Chapter 1 Themes and Issues in Adult Development and Aging As the opening chapter to the book, the material covered here provides the orientation to the course. There is enough material in this chapter to cover two to three lectures. During the first lecture, it is particularly important to provide students with a sense of excitement about the field. Reflect on your own enthusiasm for teaching this topic and, if appropriate, relate personal experiences that have led you to want to become involved in adult development and aging. It would also be useful to find out why students have chosen to taken the course, as it is quite likely that many of them are there for personal reasons as well. Ask students to watch for news, advertisements, newspaper, and magazine items that focus on older adults and associated issues related course material to discuss in class.
LECTURE GUIDELINES There is a logical break between the theoretical issues in the first part of the chapter and the demographic material presented at the end. The lecture on demography can begin with a discussion of current issues relevant to aging, such as the effect on the population of the "graying of America". A discussion of the "Baby Boomers" would also be interesting, as many of the students have parents, or possibly grandparents, in this generation. You can also encourage students to contrast their views about Baby Boomers with “Millennials,” “Gen-X’ers,” and the like. Ask them if they believe that generational labels are helpful in understanding the behavior of individuals. Check the website for the Canadian Association of Retired Persons (CARP), www.carp.com, for articles and profiles of older adults, centenarians, life expectancy, and numerous age-related issues in Canada. Zoomer magazine, published in conjunction with CARP, is an relevant source of Canadian perspectives on aging and ageism.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are many potentially relevant materials to include in the lectures based on this chapter. Keep your eyes open for news items that concern aging in Canada, the U.S., and the world relevant to the economy, social trends, and population dynamics. Non-stereotypic older adults can also be shown to counter negative representations that students may have such as older persons engaging in activities that would not normally be associated with aging. There are two excellent films by PBS: “The Way We Get By” (http://www.pbs.org/pov/waywegetby/) and Frontline “Living Old” (http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/livingold/view/). Because there are many statistics to summarize in the demography section, it is helpful to provide anything that will put a human face to the numbers. There is an excellent series available on YouTube divided into five parts, called “The World’s Oldest People”: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bjd8_9dtLHo
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS THE BIOPSYCHOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVE • •
Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important? How does the material in this course relate to other courses that you have taken which employ an interdisciplinary perspective?
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FOUR PRINCIPLES OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING • • • • • • •
Do you feel that you are a different person than you were when you were younger? Do you know of individuals who illustrate the principle of individual differences in development? What are the important intraindividual dimensions that psychologists should study? What are the implications for the field when you consider that the only people we can study in old age are those who survived? How can you be a survivor? Name some changes that you think are age-related and see if they are in fact age- or disease-related. Ask students to complete one of the Canadian on-line life expectancy surveys e.g., “Will you live to be 100”? What factors are amenable to change/modifiable and which are not?
THE MEANING OF AGE • • • •
How would you define a person as an "adult"? Do you feel that you qualify as an adult? What are appropriate criteria to use for this distinction other than or in addition to age? What are the pros and cons of using these age-based divisions? How could the alternative indices of age be implemented in a practical sense so that they would replace chronological age? Can you come up with examples of influences on development that have affected you?
KEY SOCIAL FACTORS IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING • • •
• • • • •
How is your identity affected by your gender? Why is ethnicity an important factor in adult development and aging? Consider some of the implications of Canada’s multicultural policy for its diverse population. How does Statistics Canada measure the multicultural background of the population? Consider some of the difficulties with use of the grouping: Canadian-born, immigrant, visible minority, and Aboriginal populations. How has your social class affected your own life so far? How do you think social class will affect your life in the future? What sorts of influences do you think that social class has on people's lives and why is it important in development? How has your religion affected your own development? Why do you think religion has not been examined in previous research on adult development and aging?
THE BABY BOOMERS GROW UP: CHANGES IN THE MIDDLE-AGED AND OLDER POPULATION IN CANADA AND THE WORLD • • •
What are the implications of an aging population? Will the aging Baby Boomers change the way that we think about aging, or have they done so already? Who are famous aging Baby Boomers you can think of in the media who defy traditional stereotypes? What are the implications of changes in the racial and ethnic distribution of the aging population?
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Multiple Choice Questions 1. Research on adaptation to aging suggests that the most important factor determining your health, happiness, and longevity may very well be your ______ age. a) chronological b) subjective c) biological d) sociological Answer: b Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective
2. The term __________ captures the concept that aging involves an interaction among processes such as physical changes, cognition, and social context: a) biopsychosocial b) physiocultural c) multidirectional d) transformational Answer: a Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective
3. Of the following areas of aging, which would be considered a “biological” component of the biopsychosocial model? a) Changes in muscle mass. b) Loss of a spouse. c) Retirement from a job. d) Gains in vocabulary skills. Answer: a Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective
4. Which of the following would be considered a “social” age-related factor in the biopsychosocial perspective? a) Improving in wisdom. b) Losing muscle strength. c) Becoming a grandparent. d) Increasing in conscientiousness. Answer: c Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective
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5. The changes that individuals experience in income and residence when they retire and move out of the home where they spent their working lives would fall into the ____________ domain of the biopsychosocial model. a) psychological b) sociocultural c) biological d) cognitive Answer: b Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective
6. Changes over time in an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behaviors as they cope with the physical changes involved in aging fall into which domain of the biopsychosocial perspective toward aging? a) Sociocultural b) Biological c) Gerontological d) Psychological Answer: d Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective
7. According to the continuity principle of adult development and aging, the experiences you have as a young adult will play what role in your development? a) Young people are able to make up for any damage they do their bodies when they get older. b) The friends people have in their college years will most likely be the same ones they have later in life. c) People retain their identities about as they get older, even though their appearance changes. d) Older adults would prefer to be treated as “old” rather than as the people they were when younger. Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
8. The ________________ principle of adult development and aging proposes that changes build on themselves over life in a cumulative fashion. a) selection b) continuity c) individuality d) normative Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
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9. Because the _____________ are the individuals we study in later life, researchers caution that the findings may not be true for everyone born in a given period of time. a) institutionalized b) less able c) young-old d) survivors Answer: d Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
10. Which of the following might account for the fact that the people who live to old age are the “survivors”? a) They ate foods that are rich in dietary cholesterol. b) Their families provided a strong support network. C) They have lived a life in which they took high risks. d) They avoided exercising or being too physically active. Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
11. How does the fact that older adults are survivors influence research on aging? a) Researchers must adapt their test instruments to accommodate them. b) Healthy older adults tend to be the exception rather than the rule. c) Psychological studies have less validity than studies on biology of aging. d) The available samples are positively selected on important characteristics. Answer: d Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
12. Which of the following is not characteristic of older adult survivors? a) Good health and physical funtioning b) Cognitive and intellectual functioning c) Opportunistic risk taking d) Personality Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
13. 75-year-old Mrs. A. has difficulty with her vision due to cataracts but her friend Mrs. B., also 75, can see perfectly. However, Mrs. B.’s arthritis makes it difficult for her to walk while Mrs. A. recently ran a senior marathon. This example illustrates which principle of adult development and aging? a) Interindividual differences. b) Normal aging is different from disease. IM & TB -1 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c) Survivors are an increasingly select group. d) Changes are continuous over the life span. Answer: a Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
14. A 77-year-old man has loved to jog for his entire life, and he is still able to keep up a pretty good pace. However, he is suffering hearing loss which makes it difficult for him to enjoy the music he likes to play while out on his run. In addition, he’s noticing that it’s getting harder for him to see the street signs unless the sun is brightly shining. This man illustrates which principle of aging? a) continuity b) multidirectionality c) survivor effects d) tertiary aging Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
15. Researchers studying the volume of the hippocampus within the brain showed the importance of examining individual differences in aging by finding that: a) most of the adults 70 and older had greater hippocampal volume than the younger adults. b) the overall direction of hippocampal volume change was slightly positive starting at age 30. c) at least some older adults studied had equal or higher brain volume than some young adults. d) the greatest variation in hippocampal volume occurred among adults who were in their late 20s. Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
16. The idea there are differences within the individual in the rate of aging is referred to as: a) interindividual variability. b) multidirectionality. c) personal aging. d) nonnormative influences. Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
17. The idea that people become more different from each other as they grow older is known as the principle that: a) changes are continuous. b) aging is interdisciplinary. c) individuality matters. d) only the survivors grow old. IM & TB -1 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
18. The rapid loss of functioning that individuals may experience at the very end of their lives is known as _________ aging: a) tertiary b) primary c) normal d) accelerated Answer: a Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
19. Changes due to normal aging include which type of processes? a) Abnormal and disease-related b) Sudden and rapid c) Preventative and compensatory d) Universal and progressive Answer: d Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
20. Which of the following would be considered an example of “normal” age-related psychological changes? a) lowering of self-esteem b) moderation of personal qualities c) development of sleep problems d) losing interest in hobbies Answer: b Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
21.Which of the following is considered an example of secondary aging? a) Developing diabetes at the age of 67. b) Marrying for the third time at age 55. c) Working part-time at the age of 72. d) Moving to a retirement community at age 62. Answer: a Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
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22. Due to the process of ______ aging, an older adult may develop a disease such as skin cancer after years of exposure to the sun. a) primary b) tertiary c) secondary d) normal Answer: c Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
23. A term in gerontology used to refer to people who are in the age group of 65-74 is: a) oldest-old b) middle-old c) healthy-old d) young-old Answer: d Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
24. People referred to as “old-old” have which specific characteristic? a) Prematurely gray and wrinkled b) Between the ages of 75-84 c) Retire after the age of 65 d) Become grandparents in middle age Answer: b Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
25. A centenarian falls technically into the category of which division of the older adult population? a) young-old b) oldest old c) old-old d) super-old Answer: b Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
26. People now considered supercentenarians, such as Jeanne Louise Calment, live past the age of: a) 100. b) 90. c) 130. d) 110. IM & TB -1 |8
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Answer: d Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
27. The index of age that represents a person's functioning on measures such as intelligence, memory, and learning ability is called ___________ age. a) Psychological b) Social c) Biological d) Secondary Answer: a Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
28. A world-class tennis player decides to end her career and retire at the age of 24. Her _____ age would be approximately 65 years old. a) psychological b) biological c) physiological d) social Answer: d Section The Meaning of Age
29. Individuals who are in the period of emerging adulthood are likely to show which qualities? a) Early signs of the normal aging process. b) Transition to responsible family and work roles. c) Difficulties in interacting with older family members. d) Psychological but not physiological maturity. Answer: b Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
30. Genevieve is 27 years old, finishing graduate school and living with her parents. As she makes her transition into adulthood, psychologists would consider her an example of someone in the age period called _______ adulthood. a) emerging b) young-old c) psychological d) normative Answer: a IM & TB -1 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
31. The large impact of the COVID-19 pandemic makes it a ________________ influence on development. a) secondary aging b) normative history-graded c) personal aging d) normative age-graded Answer: b Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
32. The term "gender" refers to: a) biologically assigned characteristics. b) self-identification as male or female. c) treatment of women in society. d) orientation toward sexual partners. Answer: b Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging
33. The main focus of the large British study known as Whitehall II is on the role of ____________ as a factor in development. a) historical change b) racial disparities c) social class d) nationality Answer: c Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging
34. As indicated in the text, according to the 2016 Census, in Canada the largest visible minority group aged 65 and older is: a) Hispanic; Latin American b) Asian c) Black d) Aboriginal Answer: b Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging
35. Which of the following topics would be considered to provide evidence on the effect of sex in development? IM & TB -1 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) Disparities in income b) Social role expectations c) Identification as a male or female d) Role of hormones in behavior Answer: d Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging
36. Highly developed countries that have nearly equal birth and death rates have an age-sex structure that resembles which shape? a) Trapezoid b) Circle C) Diamond d) Rectangle Answer: d Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
37. The term ____________ is used to refer to individuals who fought in World War II. a) Greatest Generation b) Baby Boom c) Millennials d) Gen Xers Answer: a Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
38. According to Statistics Canada, as of July 1, 2019 the percentage of people 65 and older in Canada is approximately _____percent. a) 15.5 b) 17.5 c)21.5 d) 28.5 Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
39. The ____ for humans has never changed. a) life expectancy IM & TB -1 |11
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) life span c) compression of morbidity d) adjusted life expectancy Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
40. The term life ______ refers to the maximum number of years that a species lives, reflecting its genetic inheritance. a) length/expectancy b) span c) limit d) potential Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
41. The increased population of adults aged 65 and older in Canada can be attributed specifically to the higher life _______ being achieved by current generations. a) length b) expectancy c) growth d) span Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
42. The number of years a person can expect to live with relatively little disability is known as: a) life span projection. b) morbidity-free span. c) functional age. d) health-adjusted life expectancy. Answer: d Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
43. The parents of people in the Baby Boom generation are known as: a) Gen B. IM & TB -1 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) Senior Boom. c) Silent Generation. d) Pioneer Cohort. Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
44. According to Statistics Canada (2019) the average life expectancy at birth Is ____ for women and _________ for men. a) 75; 72.5 b) 78; 75.9 c) 82; 78.7 d) 84; 79.9 Answer: d Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
45. According to Statistics Canada (2019) the health-adjusted life expectancy for Canadians is ______ years for women and ____for men. a) 65.5; 60.5 b) 66.5; 62.5 c) 69.5; 67 d) 70.5; 69 Answer: d Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
46. The highest percentage of Canadians aged 65 and older are located which province(s)? a) Newfoundland and Labrador b) Quebec c) Manitoba and Saskatchewan d) British Columbia Answer: a Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
47. According to Statistics Canada, as of July 1, 2019, the median age of the Canadian population is approximately ____years. IM & TB -1 |13
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) 32.8 b) 35.8 c) 40.8 d) 45.8 Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
48. The number of people 65 and older projected to be alive around the world in 2050 is approximately: a) 106 million b) 2.37 billion c) 1.57 billion d) 670 million Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
49. The world region with the highest percentage distribution of population aged 65 and older is: a) Africa. b) Asia. c) Europe. d) North America. Answer: b Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
50.as According to He and colleagues (2016) the greatest decline in world population aged 65 and older from 2015 to 2050 is expected for: a) Africa b) Asia c) Europe d) North America Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
51. The effects of a changing environment including normative-graded, history-graded, and non-normative changes refer to: IM & TB -1 |14
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) Biological aging b) Psychological aging c) Social aging d) Personal aging Answer: c Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
Short Answer
52. Provide examples of concepts from the fields involved in the biopsychosocial perspective. Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective
53. Why is the biopsychosocial perspective important in understanding the processes of adult development and aging? Section Reference: The Biopsychosocial Perspective
54. What are the four principles underlying the study of adult development and aging? Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
55. Why is it important to distinguish normal aging from disease? Section Reference: Four Principles of Adult Development and Aging
56. What are advantages and disadvantages of using a particular age to define "adult"? Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
57. Define and explain the purpose of using alternative indices of age. Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
58. List the three influences on development and provide examples of each. Section Reference: The Meaning of Age
Essay 59. Why do researchers believe it is important to distinguish personal from social aging?
