role. Answer:

Answer: Examples may vary, but should recognize that there can be cultural differences even when there is an underlying universal process. 13

Explain how advance organizers can be useful in reader comprehension. Answer: They provide information about the organization of the information to be learned.

False 1

John Locke was a rationalist. True False

According to the symbolic distance effect, the larger the difference in size between two objects, the faster the judgment of which is larger. True False

Behaviorists believed that hypothesizing mental processes was critical to understanding human behavior. True False

Gestalt psychologists believed that the whole is more than the sum of its parts. True False

Human factors is concerned with helping people to perform tasks efficiently and safely. True False

Serial processors describe human information processing as a group of decisions and actions that all are produced at the same time. True False

Cognitive science is a field that includes cognitive psychology, linguistics, and artificial intelligence. True False

Testing how many photographs can be correctly recognized on a memory test is a method used in cognitive psychology and is known as produced response. True False

Using response latency as a measure is based on the assumption that the more difficult a mental task is, the more time it should take to complete it. True False

Transfer of training refers to testing whether someone can use information in new circumstances. True False

Cognitive psychology is primarily interested in looking at differences between cultural groups rather than in identifying universals. True False

Advance organizers help people to learn new information. True False

TestBanks Chapter 01: Web Quiz 1

Who of the following believed in rationalism? Aristotle Plato Locke Skinner

The larger the difference in size between two objects, the faster the judgment of which is larger will be. This finding is known as ____________ and illustrates how cognitive processes _______________ information. categorical clustering; transform categorical clustering; reduce symbolic distance effect; transform symbolic distance effect; reduce

Human recollections are rarely perfect duplications of an original event. Rather, they involve reconstruction of the event. The processes in this reconstruction illustrate which of the following aspects of cognitive processing? transformation of information reduction of information elaboration of information storage of information

Which of the following approaches emphasized that humans can be scientifically understood by looking exclusively at behavior? behavioral cognitive psychology Gestalt psychology human factors research

Who of the following would be MOST likely to emphasize that when we listen to music we tend to hear a melody rather than a sequence of individual notes? a behaviorist a Gestalt psychologist a human factors researcher a cognitive neuroscientist

Jane is interested in redesigning the array of instruments in an airplane cockpit to reduce the number pilot errors. Her interest is MOST closely associated with: behaviorism. cognitive neuroscience. Ggestalt psychology. human factors research.

The neural networks approach:

The neural networks approach: emphasizes that human information processing occurs in parallel. is concerned with the study of the relationship between brain structures, neurological activity, and cognitive function. emphasizes the sequential nature of cognitive processes. focuses on the limits of our cognitive capacities.

Researchers from fields such as anthropology, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and cognitive psychology, who are interested in the study of mental activity and intelligent behavior, are included in the broad field of: human factors. gestalt studies. cognitive science. empiricism.

Looking at the number of questions correctly answered on a multiple choice test is an example of using ____________ as a research methodology. produced response response accuracy response latency transfer of training

A researcher is interested in studying the kinds of memory distortions that result from the reconstruction processes involved in memory. Which of the following research techniques allows the researcher to examine the types of memory distortions that are produced? produced response response accuracy response latency transfer of training

Which of the following research methodologies assumes that the more difficult a mental task is, the more time it should take to complete? produced response response accuracy response latency transfer instead of “elements,” “processes” training

TestBanks Chapter 01: Multiple Choice 1

Which of the following examples BEST illustrates interference between cognitive processes? looking for a parking space while talking on a cell phone mentally rehearsing an address while talking with a friend driving a car while talking to a friend driving a car while looking for an address

The branch of psychology that identifies our mental processes and how they affect our ability to interact with the world around us is called: behaviorism. cognitive psychology. neuroscience. Gestalt psychology.

We use basic human reasoning to understand and learn about the world outside ourselves. This statement BEST illustrates the basic tenet of: empiricism. rationalism. behaviorism. All of the answers are correct.

Who of the following was an advocate of empiricism? Aristotle Descartes Chomsky Plato

Who of the following was NOT an advocate of rationalism? Aristotle Plato Descartes Chomsky

The position that there are concepts that we know intuitively and that realworld experience only reminds of this knowledge is known as: empiricism. rationalism. cognition. behaviorism.

7 Cognition can be defined as the study of those processes by

Cognition can be defined as the study of those processes by which the sensory input is _________. transformed reduced stored All of the answers are correct. 8

The ability to perceive shapes and colors as a result of the stimulation of millions of individual receptors illustrates how cognitive processes _______ information. transform reduce elaborate store and recover

The symbolic distance effect predicts that: the larger the difference in size between two objects, the faster the judgment of which is larger. the smaller the difference in size between two objects, the faster the judgment of which is larger. the closer together two objects are, the faster the judgment of which is larger. the further apart two objects are, the faster the judgment of which is larger.

Based on the symbolic distance effect, for which of the following pairs of animals would you expect the fastest time to judge which was larger? a fly and an ant a horse and a cow a horse and a fly a zebra and a donkey

In research conducted by Noordzij, Zuidhock, & Postma (2007), they asked both sighted and blind subjects to imagine different clock times on a clock face and determine which produced the greater angle between the clock hands. They found that responses were: faster when the difference between the two sets of clock hands was bigger, regardless of whether the participants were sighted or blind. faster when the difference between the two sets of clock hands was bigger but only for sighted participants. faster when the difference between the two sets of clock hands was bigger but only for blind participants. unaffected by the size of the difference between the two sets of clock hands.

George asks Jennifer about her trip to see the Grand Canyon. As Jennifer recalls her memory of that trip, she doesn't remember every single thing that happened but rather she remembers the highlights. This example

rather she remembers the highlights. This example illustrates how cognitive processes ________ information. transform reduce elaborate use 13

In a demonstration found in the text, you were asked to pick out the correct picture of a penny. Most people find this to be a difficult task despite having seen pennies on a regular basis throughout their lives. This difficulty is MOST closely associated with what aspect of cognitive processing? transformation of information reduction of information elaboration of information recovery of information

Categorical clustering illustrates which of the following aspects of cognitive processing? transformation of information reduction of information elaboration of information storage of information

Mary was presented with a short story about a person named John going to a restaurant. While the story did not include any information about John placing an order with the waiter, Mary later recollects that he did. This aspect of her memory illustrates which aspect of cognitive processing? transformation of information reduction of information elaboration of information storage of information

Memory is MOST closely associated with which of the following aspects of cognitive processing? transformation of information reduction of information elaboration of information storage and recovery of information

Jennifer is asked whether a goldfish can smell. Although she doesn't at first know the answer to this question, she does remember learning that salmon can smell and reasons that, if salmon can smell, then goldfish can probably smell too. Jennifer's conclusion BEST illustrates which aspect of cognitive processes? transformation of information reduction of information elaboration of information use of information

Which of the following is a function of cognitive processes?

Which of the following is a function of cognitive processes? reducing the information being stored elaborating on the information being retrieved using information All of the answers are correct.

George describes thought as “nothing but talking to ourselves.” This description illustrates the position of a(n): empiricist. rationalist. cognitive psychologist. behaviorist.

Which of the following approaches to psychology holds that mental phenomena cannot be observed, and so they are not a valid topic for scientific explanation? behaviorism cognitive psychology Gestalt psychology information processing

Who of the following would have MOST objected to the claim that in order to understand humans, we need to include the scientific study of mental processes? behaviorists cognitive psychologists Gestalt psychologists human factors researchers

Which of the following was NOT a line of work that made major contributions to the development of cognitive psychology? human factors research computer simulations of human behavior human perception the study of individual differences

Information processing is closely associated with: behaviorism. empiricism. cognitive psychology. Information processing is a major part of all these approaches.

Which of the following approaches to psychology is MOST closely associated with the claim that the whole is greater than the sum of the parts? behaviorism Gestalt psychology human factors computer science

computer science 25

Which of the following approaches to psychology is MOST closely associated with discovering the principles that determine how the perception of the whole is derived from the perception of individual parts? human factors behaviorism Gestalt psychology cognitive neuroscience

Illusory contours would be of MOST interest to a: behaviorist. Gestalt psychologist. human factors psychologist. researcher interested in computer simulation.

Which of the following approaches to psychology is concerned with helping people to perform tasks efficiently and safely? human factors behaviorism Gestalt psychology information processing

Mark is interested in measuring attentional limitations while performing basic tasks under different conditions. This type of research would be of the MOST interest to a: human factors researcher. Gestalt psychologist. behaviorist. computer scientist.

A human factors researcher would be MOST likely to: study subvocal speech as a way of understanding language acquisition. design a computer program that simulates the decision making stages involved in choosing between two options. study the ability to attend to blips on a radar screen. study the brain areas involved in language acquisition.

The use of the computer metaphor for understanding cognitive processes led to all of the following EXCEPT: talking about human intellectual activity using terms like memory capacity, retrieval, and encoding that originally came from computer science. the development of computer programs that produced output that matches the behavior of a real person. an emphasis on an experimental approach to cognitive psychology. the creation of new theories of human cognition.

the creation of new theories of human cognition. 31

Which of the following approaches to understanding cognitive processes emphasizes developing computer programs that match human behavior? Gestalt psychology human factors computer simulation cognitive neuroscience

Which of the following is a goal of cognitive neuroscience? discovering how the brain contributes to cognitive activity using neurological findings to test cognitive theories of how the mind works finding treatments for debilitating neurological diseases All of the answers are correct.

Computer models that describe the sequential steps of processing information through some cognitive process involve: serial processing. parallel distributed processing. neural networks. human factors.

The neural networks approach to computer simulation has done all of the following EXCEPT: provided models of facial recognition. been helpful to law enforcement's efforts to identify terrorists. described the process by which a physician might diagnosis what disease a person might have. described the sequential steps in processing from the encoding of a question to the determination of an answer.

The description of the relationship between brain structures, neurological activity, and cognitive function is the goal of: human factors. neural networks. cognitive neuroscience. Gestalt psychology.

Which of the following is NOT a primary goal of cognitive neuroscientists? examining how sequential processors can account for cognitive processes discovering how the brain contributes to cognitive activity using neurological findings to test cognitive theories finding treatments for debilitating neurological diseases

finding treatments for debilitating neurological diseases 37

The finding that damage to a particular area of the brain disrupted speech production would MOST likely result from research studying: human factors. neural networks. cognitive neuroscience. computer simulation.

Cognitive science is an interdisciplinary field that includes all of the following EXCEPT: artificial intelligence. philosophy. cognitive neuroscience. All of these disciplines are part of cognitive science.

A researcher is recording how many words on a list a participant is able to correctly recall. What she is doing illustrates the use of _________ as a research methodology. response latency produced response response accuracy transfer of training

Placing a research participant in a challenging situation and determining whether the participant makes the correct response is representative of a research approach known as: response accuracy. produced response. response latency. transfer of training.

A researcher has participants read a story and recall it after a delay. The researcher looks at the parts of the story that the participants are MOST likely to recall. This example illustrates the use of ______________ as a research methodology. response latency produced response response accuracy transfer of training

A researcher is interested in how culture impacts what is remembered from a story. Which research method is MOST likely to be used to answer that question? response latency produced response response accuracy transfer of training

Using response latency as a way of examining cognitive

Using response latency as a way of examining cognitive processes assumes that: reaction time is filled with specific cognitive processes. the response made reflects the participants interpretation of the task. more difficult tasks result in lower response accuracy. cognitive processes happen in parallel.

When using response latency as a measure of a cognitive task, ______ reaction times would be indicative of greater task difficulty, while, with response accuracy, ______ accuracy rates would be indicative of greater task difficulty. faster; higher faster; lower slower; higher slower; lower

The min method approach to mental arithmetic would predict that which of the following addition problems would take the LEAST time to respond to? 1+9 2+3 2+5 5+2

A researcher has participants learn information in one of two different formats. The researcher then examines how well the participants can use that information in a novel context. This example illustrates the use of ________ as a research methodology. response accuracy produced response response latency transfer of training

A researcher is interested in whether having participants learn to solve one problem improves the likelihood that they can solve a different problem. This question could be BEST addressed using __________ as a research methodology. response accuracy produced response response latency transfer of training

Which of the following is an example of an application of cognitive research? Cognitive research has helped physicians to determine whether a patient is suffering from Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's dementia. Cognitive research has helped police learn how to reduce biases when they create lineups. Cognitive research has provided a theoretical basis for

Cognitive research has provided a theoretical basis for treating depression. All of the answers are correct. 49

When shown two faces of novel animals, infants prefer to look at the more attractive face. This example provides evidence that the preference for attractive faces is ____________ and illustrates a __________ preference. biologically based; universal biologically based; learned culturally based; universal culturally based; learned

Different languages have different numbers of color names, yet there is no evidence that speakers of these languages differ in their basic ability to see color. These findings indicate that: color perception is a universal process. color naming is a culturally determined process. color perception is a biologically based process. All of the answers are correct.

According to the section of the textbook that describes its organization, the processes that focus on the interface between the world outside us and our internal experience of it are made up of: sensory systems. memory systems. language systems. problem solving and reasoning.

TestBanks Chapter 02: Essay 1

Describe how information is transmitted through a neuron and communicated to other neurons. Answer: Describe the functions of components of the neuron, synapse, and neurotransmitters.

What are the primary functions of the hindbrain, and what would be the likely outcome if the central hindbrain was damaged? Answer: Describe lifesupport functions: Coma or death would be the likely outcome.

Describe the neurological basis of Parkinson's dementia. Answer: Damage to substantia nigra reduces dopamine, the key neurotransmitter involved in muscle control.

Describe brain lateralization, being as specific as possible. Answer: Description should include specific functions of right and left hemispheres.

What is phrenology? In what way was phrenology correct? In what way was it incorrect? Answer: It was correct to study bumps on the head, phrenology was correct about localization of function. Phrenology was incorrect about the bumps on the head having anything to do with functional localization.

What is melodic intonation therapy (MIT)? What type of brain injury would it likely be useful in treating? Be as specific as possible about the likely areas of injury, the areas that would have to be uninjured, and the reasons why. Answer: Describe MIT. It would be likely to help inability to speak fluently as a result of left frontal lobe damage. The right frontal lobes need to be undamaged because of the right

frontal lobes need to be undamaged because of the right frontal lobes' role in singing songs. 7

Describe what is meant by “brain plasticity.” Be sure that your answer explains the role of neurogenesis. Answer: It is the ability of the brain to alter function to compensate for damage, as well as other regions taking over function for damaged areas; neurogenesis describes development of new connections.

Explain how EEG can be used to help a paralyzed person to communicate. Answer: EEG monitors brain waves: A person can learn to produce different brain waves as a means of responding.

Describe how positron emission tomography (PET) is used to examine the brain areas involved in specific cognitive tasks. Identify one limitation of PET as an imaging technique. Answer: PET shows the role of radioactive glucose, tracing blood flow and to do so involves the use of subtraction. Limitations could include poor temporal resolution, limited time before tracer is absorbed, and that it is an invasive technique.

Describe the subtraction method that is used in PET and fMRI imaging. Answer: It uses two tasks that differ in terms of one cognitive process. Identify what is activated with the process that isn't activated without it.

