BIO 123 Microscopy Lab Report With Answers

MICROSCOPY LAB REPORT WITH ANSWERS 1. Give a description of the part of the microscope named 

connects the body tube to the ba microscope

body tube



connects the eyepiece to the obj

coarse focus adjustment



Brings the specimen into genera



Adjusts the amount of light that specimen.



The lens the viewer looks throu specimen



clears the focus and increases th specimen.



the lenses closest to the specime microscope has three, four, or fi that range in power from 4X to



the light source



A rotating turret that houses the lenses.



The flat platform where the slid



Metal attachments that hold the place.

Iris diaphragm

eye piece/ocular

fine focus adjustment

Objective lenses

Illumination

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revolving nose piece

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arm

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Stage

stage clips 

Metal attachments that hold the slide in place. (STAGE CLIPS)

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         

connects the body tube to the base of the microscope (ARM) the lenses closest to the specimen. A standard microscope has three, four, or five of these that range in power from 4X to 100X. (OBJECTIVE LENS) Adjusts the amount of light that reaches the specimen. (IRIS DIAPHRAGM) A rotating turret that houses the objective lenses. (REVOLVING NOSE PIECE) connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses (BODY TUBE) The flat platform where the slide is placed. (STAGE) The lens the viewer looks through to see the specimen the light source (EYEPIECE/OCULAR) Brings the specimen into general focus. (COURSE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT) clears the focus and increases the detail of the specimen. (FINE FOCUS ADJUSTMENT)

Ocular Lens x10 x10 x10 x10

Feedback

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2. Calculate the magnification options of the compound microscope

x

Objective Lens

=

Total Magnification

Color of the Objective Lens

4x

40x

red

10x

100x

yellow

40x

400x

blue

100x

1000x

white

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Comments Comment: the colors are not correct 3. Describe how the letter e appears under the microscope. Based on what you know about inversion, what do you think the letter e appears like when you are looking at it with the naked eye (i.e. not under the microscope).

When I looked through the microscope on the lowest power, the "e" is upside down and reversed. If I were to look at the "e" with a naked eye it would be right side up and not reversed. The lens of a microscope seems to change the appearances of things.

4. Zoom in to 400x on the onion root tip. You should be able to see square-like shapes with dark areas in the center. Based on what you have learned about cells and cell structure, what are the dark areas in the middle of each square? Define its function.

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The dark areas in the middle of each square are the nucleus enlarged, containing 16 chromosomes. The cell is in prophase of mitosis, with distinct chromosomes (chromosome doublets) and a disintegrating nuclear membrane.

5. Because you are looking at a plant cell, there is possibility you could identify other organelles under the microscope as well. List at least 3 organelles you (in theory) could identify in the plant cell that would not be in the animal cell. Include their functions Three organelles that would be in a plant cell, but not in an animal cell would be a cell wall, a vacuole, and a chloroplast. A cell wall provides and maintains the shape of the cells and serves as a protective barrier. A vacuole is a membrane-bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and the release of cellular waste products. Chloroplasts are specialized organelles that contain the plant cells chlorophyll, which is responsible for the plant's green color and the ability to absorb energy from sunlight.

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6. Zoom in to the highest power on the bacterial capsule. How can you tell you are looking at a prokaryote, and not a eukaryote?

When looking at the bacteria slide under the magnification of 1000X, the cells shape looks very similar to Cocci. Cocci are described as round, smooth spheres and can be observed as solitary cells, pairs, chains, tetrads (4 cells), clusters or cubes (8 cells). This type of structure is found only in prokaryotic cells and not eukaryotic cells. Also, prokaryotes do not contain and membrane-enclosed organelles, whereas when looking at a eukaryote under a microscope the organelles are most visible, this was not the case for this particular slide.

7. Why would it be incorrect to say that “prokaryotes are not as adapted for life as eukaryotes”?

While prokaryotes do not have the same complex structures as eukaryotes, this does not mean they are less adapted for life. In fact, they are quite resilient and adaptable.

Prokaryotes have lasted billions of years, while Eukaryotes have lasted only a few hundred million years as a group, with few individual species lasting the whole time.

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8. Describe the cell theory.

The cell theory states that all living organisms are composed of cells. They may be unicellular or multicellular. The cell is the basic unit of life. Cells arise only from other preexisting cells. The modern version of the cell theory includes the ideas that energy flow occurs within cells, heredity information (DNA) is passed on from cell to cell and that all cells have the same basic chemical composition. The cell basics are that all living organisms are composed of and depend on cells to function normally. Not all cells are alike. There are two primary types of cells: eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

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9. Describe the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

Eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus. Eukaryotes can be single-celled or multi-celled. Examples of eukaryotes are you, me, animals, plants, fungi and insects. Prokaryotic cells do not contain a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle. Prokaryotes include two groups: bacteria and archaea. Another difference between these two are the ribosomes. In eukaryotic cells, they are much larger than the ones in prokaryotic cells. The most important distinction between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is their structure.

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10. Eukaryotic cells contain many different organelles that constantly keep our bodies working at a normal and healthy state. One particular set we learn about is the endomembrane system which includes 5 different organelles. Describe this system more in detail. Include how it differs between plants and animals.

The endomembrane system is a series of compartments that work together to package, label, and ship proteins and molecules. Two familiar cellular structures that are part of the endomembrane system are the nuclear envelope and the plasma membrane. Other organelles of this system include the endoplasmic reticulum, where certain proteins and lipids are synthesized; the Golgi apparatus, a sort of shipping center; the lysosome, used for recycling of old organelles; and the vacuole, a storage compartment. The endoplasmic reticulum is divided into two types: the rough ER, which has ribosomes (protein-making structures) on its outer face and the smooth ER, which lacks ribosomes. The rough ER is primarily involved in protein modification, while the smooth ER is more of a jack-of-alltrades. Animal cells and plant cells have certain components of their endomembrane system in common. These components include both the smooth and rough ERs and the Golgi apparatus. But there are some differences between them as well; those differences are Lysosomes, Microbodies, Central Vacuoles, Food Vacuoles, and Contractile Vacuoles. The lysosomes are small membrane-bound vesicles that contain more than 30 hydrolytic enzymes for the digestion of many complex molecules including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and sugars. They are only found in animal cells. Microbodies are small, simple membrane-bound organelles consisting of a single boundary lipid bilayer membrane that encloses a collection of enzymes and other proteins found in both plant cells and animal cells. Two types of microbodies are peroxisomes and glyoxysomes. Peroxisomes are responsible for lipid degradation and detoxification of active oxygen species. Glyoxysomes facilitate the breakdown of storage lipids in germinating seeds that store large quantities of lipids and are only found in plant cells. Central vacuoles are only found in plants and store salts, organic acids, sugars, storage proteins, pigments, water, and sometimes waste products. Food vacuoles are found in primitive animal cells and help to ingest food by endocytosis. After engulfing food, the food vacuole then fuses with the lysosome so that digestion can occur. Contractile vacuoles are only found in protists and help to remove excess water from the cell.

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11. Zoom in to 400X on the human cheek smear. Are you looking at a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell?

Select one: A. Prokaryotic

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B. Eukaryotic

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