60. List and define the 5 major social categorizations used in describing the findings and theories in adult development and aging. Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging
61. What might be the reasons for so few studies on the role of religion and spirituality in aging? What might researchers be missing by failing to study this topic? Section Reference: Key Social Factors in Adult Development and Aging
62. What are the two main factors that have contributed to changes in life expectancy in the last 100 years? Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
63. What are the four main implications of changes in the age distribution of the population in Canada over the next 30 to 40 years? Section Reference: The Baby Boomers Grow Up: Changes in the Middle-Aged and Older Population in Canada and the World
64. What is the value of using age as a means of understanding development? Would alternative indices be more useful? Why or why not?
65. Why is it important to understand individual differences in the process of development in later life?
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66. How will changes in the age distribution of the population affect society as a whole? Provide specific examples.
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Chapter 2 Models of Development: Nature and Nurture in Adulthood LECTURE GUIDELINES This is a heavily theoretical chapter and can be tough going for students who are eager to move on to learning more concrete information about adult development and aging. Depending on the nature of the class and its size, the lecture can be oriented toward more or less theoretical aspects of the material by providing a conceptual orientation (more theoretical) or concrete examples (less theoretical). Because this material previews much of what is to come in later chapters, it is also possible to use this chapter as a way to plant the "seeds" for these later concepts and discussions. Depending on the length of the class, it is advisable to break this chapter into two or more lectures, dividing it along the lines of biological vs. psychosocial theories. Biological theories can occupy an entire class period, particularly when combined with videos (see below). Some students may need extensive background in concepts of genetics. These will be important for later chapters, particularly Chapter 5, in which the genetic contributions to Alzheimer's and other diseases are discussed. The psychosocial theories provide an opportunity to present some substantive material that may be of greater inherent interest to students in psychology and other social sciences as it previews concepts that will not appear until much later in the course, such as personality development and family issues.
VIDEOS AND FILMS The topic of developmental models is an important one to break up with relevant videos and films because the concepts are inherently dry and theoretical for some students. There are ample resources on biological theories of aging. The best ones that I have found are on the PBS series called “NOVA Science Now”: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/sciencenow/ which aired several segments about the genetics of aging. A popular movie that contains interesting twists about age and time is “The Curious Case of Benjamin Button.” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/can-we-slow-aging.html Ageism can be illustrated by showing scenes from humorous portrayals of aging characters in a stereotyped fashion, such as the Simpson's, a classic cartoon series with a wealth of material on aging. There is also an excellent example in the Seinfeld episode called “The Old Man,” in which the characters each confront and older adult who is depicted in a funny but stereotypical fashion. Examples of identity assimilation and identity accommodation can also be provided from film or television shows in which characters either resist changing (identity assimilation) or change excessively (identity accommodation) in response to an event that challenges their identities. A good example of identity assimilation is "Driving Miss Daisy" which, in the first scene of the movie, shows the struggle she experiences as she is faced with accommodating to her loss of the ability to drive. Ask students to consider some of the contemporary tv shows such as “Grace and Frankie” and movies e.g., “The Book Club” that illustrate age-related issues. Consider the SOC model – how might older popular musicians maintain their career involvement (touring, producing new albums) despite age- related physical changes. Generate examples with older and younger individuals.
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONS
MODELS OF INDIVIDUAL-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS • • • • • •
How does the notion of contextual influences on development relate to concepts such as gender, race, and socioeconomic status? How do "nature" and "nurture" interact in development throughout life Which model do you feel is most appropriate for understanding development? Why is it important to an interactionist model to emphasize the concept of reciprocity? How has your life involved niche-picking? Can you think of examples from your life when an action you took or decision you made had an outcome on a later event?
SOCIOCULTURAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT • • • • • • • •
How does the life course perspective relate to the concepts of social clock and age-graded normative influences discussed in Chapter 1? How does the ecological perspective link models of development that focus on external processes to those that focus on processes within the individual? Why do you think disengagement theory was popular at one time? Do you know anyone who exemplifies disengagement theory? Activity theory? Continuity theory? What type of involvement in society would make you happiest when you get older? Why? How do older minority individuals (especially women) manage to cope with discrimination? What is your social clock? Do you think that the social clock is helpful or harmful when people think about themselves and their lives?
PSYCHOLOGICAL MODELS OF DEVELOPMENT IN ADULTHOOD • •
• • •
Do you feel that Erikson's theory provides a reasonable framework for understanding development throughout life? What are its weaknesses and what are its strengths? Some critics of Erikson's theory feel that the theory is narrowly focused on heterosexual relationships in adulthood. Others argue that Erikson made an unreasonable distinction between development in men and women in that he suggested that intimacy precedes identity for women. What do you think of these criticisms? Why is identity balance considered an optimal way of adapting to the aging process? Provide some examples of age-related thresholds either in your own life or in the life of other people you have known. How did the people involved adapt to these thresholds? Why are psychological models of development necessary? What do they add to biological theories?
BIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO AGING IN ADULTHOOD • • •
What would the world (or universe) be like if there was no aging? What will be the implications of mapping the human genome? What would you like most to learn about the genome and how would this information be of relevance to you? IM & TB-2 |2
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• • • •
Can aging be programmed by our genes? What if the process of replicative senescence could be stopped? Which is your favorite biological theory? Why? What products are being sold on the market based on these theories of aging? Are their claims legitimate or not, in your opinion, based on what you’re learning in the course?
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1.According to Erikson’s model, someone who criticizes Millenials as “lazy, narcissistic, and self-absorbed” may be high on: a) mistrust b) guilt c) stagnation d) inferiority Answer: c Section Reference: Models of Individual-Environment Interactions
2. The life-span perspective in development emphasizes: a) decline in later adulthood due to biological changes. b) psychological rather than biological influences on the individual c) understanding development as continuous from childhood to old age. d) childhood as the most important period of an individual’s life. Answer: b Section Reference: Models of Individual-Environment Interactions 3. The view that development is best viewed as continuous throughout life is referred to as the __________ perspective. a) gerontological b) life span c) contextual d) sociocultural Answer: b Section Reference: Models of Individual-Environment Interactions 4. To indicate a broadening of our understanding of changes in individuals over time, the term developmental _____________ is increasingly becoming used in the field. a) psychology b) sociology c) science IM & TB-2 |3
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) programming Answer: c Section Reference: Models of Individual-Environment Interactions
5. A research lab that focuses on studying the aging process is attempting to find the specific set of genes that control aging at the cellular level. It is likely that the researchers in this lab are operating from the ____________ model of development. a) psychosocial b) organismic c) existential d) mechanistic Answer: b Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 6. Organismic models of development are most likely to include which types of aging theories? a) Sociological b) Behavioral c) Social-psychological d) Biological Answer: d Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 7. According to the plasticity principle in development, individuals can alter the course of their own development by: a) seeking genetic therapy. b) accelerating the rate of the social clock. c) describing the changes that occur in their bodies. d) engaging in physical and mental exercise. Answer: d Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 8. The greatest emphasis on the environment is associated with which model of development? a) Mechanistic. b) Organismic. c) Reciprocal. d) Interactionist. Answer: a Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 9. A young woman joins her university’s intramural tennis team because it’s a sport she always wanted to try but had no opportunities to do so. It turns out that she’s virtually a natural and soon advances to the top of the varsity team’s roster. This example illustrates which process in individual-environment interactions? a) multidimensionality IM & TB-2 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) epigenesis c) niche-picking d) accommodation Answer: c Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 10. The idea that older adults are much more satisfied with their lives when they are able to leave behind their former social roles and involvements is consistent with which role adjustment theory? a) Activity b) Disengagement c) Mechanistic d) Ecological Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 11. Which model of development emphasizes the influence you have on the other people in your home, school, and community? a) Reciprocal b) Mechanistic c) Organismic d) Contextual Answer: a Section Reference: Models of Individual Environment Interactions 12. In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of system has the most direct impact on the individual? a) mesosystem b) exosystem c) macrosystem d) microsystem Answer: d Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 13. In Bronfenbrenner's ecological model of development, the macrosystem includes: a) friends, family, and others who the individual knows. b) culture, nationality, and the economic structure. c) the community and healthcare agencies. d) changes that occur in systems over time. Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 14. In the Bronfenbrenner ecological model of development, which type of systemincludes the workplace and social environment as well as neighbours, political and mass media ? IM & TB-2 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) mesosystem b) exosystem c) macrosystem d) microsystem Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Individual Development 15. The changes that take place over time, according to the ecological model of development, fall into the realm of the: a) social clock b) chronosystem c) age strata d) macrosystem Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 16. In the Whitehall II study, the fact that living in affluent as opposed to poor areas of London was related to life expectancy provided a demonstration of which type of influence on development in Bronfrenbrenner’s model? a) Sociocultural b) Proximal c) Adaptational d) Reciprocal Answer: a Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 17. A 35-year-old woman feels concerned about her career because she believes that, by this age, she should have advanced further than she has by now. Her concern would be best explained by which theoretical approach to understanding development? a) life span b) life course c) life expectancy d) life clock Answer: b Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 18. An older adult couple in your neighborhood retired from their jobs as teachers but continue to work in the community as school volunteers. It seems as if they enjoy maintaining similar roles that they had when they were working. They would be a good example of which role satisfaction theory of aging? a) Social clock b) Disengagement c) Continuity d) Organismic Answer: c Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development IM & TB-2 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
19. The idea of being “on-time” or “off-time” in achieving major life goals is considered an important element of adjustment in the __________ model. a) role fulfillment b) disengagement c) social clock d) identity process Answer: c Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 20. According to research cited in your text, university students most likely to hold negative views of the elderly are those who: a) volunteer in personal care/ nursing homes. b) have grandparents. c) identify with their own age group. d) identify with extended family members. Answer: c Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 21. According to your text,which of the following is a misconception about aging indicated by the World Health Organization (2018) as a need for policy implications? a)Older adults compete for jobs with younger adults. b)Health costs increase as a function of age. c)A large proportion of older adults require care. d)Social and economic inequities contribute to diversity in older adults. Answer: d Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 22. The modernization hypothesis of ageism proposes that attitudes toward older adults will be most negative in societies that: a) emphasize oral traditions in which families hand down collective wisdom. b) do not believe in an afterlife in which people can come back from the dead. c) value people for the amount they can produce and contribute to society. d) insist that older adults try to “fit in” by looking as young as possible. Answer: c Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 23. As proposed by terror management theory, the cause of ageism can be traced to: a) lack of familiarity about the aging process. b) loss of contact with older adults in the family. c) greater urbanization and industrialization in society. d) the anxiety that people feel about their own deaths.
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Answer: d Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 24. The multiple jeopardy hypothesis proposes that ageism will be most severe for people who have which characteristic? a) Being from more than one category of minority status. b) Only being over the age of 75 years old. c) Frequent involvement with younger adults. d) Unable to live independently in the community. Answer: a Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 25. People who resolve the industry vs. inferiority issue associated with Erikson’s psychosocial theory unfavorably are likely to have difficulty in which area of development? a) Identifying with the work ethic. b) Getting close to a romantic partner. c) Being able to accept death. d) Having a strong sense of self. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 26. An older adult faced with issues pertaining to autonomy vs. shame and doubt, in Erikson’s theory, might be confronting which situation? a) Trying to meet new friends after having recently become widowed. b) Having to move to a nursing home instead of being able to live independently. c) Recovering from having been mugged after getting off the bus. d) Becoming concerned about an illness that is likely to be terminal. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 27. In Erikson’s theory, which of the following behaviors would be considered specific to a person high in generativity? a) Becoming independent from one’s parents. b) Mentoring a younger colleague. c) Investing in a risky new financial venture. d) Appreciating a beautiful work of art. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 28. People who find it difficult to establish long-lasting, mutually satisfying, close relationships would be considered, in Erikson’s theory, to be high on which specific quality? a) Stagnation b) Mistrust c) Despair IM & TB-2 |8
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) Isolation Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 29. A man in his 50s finds that he does his best work when he allows himself to daydream or even take a break and play a video game. According to Erikson, this man would be high in the quality of: a) initiative b) identity c) industry d) inferiority Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 30. When people are first confronted with new ideas or approaches, they often resist accepting them and instead use their existing schemas or ways of responding. According to Piaget, this process is called: a) equilibrium b) assimilation c) epigenesis d) accommodation Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 31. A 70-year-old who refuses to think of herself as hearing impaired even though she truly has difficulty hearing conversations at ordinary levels, would be considered to show which identity process? a) Secondary aging b) Identity assimilation c) Ego integrity d) Identity accommodation Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 32. In the process called identity ______________, people make use of negative information about themselves and acknowledge these areas of weakness to facilitate change and thereby enhance their sense of self. a) assimilation b) reflection c) balance d) accommodation Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 33. In process called identity ______________, people are able to accept negative information about themselves as part of their sense of self without feeling unduly disturbed or devastated. a) assimilation IM & TB-2 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) reflection c) balance d) accommodation Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 34. A person using the process of identity balance would have which reaction to age-related changes in physical functioning? a) Maintaining a stable view of self despite the change. b) Becoming upset and disturbed over any sign of loss or decline. c) Pretending that the change has not occurred. d) Giving up entirely on any form of physical exercise. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 35. The feeling that a person is able to succeed at a specific type of task is referred to as ______________ a) selective optimization. b) identity accommodation. c) self-efficacy. d) ego integrity Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 36. The selective optimization with compensation model proposes that older adults engage in what type of behavior when faced with loss? a) Seek help from younger adults to do those tasks for them. b) Try to put more energy into the abilities which they care about the most. c) Continue to try to achieve their goals, even if they seem out of reach. d) Disengage from as many social roles and obligations as they can. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 37. In the Selective Optimization with ____________ model, older adults are proposed to cut down on the abilities they are weak and make up with the abilities on which they show greater potential for improvement. a) Cognition b) Compensation c) Complexity d) Coping Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood
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38. The multiple threshold model of aging predicts that people will experience challenges to their identities as they get older in a ______________ manner. a) clocklike b) stepwise c) sudden d) selective Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood
39. The ________ theory refers to deleterious changes in cells of the body’s connective tissue such as skins, tendons, muscles, and cartilage. a) free radical b) cross linking c) error catastrophe d) autoimmune Answer: b Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 40. The behavioral genetics method in which genetic researchers scan the entire genome looking for signs of genetic disorders is known as what type of study? a) genome-wide linkage b) mutation analysis c) genome-wide association d) random error investigation Answer: c Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood
41. The life span of humans a) has increased dramatically in the last century. b) is dependent on contextual factors. c) is increasing for females rather than for males. d) has never changed. Answer: d Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 42. The Gompertz curve shows the relationship between: a) calories and rate of aging. b) free radicals and cancer. c) death rate and age. d) exercise and life span. Answer: c Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood
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43. According to the biological theory known as error catastrophe, the most significant effects of aging involve which structure in the cell? a) Chromosome b) Mitochondrial DNA c) Microfibril d) Collagen Answer: b Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 44. The telomere theory proposes that the cause of aging is due to: a) release of free radicals. b) destruction of the ends of chromosomes. c) deterioration of the mitochondria. d) cross-linking of long ends of proteins. Answer: b Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 45. The ends of the chromosome lost with repeating cell replications that are thought to underlie the aging process are called the: a) telomeres. b) cross-links. c) mutations. d) Mitochondria. Answer: a Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 46. According to your text, which of the following areas of research are more likely to explain age-related changes? a) Error catastrophes b)Autoimmune c) Free radicals d) Genetics Answer: d Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 47. According to one random error theory of aging, the _________ are unstable molecules that bond to other molecules, causing cells to misfunction. a) cross links b) free radicals c) genetic alleles d) amino acids Answer: b Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood
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48. Some research evidence suggests that drinking red wine can slow the aging because it contains: a) protein. b) resveratrol. c) alleles. d) mitochondria. Answer: b Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 49. The biopsychosocial perspective fits with the _________ model of developmental science. a) sociocultural b) psychological c) biological d) interactionist Answer: d Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 50. The mutations found in mitochondrial DNA are acquired: a) non-specifically. b) from the mother. c) from the father. d) from both mother and father. Answer: b Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 51. Researchers studying caloric restriction with nonhumans find that diets low in total calories are associated with: a) decreased production of free radicals. b) increased stress. c) increased exercise. d) greater hostility. Answer: a Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood
Short Answer 52. What are the three major approaches to understanding development? How do they differ in their emphasis on the role of the individual in development? Section Reference: Models of Individual-Environment Interactions
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
53. What is niche-picking? Provide an example from your own experience that illustrates how this principle operates in development. Section Reference: Models of Individual-Environment Interactions 54. Define and contrast the terms: theory, hypothesis, model, and perspective. Section Reference: Models of Individual-Environment Interactions 55. What is the major assumption of the life course perspective? Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 56. What are the major levels of organization in the ecological perspective? Section Reference: Sociocultural Models of Development 57. Define the term "epigenetic" and explain how it relates to Erikson's psychosocial theory. Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 58. What are the four major psychosocial crises of adulthood according to Erikson? Define and provide an example of each. Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 59. What is an implication of the "matrix" as described within Erikson's theory regarding the relationship between age and specific psychosocial issues? Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 60. Define and provide an example of these terms: a. Assimilation. b. Accommodation. c. Equilibration. Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 61. How does Piaget's theory differ from that of Erikson? Section Reference: Psychological Models of Development in Adulthood 62. Briefly describe the process of aging according to the telomere theory.