How do fMRI and rTMS differ in the way that they use magnets? Answer: fMRI measures brain activity; rTMS influences brain activity.

False 1

Trepanning (or trephining) is cutting a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape. True False

The typical adult brain consists of around 1 million neurons. True False

Signals from other neurons are transmitted to the cell body through the axon. True False

People with Parkinson's disease have lost many of their cells that produce dopamine. True False

Automatic lifesupport functions like breathing and heart rate are controlled by the forebrain. True False

The corpus callosum connects the two hemispheres of the brain. True False

The visual cortex is located in the occipital lobes. True False

Melodic intonation therapy (MIT) is a technique that can help some people communicate by singing when they have lost the ability to speak fluently due to frontal lobe damage. True False

The brain imaging technique known as electroencephalograh (EEG) involves applying a strong electromagnetic field to the brain. True False

The brain imaging technique known as positron emission tomography (PET) involves injecting radioactive glucose into the bloodstream. True False

The BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) response is associated with the brain imaging technique known as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). True False

The brain imaging technique known as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) involves using magnets to cause an increase or decrease in a specific brain area's activity. True False

TestBanks Chapter 02: Web Quiz 1

The “valleys” of the “hills and valleys” that make up the topography of the brain are called: fissures. gyri. synapses. axons.

_______ conduct input to the cell body, and ______ convey signals from the cell bodies toward connections with other neurons. Axons; dendrites Dendrites; axons Synapses; axons Synapses; dendrites

Damage to which brain area is MOST likely to result in coma or death? forebrain midbrain hindbrain corpus callosum

Which of the following is a typical function of the right hemisphere of the brain? controls grammatical analysis controls speech production controls basic language comprehension understands figurative or metaphorical use of language

Damage to the occipital lobes is MOST likely to result in: cortical blindness. inability to feel things touching the skin. inability to produce speech. inability to hear.

Which of Einstein's lobes was more developed and larger than a typical adult his age? It has been suggested that this larger size might help explain his extraordinary mathematical ability. frontal lobes temporal lobes occipital lobes parietal lobes

Damage to the rightfrontal lobe is likely to interfere with the ability to ________ , while damage to the leftfrontal lobe is likely to interfere with the ability to ________. talk fluently; sing

talk fluently; sing sing; talk fluently see; hear hear; see 8

A child born with damage to the regions of the brain that normally control language functions nonetheless learns to express and understand language. This outcome BEST illustrates which of the following aspects of brain function? brain lateralization brain localization brain plasticity neural transmission

A researcher is MOST likely to use EEG to determine: if more blood flows to the visual cortex when reading a book. what specific brain structures are involved in making a decision. whether Parkinson's disease is associated with a lack of dopamine. the brain wave patterns associated with being in a coma.

A researcher is interested in being able to detect whether an observer is surprised by seeing particular objects. Which of the following techniques allows the researcher to detect this type of emotional reaction? PET fMRI rTMS ERP

Which of the following is a limitation of using the PET methodology as a neuroimaging technique? It lacks precision in measuring the timing of a response. Tracer chemicals are absorbed quickly, limiting the time in which research can occur. It requires injecting a radioactive chemical into the research participant. All of these answers are correct.

_____ uses magnets to influence activity in the brain, while _____ uses magnets to measure activity in the brain. PET; fMRI PET; rTMS fMRI; rTMS rTMS; fMRI

TestBanks Chapter 02: Multiple Choice 1

An early treatment for mental disorders that involved cutting a hole in the skull to allow evil spirits to escape was called: trepanning. phrenology. splitting the brain. neuroimaging.

Research examining Albert Einstein's brain revealed that: he had a much larger brain than the typical person. he had lessdeveloped fissures than the typical person. he had a more developed corpus callosum than the typical person. his left hemisphere was noticeably larger than his right hemisphere.

Approximately how many neurons are found in the typical adult brain? 10 thousand 1 million 10 million 10 billion

The large mass of the brain that we see when we look at the surface of the brain is called the: cortex. corpus callosum. midbrain. axon.

Which part of the neuron receives input from other neurons? dendrite cell body axon synapse

Which part of the neuron conducts electrical activity from a neuron to other neurons? dendrite cell body axon nucleus

Transmission of information through a neuron travels from the: axon to the dendrites and then to the cell body.

axon to the dendrites and then to the cell body. cell body to the axon and then the dendrites. dendrites to the cell body and then to the axon. axon to the cell body and then to the dendrites. 8

The gap between neurons is known as the: dendrite. axon. synapse. neurotransmitter.

Which of the following is TRUE of the transmission of information from one neuron to another? Each neuron is directly “wired” to many other neurons. An electrical signal jumps the gap between neurons. Neurotransmitters cross the gap between neurons. Each neuron only communicates with one other neuron.

People with Parkinson's disease: lack a sufficient amount of a neurotransmitter. have difficulty with the electrical signal passing down the axon. have too few dendrites. All of the answers are correct.

The part of the brain that controls basic automatic life support functions, such as breathing and heart rate, is known as the: hindbrain. midbrain. forebrain. cortex.

Field sobriety tests ask people to engage in coordinated actions like walking in a straight line. Alcohol makes this difficult because of its impact on the: hindbrain. midbrain. forebrain. cortex.

The relay center for visual and auditory sensory information is found in which part of the brain? forebrain midbrain hindbrain cerebellum

14 Voluntary movement is controlled by the ________, which

Voluntary movement is controlled by the ________, which is found in the ________.

cerebellum; hindbrain cerebellum; midbrain cortex; hindbrain cortex; midbrain People with Parkinson's dementia have damage to the _________, and this damage is associated with _______ of dopamine. cerebellum; a deficit cerebellum; an excess substantia nigra; a deficit substantia nigra; an excess An excess of the neurotransmitter dopamine is associated with which of the following disorders? Parkinson's disease schizophrenia Joubert syndrome All of these disorders are related to excess dopamine but in different parts of the brain.

The part of the brain that enables people to engage in complex learning, memory, and problem solving is found in the: forebrain. midbrain. hindbrain. cerebellum.

The right hemisphere of the brain controls the _______ side of the body and registers sensations from the _______side of the body right; right right; left left; right left; left

The cortex is found in the: hindbrain. midbrain. forebrain. cerebellum.

People who have “split brains” have had their _________ cut. frontal lobes dendrites hindbrain corpus callosum

The two hemispheres of the brain are connected by the: corpus callosum. anterior commissure. fornix. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a typical function of the left hemisphere? controlling movement of the right side of the body controlling speech production receiving sensory input from the right side of the body understanding figurative or metaphorical use of language

After a stroke, Sarah no longer understands that the statement “John has a heavy heart” means John is sad; but Sarah believes the statement means that John's heart weighs a lot. Sarah MOST likely has experienced damage to her: cerebellum. hindbrain. right hemisphere. left hemisphere.

The raised areas (bumps) that you see as you look at the brain are called: lobes. fissures. gyri. commissures.

Phrenologists believed that: cutting a hole in the skull allowed evil spirits to escape. mental faculties could be measured by examining the bumps on the skull. the brain was too inert to produce thought. the corpus callosum was the seat of the soul.

Phrenology is MOST closely associated with which of the following aspects of brain function? brain plasticity localization of function neurogenesis neural transmission

The primary visual cortex is in the: occipital lobes. parietal lobes.

parietal lobes. frontal lobes. temporal lobes. 28

After brain injury, Bill has impairment in his sense of touch in his right hand and has difficulty identifying the location of objects on his right. Bill's injury is likely to be to the: lefttemporal lobe. righttemporal lobe. leftparietal lobe. rightparietal lobe.

George is in a car accident and suffers a brain injury. After the injury, he is blind even though his eyes are still functioning normally. Which lobe of the brain is likely to have been injured? frontal occipital parietal temporal

Sensory input from a touch on the skin is transmitted to the: frontal lobes. occipital lobes. parietal lobes. temporal lobes.

Auditory language perceptual functions are primarily found in the ________ lobes. frontal occipital parietal temporal

Loss of the ability to speak fluently is MOST frequently associated with damage to the ______ lobe. leftfrontal rightfrontal leftparietal rightparietal

When damage occurs to the _______________ lobe, it can result in loss of the ability to speak fluently. However, these people can sometimes still sing songs if the ___________ lobe is not damaged. leftfrontal; leftparietal leftfrontal; rightfrontal rightfrontal; leftparietal rightfrontal; leftfrontal

Neurogensis is MOST closely related to:

information transmission across a synapse. the initiation of a neural impulse. brain plasticity. brain localization. People who are blind from birth show activation of the ___________ when reading Braille, while sighted Braille readers don't. This example illustrates ___________. parietal lobes; brain plasticity parietal lobes; brain lateralization occipital lobes; brain plasticity occipital lobes; brain lateralization

Sleep researchers look at changes in brain wave patterns during different types of sleep. They use ______ to examine these wave patterns. PET fMRI rTMS EEG

Higher levels of alertness are indicated by: higherfrequency brain waves. lowerfrequency brain waves. higheramplitude brain waves. more varied frequency and amplitude of brain waves.

A person has electrodes attached to his or her head as a part of which of the following neuroimaging techniques? EEG PET fMRI rTMS

Which of the following imaging techniques has also been used to help a paralyzed person communicate? EEG PET fMRI rTMS

Eventrelated potentials are measured using: EEG. PET. fMRI rTMS.

41 Which of the following techniques would be MOST useful for

Which of the following techniques would be MOST useful for determining the precise timing of cognitive processes? ERP PET fMRI rTMS 42

A researcher is presenting images as a participant watches. The researcher is looking for momentary changes in electrical responses that correspond to particular reactions and occur at precise times after the presentation of the image. The researcher is using which of the following neuroimaging techniques? ERP PET fMRI rTMS

Which of the following techniques would be the MOST useful for determining whether a particular brain structure is involved in a specific cognitive process? EEG ERP PET All the techniques are equally useful for this task.

Which of the following neuroimaging techniques detects where radioactive glucose goes within the brain? rTMS fMRI EEG PET

______ is an imaging technique that is particularly helpful in identifying when broad areas of the brain are involved in specific cognitive events, while _______ is effective in identifying more precisely which specific brain areas are involved. PET; EEG ERP; PET fMRI; EEG PET; ERP

Which of the following techniques subtracts brain activity during a task that involves minimal processing of information from the brain activity during a task that includes a specific cognitive process in order to determine which brain structures are activated during the cognitive process of interest? EEG ERP PET rTMS

A researcher is interested in determining the brain structures that are involved in determining which of two visual stimuli is larger. The researcher (1) measures the brain activity of participants while they are just looking at the two stimuli, (2) subtracts this pattern of activity from the pattern of activity when participants are looking at the two stimuli, and (3) then calculates which is larger. The researcher is using which of the following imagery techniques? EEG ERP PET rTMS

Which of the following is a limitation of using the PET methodology? PET lacks specificity in determining the brain structures involved in the processes being investigated. The tracer chemicals are not absorbed by the brain, and so they continue to circulate through the bloodstream. PET is more invasive than other techniques in that it requires the injection of a radioactive chemical. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following techniques uses magnets to measure the distribution of oxygen molecules throughout the brain? rTMS fMRI PET ERP

The BOLD response is associated with which of the following brain imaging techniques? EEG ERP PET fMRI

Which of the following brain imaging techniques is MOST closely associated with linking areas of the brain to specific cognitive functions? EEG ERP fMRI MIT

Which of the following techniques uses repetitive magnetic pulses to alter electrical activity in the brain? EEG PET fMRI rTMS

rTMS 53

Which of the following brain imaging techniques may be used as a therapeutic tool to help individuals with neurological dysfunctions by either disrupting or enhancing brain activity? ERP PET rTMS fMRI

TestBanks Chapter 03: Essay 1

Explain preattentive processing and focused attentional processing. When are you likely to use each type of processing? Answer: Preattentive processing is automatic and occurs when an object has a unique feature, and does not require focusing on each object; focused attentional processing is used when the target shares features with other objects and requires attention to each object.

Describe the where/what circuits and their functions. Answer: The where circuit determines spatial location—and runs from the visual/auditory cortex to the parietal lobe; the what circuit identifies stimuli—and runs from the visual/auditory cortex to the temporal lobe.

Explain how the flanker task can be used to measure the span of apprehension. Answer: The effect of flankers at varying distances can be compared. If they fall outside the span of apprehension, then they shouldn't have an effect.

What limitation in the whole report technique was the partial report technique designed to overcome? Explain the logic of the partial report technique. Answer: In the whole report, items decay while others are being reported, but the partial report only requires the report of a subset, with total available inferred based on percentage of subset reported.

Explain how the partial report technique can be used to measure capacity and duration of the visual sensory memory. Answer: Percentage of recall items is used to estimate the total number of items initially available; delay of cue in the partial report makes it possible to measure the speed of decay.

6 Describe a finding that demonstrates that sensory storage

Describe a finding that demonstrates that sensory storage is precategorical. Answer:

The inability to use conceptual categories to signal material to report in the partial report technique is such a finding. Explain how a dichotic listening task can be used to determine the fate of information that is not being attended to. Answer: With two channels of input, shadow one and test the ability to report changes in the unattended channel.

Describe the basic characteristics of automatic processes. Answer: They occur without intention, occur rapidly, don't require attentional resources, and are not subject to conscious awareness.

Why is it beneficial to have both automatic and controlled processes? Answer: Automatic processing has minimal attentional demands, is rapid but not reflective, and allows multiple processes; controlled processing allows thoughtful adjustment but requires attentional resources.

Describe how rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) can be used to measure attentional blink. Answer: In a twostage task, finding target 1 initiates the search for target 2; If target 2 comes too quickly after target 1, it falls in the attentional blink.

Describe the research on inattentional blindness and the impact of cell phone use while driving. Be sure to address use of handheld vs. handsfree phones and compare using a cell phone to engaging in a conversation with a passenger. Answer: Primary difficulty with using cell phones while driving is attentional; consequently, handsfree phones don't help. Conversation with a passenger is different because it is easier to adapt conversation to road conditions.

What is hemispheric neglect? How can it be detected?

What is hemispheric neglect? How can it be detected? Answer: It is attentional neglect of onehalf of the spatial world, detected through examining drawings (they tend to lack detail on the neglected side), and looking for disregard of one hand in tasks that require use of the hands.

Explain how methylphenidate produces its effects on those with ADHD. Answer: It increases blood flow to the frontal cortex, decreases blood flow to the motor cortex, and maintains availability of dopamine.

False 1

The attentional spotlight refers to moving our eyes to focus on something new. True False

The span of apprehension is typically about 1 degree to either side of the center of attention. True False

Subitizing refers to rapid labeling of small quantities of simultaneously presented items. True False

The duration of visual sensory memory can be measured using a delay before signaling what to report in the partial report technique. True False

The partial report technique can be used to accurately estimate the capacity of the visual sensory memory by signaling that the participant should report the letters in an array of letters and numbers. True False

Evidence that items in the unattended message of a shadowing task can elicit a galvanic skin response (GSR) supports a lateselection account of attention. True False

With practice, a controlled process can become more automatic. True False

A closed skill is one that is applied in unpredictable circumstances. True False

The attentional blink is the moment when you are shifting your attentional focus and are unable to fully attend to a new target event. True False

Change blindness refers to a decrease in the ability to perceive repeated stimuli during a rapid serial presentation of items. True False

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that using a handsfree phone is much safer than using handheld phones. True False

Hemispheric neglect is associated with parietal lobe damage. True False

Children with ADHD show decreased blood flow to the frontal lobes compared with age and IQmatched peers. True False

Dopamine appears to be a neurotransmitter that is involved in both ADHD and Parkinson's dementia. True False

TestBanks Chapter 03: Multiple Choice 1

The more time a person has been working on an attention task, the worse performance becomes. This finding BEST illustrates: that attention is limited. that attention is selective. the operation of preattentive processing. that attention is part of everyone's cognitive architecture.