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 63. Define and contrast the random error theories of aging and provide an implication that each theory has for how individuals can slow the rate of their own aging. Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood 64. Can random error theories be integrated with programmed aging theories? Why or why not? Section Reference: Biological Approaches to Aging in Adulthood
Essay 65. Defend your position about "why" aging occurs, from an evolutionary perspective. 66. Describe and analyze a behavior of yours related to your own aging in terms of: a. Identity processes. b. Multiple threshold model. c. Sociocultural perspectives. 67. What are two forms that "ageism" can take in terms of ways of thinking about older adults? 68. Provide your own analysis of why negative attitudes have existed toward older adults in Western society. How might these change in the future? 69. How do biological theories of aging relate to sociocultural views of development?
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Chapter 3 The Study of Adult Development and Aging: Research Methods LECTURE GUIDELINES This chapter is the third and final chapter that serves as background for what is to follow in the rest of the course. Given that the topic is not one inherently of great interest to students, some imagination is required to keep students motivated. It is recommended that the instructor make ample use of charts and diagrams to provide explanations of the various research designs. Furthermore, examples of specific research studies can be inserted throughout the lecture on design to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of particular methods.
VIDEOS AND FILMS As stated above, it is helpful to use some imagination in planning the research methods lecture because the material is not of strong inherent interest to students. Suggested videos would include recent studies from the national news media using cross-sectional or longitudinal designs. A segment from “56 Up (http://www.pbs.org/pov/56up/#.UbedgPm1GCl) can be used to illustrate longitudinal research. “Neil” is a particularly interesting case.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: • •
VARIABLES IN DEVELOPMENTAL RESEARCH Can you define independent and dependent variables? Think of examples from research and label the variables as independent and dependent. • Can you think of examples of an experimental study? Are studies on aging experimental or quasiexperimental? DESCRIPTIVE (SINGLE FACTOR) RESEARCH DESIGNS • Why is it that cohort, time of measurement, and age cannot truly be separated from each other? • Can you give some examples of cohort and time of measurement effects? • Prior to showing the box with disadvantages and advantages ask students to state what these might be. • SEQUENTIAL RESEARCH DESIGNS • Can you provide examples of cases where sequential designs would be important in the study of aging? • How would you interpret the age gradients for intellectual ability from the SLS? • Which designs seem to make more sense to you and would you use in conducting your own research? CORRELATIONAL DESIGNS • Why do researchers maintain that it is not possible to draw cause-and-effect conclusions from correlational research? • What types of variables and problems are best studied through correlational methods? • What are the advantages to using multivariate designs in research on adult development and aging? • Is it truly possible to infer causal relationships from multivariate models? (This is a rather advanced question.) • TYPES OF RESEARCH METHODSHow might an older adult feel when tested in a laboratory situation? • For what type of research questions would qualitative methods be particularly well-suited? • In what areas would archival research be of particular value? Why?
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
• • •
What types of special considerations might be needed in conducting surveys on older adults? What can researchers do to reduce the subjectivity involved in a case report? How could a focus group help a researcher begin to identify issues that can then be addressed in subsequent empirical studies?If you were a consultant in a nursing home, how might you use observational methods to answer questions about the factors that affect the adjustment of residents? MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN ADULT DEVELOPMENT AND AGING • Why is it necessary to establish the appropriateness of measures for different age groups of adults? ETHICAL ISSUES IN RESEARCH • Why is it necessary to protect the rights of research subjects? • What is involved in the construct of “capacity”? Why is capacity an important ethical issue in research with vulnerable older adults? • Under what sorts of conditions would it be necessary to keep subjects unaware of the purpose of the study until it had been completed? What steps should be followed in such conditions to ensure that your study meets with the requirements of ethical research protocol? • What is the difference between anonymity and confidentiality in research? How do these differ in various types of research (e.g., cross-sectional, longitudinal, focus groups, daily diary, prospective studies)?
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Which research method was used in the National Social Life, Health and Aging Project (NSHAP) study on aging and sexuality in which older adults reported on their sexual experiences? a) Focus groups. b) Interviews. c) Case studies. d) Daily diaries. Answer: b Section Reference: Introduction 2. Researchers studying the effects of videogame training on the cognitive abilities of older adults expose separate groups of male and female participants to a training condition and two other groups to a no-training condition in performance on a cognitive test. They then conduct a similar comparison involving male and female younger adults. In this study, the only true independent variable is: a) videogame training b) age group c) cognitive performance d) gender Answer: a Section Reference: Variables in Developmental Research
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
3. A psychologist is conducting a study on the effect of intergenerational contact on happiness ratings, focusing on how such contact can be beneficial to older adults. In one condition, she pairs an older adult with a young child and in the other she pairs two older adults with each other. Both sets of pairs meet for 30 minutes at a time. In this study, the dependent variable is the: a) pairings of young with old vs. old with old. b) happiness ratings of the older adults. c) length of time spent in contact. d) number of words each pair exchanges while they meet. Answer: b Section Reference: Variables in Developmental Research 4. Because age cannot be an independent variable, research on aging uses a______________ type of design. a) true experimental b) bidirectional c) quasi-experimental d) semi-structured Answer: c Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 5. The social, historical, and cultural influences that affect people during a particular period of time refer to _______ effects. a) Age b) Cohort c) Time-of-measurement d) Normative Answer: c Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 6. Classifying groups of people studied in developmental research based on when they were born involves distinctions based on which type of categorization? a) cohort b) age c) sectional d) time of measurement Answer: a Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 7. Developmental researchers who study time of measurement effects on psychological functioning are most interested in finding out: a) how people born at different years compare. b) the effect of aging on performance. c) how current social conditions affect scores. d) whether the least able drop out first. Answer: c IM & TB-3 |3
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs
8. The fact that the “Greatest Generation” was raised in the 1930s, leading them to share certain sociocultural influences, is an example of which factor affecting developmental research results? a) time of measurement b) aging c) cohort d) mediation Answer: c Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs
9. Age cannot be used as an independent variable in developmental research because: a) People usually lie about their birthdate. b) There are no statistics to analyze age-based data. c) It cannot be manipulated by the experimenter. d) There are no good theories about aging. Answer: c Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 10. A British documentary film maker followed a group of children every 7 years starting when they were 7 years old and continuing to track them down through age 56. This film comes closest to which type of developmental research design? a) Cross-sectional b) Longitudinal c) Cross-sequential d) Time-sequential Answer: b Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs
11. In a prospective study of development, researchers use which type of approach? a) Compare people at one time who did and did not experience a major life transition. b) Track participants before and after they experience a major life transition. c) Ask participants to recall what they were like when they were younger. d) Interview close friends and relatives of participants over several time points. Answer: b Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 12. A researcher studying retirement is concerned that most of the available data come from people who are already retired, instead of following people up through the transition. The best approach to counter this problem would involve which type of research design? a) cross-sectional b) prospective c) sequential IM & TB-3 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) archival Answer: b Section Reference: Correlational Designs 13. Although always a problem in research on aging, the issue of selective attrition most clearly affects what type of study? a) Longitudinal b) Sequential c) Laboratory d) Observational Answer: a Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 14. The gradual loss of cognitive abilities as individuals get closer to death is referred to in research terms as: a) terminal drop. b) unreliability. c) mortality control. d) correlational fallout. Answer: a Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 15. Selective attrition typically involves the people initially most ______________ dropping out of a longitudinal study earliest. a) motivated b) infirmed c) active d) capable Answer: b Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 16. When the unhealthy members of a sample die out, the scores of the survivors seem to “rise” even though they may not change in reality. This research problem in studies on aging is referred to as: a) sequential growth. b) time of testing. c) selective attrition. d) qualitative analysis. Answer: c Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 17. Researchers conducting cross-sectional studies on aging have which specific advantage over researchers who conduct longitudinal studies? a) They do not have to worry about practice effects. b) The data are not affected by selective survival. c) They have eliminated all possible cohort effects. IM & TB-3 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) They can give different measures to different age groups. Answer: a Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 18. A researcher conducting a cross-sectional study on age differences in health habits wants to look at people in their 20s vs. people in their 70s. This research might be improved by which of the following steps? a) Limit the young adult group to college students to minimize bias. b) Examine the older adults in a computer lab to control test conditions. c) Pay the college students but not the older adults for participating. d) Include a middle-aged group to reduce the age span being compared. Answer: d Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 19. In a cross-sectional study on aging, the most important factor to control for is: a) terminal drop. b) practice effects. c) cohort differences. d) lack of confidentiality. Answer: c Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 20. Online headlines from a major new study report that sexual interest diminishes as people get older. However, as you read the article in more detail, you realize that the study only compared people of different ages. Therefore, this study was _____________ and could not permit conclusions about age changes. a) cross-sectional b) prospective c) cross-sequential d) observational Answer: a Section Reference: Types of Research Designs 21. The _____________ refers to the approach that combines the three sequential designs. a) Most Efficient Design b) Three Factor Method c) Cohort Sequential Design d) Quasi Statistical Model Answer: a Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs 22. In ____________ studies of aging, researchers collect data from more than one cohort at more than one time period. a) sequential b) longitudinal c) sectional IM & TB-3 |6
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d) prospective Answer: a Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs 23. The cross-sequential design is designed to allow researchers to determine whether cohort and ___________ influence the patterns of results in developmental studies. a) time of measurement b) age c) education d) nationality Answer: a Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs 24. In the cohort-sequential design, researchers manipulate cohort and: a) time of measurement b) gender c) age d) date of birth Answer: c Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs 25. A researcher finds that after completing all three analyses in the Most Efficient Design, the 50-year-olds differ from the 60-year-olds in two of the three analyses. To conclude that age was a factor in producing these results, which design would need to show no significant effects? a) Time-sequential b) Cohort-sequential c) Age-sequential d) Cross-sequential Answer: d Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs 26. The Most Efficient Design would most likely be employed when researchers wish to compare the effects of: a) gender vs. age b) education vs. cohort c) age vs. cohort d) months vs. years Answer: c Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs 27. For a researcher in a given field to find that both the time-sequential and the cohort-sequential designs produce significant age effects, then it is possible that the results reflect true ________ aging: a) historical b) social IM & TB-3 |7
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c) personal d) cultural Answer: c Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs
28. In multivariate correlational studies testing _________, researcher compare the correlation between two variables with and without the effect of a third. a) moderation b) association c) description d) mediation Answer: d Section Reference: Correlational Designs 29. In multivariate study, researchers are attempting to understand the joint contributions of age and gender to the outcome of scores on a measure of depression. Because age does not predict gender nor does gender predict age, both variables have the status of being: a) structures b) moderators c) latent d) mediators Answer: b Section Reference: Correlational Designs 30. Researchers who want to test causal hypotheses about a set of relationships involving age and other variables are likely to use which specific type of design? a) Cross-sequential b) Structural equation model c) Quasi-experimental d) Correlational Answer: b Section Reference: Correlational Designs 31. Although only experimental studies can ultimately test causality, many researchers in the field of aging use multivariate techniques, such as ____________, because they allow for testing inferences about causality. a) archival methods b) path analyses c) cross-sectional studies d) case reports Answer: b Section Reference: CorrelationalDesigns
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32. In a large-scale study investigating the relationship between intelligence and lifestyle, researchers administer a set of 10 intelligence tests which they then convert into one underlying factor. They relate this underlying factor, in turn, to various lifestyle variables such as exercise, diet, and leisure activity participation. The converted intelligence factor is known, in structural equation modeling terms, as a(n): a) latent variable. b) moderator. c) multiple factor. d) outcome variable. Answer: a Section Reference: Correlational Designs 33. Researchers attempting to predict whether or not a person will develop a disease from a set of risk factors are most likely to use the statistical method called: a) structural equation modeling. b) logistic regression. c) mediational analysis. d) latent variable measurement. Answer: b Section Reference: Correlational Designs 34. The qualitative method would be most appropriate for research investigating which topic in the psychology of aging? a) The effects of aging on memory. b) Age differences in daily experiences. c) The prevalence by age of psychiatric disorders. d) How older adults feel about grandchildren. Answer: d Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 35. In epidemiological studies, researchers obtain prevalence statistics when they want to investigate the percent of people who: a) ever had a given disease. b) first show symptoms of a disease. c) had a disease and are now recovered. d) were at risk but didn’t get the disease. Answer: a Section Reference: Types of Research Methods
36. The most appropriate method of analysis for data obtained from focus groups, such as older adults discussing their views about healthcare, would be: a) qualitative. b) correlational. c) structural. d) epidemiological IM & TB-3 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: a Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 37. A method in which researchers gather data from multiple sources for an in-depth analysis of particular individuals is called a(n) _______ study: a) prevalence b) daily diary c) survey d) case Answer: d Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 38. An archival study examining a woman’s age of first marriage and her probability of divorce would involve what type of procedure? a) Interviewing women of different ages to find out how they feel about marriage. b) Gathering divorced women into small groups and asking them about their experiences. c) Examining day-to-day variations in the happiness ratings that married women provide. d) Looking at divorce statistics in a given population and comparing age groups of women. Answer: d Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 39. In a study examining the factors that influence whether drivers of different ages are likely to speed through an intersection, researchers set up recording devices at several major traffic lights in one town. They then estimate their ages and estimated speeds from the recordings. This would be an example of what type of study? a) survey b) observational c) sequential d) qualitative Answer: b Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 40. In the National Social Life, Health and Aging Study, researchers collected data on the sex lives of adults 57 to 85 years of aging by using which type of methodology? a) Focus group b) Laboratory c) Observational d) Interview Answer: d Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 41. Which type of epidemiological study do researchers use when they want to estimate the percent of people who first show symptoms of a disease? a) Prevalence IM & TB-3 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) Multivariate c) Incidence d) Descriptive Answer: c Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 42. To evaluate the relationship between gender and psychological well-being, a researcher examines a set of 45 studies that all include similar types of measures. The researcher then is able to provide a measure of “effect size” to indicate the strength of the relationship. This type of approach is called a(n): a) meta-analysis b) archival study c) focused analysis d) descriptive study Answer: a Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 43. Tests that produce consistent results are said to be psychometrically: a) valid b) reliable c) predictive d) replicable Answer: b Section Reference: Measurement Issues in Adult Development and Aging 44. Tests that are intended to measure personality need to meet psychometric criteria showing that they actually do relate to personality. These criteria refer to a test’s: a) reliability b) equivalence c) validity d) consistency Answer: c Section Reference: Measurement Issues in Adult Development and Aging 45. A test that measures what it is supposed to measure and does not relate to something else stands up to the psychometric criterion known as ____________ validity. a) discriminant b) criterion c) convergent d) differential Answer: c Section Reference: Measurement Issues in Adult Development and Aging
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
46. A personnel manager develops a test to determine whether he will be able to predict how well employees will be able to keep up with the technological advances in their field from questions that measure their ability to learn new information. This test is intended, then, to meet the psychometric quality known as: a) criterion validity. b) test-retest reliability. c) convergent validity. d) internal reliability. Answer: a Section Reference: Measurement Issues in Adult Development and Aging 47. The role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in the research process involves which procedures? a) Ensuring that all participants provide information that is anonymous. b) Funding researchers who work at that institution to conduct their work. c) Requiring that researchers protect the rights of their participants. d) Ensuring that investigations carried out at that institution are published. Answer: c Section Reference: Ethical Issues in Research 48. The ethical principle of ____________ cannot be maintained in longitudinal study, where researchers must keep track of the names of their participants. a) anonymity b) confidentiality c) informed consent d) portability Answer: a Section Reference: Ethical Issues in Research 49. A researcher obtains information about one of her older participants in a study that suggests the participant may have difficulty driving. According to the ethical principle of ______________, however, she cannot report this to the participant’s family. a) confidentiality b) professionalism c) informed consent d) freedom of information Answer: a Section Reference: Ethical Issues in Research 50. The ethical principle of debriefing requires that a researcher who uses deception in an experiment is obligated to: a) continue to maintain the deception so that participants don’t leak the findings. b) intervene by counseling directly any participants who seem to show distress. c) ensure that participants don’t leave the experiment until they have completed it. d) provide a complete description of the study’s purposes and answer any questions. Answer: d IM & TB-3 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Ethical Issues in Research 51. Ethical guidelines require that researchers obtain ________________ in which they provide information about a study’s risks and benefits to each participant and then obtain their signature indicating they understand it: a) assisted feedback b) confidential disclosure c) informed consent d) known agreement Answer: c Section Reference: Ethical Issues in Research
Short Answer 52. Compare an experimental with a quasi-experimental design. Which type of design is used in studies on aging? Section Reference: Variables in Developmental Research 53. Define age, cohort, and time of measurement. What is each variable intended to represent? Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 54. Why are age, cohort, and time of measurement dependent on each other? Why is this a problem in research on adult development and aging? Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 55. Define a longitudinal and a cross-sectional design. Compare two advantages and two disadvantages of each. Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 56. What solutions have researchers developed to overcome the problems of descriptive research designs? Section Reference: Descriptive (Single Factor) Research Designs 57. What is the purpose of sequential research? Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs 58. What are the three sequential designs in the Most Efficient Design? IM & TB-3 |13
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Sequential Research Designs
59. What is the reason that researchers do not allow cause-and-effect conclusions to be drawn from correlational studies? Section Reference: Correlational Designs 60. List and define two multivariate correlational approaches. How are these used to overcome the problem that "correlation does not equal causality"? Section Reference: Correlational Designs 61. Provide examples of each of the following methods: 1) Case study 2) Observational study 3) Focus group 4) Daily Diary study 5) Prospective study Section Reference: Types of Research Methods 63. You are hired to be a consultant in a nursing home to study socialization patterns of residents. Which research method would give you the most useful data? Why? Section Reference: Types of Research Methods
64. What are the two forms of reliability? Why are each important? Section Reference: Measurement Issues in Adult Development and Aging 65. List the four forms of validity and provide an example of how each would be measured. Section Reference: Measurement Issues in Adult Development and Aging 66. Describe why it is important for researchers to establish the reliability and validity of measures for each age group in a cross-sectional study. Section Reference: Measurement Issues in Adult Development and Aging
67. What are the four components of ethical standards in research? Section Reference: Ethical Issues in Research
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68. Why were ethical standards developed and why are they important? Section Reference: Ethical Issues in Research
Essay 69. Design a study on a topic of interest to you using longitudinal and cross-sectional methods. Describe the potential problems you would have with each method and how you would overcome these problems. 70. Describe how you would apply the sequential designs to a study you develop. Analyze how the pattern of results you obtain would indicate the effects of age, cohort, and time of measurement. 71. Discuss the problems involved in simple correlational designs and explain the advantages to using multivariate designs instead. Think of a research example to illustrate these points. 72. Analyze the issue of psychometrics (reliability and validity) in research on aging. Why is it important for researchers to ascertain that measures are equally applicable to each age group in a study? Do the same considerations apply in longitudinal research designs? 73. Describe how you would go about ensuring the rights of participants in a study on memory and aging. How would you address the construct of “capacity”? Why is it important to consider in research with older adults? Design a consent form, a debriefing form, and a set of guidelines to use that will ensure protection of the confidentiality of data.
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Chapter 4 Physical Changes LECTURE GUIDELINES This chapter contains a great deal of information about specific aspects of the physical aging process. The purpose of the lecture is to present highlights of the most significant information so that students will know how to focus their efforts in reading and studying the chapter. Charts can be made and shown in lecture as a guide for students to summarize significant age changes within each area of functioning. Specific suggestions within each of the areas of the chapter outline include those areas of information that seem most important. As essential as it is to present factual information, however, the instructor's goal with this material is to allow students to gain an understanding of how theoretical principles relevant to the biopsychosocial perspective apply to physical functioning. Furthermore, it is valuable to highlight this material with videos and films that will allow students with a minimal background in biology to understand how these changes occur within the person. Finally, a goal of this section of the course is to encourage students to adopt some of the practices that are recommended within the category of "use it or lose it" (i.e. exercise). Students will also gain a more optimistic approach to the aging process if they see specific ways in which they can "control" their own rate of aging.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are ample resources available to supplement these lectures. One outstanding video is the National Geographic program, “Inside the Living Body:” http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1086781/ You can also find videos of Jack LaLanne on YouTube. Students are fascinated with his story and having lived to the age of 96, he is an excellent model of the value of aging and exercise. Illustration of brain plasticity can be obtained from the PBS series “Stealing Time,” which though somewhat dated has an excellent interview with Scheibel and Diamond that is still relevant: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0450505/ (it is not currently available through PBS but may be available through online retailers). NOVA Science Now had an excellent show on the biology of aging, and its website presents many useful resources. See the Dove Canada website for their perspectives and images of healthy aging of women. Check the Canadian Association of Retired Persons (CARP) newsletter and Zoomer magazine for relevant articles. Chatelaine (October/November, 2019) has an interesting article, “The New Older,” that provides interviews Jann Arden and seven other pre, peri, and post-menopausal women on their experience and perspectives on midlife changes.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS: APPEARANCE • •
• • •
Why might people be concerned about the effects of aging on the face? What evidence can you find from popular cosmetics products to support the notion that people are concerned about this aspect of the aging process? Collect examples of products and procedures that address age-related these changes. Why is plastic surgery a controversial issues? Consider examples of movie and media people. Why do fair-skinned people in Western society place value on having a tanned appearance? Why are people in our society so concerned about their hair turning gray? What social factors make it difficult for men (and women) to experience hair loss?
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BODY BUILD • • • •
• • • • • •
Do you exercise on a regular basis? Why? How could older adults be encouraged to exercise on a regular basis? Consider age-related changes in body build. How is BMI calculated? How does it change as a function of age and over time? What are the recommended exercise levels for older adults who vary in terms of functional abilities from master athletes to sedentary and those with mobility limitations. What is the impact of exercise for these groups? How much can loss of muscle strength be slowed by exercise? Do some adults seem obsessed with muscle strength? Why do you think they are so obsessed? What is the research evidence in favour of strength training as a way to compensate for sarcopenia? What are the risks of bone loss in adulthood? In addition to exercise, what other measures can people use to slow or compensate for bone loss? What types of activities do young adults engage in that could lead to a higher rate of joint damage in later life?
VITAL BODILY FUNCTIONS • • • • • • • •
How do normal changes in the cardiovascular system affect the daily life of the middle-aged and older individual? Given what is known about the negative effects of smoking on the respiratory system, why do you think people continue to engage in this bad habit? Do you know people of college age who smoke (or do you)? How do you feel about this behavior when the effects of smoking are so widely known to be negative? Given that age-related changes in the urinary system are relatively minor, why is it that the media portray older adults as suffering from incontinence? Rather than teach people with urinary incontinence bladder control methods, why do health care practitioners have them use adult diapers? Why are adult diapers given so much attention in the media when urinary incontinence affects only a minority of older adults? Given that aging has little inherent effect on digestion, why are there so many advertisements directed at middle-aged and older people having to do with supposedly age-related digestive problems? What are the psychological and social factors that can contribute to nutritional and digestive problems in older adults?
BODILY CONTROL SYSTEMS • • • •
Why is GH replacement therapy so popular with athletes and to counter age-related changes associated with somatopause? What are the risks and alternative treatments available? Consider differences in the sleep patterns of younger and older adults. What are the concerns with the use of melatonin among older adults? Why is DHEA replacement therapy a concern for men? Which forms of hormone replacement therapy would you consider using?
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• • • • • • • •
Critique advertisements that make unsubstantiated claims for the value of hormone replacement therapy. Why do people believe these ads even though the scientific evidence in their favor is so thin? Why is the menopause given so much negative attention by the media? How might this attention alter the way that women experience the menopause? If you were a woman going through the menopause, would you consider estrogen replacement therapy? Why or why not? Given the risks of testosterone replacement therapy, why is it considered by some people to be an attractive option? How might cohort effects alter the results of studies on age differences in testosterone levels among men? With the complexity of the immune system and its interaction with lifestyle factors, how will it be possible for researchers to separate the effects of aging from those due to cohort? What are the implications of changes in the immune system for other areas of functioning in later adulthood? Why are older adults at greater risk for COVID-19?
NERVOUS SYSTEM • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • •
How do brain imaging technologies help to advance the field of research on age changes in the nervous system? Which model do you think has more support from the literature, the neuronal fallout or the plasticity model? Why? Why is an older adult more likely than a younger adult to be a "morning person"? Are you a morning or an evening person? How do you think your lifestyle as a college student affects your circadian rhythms? If you were a clinician working with an older adult with sleep problems, what steps would you recommend to intervene? Would you prescribe sleeping pills? Why or why not? What is the effect on public perceptions of older adults when heat- and cold-related deaths are given attention in the news? What steps should public health officials take to ensure that older adults are not victims of extreme temperatures? To what extent are temperature-related deaths due to normal aging and to what extent are they do to other factors including disease? What are the implications of prevalence data on sensory impairments in later adulthood? Do you know people who need to wear bifocals to correct their vision for presbyopia? How do they feel about wearing bifocals? Do you know anyone who has had cataract surgery? What was the experience like? Have you heard of macular degeneration prior to learning about it in this course? Why is such a common condition given such little attention? Why have older adults traditionally been embarrassed about hearing loss and reluctant to wear hearing aids? What effect on communication does hearing loss have for older adults? What do you think would be most difficult for an older adult – visual or auditory loss (blindness or deafness)? Consider compensations and lifestyle factors.
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
• • • • • •
What are the effects of prolonged exposure to loud music on the hearing of young people? Will we see an increase in hearing loss among this generation of young adults? What steps can middle-aged and older people take to avoid falling? Can you balance for a minute on one foot holding onto the other foot behind you? (Try this as a class exercise.) If not, this is something you should work on to improve your own balance. Do you know any older people who have experienced loss of taste or smell sensitivity? How have these changes affected their daily lives? How do changes in position and movement contribute to increased risk of falling in older adults? Do older adults feel more or less pain than younger adults, and what factors seem to affect the willingness of older adults to state that they are in pain?