Research by Mackworth (1950) showed that when recruits had to watch for a jerking motion in the hands of a Mackworth Clock: performance was unaffected by the time spent staring at the clock. there was a gradual reduction in accuracy over the first 60 minutes, but after that performance fell dramatically. there was a substantial reduction in accuracy over the first 60 minutes, but after that performance leveled out. performance over the first 30 minutes improved, but after 60 minutes the performance fell back to earlier levels.

Looking for a green triangle surrounded by red triangles involves ________, which is characterized by processing _______. preattentive processing; all the stimuli at once preattentive processing; the stimuli one at a time focused attention; all the stimuli at once focused attention; the stimuli one at a time

Looking for a green triangle surrounded by red triangles and green squares involves _______, which is characterized by processing ________. preattentional processing; all the stimuli at once preattentional processing; the stimuli one at a time focused attention; all the stimuli at once focused attention; the stimuli one at a time

Looking for a green triangle surrounded by red triangles and blue squares involves _______, which is characterized by processing ________. preattentional processing; all the stimuli at once preattentional processing; the stimuli one at a time focused attention; all the stimuli at once focused attention; the stimuli one at a time

When Connie is searching for her car in the parking lot, she spots it immediately because of its unique color. This example illustrates __________ processing, which is a __________ process. preattentional; serial

preattentional; serial preattentional; parallel focused attentional; serial focused attentional; parallel 7

When a newborn is exposed to a loud sound, she will turn her head in the direction of the sound. This response illustrates: habituation. focused attentional processing. an orienting reflex. attentional limitations.

Daniel is hiking in the rainforest and hears the call of a jaguar for the first time. His “where circuit” is likely to show activation going from the auditory cortex to the _______ lobe, and his “what circuit” is likely to show activation going from the auditory cortex to the _______ lobe. occipital; frontal frontal; occipital parietal; temporal temporal; parietal

When a novel stimulus is visually presented, there is increased activity in the circuit that runs from the visual cortex to the ____________ lobe. frontal temporal parietal occipital

Often when a stimulus doesn't change, we cease to attend to it. This is known as: attentional limitiations. an orienting reflex. preattentive processing. habituation.

When he first puts his watch on in the morning, Jesse notices that the band feels tight. However, as the day progresses, he attends to it less and less. This reduction in attention is known as: preattentive processing. habituation. an orienting reflex. an attentional spotlight.

Which of the following represents a way that attention is like a spotlight? Attention can be moved and refocused like a spotlight. It takes time to shift attention from one thing to another. Attention has a limited range, just as a spotlight is

Attention has a limited range, just as a spotlight is dimmer at its periphery. All of the answers are correct. 13

Posner, Snyder, and Davidson (1980) asked participants to stare at a plus sign in the middle of the screen and press a button when a target appeared in the periphery. Before the target would appear, an arrow flashed on the screen that indicated where the target was likely to appear. The researchers found that participants: would quickly move their eyes to the anticipated location of the target. were both faster and more accurate when the arrow cue was correct. were faster but not more accurate when the arrow cue was correct. were more accurate but not faster when the arrow cue was correct.

In a flanker task, the participant is instructed to move the lever to the right if the center letter is an H or a K and to the left if the center letter is an S. Which of the following sequences would you expect to have the longest response time and lowest accuracy? KKHKK SSHSS SHHHS All of these sequences would be responded to equally.

According to research on subitizing, how many items can fit into the basic attentional spotlight? 1 2 4 7

Sensory storage: is a single, large, undifferentiated buffer that includes inputs from different sensory modalities. is readily available to conscious awareness in everyday life. serves as a buffer for the stream of information that is constantly coming in through our senses. All of the answers are correct.

The format for sensory storage is: primarily visual. primarily auditory. primarily conceptual. different for each type of sensory input.

We do not experience a blur in the visual signal when we move our eyes during reading. This is because of saccadic suppression. the limited span of apprehension. a narrowly focused attentional spotlight. habituation.

In Sperling's (1960) study of the capacity of visual sensory memory, he first tried to measure it with the whole report technique. Using this technique, he found that participants could: only remember four to five items but reported that more were initially available. remember almost all the items in the display. only report seeing the small number of items that they were able to report. only report one to two items because the items were presented so briefly.

Studies using Sperling's partial report technique suggest that the capacity of visual sensory memory is: two to three items. four to five items. approximately seven items. very large, perhaps unlimited.

In examining visual sensory memory, a delay in the signal that indicates which part of the display to report in the partial report procedure allowed researchers to assess the: capacity of sensory memory. duration of sensory memory. coding used in sensory memory. All of the answers are correct.

Using Sperling's partial report technique, a participant is shown a display with three rows of letters having three letters in each row. The participant is able to report two of the three letters in the indicated row. According to the logic of the partial report procedure, this indicates that ____ letters were available in memory. two three six nine

Studies of the duration of visual sensory memory suggest that the original image: lasts less than 1 second. lasts about 10 seconds. lasts about 30 seconds. is of unlimited duration.

In a study of visual sensory memory, an X is briefly

In a study of visual sensory memory, an X is briefly displayed followed by a briefly displayed O in the same position. If the two letters are only separated by 50 ms, the participant is MOST likely to report seeing: an O with an X inside it. just an X. something but is uncertain about the identification of either thing. two distinct events composed of an X, quickly followed by an O.

In a study of visual sensory memory, an X is briefly displayed followed by a briefly displayed O in the same position. If the two letters are separated by 350 ms, the participant is MOST likely to report seeing: an O with an X inside it. just an X. something but is uncertain about the identification of either thing. two distinct events composed of an X, quickly followed by an O.

Which distinction would NOT be effective in indicating which items to retrieve in the partial report technique? reporting the small letters in a display of small and large letters reporting the numbers in a display of letters and numbers reporting the top row in a display with top, middle, and bottom rows All of these alternatives would be equally effective.

The fact that the partial report technique does not work if the signal indicates that letters should be reported from an array of letters and numbers is MOST important to understanding the __________ of sensory memory. capacity duration code masking

You are in a noisy environment where many conversations are going on. Suddenly your attention is grabbed by someone saying your name in a conversation that you were not originally listening to. This example illustrates: the span of apprehension. the cocktailparty phenomenon. the spotlight of attention. shadowing.

In a shadowing task, which of the following changes would you expect the participant to be MOST likely to fail to notice in the unattended channel? a change from a male voice to a female voice

a change from a male voice to a female voice a change from Spanish to French a change from a human voice to a tone a change from a loud voice to a quiet voice 30

Which of the following findings is the BEST evidence that some attention is assigned to the unattended channel in a shadowing task? detecting a change of voice from a male voice to a female voice in the unattended channel detecting a change from a voice to a tone in the unattended channel switching to the unattended channel when a coherent message in the attended channel suddenly switches to the unattended channel failing to detect a change from Spanish to French in the unattended channel

Which of these findings support late selection rather than early selection in a filter model of attention? detecting one's own name in the unattended message detecting sexually explicit words in the unattended message detecting a call for “help” All of these findings support late selection.

A model of attention where the selection of the message that is being focused on is based on physical characteristics is a(n)_________________ model of attention. earlyselection filter lateselection filter spotlight capacity

Automatic processing: occurs without conscious awareness. occurs rapidly. does not require attentional resources. All of answers are correct.

In the Stroop Color–Word Interference Test, identifying the color of the ink is a(n)____________ and reading the color word is a(n)_______________. automatic process; automatic process automatic process; controlled process controlled process; automatic process controlled process; controlled process

Controlled processing: occurs without conscious awareness. does not require attentional resources.

does not require attentional resources. can become more automatic with practice. None of these alternatives characterizes controlled processing. 36

Typing by an expert typist is generally considered a(n) ______ skill and is an example of ______ processing. closed; automatic closed; controlled open; automatic open; controlled

Automatic processing can become dangerous if: automatic processes are not interrupted and taken over by conscious processes when they should be. automatic processes and conscious processes interact in unpredictable ways. attentional processes are misdirected to the wrong task. All of the answers are correct.

According to the generic error modeling system, many accidents can be traced to: automatic processes being interrupted by conscious processes. upredicatable interactions between automatic and conscious processes. relying too heavily on conscious processing. All of the answers are correct.

The idea that attention is a resource distributed among tasks is embodied in the: capacity theory of attention. spotlight model of attention. earlyselection filter theory of attention. lateselection filter theory of attention.

The moment when you are shifting your attentional focus and are unable to attend fully to a new target event is known as: attentional blink. repetition blindness. change blindness. inattentional blindness.

The laboratory technique known as rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) involves a twopart task, where discovering the first target requires the participant to switch to searching for a different target. This technique is useful for investigating: attentional blink. repetition blindness.

repetition blindness. change blindness. inattentional blindness. 42

You are participating in an experiment where letters are presented in rapid succession. You are presented with G followed by g, but you only recall seeing one G. Your response illustrates: attentional blink. repetition blindness. change blindness. inattentional blindness.

The inability to identify peripheral changes in a visual scene is known as: attentional blink. repetition blindness. change blindness. inattentional blindness.

In some field studies (e.g., Simons, 2000), an experimenter stops a person to ask for directions. While they are speaking, workers carrying a door pass between the experimenter and the person giving directions. At that moment, an accomplice takes the place of the experimenter and continues the conversation with the person giving directions. If the person giving directions fails to notice that the experimenter has changed, that is an example of: attentional blink. repetition blindness. change blindness. inattentional blindness.

In research by Most et al. (2001) and Simons & Chabris (1999), participants were given different tasks to complete while watching a video where two teams passed a basketball around. In the middle of the video, a person in a gorilla suit walks through the group passing the basketball. Those performing the more difficult task reported seeing the gorilla less often than those in the easier task. This example illustrates: attentional blink. repetition blindness. change blindness. inattentional blindness.

Studies of driving and distraction indicate that: using a handsfree phone while driving impacts reaction time less than using a handheld phone. having a conversation with a passenger impacts reaction time as much as a conversation on the phone. using a cell phone while driving has a greater impact on

using a cell phone while driving has a greater impact on reaction time for older drivers than for young drivers. None of these answers is true. 47

Research suggests that which of the following impairs driving performance? listening to a conversation listening to books on tape talking on a cell phone All of the answers are correct.

Having difficulty recognizing two or more objects at the same time is a defining characteristic of: simultanagnosia. hemispheric neglect. attention deficit/hyperactive disorder. Parkinson's disease.

Attentional difficulties like simultanagnosia or hemispheric neglect are usually associated with damage to the ________ lobe. frontal parietal occipital temporal

The inability to identify items in a portion of the visual field is known as __________ and is the result of __________ disruption. simultanagnosia; visual system simultanagnosia; attentional hemispheric neglect; visual system hemispheric neglect; attentional

Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): fail to attend to important stimuli because they filter them out. have difficulty in inhibiting responsiveness to competing stimuli. are successfully treated with drugs that decrease activity in the frontal cortex. have excessive dopamine levels in the brain.

Methylphenidate (Ritalin) has its effect on ADHD by: increasing blood flow to the frontal cortex. decreasing motor activity. maintaining the availability of dopamine. All the answers are correct.

53 In a study conducted by Vaidya et al. (1999), the

In a study conducted by Vaidya et al. (1999), the researchers compared brain scans of boys with and without ADHD when they were doing a task that required impulse control. They found that Ritalin __________ activity in the striatum for ADHD boys and _________ activity in the striatum for control group boys.

increased; increased increased; decreased decreased; increased decreased; decreased Which of the following circumstances is likely to elicit attentional difficulties in a person with advanced stages of Parkinson's disease? The patient needs to engage in activity that is not well learned. The patient needs to suppress a habitual response. The patient needs to keep focused and not be distracted in performing a task. All the answers are correct.

TestBanks Chapter 03: Web Quiz 1

Preattentive processing occurs when the target _____________ and processes ________. has a unique feature that other objects don't; the objects one at a time has a unique feature that other objects don't; all of the objects at once shares common features of the other objects; the objects one at a time shares common features of the other objects; all of the objects at once

When a novel stimulus is visually presented, there is increased activity in the circuit that runs from the visual cortex to the ____________ lobe. frontal temporal parietal occipital

Posner, Snyder, and Davidson (1980) had participants stare at a plus sign in the middle of the screen and press a button when a target appeared in the periphery. Before the target would appear, an arrow flashed on the screen that indicated where the target was likely to appear. They found that: participants were faster to respond when the arrow cue was correct. participants were more accurate when the arrow cue was correct. they could measure the time it took to shift attention by subtracting the time it took to respond when the cue was accurate from the time it took to respond when the cue was inaccurate. All of the answers are correct.

In Sperling's (1960) study of the capacity of visual sensory memory, a whole report technique was initially used. What was the limitation of this approach? The stimuli were presented for such a long period of time that the participants were able to transfer the stimuli into shortterm memory while the card was being shown. Some stimuli were lost from sensory memory in the time it took to report other stimuli. It overestimated the capacity of sensory memory because the report was given immediately after the card was shown. It underestimated the capacity of sensory memory because of the cue delay.

5 In a study of visual sensory memory, an X is briefly

In a study of visual sensory memory, an X is briefly displayed followed by a briefly displayed O in the same position. If the two letters are separated by 150 ms, the participant is MOST likely to report seeing:

an O with an X inside it. just an X. something, but is uncertain about the identification of either stimulus. two distinct events composed of an X, quickly followed by an O. The inability to sort letters in sensory memory according to whether they are vowels or consonants is indicative of _____________ in sensory memory. precategorical storage masking interference forgetting

Which of the following characteristics would you expect to be noticed in the unattended message during a shadowing task? a change from Spanish to French the repetition of the same word multiple times a change from a male voice to female voice sentences that are nonsensical

Noticing your own name in the unattended message during a dichotic listening task is evidence of a(n): spotlight model of attention. capacity model of attention. earlyselection filter. lateselection filter.

Typing by an expert typist is generally considered a(n) ______ skill and is an example of ______ processing. closed; automatic closed; controlled open; automatic open; controlled

The length of the attentional blink is: approximately 2 seconds. longer for young adults than for older adults. longer if your are closer to the stimulus that caught your attention. None of the answers is correct.

Change blindness would be MOST likely to occur for:

peripheral animate objects.

peripheral animate objects. peripheral inanimate objects. central animate objects. central inanimate objects. 12

The inability of someone to focus attention on a portion of his or her visual field is a characteristic of ____________. simultanagnosia hemispheric neglect ADHD Parkinson's dementia

TestBanks Chapter 04: Essay 1

Explain the roles of bottomup processing and topdown processing in pattern recognition. Answer: Bottomup processing emphasizes the role of basic elements of the stimulus in producing the perception, while topdown processing emphasizes the role of the perceiver's expectation in producing the perception.