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. Changes with age in the dermis layer of the skin are associated with age-related alterations in which protein, also found in connective tissue throughout the body? a) melanin b) collagen c) insulin d) elastin Answer: b Section Reference: Appearance 2. Sunscreen protects you from which harmful rays? a) gamma b) magnetic c) ultraviolet d) delta Answer: c Section Reference: Appearance 3. When older individuals experience the condition known as ____________________, they are likely to show pattern baldness. a) androgenetic alopecia b) geriatric melanitis c) premature photogenia d) progressive ontogenia
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Answer: a Section Reference: Appearance 4. Barb E. Dahl is a 72-year-old woman who is pleased that for the first time in her life she has finally been able to shed excess pounds without having to diet. In reality, however, Barb’s weight loss is probably not so good because it is due to: a) loss of muscle mass. b) relative increase in cartilage. c) decrease in collagen. d) reductions in glucose. Answer: a Section Reference: Appearance
5. A BMI in the range of 25-29.9 places the individual in the category of: a) normal. b) overweight. c) obese. d) extreme obesity. Answer: b Section Reference: Body Build 6. Extensive research on exercise involving weight lifting and resistance training shows that these forms of exercise help to offset which normal age-related change in the muscles? a) Somatopause b) Dysthermia c) Adrenopause d) Sarcopenia Answer: d Section Reference: Body Build 7. Sarcopenia is associated with age-related changes in the___________: a) bones. b) lungs. c) muscles. d) kidneys. Answer: c Section Reference: Body Build 8. A 79-year-old woman’s exercise routine includes resistance training three times a week for an hour alternating with one-hour workouts on an elliptical machine. As a result, she will experience less of which particular agerelated change in physical functioning? a) tinnitus b) presbycusis IM & TB-4 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c) cross-linking d) sarcopenia Answer: d Section Reference: Body Build 9. A man is worried about the possibility that his 83-year-old wife might fall and break her one of the bones in her ___________, which is one of the most susceptible in the body to loss of mineral content: a) upper thigh b) lower spine c) upper arm d) middle finger Answer: a Section Reference: Body Build 10. An 80-year-old woman is suffering from limited range of motion due to degenerative changes in her knees, shoulders, and wrists. If you were her physical therapist, you might suggest that she offset these changes by engaging primarily in: a) strenuous exercise. b) intake of sodium. c) rest and relaxation. d) flexibility training. Answer: d Section Reference: Body Build 11. According to your text, the Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS, 2020) recently emphasized ________ as a major health risk. a) Sarcopenic obesity b) Too little sleep c) Prolonged sitting d) Stress in the workplace Answer: c Section Reference: Body Build 12. Maintaining healthy cardiovascular functioning throughout your life means that you try to maximize which component in the blood? a) low-density lipoprotein b) hypothalamic-releasing factors c) high-density lipoprotein d) glomerular filtrates Answer: c Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 13. Normal changes in the cardiovascular system with age in adulthood are reflected in a lowering of which measure? IM & TB-4 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) Aerobic capacity b) Low density lipoproteins c) Left ventricular thickness d) Blood pressure Answer: a Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 14. According to your text one of the best ways to overcome changes in the lung tissue itself is by: a) Regular aerobic exercise. b) Maintaining a low BMI. c) Resistance training. d) Rest and relaxation. Answer: a Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 15. The nephron is the cell responsible for the efficiency of which organ in the body? a) Pancreas b) Kidney c) Lung d) Liver Answer: b Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 16. In the condition known as ______________, the individual has difficulty controlling urination and feels the need to urinate more frequently than normal. a) urge incontinence b) overactive bladder c) stress incontinence d) nephron dysfunction Answer: b Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 17. The normal enlargement of the ___________ gland in men may cause difficulties with urination and pain. a) nephron b) pituitary c) prostate d) thyroid Answer: c Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 18. Behavioral controls for helping individuals cope with incontinence include engaging in which type of measures? a) Pelvic muscle training b) Use of adult diapers IM & TB-4 |7
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c) Urinating only when necessary d) Increasing fluid intake Answer: a Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 19. The text recommends that the best advice for an older adult trying to maintain his or her digestive functioning is to: a) take laxatives and other digestive aids on a regular basis. b) add higher levels of saturated fats to their diets. c) eat a diet that includes a relative balance among nutrients. d) add more salt to the diet to increase salivary flow. Answer: c Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 20. According to your text, an account of age-related changes in the urinary system indicated that 30% of adults aged 65 and older suffer from: a)hypertrophy. b)overactive bladder. c)urge incontinence. d)stress incontinence. Answer: c Section ReferenceVital Bodily Functions 21. The somatopause of aging involves changes in which hormones? a) Hypothalamus-releasing factors b) Growth hormone and insulin-like growth factor c) Cortisol-releasing factors d) Basal metabolic hormone Answer: b Section Reference: Bodily Control Systems
22. Increases in cortisol with age are thought to have negative effects on which of the body’s organs? a) prostate b) hippocampus c) thymus d) pineal gland Answer: b Section Reference: Bodily Control Systems 23. The basal metabolic rate (BMR) is controlled by which set of hormones in the endocrine system? a) melatonin b) androgen c) thyroid IM & TB-4 |8
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) growth factor Answer: c Section Reference: Bodily Control Systems 24. Melatonin supplements, occasionally used by older adults to offset changes with age, may have unwanted effects such as: a) indigestion. b) slower metabolic rate. c) lowered blood pressure. d) drowsiness. Answer: d Section Reference: Bodily Control Systems 25. The adrenopause observed in older adults reflects age-related changes in which hormone? a) DHEA b) cortisol c) IGF-1 d) insulin Answer: a Section Reference: Bodily Control Systems 26. Women experiencing the menopause may encounter which of the following physiological symptoms? a) Thicker bone density b) Lowered LDL levels c) Increases in testosterone d) High blood pressure Answer: d Section Reference: Bodily Control Systems
27. Changes in the male sex hormone testosterone are referred to as: a) testosteropause. b) andropause. c) adrenopause. d) perimenopause. Answer: b Section Reference: Bodily Control Systems 28. Which of the following brain imaging techniques is invasive that is, directly permeates the brain? a) MRI b) EEG c) PET d) CAT IM & TB-4 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: c Section Reference: Nervous System 29. Researchers who study the aging of the central nervous system contrast the view that growth is always possible with the model stating that aging causes inevitable degeneration, known as the: a) neuronal fallout model. b) glucocorticoid cascade hypothesis. c) mechanical slowing proposal. d) prosthetic decline theory. Answer: a Section Reference: Nervous System30. The concept of plasticity in the nervous system refers to the fact that: a) aging involves continued loss of synapses without replacement. b) mental and physical exercise can offset age-related changes. c) older adults experience more changes in the right than left hemisphere. d) exposure to harsh toxins accelerates age-related losses. Answer: b Section Reference: Nervous System 31. Age-related changes in the hippocampus are associated with loss of functioning in the area of: a) balance. b) sleep. c) memory. d) vision. Answer: c Section Reference: Nervous System 32. A number of studies relate age-related changes in the ____________ and decreases in planning and ability to encode information in long-term memory. a) brain stem b) hypothalamus c) occipital lobe d) prefrontal cortex Answer: d Section Reference: Nervous System 33. Brain scans show that older adults have more of these abnormalities in the brain consisting of clumps of dying neurons known as: a) myelin sheath extensions (MSE) b) white matter hyperintensities (WMH) c) nerve ending fractures (NEF) d) anterograde degenerative structures (ADS) Answer: b Section Reference: Nervous System IM & TB-4 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
34. Research shows that the minority of older adults fall into which category of circadian rhythms? a) Definitely evening b) Mostly morning c) Somewhat mid-afternoon d) Definitely morning Answer: a Section Reference: Nervous System
35. In the condition known as sleep apnea, the older adult experiences which symptoms during the night? a) Constant leg movements b) Frequent need to urinatec) Restricted airflow in the throat d) Disturbing nightmares Answer: c Section Reference: Nervous System 36. The main reason that older adults are more likely to die during extreme periods of cold weather is that: a) they cannot maintain their core body temperature. b) their sweat glands function less effectively. c) they lack the ability to sense the outside temperature. d) their skin is more sensitive to temperature extremes. Answer: a Section Reference: Nervous System
37. Central vision is affected but peripheral vision is maintained in which cause of blindness in later life? a) Age-related presbycusis b) Glaucoma c) Age-related macular degeneration d) Cataract Answer: c Section Reference: Nervous System 38. Middle-aged and older adults wear bifocals to correct for which age-related change in the eyes? a) presbycusis b) cataracts c) anosmia d) presbyopia Answer: d Section Reference: Nervous System
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39. Normal age-related changes in the lens of the eye results in which condition that afflicts all older adults? a) presbyopia b) glaucoma c) tinnitus d) dysthermia Answer: a Section Reference: Nervous System
40. Which of the following is a documented risk factor for developing cataracts? a) Listening to loud music. b) Cigarette smoking. c) Looking at bright colored pictures. d) Reading small print in the dark. Answer: b Section Reference: Nervous System 41. A build-up of pressure within the eyeball is involved in which form of blindness that affects older adults? a) cataract b) presbycusis c) foveal degeneration d) glaucoma Answer: d Section Reference: Nervous System 42. Experts worry that future generations of older adults will experience more age-related hearing loss due to which preventable behavior? a) failure to engage in aerobic exercise. b) overuse of earphones in portable listening devices. c) workplace exposure to industrial noise. d) thinning of the atmosphere’s ozone layer. Answer: b Section Reference: Nervous System 43. Presbycusis seems to have the greatest effect on hearing sounds that are: a) low in pitch. b) low in frequency. c) high in decibels. d) high in pitch. Answer: d Section Reference: Nervous System 44. One way you can communicate more effectively with older adults who suffer from hearing loss is to: IM & TB-4 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) speak as loud as possible. b) talk to them as you would to children. c) use as little body language as possible. d) reduce interference from outside noise. Answer: d Section Reference: Nervous System
45. Gerontologists recommend that older adults at risk of falling receive which type of intervention? a) reduce the fear of falling b) restrict them to one-floor dwellings c) eliminate exercise from their daily routines d) lower their sense of self-efficacy Answer: a Section Reference: Nervous System
46. Research has shown that the regular practice of _________ can help reduce an older person’s risk of falling. a) hypnosis b) acupuncture c) Tai Chi. d) meditation. Answer: c Section Reference: Nervous System 47. Older adults with a history of ___________ are more likely than others to experience loss of smell and taste sensitivity. a) extreme exercise b) sleep disorders c) glucose intolerance d) cigarette smoking Answer: d Section Reference: Nervous System 48. Research on the olfactory sensation in older adults suggests strongly that one of the most important causes is: a) loss of chemical receptors. b) exposure to environmental toxins. c) genetic predisposition. d) increases in mucus membranes in the nose. Answer: b Section Reference: Nervous System
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
49. Which parts of the body seem to undergo the greatest losses in touch sensitivity? a) Lower back and thighs. b) Lips and tongue. c) Shoulders and arms. d) Hands and feet. Answer: d Section Reference: Nervous System 50. Which of the following is related to less bone loss for women? a) Living in Hawaii where there is minimal change in seasons. b) Beginning resistance training prior to menopause. c) Increased calcium and Vitamin D intake prior to menopause. d) Use of sunscreen. Answer: c Section Reference: Body Build 51. Accordinf to a large study conducted in England, older adults who suffer from chronic back pain also have a higher rate of: a) cataract formation b) dizziness and vertigo c) cognitive symptoms d) olfactory impairment Answer: c Section Reference: Nervous System
Short Answer
51. Summarize the major changes in the skin and hair. Section Reference: Appearance 52. Explain the major changes in height and weight in adulthood. Section Reference: Appearance
53. Describe the major changes that occur with age in the muscles, bones, and joints. Section Reference: Body Build 54. Indicate next to each change what steps individuals can take to prevent or offset these changes. Section Reference: Body Build 55. Indicate for changes in bone what variations exist by sex and race. IM & TB-4 |14
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Body Build 56. Describe the major changes in the cardiovascular system. Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 57. What are three effects of aerobic exercise on cardiovascular functioning? How do these effects differ by sex? Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 58. Summarize the effects of aging on the lungs. Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 59. What are the two most important changes in the urinary system? Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 60. What are the lifestyle and social factors that can contribute to changes in digestion in older adults? Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 61. Summarize the effects of aging on the seven major hormones in the endocrine system. Section Reference: Bodily Control Systems 62. Compare the forms of hormone replacement therapy in terms of their demonstrated effectiveness and side effects. Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 63. What are the two major forms of immunity? Name the cells involved in each form of immunity. Section Reference: Vital Bodily Functions 64. Contrast the neuronal fallout and plasticity models of the aging nervous system. Section Reference: Nervous System 65. What are the different brain imaging techniques? What does each contribute to our understanding of brain functioning? Section Reference: Nervous System IM & TB-4 |15
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
66. What are the four major changes in sleep patterns and circadian rhythms in adulthood? Section Reference: Nervous System 67. Name the four conditions that can interfere with sleep in older adults. Section Reference: Nervous System 68. Describe four ways in which chronic medical conditions can interfere with body temperature control in later adulthood. Section Reference: Nervous System
69. What are three forms of blindness that become more common in later adulthood? What is the cause of each? Section Reference: Nervous System 70. List three hearing problems that are more prevalent among older adults. Section Reference: Nervous System 71. Describe eight strategies that are recommended for improving communication with an older person who has hearing loss. Section Reference: Nervous System 72. Contrast dizziness and vertigo. Section Reference: Balance 73. List three ways that older adults can compensate for changes in balance to reduce the likelihood of a fall. Section Reference: Balance
74. List five possible causes of reduced smell sensitivity in older adults. Answer: Nervous System 75. Describe strategies that older adults can use to compensate for changes in smell and taste sensitivity.
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Section Reference: Nervous System 76. Summarize age-related changes in the three major components of the somatosensory system. Section Reference: Nervous System 77. Describe how changes in the somatosensory system can contribute to changes in balance to increase the older adult's risk of falling. Section Reference: Nervous System
Essay 78. Describe an ideal exercise program that you would develop for older adults. Indicate which aspects of the program you would emphasize and how these would help to compensate for age-related losses in a variety of bodily functions. 79. How does the description of age-related changes in physical and sensory functioning relate to the theories presented in Chapter 2? 80. Critique the research methods that were used to obtain the majority of findings presented in the chapter. What improvements would you suggest in the research procedures used to determine the effects of aging on various bodily systems? 81. What do you believe are the most significant age-related changes in the body? Why are these so important? 82. What areas of functioning are most in need of further research on aging? What would be the theoretical implications of such research? What would be the practical implications of the findings derived from this research?