Explain what the principle of Pragnanz is and how the basic laws of perceptual grouping are related to it. Answer: The perception will be organized into as cohesive a figure as possible. Explanations should include how the basic laws help make that possible.

Explain how the distinctive features theory and recognition by components theory are similar and different in their explanation of pattern recognition. Answer: They are similar in that edges are important in both; they are different in that distinctive features generally considers individual perceptual features, while RBC is concerned with the 3D geons from which the object is constructed.

Describe how distinctive features theory would explain the recognition of letters. What predictions does it make about the ease of discriminating different letters? Answer: Letters are determined by a list of basic features. Those with more common features and few unique features will be harder to discriminate.

Describe the stages of object recognition in the recognition bycomponents theory. Answer: The stages are: Subdivide object into subobjects, classify subobjects into geons, and determine object composed of those geons.

Describe how prototypes develop. Answer: Based on exposure to individual instances of category, they

Based on exposure to individual instances of category, they are the result of an averaging of those individual instances. 7

Explain why topdown processing is important to perception. Answer: Topdown processing and experience allow context to suggest expectations that help us put the basic features together. They allow us to fill in gaps—missing features.

Describe the role of topdown processing in speech perception. Answer: It allows us to use the sentence context to fill in missing phonemes. More experience makes this more likely.

Describe how infant preferences for faces can be examined. Answer: Describe highamplitude sucking procedure.

What is the basic finding regarding the ability to recognize inverted faces? What does this finding suggest about the facial recognition process? Answer: Most people are much worse at recognizing inverted faces. Facial prototypes develop through experience. We have little experience with inverted faces. Consequently, we switch from holistic processing using prototypes to processing individual facial features.

Describe the crossrace effect, its origins, and its implications. Answer: People are better able to recognize faces of their own race, due to experience, which helps create expectations about what a face should look like (facial prototype). Categorizing faces by race can aid in facial recognition but also can distort memory to better fit expectations. Implications for police lineups should be addressed.

Describe evidence that the fusiform gyrus is involved in facial recognition. Answer: It is more active when viewing faces than other objects,

It is more active when viewing faces than other objects, damage to it is associated with prosopagnosia, it tends to be smaller in schizophrenics, and there is less activity when autistic people look at faces compared to nonautistic people.

False 1

Topdown processing takes into account the role of the perceiver's expectations in determining the perception. True False

The law of proximity is one of the gestalt principles that involve motion. True False

The law of closure predicts the perception of illusory contours. True False

Distinctive features theory is particularly good at explaining facial recognition. True False

Hubel and Wiesel's (1962) discovery that some neurons in the visual cortex respond selectively to lines of a particular orientation supports the distinctive features theory. True False

Evidence from studying Navon figures suggests that we process local features before processing global features. True False

Biederman's recognition by components theory suggests that obscured objects can still be recognized as long as the 3D shapes that make up the object can be identified. True False

According to prototype theory, an object must have all features of the prototype to be recognized. True False

People with pure word deafness cannot speak. True False

People are better at recognizing letters when they are embedded in words than when they are alone. True False

Evidence suggests that threeweekold infants can imitate adult facial gestures. True False

The development of facial prototypes can help explain the crossrace effect. True False

The fusiform gyrus is important to facial recognition. True False

Autistic children focus more on the eyes than the mouth when recognizing faces. True False

TestBanks Chapter 04: Multiple Choice 1

Pattern recognition is made possible by the activities of: sensory memory. attention. longterm memory. All of the answers are correct.

Pattern recognition characterized by extracting primitive features that are then compared to known patterns of stimulation is an example of: bottomup processing. topdown processing. pointillism. photomosaic.

When pattern recognition is influenced by the observer's expectations, this illustrates the effects of: bottomup processing. topdown processing. distinctive features. prototypes.

Jane went to Loch Ness to search for the Loch Ness monster. While standing on the bank, she mistakenly identifies a log floating by as the Loch Ness monster. This example illustrates the influence of ________ in pattern recognition. the principle of common fate the principle of good continuation bottomup processing topdown processing

Artistic techniques like pointillism and photomosaic illustrate that we: can notice the global pattern without identifying the elementary features that make it up. must identify the elementary features first in order to identify the global pattern. identify the elementary features and the global pattern simultaneously. can identify the elementary features but not the global pattern.

Which of the following is NOT one of the Gestalt laws of perceptual organization? common fate extension closure symmetry

symmetry 7

The perception of a stimulus in a way that organizes it as a cohesive figure illustrates the principle of: Pragnanz. closure. proximity. of good continuation.

Devices like remote controls often have buttons that have similar functions arranged close to one another and with the same color. What two laws of perceptual grouping are being utilized in this arrangement? proximity and similarity common fate and similarity proximity and symmetry common fate and symmetry

XXXOOO is described as a group of 3 X's followed by a group of 3 O's. This example illustrates the gestalt law of perceptual grouping known as: proximity. similarity. common fate. closure.

Illusory contours such as those seen in the Kanizsa triangle reflect the influence of the law of perceptual grouping known as: good continuation. common fate. closure. symmetry.

Soldiers in uniform march by in a single line. Which of the following laws of perceptual grouping is NOT involved with onlookers, creating the perception that the soldiers are a single group? similarity common fate good continuation closure

The following sequence of six slashes can be grouped in different ways depending on the law of perceptual grouping that is used: / \ \ //\ . If the second and third slashes are grouped together, it illustrates the influence of ________, while if the third and forth slashes are grouped together, it illustrates the influence of ________. symmetry; similarity similarity; proximity proximity; symmetry similarity; symmetry

similarity; symmetry 13

A group of geese flying overhead as they migrate south are perceived as a single flock. This example illustrates the law of perceptual grouping known as: proximity. common fate. closure. symmetry.

[ ][ ][ ] are described as three pairs of of leftright brackets. This example illustrates the law of perceptual grouping know as: similarity. proximity. symmetry. closure.

Which of the following theories assumes that all complex visual stimuli are composed of distinctive and separable attributes such as lines, angles, and dots that are directly used to identify the pattern? distinctive features theory recognition by components theory templatematching theory prototype theory

Which of the following perceptual tasks would be BEST explained by the distinctive features theory? differentiating between different letters of the English alphabet differentiating between different faces differentiating between different 3dimensional objects identifying members of the category bird

Based on the distinctive features theory, which of the following should be hardest to differentiate from an uppercase E? an uppercase F a lowercase E a uppercase D All of these letters should be equally easy to differentiate from each other.

Hubel and Wiesel (1962) found that there were some neurons in the visual cortex of cats that responded maximally to lines of a particular orientation. That finding is most supportive of the _______ theory of pattern recognition. distinctive features recognition by components templatematching prototype

In Navon figures, a large letter is composed of a number of smaller letters. In his research using these figures, Navon (1977, 2003) compared conditions where the same letter was used for both sizes of letters to conditions where the letters were different. He found that when they were different, the: conflict between the letters increases the time to identify either type of letter. time to identify the small letters increased, but the time to identify the large letters was unaffected. time to identify the large letters increased, but the time to identify the small letters was unaffected. time it took to identify either type of letter was unaffected.

The general conclusion drawn from research that examines the time it takes to identify the letters that make up Navon figures is that: global and local features are processed at the same time. global features are processed before local features. local features are processed before global features. the level of feature that is processed first is determined by the question that is asked.

When people with hemineglect participate in recognition tasks with Navon figures, they: show a deficit with processing both global and local features. only show a deficit in processing global features. only show a deficit in processing local features. don't show a deficit in processing Navon figures.

Which of the following is an example of a geon? a dot a line a circle a cube

According to recognitionbycomponents theory, what is the MOST important predictor of whether a person will be able to recognize an object? the number of geons involved in the pattern whether all the geons can be identified how common the geons are that make up the pattern All of these answers are correct.

The theory that assumes we have stored away an unlimited number of patterns that are literal copies corresponding to every object we have experienced is known as: distinctive features theory. recognitionbycomponents theory.

recognitionbycomponents theory. templatematching theory. prototype theory. 25

Which of the following is a limitation of templatematching theory as a good model of how humans recognize patterns? The number of templates required would be enormous. It can't explain how we would recognize new objects. It would require too much time to find a match by searching one template at a time. All of the answers are correct.

Which theory of pattern recognition suggests that objects are identified by comparing to an average or typical instance of the many different views of that object? distinctive features theory recognition by components theory templatematching theory prototype theory

Which of the following would be closer to most people's prototypes for the category of bird? ostrich penguin robin According to prototype theory, all birds are equally close to the prototype.

Prototype theory requires __________________ for recognition to occur. an exact match between the object and the prototype the storage of patterns for every possible view of an object a match between central properties of the object and the stored category All of the anwers are correct.

According to prototype theory, prototypes are: innate patterns that we don't have to learn. learned through experience with individual instances of the category. fixed and cannot be changed. simply commonly experienced exemplars of a category.

Experiments are said to be ecologically valid when they: measure the psychological constructs they are designed to measure. are based on how people operate in the real world. accurately describe the behaviors observed in the

accurately describe the behaviors observed in the laboratory. produce the same results if repeated. 31

Our expectations of what we will see impact our perceptions. This result is BEST explained by: distinctive features theory. template matching theory. prototype theory. topdown processing.

In a study by Warren & Warren (1970), the researchers replaced a phoneme in a sentence with a cough. However, students reported actually hearing the missing phoneme. This result illustrates the importance of _________ in pattern recognition. topdown processing distinctive features templates prototypes

The restoration of missing phonemes in a sentence as seen in Warren & Warren (1970) occurs because of ___________ processing and is more likely to occur in _________ skilled speakers of the language. bottomup; less bottomup; more topdown; less topdown; more

Based on the research of Warren and his associates investigating the restoration of missing phonemes and our knowledge of topdown processes, a missing phoneme would be MOST likely to be restored in a word in ________ by a person who has _______ language experience. isolation; little isolation; a lot of a sentence; little a sentence; a lot of

People with pure word deafness can: read. write. speak. All of the answers are correct.

The term superiority effect illustrates the importance of _______ in letter identification. features templates bottomup processing topdown processing

topdown processing 37

You can identify that there is a D in COLD faster than you can identify that there is a D in CFSD. This finding illustrates the importance of _______ in letter identification. features prototypes bottomup processing topdown processing

People often overlook typographical errors when proofreading. This example illustrates the importance of _______ in perception. context expectations topdown processing All of the answers are correct.

Research on facial recognition suggests: recognizing faces is a learned ability that emerges around the same time infants start to talk. boys and girls process faces in the same way. two to threeweekold infants can imitate facial expressions that adults make. All of the answers are correct.

Studies of the ability of two to threeweekold infants to recognize faces suggest that infants: sometimes produce facial expressions that match adults, but this is almost always the result of the infants being excited. cannot perceive facial expressions. can differentiate among different adult facial expressions and can imitate them. can differentiate among different adult facial expressions, but they don't have the ability to imitate them.

Girls tend to show greater reactivity to faces in the _______ hemisphere. Boys tend to show greater reactivity to faces in the _______ hemisphere. right; right right; left left; right left; left

Research comparing the ability to recognize upright and inverted faces suggests: upright faces are processed holistically. we are poor at recognizing inverted faces. inverted faces are processed using individual facial

inverted faces are processed using individual facial features. All of these answers are correct. 43

Facial recognition seems to be BEST explained by: distinctive features theory. recognition by components theory. templatematching theory. prototype theory.

Neonates show a preference for looking at: novel faces. their mothers' faces. faces in general, but they don't seem to be able to differentiate between different faces until they are several months old. faces that have been distorted.

Which of the following findings supports the conclusion that the crossrace effect is NOT just the result of having more experience with faces of your own race? White students in Singapore show just as poor recognition of Asian faces as do white students in Ontario. White children (6–7 years old) recognize white and Asian faces equally well, but white adults recognize white faces better than Asian faces. In general, recognition accuracy for faces of people of a different race is poorer than for your own race. All of these findings support the conclusion that the crossrace effect is not just the result of more experience with faces of your own race.

Damage to the fusiform gyrus is likely to result in remembering names. recognizing faces. forming new memories. reading.

A person with prosopagnosia has recognizing common household objects. recognizing familiar faces. remembering things that happened in their past. reading.

People with prosopagnosia are MORE likely to use _________ when trying to recognize faces. holistic processing prototypes

prototypes detailed features None of these answers is correct; they can't identify that they are looking at a face. 49

The finding that some people with prosopagnosia are better at recognizing inverted faces than rightsideup faces is evidence that people with prosopagnosia rely more on __________ in identifying faces. holistic processing facial prototypes detailed features None of these answers is correct.

The inability to recognize faces after a brain injury is known as: acquired prosopagnosia. developmental prosopagnosia. antereograde amnesia. retrograde amnesia.

Research on people with schizophrenia has found that they tend to have: difficulty recognizing faces. a smaller fusiform gyrus. more difficulty identifying emotions from facial expressions. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following disorders is associated with difficulty in facial recognition? prosopagnosia schizophrenia autism All of the answers are correct.

Research using fMRI shows that when nonautistic people look at faces, they show more activity in the ________ than autistic people looking at faces. frontal lobes substantia nigra fusiform area parietal lobes

TestBanks Chapter 04: Web Quiz 1

Bottomup processing emphasizes the role of ____________ in perception, while topdown processing emphasizes the role of ____________. basic features of the stimulus; expectations of the perceiver expectations of the perceiver; basic features of the stimulus lines and angles; 3D shapes 3D shapes; lines and angles

XX XX XX is described as three pairs of X's. This example illustrates the gestalt law of perceptual grouping known as: proximity. similarity. common fate. closure.

In the textbook, there is a picture of a Dalmatian dog that is made up of dots and lines. At first, it is hard to differentiate the dog from background. However, when the viewer finally sees the dog as a whole, the fragmentary nature of the dots and lines seems to disappear. This perception is MOST closely related to which of the following gestalt principles? law of proximity law of closure law of common fate law of similarity

Which gestalt principle involves motion? law of proximity. law of good continuation law of common fate law of closure

Each letter of the alphabet involves a different combination of features. That characteristic makes perceiving the letters of the alphabet MOST easily explained by: distinctive features theory. recognition by components theory. templatematching theory. prototype theory.

__________ theory explains recognition in terms of low level features, such as lines, angles, and dots, while ____________ theory explains recognition in terms of 3–D shapes. Templatematching; distinctive features Distinctive features; templatematching

Distinctive features; templatematching Distinctive features; recognition by components Recognition by components; distinctive features 7

Which of the following theories deals with one limitation of template matching theory by suggesting that the template is not a literal match with an object, but is an average or typical instance of that object? distinctive features theory recognition by components prototype theory None of the answers is correct.

Words can be understood more easily when they are in a meaningful sentence rather than in isolation. This fact can be BEST explained in terms of: distinctive features theory. prototype theory. templatematching theory. topdown processing.

A series of letters is briefly exposed on a screen and then replaced with a series of X's to mask the initial letters. The observer's task is to identify whether the letter D is presented among the initial letters. For which of the following stimuli would the observer be MOST likely to detect the D? WORD D WKRD They are all equally likely.

Which of the following accounts of pattern recognition is BEST able to account for our ability to recognize different faces? distinctive features theory recognition by components theory templatematching theory prototype theory

Activity in the fusiform gyrus would be greatest when looking at: individual letters. words. objects. faces.

Research by Joseph and Tanaka (2003) found that when trying to recognize a previously seen face in a choice between two very similar alternatives, children with autism: are more likely to detect changes in the mouth than changes in the eyes. are more likely to detect changes in the eyes than

are more likely to detect changes in the eyes than changes in the mouth. show no difference in their ability to detect changes in the mouth and changes in the eyes. can not detect changes in any of the faces.

TestBanks Chapter 05: Essay 1

Explain the role of chunking in STM. Answer: Multiple items can be combined into a single meaningful unit (chunk). Chunking is the process of combining items into single units. Prior knowledge is important to this process. Capacity of STM is approximately seven chunks.

Describe the BrownPeterson task, and explain how it used in the assessment of shortterm memory. Answer: The task involves three memory items, followed by counting backward by threes, which prevents rehearsal. It is used to assess STM duration without rehearsal.

Describe the role of proactive interference in the Brown Peterson task. How can proactive interference in shortterm memory be reduced when it does develop? Answer: Firsttime through the task, there is little loss of information. However, subsequent trials become more difficult because of interference from items on earlier trials. The proactive interference can be reduced by changing the type of information.

Explain the difference between maintenance rehearsal and elaborative rehearsal. Answer: Maintenance rehearsal—keeping an item active by saying it repeatedly maintains the item in STM. Elaborative rehearsal —thinking about meaningful relationships between items and other things you know enhances LTM.

Describe the Sternberg task and what the serial exhaustive search predicts as an outcome. Answer: Present memory sets of varying size. Present the probe. Determine if the probe is in the memory set. Serial exhaustive search is a search of the entire memory set, and then it determines whether there is a match. It also predicts memory scanning time will be the same for positive and negative trials.

Describe the components of the serial position curve and

Describe the components of the serial position curve and the explanation for each effect. Answer: The components are the primacy effect and the recency effect; the primacy effect is superior memory for first items on the list, which is attributed to more rehearsal and availability in LTM; the recency effect is superior memory for last items on the list, which is attributed to availability in STM.

Describe how the primacy and recency effects can be reduced independently of one of another. Answer: You can reduce primacy by reducing opportunities for more rehearsal of first items (e.g., deliver the list faster); you can reduce recency by delaying recall in such a way that items fade from STM (e.g., use the BrownPeterson technique at the end of the list).

Describe the components of the visuospatial sketchpad and its role in working memory. Answer: The sketchpad stores visual information and kinesthetic motor movements; the visual cache stores visual information that comes from perceptual experience; the inner scribe refreshes information stored in the sketchpad and stores spatial relationships associated with bodily movement.

Describe the role of the central executive in the working memory model. Answer: It coordinates activities of the other components, guides attention, and allocates resources.

Explain how the working memory model can explain the wordlength effect. Answer: Identify wordlength effect; the articulatory control process takes longer to say longer words, which means fewer words will fit. Consequently, there is shorter memory span.

Klein and Boals (2001) examined the impact of unwanted intrusive thoughts on working memory. Based on their findings, what would you suggest to someone who is having cognitive difficulties because of intrusive thoughts? Answer:

Answer: Write about the event that is associated with the intrusive thoughts; this allows better understanding of the negative emotional event and, consequently, the thoughts intrude less and working memory function improves.

False 1

In a running memory span test, the length of the list is increased by one item on each successive list. True False

The BrownPeterson task is used to measure the duration of shortterm memory. True False

Proactive interference occurs when something you know now makes it difficult to recall something that you learned previously. True False

Elaborative rehearsal is generally MORE effective than maintenance rehearsal in retaining and recognizing items over a long period of time. True False

In a serial exhaustive search, a person stops looking for the probe in the memory set when it is found. True False

The primacy effect refers to better memory for the last items on a memory list. True False

In the serial position curve, the recency effect is attributed to items being available in STM. True False

The articulatory control process refreshes and maintains the items in the phonological store. True False

The inner scribe briefly stores spatial relationships associated with bodily movement. True False

The central executive is the main system for controlling attention. True False

The wordlength effect can be explained in the working memory model by the function of the inner scribe. True False

In research on the effect of emotion on working memory, Klein and Boals (2001) found that students who had been asked to write about a negative event showed an increase in WM capacity. True False

TestBanks Chapter 05: Multiple Choice 1

Which of following statements is true of learning? It involves permanent changes in behavior. It refers to changes in behavior that result from experience. Learned information must be stored for it to be retrieved later. All of the answers are correct.

Working memory is: the memory that contains our momenttomoment conscious thoughts and perceptions. easy to study because people have immediate experience of its presence. the set of mechanisms that underlies shortterm memory. All of the answers are correct.

The adult capacity of shortterm memory is: approximately 3 chunks. approximately 7 chunks. approximately 15 chunks. virtually unlimited.

Memory span is a test that is used to measure the ________ of shortterm memory capacity duration coding All of the answers are correct.

A test of shortterm memory in which the number of items on the list varies from list to list is known as a ____________ and is used to measure the __________ of shortterm memory. running memory span test; capacity memory span test; duration BrownPeterson task; duration memory span test; capacity

Research suggests that shortterm memory capacity: goes up as we age. goes down as we age. goes up until young adulthood and begins to decline in old age. does not change as a function of age.

does not change as a function of age. 7

The increase in the capacity of STM as children become adults has been attributed to: neurological development during this time period. changing memory strategies as people age. changes in coding as people age. All of these answers are correct.

In his tests of memory capacity, Ebbinghaus (1885, 1913): used nonsense syllables as the items to be remembered. measured capacity by measuring how many items he could remember from studying the list one time. always used the same length of list. All of the answers are correct.

A participant in a shortterm memory study sees the following list of letters: C A T S H O E B I R D. Although there are 11 letters on the list, the student easily remembers all of them because they are encoded as the letters that make up just three words. This example illustrates: chunking. the serial position effect. the primacy effect. the recency effect.

Research on chunking suggests that: a person's memory spans may be different for different types of items. someone who has phenomenal memory in one domain is likely to have phenomenal memory in all domains. chunking does not involve longterm memory. All of the answers are correct.

Chi (1978) compared the memory performance of 10year old advanced chess players and adults who were inexperienced in playing chess. On a memory span test, __________________________, and on a task that tests memory for the positions of chess pieces on a chessboard, ______________________. the 10yearolds performed better; the adults performed better the adults performed better; the 10yearolds performed better there was no difference between the two groups; the 10yearolds performed better the adults performed better; there was no difference between the two groups

The duration of shortterm memory can be measured using: a memory span test. a running memory span test. the BrownPeterson task. the paced auditory serial addition task.

The BrownPeterson task can be used to measure the: capacity of shortterm memory. duration of shortterm memory. code in shortterm memory. difference between shortterm memory and longterm memory.

Based on research using the BrownPeterson task, when there are several items being held in memory and rehearsal is prevented, most of the items from shortterm memory are lost in: less than a second. 3–4 seconds. 10–20 seconds. 1–2 minutes.

In the BrownPeterson task, participants count backward by threes after being presented with the memory set. The participant is asked to count backward by threes in order to: create proactive interference. create retroactive interference. prevent rehearsal. clear the memory for the next trial.

Alice learned Spanish last year, and this year she is taking a class in Italian. However, remembering Italian terms is made more difficult because she keeps remembering the Spanish term instead of the Italian one. Alice is experiencing: proactive interference. retroactive interference. the primacy effect. the recency effect.

Sean learned Spanish last year, and this year he is taking a class in Italian. As he learns more Italian, it becomes more difficult for him to remember the Spanish that he learned earlier. When Sean tries to remember Spanish, he is experiencing: proactive interference. retroactive interference. the primacy effect. the recency effect.

Proactive interference in the BrownPeterson task is greatest: on the first trial of the task. after many trials with the same type of memory items. after the type of memory items being used changes. when there is only one item in the memory set.

Trying to remember several things that you need at the grocery store by silently repeating the list in your head is an example of: maintenance rehearsal. elaborative rehearsal. using the inner scribe. using the episodic buffer.

Trying to remember several things that you need at the grocery store by developing a story that has the various items on your list interacting with one another is an example of: maintenance rehearsal. elaborative rehearsal. using the inner scribe. using the episodic buffer.

Which of the following statements is true of the comparison between maintenance and elaborative rehearsal? Maintenance rehearsal is more effective in retaining items in memory over a long period. Elaborative rehearsal is more effective in retaining items in memory over a long period. Maintenance rehearsal is more effective for recognition tests, but elaborative rehearsal is more effective for recall tests. Maintenance rehearsal is more effective for recall tests, but elaborative rehearsal is more effective for recognition tests.

In the Sternberg task, a memory set of the digits 5, 3, 6, 2, 8 are presented and then a probe is presented. A serial exhaustive search predicts that saying “yes” that: 8 was on the list will take longer than saying “yes” that 3 was on the list. 3 was on the list will take longer than saying “yes” that 8 was on the list. 8 was on the list will take the same amount of time as saying “yes” that 3 was on the list. 8 was on the list will take longer than saying “no” that 4 was not on the list.

If you were using a serial exhaustive search to find an item in shortterm memory: you would stop searching when you found the item in

you would stop searching when you found the item in the memory set. you would continue to search even after you found the item in the memory set. you would search all of the items in the memory set at the same time. when searching for an item that wasn't in the memory set, you would go through the memory set multiple times to make sure it wasn't there. 24

Using a serial exhaustive search in the Sternberg task predicts that which of the following will influence the time it takes to respond? the size of the memory set whether the probe is present or absent in the memory set the position of the probe within the memory set All of the answers are correct.

If you were using a serial selfterminating search to find an item in shortterm memory: you would stop searching when you found the item in the memory set. you would continue to search even after you found the item in the memory set. you would search all of the items in the memory set at the same time. when searching for an item that wasn't in the memory set, you would go through the memory set multiple times to make sure it wasn't there.

The superior recall that is seen for items at the beginning of a memory list is known as the______ and is attributed to those items being in _______. primacy effect; shortterm memory primacy effect; longterm memory recency effect; shortterm memory recency effect; longterm memory

In a serial position study, increasing the speed with which list items are presented should: decrease both primacy effect and the recency effect. decrease the primacy effect while not impacting the recency effect. decrease the recency effect while not impacting the primacy effect. have no impact on either the primacy effect or the recency effect.

In a test of memory for a long list of items, which of the following changes would be MOST likely reduce the recency effect without impacting the primacy effect? increasing the speed with which the list items are

increasing the speed with which the list items are presented having the participant only rehearse the most recent item presented delaying the recall by having the participant complete another task first having the list made up of nonsense syllables rather than words 29

Research examining the effect of modality on the serial position curve suggests no difference between auditory and visual presentation for the ________ effect, but ________ presentation resulted in a smaller ________ effect. recency; auditory; primacy recency; visual; primacy primacy; auditory; recency primacy; visual; recency

Using a visual presentation rather than an auditory presentation of items for a long list of items in a memory test is likely to: reduce both the primacy and recency effects. reduce the primacy effect but not the recency effect. reduce the recency effect but not the primacy effect. have no impact on the primacy and the recency effects.

One way to circumvent the power of the serial position effect is to: make the information distinctive. connect the information that you are trying to remember. place the important information to remember at the beginning or the end of the list. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following are included as components of Baddeley and Hitch's (1974) working memory model? visuospatial sketchpad central executive phonological loop All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following is NOT a component of the phonological loop in Baddeley and Hitch's (1974) model of working memory? phonological store articulatory control process episodic buffer All of these are components of the phonological loop.

According to the working memory model, the articulatory control process refreshes the items stored in the _______ roughly every _____ seconds.

roughly every _____ seconds. phonological store; 2 phonological store; 18 episodic buffer; 2 episodic buffer; 18 35

The articulatory control process is to the phonological loop, as the ______ is to the visuospatial sketchpad. central executive inner scribe visual cache episodic buffer

Research on the working memory model suggests that use of the articulatory control process is associated with activity in the: leftparietal lobe. rightparietal lobe. prefrontal cortex. occipital lobe.

Research on the working memory model suggests that the basic storage function of the phonological loop is associated with activity in the: leftparietal lobe. rightparietal lobe. prefrontal cortex. occipital lobe.

Based on the working memory model, which of the following tasks would be MOST likely to interfere with memory for a checkerboard? using a stylus to track the motion of a “ladybug” on a computer screen completing a memory span task saying a nursery rhyme None of these tasks should interfere with memory for a checkerboard.

Which component of working memory is responsible for briefly storing spatial relationships associated with bodily movement? visual cache inner scribe episodic buffer articulatory control process

What component of the central executive is involved in creating images? visual cache inner scribe visual buffer episodic buffer

episodic buffer 41

Knocking out electrical activity in the dorsolateral medial prefrontal cortex using an rTMS pulse is MOST likely to interfere with memory for: faces. dot patterns. a sentence that was heard. the sound of someone's voice.

Based on research on the role of the inner scribe and visual cache, selectively knocking out activity associated with the visual cache is: likely to interfere with memory for faces but not memory for spatial arrangements. likely to interfere with memory for spatial arrangements but not memory for faces. likely to interfere with memory for both faces and spatial arrangements. not likely to interfere with memory for either faces or spatial arrangements.

The system that is responsible for integrating events occurring in the visuospatial sketchpad and the phonological loop into a coherent sequence along with memory for the goals that initiated those events is known as the: inner scribe. central executive. articulatory control process. episodic buffer.

The central executive: coordinates activities of the visuospatial sketchpad, phonological loop, and episodic buffer. communicates with longterm memory via the episodic buffer. is the main system for controlling attention. All of the answers are correct.

The central executive is: centered in the parietal lobes. the main memory store for working memory. coordinates, manipulates, and updates the content of the WM subsystems. All of the answers are correct.

The functioning of the central executive is measured by the: BrownPeterson task. paced auditory serial addition task.

paced auditory serial addition task. running memory span. Sternberg task. 47

In the paced auditory serial addition task: participants count backward by threes. numbers are presented visually. participants add together the two most recently presented numbers. All of the answers are correct.

In a memory experiment, a series of letters that sound similar are visually presented one at a time on a computer screen. When recalling the list, the participant recalls some nonpresented letters that also sound similar. This phonological confusion is MOST directly caused by the: articulatory control process. inner scribe. visual cache. episodic buffer.

New Yorkers have a reputation for speaking fast, while Georgians have a reputation for speaking slow. If this stereotype is true, based on what you know about working memory, which of the following statements would MOST likely to be true? New Yorkers would tend to have a greater memory span than Georgians. New Yorkers are more likely to experience phonological confusions than Georgians. Georgians are more likely to perform better on the PASAT than New Yorkers. New Yorkers are more likely to have a greater capacity in their episodic buffer.

The ability of an inconsequential background conversation to interfere with silent verbal rehearsal is known as: retroactive interference. proactive interference. phonological confusion. irrelevant speech effect.