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CHAPTER 5 Health and Prevention LECTURE GUIDELINES As with the previous chapter, there is extensive biological material in this chapter. However, many of the topics lend themselves to discussions within the framework of the biopsychosocial perspective, as these diseases show significant sociocultural variations. The material should be divided into two to three lectures, with an entire lecture devoted to Alzheimer's disease, which is a major interest for most of the students in the course. The slides contain many illustrations and clarifications that will allow the instructor to move through the technical aspects of this material relatively quickly. More time can then be spent on discussions focused on psychological issues such as ways that people can prevent these diseases and the ways that these diseases interact with identity processes. Distinctions between normal aging and disease can also be made at frequent points throughout the lectures.
VIDEOS AND FILMS Given the explosion of interest in health in all areas of the media, it should be very easy for instructors to find videotape segments to illustrate lecture material. Cancer, heart disease, AIDS, musculoskeletal diseases, and Alzheimer's disease are major areas of focus in many television news programs, magazines, and PBS or Discovery Channel documentaries. The problem is not finding these resources, but deciding on which ones to use. Here are several good choices: ABC’s “Life to 150” with Barbara Walters: http://abcnews.go.com/Health/Longevity/ For the lecture on dementia, there is an excellent scene from “The Notebook” in which Noah and Allie have dinner and a brief dance in the nursing home that highlights the features of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease (provide a handkerchief alert if you plan to show this scene). NOVA Science Now also has an excellent segment on Alzheimer’s disease featuring the research of Tanzi and collaborators on genetic contributions (http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/nova-sciencenow/videos-season4/294165) See the webpage for the Canadian Alzheimer’s Society as well as your local provincial association for reference materials including recent films and videos.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS KEY CONCEPTS IN HEALTH AND PREVENTION • • • •
Why are ADL and IADL important in the assessment of older adults functional abilities?Why do variations exist by sex and race in chronic diseases? What are the relative contributions of genetics and environmental factors in causing differential rates of diseases across age, sex, and racial subgroups of adults? Can you define the major chronic diseases in your own words? How do chronic diseases differ from changes associated with normal aging?
DISEASES OF THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM •
If you found out that you were at risk for heart disease based on your genetic predisposition, what steps would you take to lower chances of developing the disease?
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• • •
Why do you think so many people fit the technical definition of "obese"? Why is the prevalence of obesity so high among First Nation and Aboriginal people in Canada? Who is most likely to take advantage of preventive efforts to avoid heart disease? How might public health efforts be better directed at reducing the risk for heart disease in this country?
CANCER • • • •
What are the most common forms of cancer? Why do people ignore the evidence linking certain behavioral lifestyle choices to cancer risk? How can prevention strategies be made more effective in helping adults to avoid the risks of cancer? Do you know people with cancer? What has their treatment process been like?
DISORDERS OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM • • • •
How does osteoarthritis differ from rheumatoid arthritis? What measures can people take to prevent osteoarthritis? How does the disease of osteoporosis differ from normal age-related changes in bone? What do you think about the advisability of taking hormone replacement therapy to prevent osteoporosis compared to other preventive measures?
DIABETES • • • • •
How does Type 1 diabetes differ from Type 2? How can the spread of diabetes be slowed through education? What measures can be taken to motivate people to comply with treatment of Type 2 diabetes? Why might it be difficult to encourage people to watch their diet and exercise patterns as a way of controlling diabetes? Why is diabetes considered an epidemic health issue in Canada as well as other countries? Review the prevalence and risks among First Nation and Aboriginal people in Canada.
RESPIRATORY DISEASES •
Are anti-smoking advertisements successful in reducing the rate of cigarette smoking in the Canadian population? How could they be made more effective?
NEUROCOGNITIVE DISORDERS • • • • • • • •
What is the difference between dementia and Alzheimer's disease? What are the political implications of the published prevalence rates of Alzheimer's disease? What will be the implications of discovering the genetic causes of Alzheimer's disease? If genetics are thought to be such a strong influence on Alzheimer's disease, how can we explain the findings from the studies showing environmental effects? If a test is developed that can predict whether a person has a high chance of developing Alzheimer's disease, would you want to take that test and find out the results? What would be the effects on society of discovering a medical cure for Alzheimer's disease? Do you know anyone who is a caregiver for a person with Alzheimer's disease? What are the daily challenges this person faces? Clarify that there are forms of dementia other than Alzheimer's disease and that some are reversible. IM & TB-5 |2
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• • •
Why is it important to distinguish Alzheimer's disease from other forms of dementia? Why might a depressed person appear to have Alzheimer's disease? Why is it important to differentiate Alzheimer's disease from delirium?
SOCIAL DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH AND PREVENTION - How do the 12 determinants of health identified by the Government of Canada (2019) compare in urban centres and rural communities? - What are the effects of provincial health care restructuring? - Why is prevention and health promotion of older adults important yet often neglected?
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. The World Health Organization defines health as having which qualities? a) Absence of any physical limitations b) Lack of a disease or infirmity c) Complete physical, mental, and social well-being d) Ability to complete tasks of daily living Answer: c Section Reference: Key Concepts in Health and Prevention 2. Health professionals use the individual’s ability to complete the tasks of bathing, dressing, transferring, using the toilet, and eating to assess: a) overall health status. b) activities of daily living. c) biopsychosocial competence. d) executive functioning. Answer: b Section Reference: Key Concepts in Health and Prevention 3. The behavioral risk factors for chronic diseases in later adulthood include tobacco smoking, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity, and: a) lack of close relationships. b) low income and education. c) inaccessibility of transportation. d) harmful use of alcohol. Answer: d Section Reference: Key Concepts in Health and Prevention 4. According to the Canadian Community Health Survey (2018) , approximately ______% of seniors, those 65 and older, were diagnosed with arthritis and rheumatism. a) 65 b45 c) 35 IM & TB-5 |3
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d) 25 Answer: b Section Reference: Key Concepts in Health and Prevention
5. In the disease known as ________________, the heart cannot distribute enough blood throughout the body to reach the major organs, causing the tissues to swell with fluid. a) congestive heart failure b) cerebrovascular insufficiency c) transient ischemia d) chronic hypertension Answer: a Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 6. In which health condition does the individual develop general thickening and hardening of the arteries? a) Arteriogenesis. b) Myocardial infarction. c) Arteriosclerosis. d) Coronary heart disease Answer: c Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 7. The number one cause of death worldwide, that can also cause chronic disability among older adults, is: a) arthritis b) heart disease c) cancer d) stroke Answer: b Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 8. According to your text, the prevalence of _____ is approximately twice for Aboriginal than non-Aboriginal older adults. a) arthritis b) heart disease c) diabetes d) cancer Answer: d Section Reference: Key Concepts in Health and Prevention 9.Although the Canadian Community Health Survey (2018) found high rates of chronic health problems among older adults, Statistics Canada (2020) reported that ____ percent of older adults said they were “satisfied” or “very satisfied” with their lives. a) 51 IM & TB-5 |4
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b) 65 c) 81 d) 91 Answer: d Section Reference: Key Concepts in Health and Prevention
10. According to your text, national rates of cardiovascular disease are related to differences in: a)diet. b)exercise. c) life expectancy. d) modern technology Answer: a Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 11. A true Mediterranean diet would include relatively little of which type of food? a) Nuts b) Milk c) Grains d) Fish Answer: b Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 12. According to the ComPAR (2015) study the most preventable cause of cancer is: a) smoking. b) physical inactivity. c) high BMI d) alcohol consumption. Answer: a Section Reference: Cancer 13. In general, guidelines for receiving cancer screening recommend that patients undergo systematic tests: a) on an annual basis for all cancers. b) only as indicated by research guidelines. c) approximately once every 10 years. d) more frequently after the age of 60. Answer: b Section Reference: Cancer 14.Which of the following is the most common cause of death among older adults? a) heart attack b) stroke c) breast cancer IM & TB-5 |5
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d) hip fracture Answer: d Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 15. Whichof the following is considered carcinogentic? a) alcohol b) non-starchy vegetables c) high fibre foods d) fresh fruits Answer: a Section Reference: Cancer 16. People living in India who engage in the dietary practice of chewing or eating ___________ put themselves at higher risk of developing cancer. a) betel quid b) dried fish c) fried naan d) fresh rogan Answer: a Section Reference: Cancer 17. Exposure to the asbestos increases an individual’s risk of developing _______ cancer. a) skin b) stomach c) lung d) colon Answer: c Section Reference: Cancer
18. The disease that involves an abnormal thinning of the bones is: a) osteoarthritis b) tendonitis c) osteoporosis d) sarcopenia Answer: c Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 19. A 72-year-old woman has been told by her physician that, because she is obese, she is putting increased weight on her joints, thus increasing her risk of developing the musculoskeletal disease known as: a) hypertension. b) osteoarthritis. c) emphysema. d) hypolipidemia. IM & TB-5 |6
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Answer: b Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 20. Which of the following is a side effect involved in taking NSAID’s for osteoporosis? a) Chemical dependence b) Kidney disease and ulcers c) Destruction of cartilage d) Weight gain Answer: b Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 21. One of the risks of osteoporosis medication (bisphosphonates) is the potential for the individual to develop: a) loss of bone in the jaw. b) higher rates of brain tumors. c) increases in blood glucose. d) loss of synovial fluid. Answer: a Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 22. A middle-aged man is worried that his 83-year-old mother may develop osteoporosis, a reasonable concern because she: a) is relatively overweight. b) takes in very little vitamin D. c) consumes high amounts of protein. d) exercises at least 3 times a week. Answer: b Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 23. Health professionals treating older adults with osteoarthritis are most likely to recommend which of the following approaches as a long-term strategy, particularly for individuals with mild symptoms? a) Weight gain b) Bed rest c) Corticosteroids d) Mild exercise Answer: d Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 24. Diabetes can be traced to the abnormal functioning of which bodily organ? a) Hypothalamus b) Liver c) Pancreas d) Kidney
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Answer: c Section Reference: Diabetes 25. Diabetes can be prevented and even treated by which behavior? a) Increasing the intake of sugars. b) Monitoring weight and diet. c) Reducing involvement in exercise. d) Increasing intake of red wine. Answer: b Section Reference: Diabetes 26. According to the World Health Organization (2018)the global prevalence of diabetes is approximately _______ percent. a) 4.7 b) 8.5 c) 10.7 d) 15.5 Answer: b Section Reference: Diabetes 27. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is almost always caused by: a) sun exposure. b) overeating. c) smoking. d) genetics. Answer: c Section Reference: Respiratory Diseases 28. A 65-year-old man smoked all his life and now has ____________, a combination of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. a) Elastase resistance dysfunction. b) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. c) Acute pulmonary inflammation. d) Chronic respiratory syndrome. Answer: b Section Reference: Respiratory Diseases 29. The increased release of elastase stimulated by cigarette smoking is thought to be a cause of which disease? a) Emphysema. b) Diabetes. c) Hypertension. d) Atherosclerosis. Answer: a IM & TB-5 |8
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Respiratory Diseases 30. Destruction of the _______________ is a consequence of emphysema. a) trachea b) nephrons c) alveoli d) pancreas Answer: c Section Reference: Respiratory Diseases 31. Unlike memory loss caused by Alzheimer’s disease, the symptoms of vascular dementia may be: a) progressive. b) fatal. c) biologically based. d) treatable. Answer: d Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 32. According to your text, _____ is a major factor associated with increased vulnerability to illness that is often not considered and may account for inflated prevalence statistics. a) the better nutritional status of older adults b) generally lower socio-economic status of some samples c) prevalence of larger numbers of males d) genetic influences on the nervous system Answer: b Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 33. The plaques found in the brains of people with Alzheimer’s disease are made up of which substance? a) tau proteins b) dead dendrites c) acetylcholine d) beta amyloid Answer: d Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 34. Researchers believe that the APP gene contributes to Alzheimer’s disease by causing faulty: a) synapses between neurons b) electrical discharges c) snipping of amyloid proteins d) memory formation Answer: c Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders
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35. In Alzheimer’s disease, neurofibrillary tangles cause what changes to occur within the brain? a) Accumulation of harmful waste products. b) Targeted death of motor neurons. c) Loss of blood supply to the hippocampus. d) Twisting of microtubules in the neurons. Answer: d Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 36. Which neurotransmitter is thought to be involved in the memory loss of Alzheimer’s disease? a) acetylcholine b) estrogen c) apoptosis d) caspase Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders Correct choice: A 37. According to Diabetes Canada (2019), the lowest risk of developing Type 2 diabetes is fpr people of ____ ancestry. a) African b) Asian c) European d) Hispanic Answer: c Section Reference: Diabetes 38. The enzymes that normally trim the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to make it flush with the neuron’s outer membrane are the: a) elastases. b) caspases. c) secretases. d) apoptoses. Answer: c Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 39. Researchers investigating the role of lifestyle factors as modifying an individual’s risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease believe that __________ can play a protective role. a) exercise b) nicotine c) caffeine d) mood Answer: a Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders
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40. The condition known as multi-infarct dementia causes cognitive changes as a result of: a) traumatic brain injury. b) chronic substance abuse. c) sensory deprivation. d) a series of small strokes. Answer: d Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 41. The condition known as Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is used in cases involving: a) memory loss that may progress to Alzheimer’s disease. b) documented loss of memory, language, and judgment. c) loss of blood supply to the subcortical brain regions. d) poor judgment due to acute alcohol intoxication. Answer: a Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 42. Psychologists diagnosing Alzheimer’s disease look for which key symptom in its early stage? a) occasionally misplacing objects at home b) being absent-minded from time to time c) forgetting names of good friends or family d) being unable to name the star of a popular movie Answer: c Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 43. Which medication that treats some of the symptoms of Alzheimer’s disease falls into the category of anticholinesterases? a) NSAIDs b) lithium bicarbonate d) Levandopa (L-dopa) c) reminyl Answer: d Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 44. A diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease is most accurate in the _____ stage of the progression. a) early b) middle c) later d) it doesn’t matter Answer: c Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders
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45. A woman is caring for her husband who suffers from advanced dementia. The Alzheimer’s Society of Canada would suggest that caregivers she should engage in which activity to help herself cope with caregiver burden? a) Join a caregiver’s support group. b) Discontinue ties with friends. c) Move her husband to a nursing home. d) Find a psychiatrist to prescribe antidepressants. Answer: a Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 46. The condition known as _________ may increase the risk of cognitive disorders developing in older adults by overdiagnosis of prescription drugs. a) peptide poisoning b) polypharmacy c) depression d) protein overloading Answer: b Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 47. According to Statistics Canada (2019) the highest projected new cancer cases and age-standardization incidence rate (ASIR) is for the province of: a) British Columbia b) Manitoba c) Ontario d) Quebec Answer: c Section Reference: Cancer 48. An 82-year-old man constantly feels sad, demoralized, and worthless. He also is experiencing significant memory problems. Based on this pattern of symptoms, physician examining Mr. Grah should take care to rule out which possible cause of his memory loss? a) polypharmacy b) depression c) Pick’s disease d) Lewy body dementia Answer: b Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 49. In ________________ disease, the individual primarily suffers from disturbances in motor functioning, including having tremors, shuffling gait, and difficulties maintaining balance. a) Lewy Body b) Pick’s c) Wernicke’s d) Parkinson’s Answer: d Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders IM & TB-5 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
50. According to your text an important but often neglected focus on health of older adults in Canada involves: a) Distinguishing Alzheimer’s disease from other neurological disorders. b) Studying mild cognitive impairment as a risk for Alzheimer’s Disease c) An emphasis on prevention and health promotion d) Drug treatments of neurological disorders. Answer: c Section Reference: Social Determinants of Health and Prevention 51. According to Infrastructure Canada (2019), ______ percent of Canadians live in a rural community. a) 15 b) 20 c) 25 d) 30 Answer: b Section Reference: Social Determinants of Health and Prevention
Short Answer 52. Describe five diseases of the cardiovascular system along with their causes. Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 53. What are two forms of cerebrovascular disease? Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 54. How do incidence rates of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease vary by sex and race in adulthood? Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 55. What are the four major risk factors for diseases of the cardiovascular system? Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System 56. What three measures can people take to lower their risk of cardiovascular disease? Section Reference: Diseases of the Cardiovascular System
57. Describe five major forms of cancer according to their site in the body and the nature of the specific form of cancer. Section Reference: Cancer IM & TB-5 |13
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
58. What are the three greatest risk factors for the development of cancer? Section Reference: Cancer 59. What four forms of treatment are available for cancer? What are their side effects? Section Reference: Cancer 60. List four forms of treatment for osteoarthritis. Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 61. What are five risk factors for the development of osteoporosis? Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System 62. List five forms of treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Section Reference: Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
63. Describe the disease process in Type 2 diabetes. Section Reference: Diabetes 64. What are four interventions that can be implemented for people with Type 2 diabetes? Section Reference: Diabetes 65. List the two forms of respiratory disease that make up COPD. Section Reference: Respiratory Disease 66. What two forms of treatment are available for people with COPD? Section Reference: Respiratory Disease
67. Describe the issues involved in determining the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease. Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders
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68. What are three major psychological symptoms of Alzheimer's disease? Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 69. What are the two major microscopic changes in the brain associated with Alzheimer's disease? What processes are thought to be responsible for the development of these changes? Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 70. What are the three genes thought to be the major causes of Alzheimer's disease? Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 71. Describe three lifestyle or environmental factors thought to be causes of or contributors to Alzheimer's disease. Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 72. List the five diagnostic criteria of the American Psychiatric Association for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease. Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 73. What four types of medical treatment are currently being tested for people with Alzheimer's disease? Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 74. Psychosocial treatments for Alzheimer's disease attempt to change which two major categories of problems dealt with by caregivers? Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 75. List and describe six forms of dementia that may appear to be Alzheimer's disease. Indicate how each form of dementia is different from Alzheimer's disease. Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders 76. What are six forms of reversible dementia that may be confused with Alzheimer's disease? Why is it important to identify these forms of dementia? Section Reference: Neurocognitive Disorders
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77. Take the role of a public health expert working on behalf of the American Heart Association. Design a media campaign that would help lower the risk for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease among the groups with the highest rates of these diseases. Justify the steps you would take and the information you would provide. 78. Diseases of later life are becoming increasingly important for physicians to understand, diagnose, and treat. What would you regard as the main lessons that physicians should learn about these diseases? How can efforts to educate physicians about gerontology and geriatrics be improved? 79. Why are First Nation and Aboriginal people at such high risk for diabetes? How would you address these risks in terms of intervention? 80. If you were designing a program to help family caregivers of people with Alzheimer's disease, what types of features would you emphasize to make your program as effective as possible? Why would you include those features? 81. Is your community “age-friendly”? Review the characteristic of “age-friendly communities” as they apply to your city/town/neighbourhood? What improvement would you recommend to support the health and well-being of local seniors?