Klein and Boals (2001) examined the relationship between emotion and working memory and found that having participants write about a _______ event in their lives produced the greatest ________ in working memory capacity. positive; increase positive; decrease negative; increase negative; decrease

Kim has unwanted intrusive thoughts about an event that

Kim has unwanted intrusive thoughts about an event that happened earlier in her life. These intrusive thoughts interfere with the function of her working memory. Based on research by Klein and Boals (2001), the BEST advice for improving her memory function would be to: write about all the good things happening in her life. just ignore the intrusive thoughts. write about the event that resulted in the intrusive thoughts. keep very busy so the unwanted thoughts won't have an opportunity to intrude.

Research on the effect of mood on working memory has found that: the effect of positive mood is not consistent. negative mood impairs performance on central executive tasks. negative mood has a direct influence on blood flow to regions of the brain involved with memory. All of the answers are correct.

TestBanks Chapter 05: Web Quiz 1

Which of the following is a way of measuring the capacity of shortterm memory? the BrownPeterson task memory span memory scanning the paced auditory serial addition task

In his research into memory for lists of nonsense syllables, Ebbinghaus found that the number of viewings needed for a perfect memory showed a discontinuity when the length of the list exceeded ______ syllables. 3 5 7 10

This semester, you are taking a course in Italian, but every time you try to remember the Italian word for “something,” you recall the Spanish word that you learned in the Spanish class you took last year. This example illustrates: proactive interference. retroactive interference. the primacy effect. the recency effect.

If three unrelated items are placed in shortterm memory and rehearsal is NOT prevented, they can be maintained in memory: for about 3 seconds. for about 18 seconds. for about 2 minutes. indefinitely.

A serial exhaustive search of shortterm memory assumes that: we search through the memory set one item at a time. we continue to search the memory set even after we have found the item. the time it takes to scan memory when the target is present, and when the target is absent, will be the same. All of the answers are correct.

The superior recall that is seen for items at the end of a memory list is known as the______ and is attributed to those items being in _______ . primacy effect; shortterm memory primacy effect; longterm memory recency effect; shortterm memory recency effect; longterm memory

Having a person count backward by threes for 30 seconds before recalling a long list of words is likely to: reduce both the primacy and recency effects. reduce the primacy effect without impacting the recency effect. reduce the recency effect without impacting the primacy effect. have no impact on either primacy or recency.

The part of the working memory model that is most closely associated with the idea of maintenance rehearsal in STM is the: phonological store. articulatory control process. central executive. inner scribe.

The visual cache is to the visuospatial sketchpad, as the ______ is to the phonological loop. central executive phonological store articulatory control process inner scribe

The paced auditory serial addition task (PASAT) is useful for measuring the functioning of which of the following components of working memory? central executive phonological loop visuospatial sketchpad episodic buffer

The wordlength effect can be explained by which of the following components of working memory? central executive inner scribe articulatory control process episodic buffer

On several occasions over a twoweek period, Klein and Boals (2001) had students write about a negative event about which they had unwanted thoughts. At the end of the study, participants' working memory capacities were tested and compared to a control group that had simply written about their day. The group writing about the negative events showed a(n)__________ in working memory capacity, which the researchers explained by suggesting that writing about the events made these events______ likely to pop up in unwanted thoughts. increase; less increase; more decrease; less decrease; more

decrease; more

TestBanks Chapter 06: Essay 1

Explain what it means to say that implicit memory and explicit memory are processdissociated and what that tells us about the two types of memory. Answer: Learning conditions affect one type of memory but not the other, suggesting relative independence of the two memory processes.

Describe the results of Bahrick and associates' study of longterm memory for material from high school and college Spanish classes. Be sure to describe how time since course completion and type of test (recall vs. recognition) have an impact on performance. Answer: There is a drop in performance over first three years; however, at longer retention intervals, performance stabilizes, reflecting a kind of permastore. Recognition performance is consistently better than recall.

Describe the type of code for memory for sentences, and give an example of a research finding that supports this conclusion. Answer: Code is semantic; gist of sentence is stored. Examples may include descriptions of types of sentence recognition errors that illustrate semantic coding, differential ability to identify semantic changes vs. syntax changes, or other findings that illustrate sensitivity to semantics.

Describe the general relationship between feelings of knowing and memory retrieval. How does this relationship relate to the tipofthetongue phenomenon? Answer: Generally, memory retrieval is likely when feelings of knowing are high. When memory retrieval fails, TOT phenomena often occur in which the item is temporarily unavailable, but some characteristics of the word may be reported.

What is encoding specificity? How can knowledge of encoding specificity be used to help someone who initially fails to retrieve information on an exam? Answer: Retrieval is best when encoding and retrieval conditions match. If memory fails, use imagery to try to recreate the encoding context.

encoding context. 6

According to Klein's theory of autobiographical memory, what are the three essential elements for a fully functioning autobiographical memory? Answer: They are capacity for selfreflection, sense of personal ownership of thoughts and actions, and the ability to think about time as an unfolding of personal happenings centered about oneself.

Explain the difference between retrograde and anterograde amnesia. Answer: Retrograde amnesia is memory failure for events that occurred before brain injury; anterograde amnesia is memory failure for events that occurred after brain injury— inability to form new explicit memories.

What is infantile amnesia? What are two explanations for it? Answer: It is difficulty in recollecting events from before the ages of three to four. Explanations may include lack of brain development, infants and young children being less likely to pay attention to contextoflife events, a gap between current worldview and encoding of events in infancy, and lack of narrative structure.

What is the reminiscence bump? Explain how it is related to the serial position curve. Answer: Recollections tend to be better for events and other aspects of life from the ages of 10 to 25. Like the primacy effect, events from this period are more likely to be first experiences of different categories.

Describe how flashbulb memories and everyday memories are similar and how they are different. Answer: Both tend to lose accuracy over time, but flashbulb memories retain vividness over time while everyday memories don't.

Describe the memory abilities of HM after his hippocampi were surgically removed. Be sure to address the results of tests with a mirrortracing task. Answer:

Answer: He was unable to form new episodic or semantic memories. His working memory was, however, intact, while mirror tracing showed intact implicit learning even without explicit memory. 12

What is the Pollyanna principle? How does depression impact it? Answer: It is the tendency to retrieve a greater number of pleasant memories than unpleasant memories; people with depression don't show this tendency.

Give an example of how eyewitness memory can be impacted by questions that are asked about the event that was witnessed. Answer: Example should demonstrate the impact of misleading information on subsequent memory performance.

False 1

In Quillian's teachable language comprehender model, properties of an object are stored at the highest node to which they apply. True False

Quillian's teachable language comprehender model predicts that you should be faster to judge that a sparrow is a bird than to judge that a penguin is a bird. True False

Characterizing features are those that are necessary and jointly sufficient to specify the requirements for a category. True False

In the feature comparison model, responses to sentences with low subject–predicate similarity should have faster response times than sentences with medium subject– predicate similarity. True False

Connectionist models of memory assume that humans are parallel processors of information. True False

Scripts are schemas that tell us what behavior we should expect of ourselves and others in certain situations. True False

Infants prefer to look at an upright T shape more than upsidedown T shape. True False

Stories of personal experiences that are prompted by the questions of others are known as accounts. True False

In remembering stories, recall of a sentence is higher if the previous sentence was recalled and was from the same category rather than a different category. True False

Seductive details are characteristics of advance organizers that increase the overall recall of facts. True False

A stereotype is a person schema that is applied to an entire group. True False

The encoding specificity principle is one of the three principles of skilled memory. True False

Experts tend to perceive their domains of knowledge differently than do nonexperts. True False

TestBanks Chapter 06: Multiple Choice 1

Remembering that George Washington was the first president of the United States is an example of a(n): semantic memory. episodic memory. implicit memory. prospective memory.

Remembering when you learned that George Washington was the first president of the United States in your second grade class is an example of a(n): semantic memory. episodic memory. implicit memory. prospective memory.

Remembering that I ate scrambled eggs for breakfast is an example of a(n): semantic memory. retrospective memory. prospective memory. procedural memory.

Remembering to pick up a newspaper on the way home from work is an example of a(n): semantic memory. retrospective memory. prospective memory. procedural memory.

When knowledge that we possess influences our behavior, yet we are unable to deliberately recall the pieces of information on which our behavior relies, the type of memory involved is known as _________ memory. semantic episodic implicit retrospective

You know how to tie your shoe, but you cannot describe the process. This description indicates that you have a ________ memory of the process but NOT a ________ memory. procedural; declarative procedural; implicit perceptual; declarative perceptual; implicit

7 Jason remembers the smell of his favorite apple pies that

Jason remembers the smell of his favorite apple pies that his grandmother used to bake. The type of memory described in this example is: semantic memory. procedural memory. perceptual memory. prospective memory. 8

The Gollin test shows a person a series of line drawings that are progressively more detailed drawings of a familiar object. It can be used as a test of _______ memory. semantic procedural perceptual declarative

The capacity of longterm memory: is about seven unrelated items. is the number of items that can be rehearsed in approximately two seconds. has no obvious limit. requires that old facts must be eliminated from memory to make room for new ones.

Bahrick and associates tested academic knowledge from a Spanish course up to 49 years after the course was taken. They found that: over the first three years after taking the course, recall dropped but recognition did not. recall and recognition remained relatively stable over time when tested at least three years after taking the course. recall performance is generally better than recognition performance. All of the answers are correct.

Bahrick and associates tested academic knowledge from a Spanish course up to 49 years after the course was taken. They found that: over the first three years after taking the course, recall dropped more dramatically than recognition. recall and recognition remained relatively stable over time when tested at least three years after taking the course. recognition performance is generally better than recall performance. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements about longterm memory is true? Performance on tests of longterm memory are unaffected by the passage of time. Retrieval from longterm memory is essentially a

Retrieval from longterm memory is essentially a verbatim record of the past. Longterm memories often include reconstructions rather than verbatim recall. There is a consistent gradual decline in longterm memory performance over time. 13

The code in longterm memory is: visual. auditory. kinesthetic. All of these codes can be used in longterm memory.

Our mental representation of man probably includes human, male, and adult. These characteristics are: known as semantic features. known as phonemes. examples of implicit memories. examples of metamemory.

Based on Fillenbaum's (1966) research on memory for sentences, if you were presented with the sentence, “The triangle is above the square,” which of the following incorrect sentences would you be MOST likely to falsely recognize? The square is above the triangle. The square is below the triangle. The triangle is next to the square. The triangle is below the square.

Fillenbaum's (1966) research on memory for sentences suggests that memory is guided primarily by remembering the: particular words that appeared in the sentence. gist of the sentence. acoustic characteristics of the sentence. visual appearance of the sentence.

Research on memory for sentences and paragraphs suggests that these memories are primarily encoded in terms of: the exact words used. visual features. semantic features. syntactic structure.

In Sach's (1967) research investigating memory for paragraphs, participants were tested in their ability to detect semantic and syntactic changes in the sentences that they had read in a paragraph. The participants were: good at detecting both semantic and syntax changes. good at detecting semantic changes but near chance

good at detecting semantic changes but near chance when detecting syntax changes. good at detecting syntax changes but near chance when detecting semantic changes. near chance when detecting both semantic and syntax changes. 19

Sach's (1967) research investigating memory for paragraphs found that: students are good at detecting changes in meaning (semantic change). students are not good at detecting changes in sentence form (syntax only). the ability of people to detect any change in the sentences declines as time between reading the passage and being tested increases. All of the answers are correct.

Our awareness of our memory system and what resides in there is known as: explicit memory. implicit memory. metamemory. semantic memory.

Brad asks Steve whether he thinks he is ready for the big exam that they have been studying for. Answering Brad's question requires Steve to assess his: episodic memory. metamemory. implicit memory. procedural memory.

Studies of feelings of knowing suggest that: people without memory impairment tend to be correct in their feelings of knowing. for people with amnesia, feelings of knowing predicted their ability to recognize the answer to questions. the accuracy of our feelings of knowing decline with age. All of the answers are correct.

When we have high feeling of knowing, but still find ourselves unable to retrieve the word, our searching for this is known as_______________. encoding specificity retrograde amnesia antereograde amnesia the tipofthetongue phenomenon

The tipofthetongue phenomenon:

is only found in some cultures. occurs more often in younger adults than older ones. shows that soundbased codes play a role in word retrieval. All of the answers are correct. 25

Barclay and associates (1974) showed students sentences like (a) “The man tuned the piano,” while other students saw (b) “The man lifted the piano.” When they were tested, some of them were given the memory cue “something heavy,” while others got the cue “something melodious.” The researchers found that those who got the _______________ cue were more likely to recall the sentence (b). These results illustrate the _________. something heavy; encoding specificity principle something heavy; tipofthetongue phenomenon something melodious; encoding specificity principle something melodious; tipofthetongue phenomenon

Tulving and Osler (1968) had students learn word lists. One group got no cues while they learned the words and the other got poor cues. When they were tested, the groups were split with half of each group getting no cues when tested and half getting the poor cues. Which students remembered the MOST items? those who were given the poor cue at learning, regardless of whether the cues were present at testing those who were given the poor cue at testing, regardless of whether the cues were present at learning those who were not given cues at learning, regardless of whether the cues were present at testing those who had matching conditions at learning and at testing, regardless of whether cues were present or not

Tulving and Osler's (1968) study in which students were asked to learn and recall word lists either with or without poor cues found that those given: poor cues during learning relied on subjective organization to encode the words. poor cues at testing relied on subjective organization to recall the words. no cues during learning relied on subjective organization to encode the words. no cues at testing recalled the most, regardless of whether they were given cues at learning.

If you were intoxicated when you studied a list of words, you are likely to remember more of the words if you are ________ when you recall them. This example illustrates ____________. sober; contextdependent retrieval sober; statedependent retrieval intoxicated; contextdependent retrieval intoxicated; statedependent retrieval

intoxicated; statedependent retrieval 29

Goodwin et al. (1969) studied memory when students were either intoxicated or sober at study and recall. Students made the MOST errors when they were ________ at study and ________ at recall. sober; sober sober; intoxicated intoxicated; sober intoxicated; intoxicated

Goodwin et al. (1969) studied memory when students were either intoxicated or sober at study and recall. Students made the FEWEST errors when they were ________ at study and ________ at recall. sober; sober sober; intoxicated intoxicated; sober intoxicated; intoxicated

Autobiographical memory refers to your: retrospective episodic memory for your own life events. procedural knowledge about yourself. memory for information about the lives of others. implicit memory resulting from your own life events.

According to Klein et al. (2004), to have a fully functioning autobiographical memory, we must possess: a capacity for selfreflection. a sense of personal ownership. the ability to think about time as an unfolding of personal happenings centered about ourself. All of the answers are correct.

Someone who can't remember new events after damage to the brain is experiencing: antereograde amnesia. retrograde amnesia. proactive interference. retroactive interference.

Three young adults suffered damage to their hippocampi and other brain areas during very early childhood. As a result, they cannot remember life events, but they have normal IQs, perform well in school, and show vocabulary development and language comprehension. These individuals are showing evidence of _________ impairment but NOT ____________ impairment. implicit memory; declarative memory episodic memory; declarative memory episodic memory; semantic memory

episodic memory; semantic memory implicit memory; explicit memory 35

That infants can learn new actions and imitative sequences suggests: infantile amnesia may result from a lack of narrative ability. infantile amnesia is tied to the development of language ability. memory for actions may rely on nonverbal, imagebased memories. All of the answers are correct.

The textbook suggests that the reminiscence bump is related to: the primacy component of the serial position effect. the recency component of the serial position effect. the offset of infantile amnesia. encoding specificity.

Research suggests that flashbulb memories are more: accurate than everyday memories. vivid than everyday memories. resistant to false intrusions than everyday memories. All the answers are correct.

In a study of memory for the events of 9/11 and autobiographical recollections of learning about the events, Pezdek (2003) compared New Yorkers, Californians, and Hawaiians. She found that _________ were the MOST factually accurate about the event, and __________ had the poorest autobiographical recall of learning about the event. New Yorkers; New Yorkers New Yorkers; Hawaiians Hawaiians; New Yorkers Hawaians; Hawaiians

The hemispheric encodingretrieval asymmetry (HERA) model looks at hemispheric asymmetries in brain activity during different types of memory tasks. Encoding information into episodic memory involves greater activation in the ____________. Damage to this area would be MORE likely to result in _____________. leftprefrontal cortex; antereograde amnesia leftprefrontal cortex; retrograde amnesia rightprefrontal cortex; antereograde amnesia rightprefrontal cortex; retrograde amnesia

The hemispheric encodingretrieval asymmetry (HERA) model looks at hemispheric asymmetries in brain activity during different types of memory tasks. Retrieving

during different types of memory tasks. Retrieving information from episodic memory involves greater activation in the ____________. Damage to this area would be MORE likely to result in _____________. leftprefrontal cortex; antereograde amnesia leftprefrontal cortex; retrograde amnesia rightprefrontal cortex; antereograde amnesia rightprefrontal cortex; retrograde amnesia 41

Remembering to take a pill at 5:00 p.m. is an example of a (n)_____________ prospective memory. _________ adults tend to perform better with this type of prospective memory. eventbased; Older eventbased; Younger selfinitiated; Older selfinitiated; Younger

The development of prospective memory ability is associated with the physiological development of the ____________ lobes. frontal temporal parietal occipital

The hippocampi are found in the ________ lobes. frontal temporal parietal occipital

After his hippocampi were removed, HM's _______________ memory still appeared to function normally. episodic semantic explicit implicit

Korsakoff's syndrome: is a consequence of malnutrition caused by excessive alcohol consumption. is characterized by sufferers making up answers to questions rather than indicating lack of knowledge. tends to get progressively more severe over time. All the answers are correct.

The area of the temporal lobes associated with emotionality is the: amygdala.

amygdala. hippocampus. thalamus. hypothalamus. 47

The tendency to recall a greater number of pleasant memories than unpleasant memories is known as the: encoding specificity principle. Pollyanna principle. contextdependent retrieval. tipofthetongue phenomenon.

Research on the relationship between emotion and memory for events has found that the emotional reaction: fades faster for positive events than for negative events. fades faster for negative events than for positive events. gets stronger for positive events but not for negative events. gets stronger for negative events but not for positive events.

The Pollyanna principle does NOT hold for: older adults. younger adults. depressed adults. children.

Bartlett's (1932) research studying the memories of people in Great Britain for the Kwak'wala story known as the “War of the Ghosts” found that: initially, people had very consistent and accurate memories. over time, they began to elaborate on the story and, consequently, retellings became longer. over time, the supernatural components tended to get left out. All of the answers are correct.

Loftus, Miller, and Burns (1978) presented participants with a series of slides that showed an auto–pedestrian accident. One of the slides showed either a yield sign or a stop sign. The researchers then asked a series of questions that included a question that referred to the sign in either a consistent or misleading way. They found that: participants given the misleading information were initially unaffected but were more likely to be wrong about what they had seen a week later. the consistent information group and the control group that had not been asked about the sign did not differ in their initial accuracy.

their initial accuracy. the accuracy of the participants given the misleading information was initially below chance but was more accurate a week later. None of the answers is correct. 52

The cognitive interview includes which of the following components? The witness is asked to imagine being back at the crime scene witnessing the event. The witness is encouraged to report everything that he or she can recall. The witness is asked to recount the event in different sequences. All of the answers are correct.

The cognitive interview takes advantage of the: encoding specificity principle. Pollyanna effect. weapons focus. prospective memory.

TestBanks Chapter 06: Web Quiz 1

Remembering that there are 50 states in the United States is an example of: semantic memory. explicit memory. longterm memory. All of the answers are correct.

After seeing a commercial for a particular brand of coffee, I am unable to remember the name of the brand yet I am now more likely to purchase that particular brand. This example illustrates the influence of: semantic memory. retrospective memory. prospective memory. implicit memory.

Fillenbaum (1966) had students study a long list of sentences until their meaning was clear. Then he gave them a multiplechoice test that asked them to identify the sentences they had seen. If they had seen the sentence, “The door was open,” which of the following incorrect answers would they be MOST likely to select? “The door was closed.” “The door was not open.” “The door was not closed.” “The door was white.”

You are fixing a toaster in the kitchen and realize you need a screwdriver. When you go to the garage to get a screwdriver, you forget why you went there. However, when you reenter the kitchen, you immediately remember what you needed. This example illustrates ___________, and the ability to remember when you enter the kitchen can be attributed to ____________. flashbulb memories; reminiscence bump flashbulb memories; availability of retrieval cues encoding specificity; reminiscence bump encoding specificity; availability of retrieval cues

Which of the following has been suggested as an explanation for infantile amnesia? The necessary brain mechanisms may not be mature yet. Young children may not pay attention to context of life events. Young children haven't learned narrative structure yet. All of the answers are correct.

The reminiscence bump occurs:

when children start going to school. in midtolate teens. in mid20s in mid30s Flashbulb memories are: resistant to decay. more accurate than everyday memories. associated with strong emotional reactions. All of the answers are correct.

Wilkins and Baddeley (1978) gave participants tests of both retrospective memory (recall of a list of unrelated words) and prospective memory (remember to press a button several times each day). They found that: retrospective memory and prospective memory are unrelated. those with good retrospective memory tend to have poorer prospective memory. those with good retrospective memory also tend to have good prospective memory. those with good retrospective memory also tend to have good prospective memory, but this relationship was only seen among participants who were college students.

The hemispheric encodingretrieval asymmetry (HERA) model looks at hemispheric asymmetries in brain activity during different types of memory tasks. Encoding information into episodic memory involves greater activation in the ____________, while retrieving information involves greater activation of ______________. leftprefrontal cortex; rightprefrontal cortex rightprefrontal cortex; leftprefrontal cortex leftoccipital lobe; rightoccipital lobe rightoccipital lobe; leftoccipital lobe

After the hippocampi were removed, HM had ________ amnesia. Nevertheless, his _____ memory seemed to function normally. retrograde; implicit retrograde; sematic anterograde; implicit anterograde; semantic

Korsakoff's syndrome is associated with damage to the: hippocampi. frontal lobes. mammillary bodies. amygdala

In general, eyewitness memories:

In general, eyewitness memories: are quite accurate because strong emotional reactions broaden focus on more aspects of the scene. can be influenced by questions asked after the event. are uninfluenced by source monitoring errors. are uninfluenced by eyewitnesses being forced to lie about the situation because they remember that what they said was a lie.

TestBanks Chapter 07: Essay 1

Describe Quillian's teachable language comprehender model. Include at least one research finding that it can explain and one that it can't explain. Answer: Answer should include network components, including hierarchical nature, maximally efficient storage, spreading activation, predictions for time to verify different sentences. Findings consistent with predictions or repeated path hypothesis could be considered findings that support, typicality effect, or semantic distance effect are examples of things it can't explain.

Describe how the feature comparison model would account for typicality effects. Answer: Typical instances should have high similarity leading to faster response times using only the initial feature comparison. Atypical instances should have medium similarity leading to slower response times requiring second feature comparison to defining features only.

Describe three ways that connectionist models are useful in explaining human processing and storage of knowledge. Answer: They can account for learning, how people often confuse information, and explain the loss of information due to brain damage. Answer might also include that they reflect the brain's architecture.

Explain how a schema can both assist and mislead as we try to understand a conversation. Answer: It can assist by allowing inferences to fill in gaps but mislead when those inferences are false. It is difficult to distinguish between inferences and the information that was actually in the conversation.

What is the fate of schemainconsistent information when assessing memory? Answer: It may not be encoded as in the “Office Study,” but schemainconsistent events in stories generally stand out, making it more likely to be recalled as a part of the story.

Sulin and Dooling (1974) had students read a passage that was portrayed as either being about a fictitious character (Carol Harris) or a famous person (Helen Keller). Describe the major findings of the study. Answer: Immediate test—both groups were highly accurate in determining whether the sentences had been a part of the passage. After 1 week, the fictitious character group was still fairly accurate, but the famous person group was not accurate when the sentences had not been presented and was strongly thematically related to Helen Keller.

Name and describe three newborn reflexive schemas. Answer: Answer could include description of any of these schemas— blink, Moro, Landau, protective, palmar, or walking.

Describe the development of narrative schemas. Answer: 2yearolds can narrate one or twoword accounts; 4–5 yearolds begin to narrate sequences of events along with recounts (personal experience prompted by a question, first to occur), eventcasts (running commentary of events at hand), and accounts (personal experience that is speaker initiated); story schemas that have more structure containing additional elements, such as plot, first appear in 8yearolds.

What are the basic constituents of a story schema? How do we know that they are used to understand and remember the story? Answer: Answer should describe setting, theme, plot, and resolution; evidence that story schemas are used comes from better recall for stories that conform to the schema structure; and more likely recall of a sentence if a previous sentence from the same category has been recalled.

Describe how person schemas can lead to stereotypes and how that can impact memory. Answer: Stereotypes are person schemas applied to an entire group. People misremember events so that they are more consistent with the assumptions of the stereotype.

Describe the three components of skilled memory theory.

Describe the three components of skilled memory theory. Answer: Answer should explain the meaningful encoding principle, the retrieval structure principle, and the speedup principle.

False 1

Imagery does not help us with respect to survival. True False

The spacing between numbers in a math problem can interfere with problem solving. True False

The dualtask method allows us to investigate whether various cognitive tasks rely on the same mental resources. True False

When asked to identify which animal in each pair is larger, people should respond to “catwhale” equally quickly as “cathorse.” True False

The areas of the brain activated in response to imagining small or larger letters are the same as those activated when viewing small or large letters, which suggests that these two cognitive processes share some neural correlates. True False

Dual codes may help us remember the name of an object when we can only remember what it looks like. True False

Visual representations can always be represented with a verbal code, but an object with a verbal code does not necessarily have a visual code. True False

Compared to people who form very vivid mental images, people with less vivid mental images are more likely to forget whether they experienced an event or simply imagined it. True False

Spatial ability may have an impact on how successful we are at performing everyday activities. True False

The terms eidetic image and afterimage refer to the same type of mental image. True False

Performance motivation can be thought of as a desire to master a skill, coupled with general arousal. True False

People incorrectly judge the relative positions of two countries because they have failed to organize the spatial relations hierarchically. True False

When using the method of loci and imagines, you should be very familiar with the structure you use to organize the information for it to be MOST effective. True False

Bower & Clark (1969) found that people who remembered a story using mnemonics outperformed those who did not use a strategy, regardless of the delay between training and testing. True False

15 Older adults with larger working memory capacities tend to

Older adults with larger working memory capacities tend to show the greatest benefits when prompted to use the method of story. True False

TestBanks Chapter 07: Multiple Choice 1

In the teachable language comprehender model, the meaning of a concept is: composed of all the links associated with it. defined by the length of the connections with other nodes. defined by a list of its features. organized around particular instances of the concept.

In the teachable language comprehender model: the network is hierarchical. the length of a link represents the relatedness of the two nodes being linked. all properties of a node are directly connected to the node. All of the answers are correct.

According to the teachable language comprehender model, which of the following sentences would be verified fastest? A robin lays blue eggs. A robin can fly. A robin is an animal. A robin has skin.

A section of the network for the teachable language comprehender model includes Robin, Bird, and Animal. Robin and Bird would be connected using a ________ link. Lays blue eggs would be attached to Robin with a _________ link. classinclusion; classinclusion classinclusion; propertyrelations propertyrelations; classinclusion propertyrelations; propertyrelations

A section of the network for the teachable language comprehender model includes Robin, Bird, and Animal. Breathes would be attached to _________ using a _________ link. Robin; classinclusion Robin; propertyrelations Animal; classinclusion Animal; propertyrelations

The aspect of the teachable language comprehender model that allows for a quick “No” response to questions that link two things that are clearly not related is the: hierarchical structure of the network. type of links involved. question interface. distance between the nodes.

distance between the nodes. 7

Which of the following is an assumption of the teachable language comprehender model? All links are of equal length. Properties are stored at the highest appropriate node in the hierarchy. Activation spreads from the activated nodes in all directions at the same time. All of the answers are correct.

In the teachable language comprehender model, the time it takes to answer a question about a sentence is determined by: the length of the direct link between two nodes. the distance between the two nodes in the network. the strength of the connection between two nodes. All of the answers are correct.

According to the repeated path hypothesis, if you were asked to determine whether a canary had skin, your answer would be faster if you had first determined whether which of the following statements were true? A bird is an animal. A tomato has skin. A robin is a bird. A robin sings.

Which of the following is difficult to explain by Quillian's network theory? Why “a canary has skin” takes longer to determine than why “a canary is an animal.” Why “a sparrow is a bird” takes less time to determine than why “an ostrich is a bird.” Why first determining whether “a bird is an animal” will make determining whether ”a robin is an animal” faster. Quillian's network theory can explain all of these findings.

When verifying that an instance is a member of a category, central members of the category are responded to faster than peripheral members. Quillian's network theory: explains this by having shorter links between the central members and the category. explains this because the activation has to spread through more nodes for peripheral members. explains this by having multiple pathways between the category and the central members. cannot explain this finding.

Which of the following changes from the teachable language comprehender model have been included in new network theories to deal with the semantic distance effect?

reducing the hierarchical structure allowing varied length and strength of connections allowing information to be stored in more than one place All of the answers are correct. 13

The main problem for alternative network models that give up the hierarchical nature of TLC and introduce links of different strengths is that they: can't explain typicality effects. can't explain semantic distance effects. are difficult to test scientifically. don't allow different individuals to have different versions of the networks.

The model that portrays human knowledge as a giant semantic space is known as the: teachable language comprehender model. feature comparison model. perceptual theory of knowledge. connectionist model of memory.

Which theory of knowledge is MOST closely related to prototype models of pattern recognition? the teachable language comprehender model the feature comparison model the perceptual theory of knowledge the connectionist model of memory

In the feature comparison model, the initial comparison of features: includes both defining and characterizing features. includes only defining features. includes only characterizing features. compares defining features to characterizing features.

In the feature comparison model, if the initial comparison of features results in an intermediate match, then the person will compare features again; but this time the comparison will include: both defining and characterizing features. only defining features. only characterizing features. only features that did not match in the initial comparison.