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CHAPTER 6 Basic Cognitive Functions: Information Processing, Attention, and Memory LECTURE GUIDELINES Students who do not have an extensive background in cognitive psychology will find the material in this chapter somewhat tough going as it is not necessarily of inherent interest to the average undergraduate. However, with some imagination from the instructor, this material can readily be brought to life. It is important to give students as much of a concrete feel as possible for the nature of the tasks used in the experiments described in this chapter. Therefore, it is worth trying to replicate some of the stimulus materials so that students can see what was required of subjects in the experiments. It is also possible to draw out the practical implications of the material by showing how people use these cognitive skills in everyday life. Once they see the practical relevance, students will naturally be curious to see how aging affects these abilities. Helping to clarify the material in class will also be appreciated by these students, because they will find it difficult to study on their own and may be concerned about what will appear on the tests. The more the instructor can summarize findings and make clear what is important, the more that students can focus on the big picture in this area, such as the hypotheses that have been advanced to account for the effects of aging. For those students who are interested in cognitive psychology or are taking a course in this area, motivation will be far less of an issue. Nevertheless, the practical implications are worth exploring particularly as they relate to changes with age.
VIDEOS AND FILMS The PBS documentary series "Stealing Time" contains an excellent interview with Timothy Salthouse, showing how he does his experiments and presenting his views about cognitive aging. Unfortunately, this video is no longer available but you can check with colleagues to see if anyone still has the original. The area of driving and aging lends itself well to illustrating in class. There have been several news programs focusing on the driving abilities of older persons, showing laboratory studies of driving as well as intervention studies in which older drivers are given classes to improve their skills. For a humorous look at aging and driving, the movie "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" includes a brief scene in which an older woman behind the wheel is driving erratically. Although a negative portrayal of aging, this scene can be a touching-off point for discussing attitudes toward aging drivers. Students can be asked to state whether they think such representations are fair or unfair portrayals. Students enjoy more detailed presentation of material on the Unified Field of View/Vision. Consider its implications as an assessment tool in comparison with visual acuity that is typically used. What recommendations does this suggest for all drivers?
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS PROCESSING SPEED AND ATTENTION •
Although there is consistent slowing of reaction time in adulthood, is this slowing (on the order of 1/2-2 seconds) significant in its effects on everyday life?
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• • • • • • • • • •
Does the general slowing hypothesis seem sophisticated enough to you to serve as an explanation of the effects of aging on cognition? Do you have difficulty with attention and concentration? How does this affect your ability to learn and remember? How would you feel if you were a participant in an experiment involving these procedures? Do you think your performance would reflect your abilities to use attentional processes in your everyday life? What real-life situations are comparable to those used in studies involving shifts of attention? Do you think you are good at divided attention tasks? How easy or difficult is it for you to study when other people are talking or playing music? To what extent is sustained attention needed in everyday life? Do you think videogames can help older adults maintain or regain speed and attentional skills? Which attentional task is most difficult for older adults? Why might this be the case? What is the major area of support for each theory of aging and attention? Which theory do you think fits the experience you have had with older adults? Why?
DRIVING AND AGING • • • • • •
Should older drivers be required to take road tests? Why? What is the relevance of the Canadian Auto Association Simple Driving Test for Seniors? How is it useful? Would you feel more comfortable in an airplane piloted by someone 60 and older or someone who is 30 years of age? Why? Are most older drivers good at regulating their own driving habits? Have you had an encounter with an older driver who was unsafe? Given that younger drivers mix speed and alcohol, why does society have such negative attitudes toward older drivers? Do you agree that making intersections into rotaries would help reduce auto accidents? Why or why not?
MEMORY • • • • • • • • • •
What happens to people who do not have the ability to remember events from their lives? Do you feel that your memory is changing as you get older? (College students often will say that they feel they are getting "senile"!) Can you think of examples of using your working memory? Do you feel your working memory has changed? How would age differences in working memory affect other aspects of cognition? Why do you think that certain memory tasks such as implicit memory are retained in later life? Do you feel that the events in your life now will be ones that you remember for many years into the future? What do you think you'll remember and what do you think you'll forget? What strategies do you find useful to help your memory? Do you think you have a good memory or a bad memory? How does this affect the way you feel about yourself? Why do you think some memory interventions work with older adults and some do not?
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1.According to your text, the most promising method to evaluate driving capabilities of older adults is by:a) the Screen Test for Cognitive Impairment and Medically at Risk Drivers. b) on-road evaluation. c) assessment of the individual’s attitudes toward driving. d) prior history of motor vehicle accidents. Answer: b Section Reference: Driving and Aging 2. The General Slowing Hypothesis proposes that older adults become slower primarily because of: a) decreases in motivation. b) nervous system changes. c) problems in vision. d) increases in anxiety. Answer: b Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 3. The ______________ hypothesis proposes that older adults are disproportionately slower on tasks that are more difficult. a) divided attention b) conjunction search c) age complexity d) inhibitory control Answer: c Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 4. On simple search tasks, where targets stand out relatively easily from distractors, older adults perform at high levels, because these tasks require: a) parallel processing. b) division of attention. c) serial processing. d) attentional vigilance. Answer: a Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 5. Older adults do relatively more poorly than younger adults on conjunction vs. simple search tasks, because conjunction tasks rely on ____________ processing. a) parallel b) automatic IM-6 |3
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c) serial d) pop-out Answer: c Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 6. Brinley plots are used to understand which type of cognitive performance? a) Working memory b) Selective attention c) Response inhibition d) Reaction time Answer: d Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention
7. Brinley plots illustrating the slowing of reaction time in older adults typically involve which type of data? a) Correlations among test scores within both younger and older adults groups. b) Path analyses predicting the performance of older adults from younger adults. c) Graphs in which older adult data are on one axis and younger adult data on the other. d) Pie charts in which the scores of older adults are shown in comparison to young adults. Answer: c Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 8. Performance of older adults on the __________ task provides evidence of difficulties they experience in inhibiting irrelevant and potentially confusing information. a) Brinley b) Salthouse c) Deese d) Stroop Answer: d Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 9. Tasks that require the individual to watch out for the appearance of a target and respond only when they see it, make demands on ________________ attention and appear to be more difficult for older individuals. a) multiple b) divided c) selective d) sustained Answer: d Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 10. The view that older adults have difficulty allocating enough of their mental focus to cognitive operations is consistent with the _____________ theory of aging. a) inhibitory deficit IM-6 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) attentional resources c) multitasking d) general slowing Answer: b Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 11.According to your text, a random control study of brain training video games found positive effects on: a) cognitive functioning. b) everyday functioning. c) sustained attention. d) inhibitory control. Answer: b Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 12. Research on videogame training in young adults shows that these games have the effect of improving: a) attentional control. b) color perception. c) long-term memory. d) mathematical skills. Answer: a Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 13. The ability to respond to stimuli in the periphery, relevant to the driving skills of older adults, is called: a) functional vision range. b) useful field of view. c) attentional monitoring. d) visual scanning input. Answer: b Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention
14. According to your text, older drivers faced with the challenge of making a left-hand and lane-merging turn while driving in a busy intersection are most likely to experience which outcome? a) Having an accident b) Dying from a heart attack c) Forgetting where they are d) Feeling overconfident Answer: a Section Reference: Driving and Aging
15. Transport Canada reports that, in 2018, the highest percentage of traffic fatalities were for drivers aged: a) 65 years and older. b) 35 – 54 years. c) 25 – 34 years. IM-6 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) 19 – 24 years. Answer: a Section Reference: Driving and Aging 16.According to your text ____ is a source of motor vehicle accidents for older adult drivers. a) speed b) drinking c) cell phone use d) driving with pets Answer: d Section Reference: Information Processing 17. A factor in the driving behavior of older adults is that, compared to younger adults, they are more likely to: a) engage in distracted driving. b) drive while under the influence. c) know how to react in an emergency. d) venture out after dark. Answer: c Section Reference: Driving and Aging 18. An older adult’s ability to drive may be affected by which normal age-related changes in vision? a) a reduction in color vision b) greater sensitivity to glare c) increased ability to see near objects d) tendency to make right-left reversals Answer: b Section Reference: Driving and Aging 19. The model of self-regulation and driving predicts that an older adult will continue to drive depends on the psychological factor(s) of: a) availability of public transportation. b) ability to get rides with others. c) the expense of gas and vehicle upkeep. d) self-confidence and need for independence. Answer: d Section Reference: Driving and Aging 20. According to your text, the highest number of motor vehicle deaths occur in the ______ age group. a) 20 - 24 b) 25 -30 c) 50 - 54 d) 65 - 69 Answer: a IM-6 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Driving and Aging 21. The major finding of the Candrive II study (Tuokko et al., 2013) was that older adults’ beliefs and attitudes about driving was most influenced by: a) Perceived health. b) Age. c) Gender. d) Living situation. Answer: a Section Reference: Driving and Aging
22. A psychological factor affecting the driving performance of older adults is: a) lack of adequate public transportation. b) changes in speed limits on highways. c) concerns about changes in decision-time speed. d) concern expressed by family members. Answer: c Section Reference: Driving and Aging
23. In an n-back task, used to assess working memory, participants are asked to: a) recall their earliest memories. b) name earlier items presented in a series. c) remember a list of category names. d) describe a distinctive past event. Answer: b Section Reference: Memory
24. The role of the central executive in working memory is to: a) remember information for long periods of time. b) direct attention to incoming stimuli. c) allocate cognitive resources to the task. d) recall information presented verbally. Answer: c Section Reference: Memory 25. While you are at rest, the brain’s ____________ is at work, processing information that you generate internally. a) phonological loop b) central executive c) visuospatial sketch pad d) default network Answer: d Section Reference: Memory IM-6 |7
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
26. The brain’s default network, which processes internally-generated stimuli, includes which structure? a) Cerebellum b) Hippocampus c) Occipital cortex d) Reticular formation Answer: b Section Reference: Memory 27. During working memory tasks, older adults have difficulty ____________ the brain’s default network, meaning that they are less able to focus on incoming information. a) activating b) attending to c) deactivating d) speeding up Answer: c Section Reference: Memory 28. The view known as _____________ theory proposes that older adults use different neural circuits depending on task demands to make up for the losses that they suffer elsewhere in the brain. a) scaffolding b) default network c) inhibitory control d) phonological loop Answer: a Section Reference: Memory
29. The effects of aging on working memory may be due to changes in which structure of the brain? a) episodic buffer b) hypothalamus c) hippocampus d) thalamus Answer: c Section Reference: Memory
30. Findings on the effects of age on memory for events from the long-ago past, or remote memory, show that: a) older adults remember the past better than do young adults. b) although they try to forget them, older adults remember past events. c) older adults remember visually better than they do verbally. d) memories from events in the distant past are no better than from the present. Answer: d IM-6 |8
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Memory 31. According to research on _____________ memory, older adults are able to remember distinctive historical events as well as do younger adults. a) flashbulb b) working c) scaffolding d) procedural Answer: a Section Reference: Memory 32. According to research on the reminiscence bump, older adults should remember the most from: a) their own teen and early adult years. b) historical events that happened in their youth. c) past experiences that affected their loved ones. d) their earliest years of childhood. Answer: a Section Reference: Memory 33. Vocabulary, factual information, and historical knowledge fall into the category of ____________ memory, a process not affected by aging. a) source b) semantic c) procedural d) working Answer: b Section Reference: Memory 34. Both older and younger adults improved in performance and showed that they could remember over a 2-year period how to perform a task involving ____________ memory, in which they slid a small metal nut off a rod as quickly as possible. a) semantic b) flashbulb c) source d) procedural Answer: d Section Reference: Memory 35. Researchers have established that when older adults are given an _______ memory test, or one in which they don’t know they’re being tested, they perform as well as young adults. a) working b) remote c) implicit d) flashbulb