In the feature comparison model, if the initial comparison of features finds very little match, then: a second comparison is made using only defining features. a second comparison is made using both defining and characterizing features. a “No” response can be given without further

a “No” response can be given without further comparisons. the model will be unable to determine whether the instance is a member of the category. 19

Which of the following is a key difference between the feature comparison model and the teachable language comprehender model? The feature comparison model assumes that people have an overall sense of defining and characterizing features for natural categories. The feature comparison model relies only on the defining features for determining membership. The feature comparison model assumes that everyone uses the same standards and features to determine membership. All of the answers are correct.

When judging category membership, the feature comparison model predicts that when similarity is high the response will be _______, and when the similarity is low the response will be ________. fast; fast fast; slow slow; fast slow; slow

Under which conditions does the feature comparison model predict the slowest response to category membership judgments? when the similarity is high when the similarity is low when the similarity is medium Similarity does not predict response time.

Which theory of knowledge assumes that when we think about a category, we reactivate the images of earlier experiences with that category? the teachable language comprehender model of knowledge the feature comparison model of knowledge the perceptual theory of knowledge the connectionist model of knowledge

When Julie was asked how she determined whether an elephant had toes, she said she imagined an elephant and “inspected” the image to see if it had toes. Her explanation is MOST consistent with: a network theory of knowledge. the feature comparison model of knowledge. the perceptual theory of knowledge. a connectionist model of memory.

A connectionist model:

A connectionist model: is a broad type of model that borrows from network, feature comparison, and perceptual theories of knowledge. is based on the way the nervous system works. assumes humans are parallel processors of information. All of the answers are correct.

In a connectionist model: connection strength is influenced by past experience. there are separate unconnected networks for each conceptual domain. activation spreads instantaneously. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following characteristics do both connectionist models and perceptual models emphasize? Information is processed in parallel. We acquire information through experience. Every node of knowledge is connected either directly or indirectly. Activation spreads through the entire knowledge network.

Connectionist models are useful because they: can be modified based on a person's development of knowledge. can explain how people often confuse related information. explain the loss of information resulting from brain damage. All of the answers are correct.

The progression of semantic dementia can BEST be predicted by: the teachable language comprehender model. the feature comparison model. connectionist models. a perceptual symbol system.

Schemas: help fill in missing information. can interact with each other. evolve over time. All of the answers are correct.

Schemas:

Schemas: are examples of specific instances that you have experienced. are used to infer missing information. do not change over time. All the answers are correct.

Which of the following is NOT true of scripts? They are schemas that describe physical objects such as faces. They are schemas that tell us what behavior we should expect in particular situations. They interact with other schemas. They are organized hierarchically.

Which of the following characteristics are benefits of using schemas? They assist in understanding conversations by allowing listeners to make inferences. They allow us to know what to expect next in a situation. They make comprehension of conversations faster. All of the answers are correct.

When schemas fill in missing information, it is _______ to determine what information came from the schema and what information was actually present. This is because _______. easy; schemas automatically fill the working memory with the missing information easy; schemas must be consciously consulted to fill in information difficult; schemas automatically fill the working memory with missing information difficult; schemas must be consciously consulted to fill in information

Based on the Brewer and Treyens (1981) “Office Schema” study, when a schema is used to recall an event that generally fits the schema, it makes recall of schema consistent information that wasn't actually present______ likely and recall of schemainconsistent information that was present ______ likely. more; more more; less less; more less; less

When schemainconsistent events occur in a story: people tend not to notice them.

people tend not to notice them. people notice them but quickly forget them. they sometimes stand out with special clarity. are sometimes remembered but never as clearly as schemaconsistent events. 36

In Sulin and Dooling's (1974) study, students read a story that was either titled “Carol Harris” or “Helen Keller,” and their ability to recognize sentences from the story was tested. When tested with a sentence that had not been part of the story but was highly related to Helen Keller, the group who believed that the passage was about Helen Keller was ________ in their recognition of sentences from the story when tested after 5 minutes and _________ when tested after 1 week. accurate; accurate accurate; inaccurate inaccurate; accurate inaccurate; inaccurate

In Sulin and Dooling's (1977) study, students read a story that was either titled “Carol Harris” or “Helen Keller,” and their ability to recognize sentences from the story was tested. When tested with a sentence that had not been part of the story but was highly related to Helen Keller, the group who believed that the passage was about Carol Harris was ________ in their recognition of sentences from the story when tested after 5 minutes and _________ when tested after 1 week. accurate; accurate accurate; inaccurate inaccurate; accurate inaccurate; inaccurate

Involuntary closure of the eye to a flash of light is known as the: blink reflex. Moro reflex. protective reflex. palmar reflex.

When there is a loud noise, infants tend to extend their arms and legs and then bring them together as if to grab onto something. This is known as the: Moro reflex. Landau reflex. protective reflex. palmar reflex.

The walking reflex first appears: at about 6 months of age. in newborns and gets progressively stronger over the

in newborns and gets progressively stronger over the first year of life. in newborns but disappears within a few days, then reappears about a year later. first appears around the time that infant begins to learn to walk. 41

That infants prefer to look at an upright T shape more than an upsidedown T shape has been interpreted as being the result of: their preference for looking at faces. a general preference for letter shapes. a natural language learning module. the Landau reflex.

Plots develop in stories around the age of: 3 years old. 5 years old. 8 years old. 10 years old.

Narratives in which stories are organized around the speaker's personal experience and are prompted by a question are called: recounts. eventcasts. accounts. fictionalized stories.

Running commentaries of events at hand are called: recounts. eventcasts. accounts. fictionalized stories.

Accounts differ from recounts in that accounts: tend to develop earlier. are speakerinitiated. describe what will happen in the future. are about fictional characters and events.

Sarah races into the house and tells her father, “You'll never believe what happened at school today.” Before he can say anything, she launches into a story describing what happened in her class that day. Sarah's story MOST clearly illustrates a(n): recount. eventcast. account. fictionalized story.

fictionalized story. 47

Zelinski and Miura (1988) compared memory for narratives in young adults and older adults. Participants listened to a recording of a story in which the main character engaged in three scripted activities. They found that: older participants recalled more details than younger ones. older participants and younger participants were equally able to recognize sentences that were consistent with the story schemas. younger participants were better able to recognize sentences that were consistent with the story schemas. older participants did not rely on schemas for either recognition or recall.

Research on story schema constituents has found that recall of a sentence is MOST likely if the previous sentence has been recalled and: both sentences are from the same category. the two sentences form a transition between categories. the first sentence is part of the setting and the second sentence is part of the plot. the first sentence is part of the plot and the second sentence is part of the setting.

Story maps: serve as advance organizers. lead to increased comprehension among young students when compared with alternative instructional strategies. are especially helpful for students with learning disabilities. All of the answers are correct.

The type of schema MOST closely associated with stereotypes is a: story schema. person schema. script. face schema.

Peters and associates (2007) showed students a cartoon like story depicting an interaction between two men on a subway. In the last frame, one man held a knife. They found that: when both men were White, the participants couldn't identify the man who held the knife. when one man was Black and one was White, they falsely recognized the Black man as holding the knife. weapon focus led participants to accurately recognize the person holding the knife but not the other man. weapon focus prevented participants from being able to

weapon focus prevented participants from being able to identify either man. 52

Which of the following is NOT an element of skilled memory theory? the meaningful encoding principle the retrieval structure principle the speedup principle the encoding specificity principle

Which of the following is NOT true regarding experts and novices? Experts tend to have a better overall memory to begin with. Experts perceive tasks differently. Experts sort problems differently. Experts have more domain knowledge.

Experts tend to organize their knowledge into memory chunks that create perceptual units that a novice cannot see. This facilitates the: meaningful encoding principle. retrieval structure principle. encoding specificity principle. speedup principle.

A waiter encodes the orders around a table, always beginning at the same point and always going in the same order. This facilitates the: meaningful encoding principle. retrieval structure principle. encoding specificity principle. speedup principle.

TestBanks Chapter 07: Web Quiz 1

A theory of knowledge in which things are represented in memory as nodes and everything is ultimately connected to everything else is a: network theory. featurebased theory. perceptual theory. None of these answers is correct.

Which of the following is true of the feature comparison model? In the first comparison of features, only defining features are compared. Judging an instance that somewhat resembles a category takes less time than judging an instance that is very different from the category. Judging an instance that is a close match in terms of features takes fewer steps in processing than judging an instance that somewhat resembles a category. All of the answers are correct.

First asking, “Does a horse have a mane?” reduces the time it takes to decide whether a pony has a mane. However, first asking, “Does a lion have a mane?” does not reduce the time it takes to make the decision regarding a pony. Which theory can BEST explain this finding? teachable language comprehender feature comparison theory perceptual theory of knowledge None of these answers is correct.

Connectionist models: assume humans are parallel processors of information. are similar to the way the nervous system works. emphasize that we acquire information through experience. All of the answers are correct.

Which of the following statements about schemas is true? Schemas are stable, unchanging representations of the world. Schemainconsistent events are generally not remembered. Schemas can lead to memory of schemaconsistent information that was not present in the original event. All of the answers are correct.

6 Sulin and Dooling (1974) had students read a passage

Sulin and Dooling (1974) had students read a passage about either “Carol Harris” or “Helen Keller.” In a test of recognition memory, the researchers found that those who thought the passage was about Helen Keller were much _______ likely to falsely recognize nonpresented sentences that were ___________ related to Helen Keller when the test was administered 1 week after they read the passage.

more; highly more; poorly less; highly less; poorly Reflexive crawling is known as the: Moro reflex. Landau reflex. protective reflex. palmar reflex.

At what age do children develop stories as a sequence of events that have a beginning, middle, and end? 2–3 years old 4–5 years old 7–8 years old 10–11 years old

Which of the following is considered a basic constituent of a story schema? setting theme resolution All of the answers are correct.

In a demonstration in the text, a passage that describes the operation of a bicycle pump is read with and without a diagram of the pump. The diagram of the pump serves as a(n): advance organizer. eventcast. seductive detail. stereotype.

Expert cognitive processing differs from that of novices in a variety of ways and has been studied using different methods. If physics experts and novices are asked to sort problems by the type of physics knowledge required, this is an example of a: recall task. perceiving task. categorization task. None of the answers is correct.

Memory experts use their prior knowledge to encode new

Memory experts use their prior knowledge to encode new information in their area of expertise. Their doing this illustrates the: meaningful encoding principle. retrieval structure principle. speedup principle. schema utilization principle.

TestBanks Chapter 08: Essay 1

Explain how spatial imagery is used while deciding your route to a destination, organizing your dresser, and planning your upcoming week. Answer: Answers will address how each task relies on planning and organizing ideas in a spatial manner, such as planning the shortest or fastest route, organizing the drawers from top to bottom based on the weight of the clothing, and writing out a timeline of things to accomplish.

Consider three groups who are asked to learn words by repeating them, pairing them with an unrelated picture, or pairing them with a picture in a meaningful way. Predict how each of these groups will perform on recognition and recall tests and justify your answer in terms of the dual coding hypothesis. Answer: We would expect similar performance across groups in the recognition task, but those who formulate meaningful associations would outperform those who do not in the recall task. A meaningful cue has a semantically relevant visual and verbal component, whereas repeating a word or associating it with an irrelevant picture establishes a primarily verbal or visual association. Dual coding would predict the best recall for cues that are verbally and visually relevant.

People are asked to look at silhouettes on a piece of paper and are able to identify two animal shapes when this figure is viewed upright or physically rotated 90°. However, if they are asked to mentally rotate the figures 90° instead, people cannot identify the second animal. How does this finding challenge other evidence on the nature of mental imagery? Answer: Mental images are treated as realistic and appropriate representations of a physical object or an idea. For example, in both visual and mental imagery, stimuli that are similar in size or shape are more difficult to differentiate than stimuli that are obviously different from each other. However, the fact that students cannot identify the second object when mentally performing the tasks suggests that having an external stimulus facilitates some judgments.

Explain how studies on mental rotation provide support for images having an analog code. Answer: As the angular disparity between two objects increases,

As the angular disparity between two objects increases, people take longer and are less accurate at judging whether the two objects are the same. This trend mirrors people's performance when they are physically manipulating an object. 5

How are individuals with a split brain useful in trying to understand the neuropsychology of imagery? Answer: We can selectively present information to one hemisphere of a splitbrain individual without any involvement of the other hemisphere. People with a divided brain are better at mental rotation when the information is presented to the right hemisphere, implicating the importance of this area in mental imagery.

Describe hemineglect and explain how the behaviors associated with this condition provide us with important insight into the relationship between mental and external images. Answer: Hemineglect patients describe mental and external scenes similarly in that they don't attend to leftsided information, but if asked to mentally or physically reorient their perspective, they will report the previously ignored information. These behaviors suggest that to some extent, mental imagery and visual perception share similar neural areas and cognitive processes.

Suppose that people in an experiment were good at recognizing the content of pictures they had seen before, but were not good at remembering whether the original presentation had been simple (e.g., line drawing) or complex (e.g., photograph). Provide an explanation why a more complex cue does not always elicit better recognition memory. Answer: People may only need to extract basic, critical features from an image to remember its content, in which case we would not expect a difference in performance as the result of adding more salient details.

Describe the difference between visual and spatial imagery and explain the types of judgments associated with each skill. Answer: Visual imagery concerns the appearance of the object— such as shape, color, and brightness—and can be evaluated by asking someone to describe these features (e.g., “Is the block red?”). Spatial imagery concerns two or three

block red?”). Spatial imagery concerns two or three dimensional representations of objects in space, which can be evaluated by asking someone to consider the orientation of a single object or a number of objects with respect to one another (e.g., “Is the red block to the left of the blue block?”). 9

Describe the visualizer–verbalizer distinction. Explain how this distinction could be useful for education but is limited in its predictive ability. Answer: This distinction characterizes the extent to which people use visuospatial or verbal representations in problem solving. The classification can be useful in order to improve and personalize teaching, but should not be thought of as a dichotomous measure. Skill in one dimension is not necessarily universal (e.g., a visualizer does not necessarily have good spatial ability), nor does it preclude skill in the other dimension.

You imagined that South America and Africa were aligned on an imaginary horizontal axis, but when shown a map you discovered that Africa appears farther north than South America. Explain why mental representations of geography do not necessarily reflect the maps we have studied. Answer: We don't remember maps as perfect pictures but rather organize their information in a structured and easily accessible way. An example would be visualizing the relative positions of North America, Europe, South America, and Africa as four corners of a perfect square.

Describe a situation outside of the classroom in which teaching and using mnemonics can be useful. Answer: Answers will vary but generally describe situations in which mnemonics help people remember a large group or sequence of items (e.g., clusters of symptoms in clinical settings, musical chords, terminology within a specialized field, etc.).

Imagine that you are a healthcare provider and have been put in charge of creating memory exercises to help your elderly patients. Briefly describe a memory strategy that is effective for older adults, explain how you would implement it, and predict the type of patient for whom your intervention will be the most effective. Answer:

Answers will vary, but first define the method (e.g., loci and

Answers will vary, but first define the method (e.g., loci and imagines, story, or keyword) and explain the underlying structure (e.g., associations with place, theme, or word). Generally speaking, older adults with better comprehension, spatial ability, and working memory will benefit the most from these strategies.