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: c Section Reference: Memory 36. Mixing up who said what in a conversation that happened in the past is an instance of ___________ memory failure, a problem that affects older more than younger adults. a) implicit b) source c) prospective d) retrieval-induced Answer: b Section Reference: Memory 37. Young and older adults both experience retrieval-induced forgetting but it is more common for _____ among older adults. a)childhood experiences b) historical events c) names d) solving a puzzle Answer: c Section Reference: Memory 38. Research on prospective memory shows that older adults have more difficulty when the task involves which type of mental activity? a) Recalling a person’s name. b) Solving a crossword puzzle. c) Planning a future event. d) Deciding to write a reminder note. Answer: c Section Reference: Memory 39. Older adults who have a low sense of memory ________________, the feeling that they cannot perform well on a memory test, are likely to have poorer scores when their memory is actually tested. a) assimilation b) self-efficacy c) threat d) predictability Answer: b Section Reference: Memory 40. According to research on stereotype threat, when older adults are made to feel aware of their age in a memory study, they will: a) work harder to improve their scores. b) appreciate being respected. c) be less likely to ask for help. d) perform more poorly than otherwise. IM-6 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: d Section Reference: Memory 41. Making older adults conscious about their age during a memory test is likely to trigger the condition known as _____________ in which their performance actually becomes worse. a) stereotype threat b) memory controllability c) identity assimilation d) memory self-efficacy Answer: a Section Reference: Memory 42. Older adults who have a low sense of memory controllability because they believe that memory decline is inevitable can also be thought of as high in: a) identity assimilation. b) memory self-efficacy. c) identity accommodation. d) retrieval-induced forgetting. Answer: c Section Reference: Memory 43. Older adults who eat a diet that includes food rich in ____________ are likely to experience some cognitive benefits. a) beta carotene b) ginko biloba c) aposequorind) omega-3 Answer: d Section Reference: Memory 44. Through the role of the hormone IGF-1, having _______________ may place older adults at risk of cognitive decline. a) depression b) metabolic syndrome c) sleep disturbances d) high stress levels Answer: b Section Reference: Memory 45. The 10-year follow-up of the ACTIVE study found that training in ____ was associated with improvement in immediate and long term memory. a) deep processing b) method of loci c) rote practice IM-6 |11
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) use of mneumonics Answer: b Section Reference: Memory 46. Virtual reality memory training, in which older adults simulated walking through various places, was found to benefit which type of cognitive ability? a) verbal memory b) simple attention c) useful field of view d) decision-making Answer: a Section Reference: Memory 47. The type of training MOST effective in the Advanced Cognitive Training for Independent and Vital Elderly (ACTIVE) study conducted over 2 years with 2800 adults aged 65 – 94 involved which type of cognitive ability? a) memory b) speed c) reasoning d) analysis Answer: b Section Reference: Memory
48. Using the “method of loci” to help older adults improve their memory involves which technique? a) Putting words into a sentence. b) Using novel associations. c) Imagining walking through a house. d) Participating in aerobic exercise. Answer: c Section Reference: Memory 49. Training older adults to use “deep processing” to encode information more fully would involve having them follow which procedure? a) Repeating information over and over by rote until it is learned. b) Staying away from using strategies that may be confusing. c) Taking dietary memory enhancements while learning new information. d) Giving meaning to information such as putting words in sentences. Answer: d Section Reference: Memory 50. Research examining the relationship between memory and stress found that people who experience daily stresses, regardless of age, also are likely to: a) feel better prepared to handle cognitive demands. IM-6 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) remember more details in a novel task. c) have memory problems on the days they were stressed. d) experience a higher chance of developing long-term memory loss. Answer: c Section Reference: Memory
Short Answer 51. Provide examples of three situations in which information processing changes are important in the functioning of older adults. Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 52. Indicate two situations in which divided and sustained attention might be used in everyday life. What are the implications of the effects of aging on these components of attention? Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 53. Contrast the three major theoretical approaches to understanding age-related changes in attention. Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 54. Do you agree that videogames can improve cognitive functioning? Section Reference: Processing Speed and Attention 55. What are the risks of having aging drivers on the road? On the basis of available evidence, should older adults be restricted in their driving? Section Reference: Driving and Aging 56. Why might training not be as effective as you might expect on the accident rates of older drivers? Section Reference: Driving and Aging 57. Provide a brief description of how working memory is affected by aging and summarize the neuropsychological data used to understand these effects. Section Reference: Memory 58. Summarize the “score card” showing which memory functions decline and which do not in later life. Section Reference: Memory IM-6 |13
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
59. How do findings on identity, self-efficacy, control beliefs, and stereotype threat influence your interpretation of the effects of aging on working memory? Argue for or against the position that age differences in memory are an artifact of methods used to assess memory. Section Reference: Memory 60. If you were developing a memory training program for older adults what approach would you choose? Why? Section Reference: Memory
Essay 61. Explain how you think that identity assimilation and identity accommodation relate to cognitive processes. What treatment strategies would you devise for people who are having difficulty with their memories in part due to these aspects of identity processes? 62. Which theory of information processing and aging do you believe holds greater promise as a method of intervention for older adults with cognitive problems? 63. Describe how the daily routines of older adults might be affected by changes in five aspects of memory functioning described in the chapter. 64. What are the implications of research on stereotype threat for memory performance and well-being of older adults?
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CHAPTER 7 Language, Problem-Solving, and Intelligence LECTURE GUIDELINES This chapter has a great deal of material that can be readily brought to light by involving students in hands-on activities. There is also the potential to involve non-traditional students in discussions of adult learners. As with the previous chapter on cognition, it is advisable for the instructor to be as concrete as possible in presenting the material used in studies of intelligence by having them answer and discuss practice questions from the instruments used in these studies. Furthermore, there are many figures presented in this chapter, and it would be worthwhile for the instructor to go through these figures in detail so that students can learn as much as possible from the data they present. It is also possible to have some fun with this chapter in the section on problem-solving in a high-tech world. Ask your students to name instructions that they have struggled with lately and then ask them to imagine how a middle-aged or older adult who is not technologically inclined would deal with these same problems. Another area that has great potential for expansion is the section on the Communication Predicament and "elderspeak." The infantilizing speech directed toward older adults is a phenomenon that can be observed in many service settings. Students involved in service learning can be involved in seeking out their own examples of this type of situation. Such experiences can touch off discussions of why infantilization occurs and what effects it may have on older adults. If instructors wish to devote more time to this topic, there is an infantilization exercise described in a Teaching of Psychology article written by me and one of my former graduate teaching assistants, Erin Cassidy (see reference in the Introduction). We found this to be a powerful teaching tool that really drove the point home. If your students are in service-oriented majors, such as nursing or human services, it might very well be worth the time and effort it takes to show them the dangers of infantilizing speech.
VIDEOS AND FILMS Once again, the PBS documentary series "Stealing Time" provides an excellent resource for this class. There is a fiveminute segment with K. Warner Schaie and Sherry Willis in which they describe their research based on the Seattle Longitudinal Study. This is very vivid way to begin the section on intelligence because it brings to life the many statistics that will be presented in the data from their study. Look also for any recent news stories on video games and older adults; this is now becoming a popular topic. On the lighter side, in the section on wisdom, it is possible to show one of many popular movies in which an older person provide wise advice to a younger person. One particularly poignant choice is "The Wedding Singer" (which also depicts intimate relationships in later life very positively as well). The scene to show is the one in which the grandmother gives advice on sexuality to the Adam Sandler character as he is giving her a voice lesson at the piano. The scene ends with the grandmother feeding him meatballs. Students love this movie and particularly this scene. However, there are many other examples throughout a wide range of movies that will get across the same point.
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONING AND ITS MEASUREMENT • • • •
What is the purpose of intelligence tests (WAIS-IV; PMAT) and neuropsychological assessment? What are the best ways to preserve an older adult’s executive functioning? Do measures of executive functioning seem relevant to everyday activities? Have videogames affected your ability to monitor your responses?
LANGUAGE • • • • • • •
How is language important in your everyday life? What does language signify about a person's cognitive abilities? How might memory changes affect a person's ability to use language? Why might experience enrich a person's language abilities? Have you noticed the tendency for older persons to talk about their past experiences? How does talking about past experiences with your friends make you feel? When have you seen older people spoken to with elderspeak? How do you think this makes them feel? How is bilingualism associated with cognitive functioning among older adults?
EVERYDAY PROBLEM SOLVING • • • • • • • • • • • •
What problems have you had to solve in the last 24 hours? What types of processes did you use? Do you think that life has gotten more complex with advances in technology? How might such changes particularly affect older adults? What factors make it hard or easy for you to solve problems? How do you feel when you have successfully solved a problem? Can you think of an example you were affected by the “attraction effect”? What factors make it more likely that you will take your time to solve a problem rather than rush to a solution? How the does faster problem solving of older adults fit in with the slower reaction times that they show in other tasks? Can you think of a case when you used post-formal operations in dealing with a problem? Why might adults be more likely to engage in post-formal than formal operations? What features of adult life lend themselves to post-formal operations? What leads adults to use dialectical thinking? What might the advantages be compared to the seeking of a "right answer"? How might personality relate to the ability to use dialectical reasoning? What are the major findings from studies of lifelong learning among older adult learners in Canada? In what ways might instructors alter their modes of teaching to meet the needs and learning styles of older adults?
INTELLIGENCE • • •
Do you feel that you are an "intelligent" person? Why or why not? What is the practical value of being able to define and measure intelligence? Why is it of interest to study intelligence developmentally? IM & TB-7 |2
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
• • • • • • • • • • • • •
Are definitions of intelligence overly narrow in focusing on academic skills? Why were these five abilities chosen to by Thurstone to represent all of intelligence? What might these tests fail to measure? How do fluid and crystallized intelligence relate to each other? Is fluid intelligence really "culture fair" as was originally intended by Cattell? Why do you think that alternative theories of intelligence were proposed? Do they provide a more realistic approach to intelligence than those based on more traditional intelligence theories? Do you think that the findings from the SLS are encouraging or discouraging with regard to age changes in intelligence? Why would people who are more flexible in their personality have higher intelligence test scores in later adulthood? How do the findings from the SLS relate to the concept of dialectical thinking and post-formal operations? Do the findings of intervention studies support or refute fluid-crystallized theory in that it was possible to train fluid abilities in older adults? What are the implications of training studies for the findings of studies more generally on intelligence and aging? Do you agree with the definition of wisdom provided by Baltes? How does it fit with the definition provided by Sternberg in the balance theory of wisdom? How does the Baltes approach illustrate plasticity in adult intelligence?
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1.According to the Berlin Wisdom paradigm, wise people have expertise in (the) __________ of intelligence. a) mechanics b) pragmantics c) crystallized d) fluid Answer: b Section Reference: Intelligence 2. The abilities to plan, use working memory, allocate mental resources to incoming tasks, and inhibit information are included in the cognitive skill known in psychology as: a) executive functioning. b) organizational aptitude. c) everyday problem-solving. d) crystallized intelligence. Answer: a Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 3. Which executive functioning do you rely most heavily upon while driving? IM & TB-7 |3
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) Listening to warnings b) Observing road signs c) Turning the wheel d) Planning your route Answer: d Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 4. A WAIS-IV test that measures the ability called Perceptual Reasoning is: a) Symbol Search. b) Block Design. c) Digit Span. d) Comprehension. Answer: b Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 5. The Digit Span scale on the WAIS-IV measures which intellectual ability? a) Processing Speed b) Perceptual Reasoning c) Working Memory d) Number Manipulation Answer: c Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 6. As noted in the text, when administering the WAIS-IV to an older adult, the examiner is instructed to note such factors as: a) room temperature. b) gender differences. c) sense of humor. d) vision problems. Answer: d Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 7. Unlike the WAIS-IV, the PMAT also assesses an individual’s: a) word fluency. b) processing speed. c) memory. d) personality. Answer: a Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement
8. The Trail Making Test is used in a neuropsychological assessment to evaluate the older adult’s: a) naturalistic intelligence. IM & TB-7 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) frontal lobe functioning. c) frustration tolerance. d) visual memory. Answer: b Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 9. A trained neuropsychologist assessing older adults is likely to use which type of procedures? a) Administering the same 10 tests to all clients. b) Giving most tests in a group format before assessing individuals. c) Tailoring the assessment to the client’s age and symptoms. d) Asking the individual’s family to assist in testing. Answer: c Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement
10. In neuropsychological tests called ___________________, the examiner changes the nature of the judgments that the older adult must produce. a) verbal fluency b) task-switching c) digit symbol d) trail-making Answer: b Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 11. Due to the tendency to engage in _______________, many older adults repeat the same words on tests of verbal fluency when they are asked to produce words that all begin with the same letter. a) task-switching b) assimilation c) perseveration d) inhibition Answer: c Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 12. Through videogame training, researchers hope one day to demonstrate that the improvements in skills acquired in these platforms will help older adults improve in their everyday lives, a process known as: a) perseveration. b) comprehension. c) induction. d) transfer. Answer: d Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
13. Changes in which cognitive function may affect the ability of older adults to put words together, while speaking, into a sentence? a) semantic memory b) visualization c) working memory d) task-switching Answer: c Section Reference: Language 14. Neuroimaging studies reveal that in processing speech older adults compensate for deficits in one area of the brain by utilizing alternative brain regions unless the task involves ___________. . a) Semantic memory b) Episodic memory c) Procedural memory d) Incidental memory Answer: a Section Reference: Language 15. By using ___________ to guide them, older adults can compensate for age-related changes in memory and speed when comprehending language. a) spelling b) retrieval c) context d) reminiscence Answer: c Section Reference: Language 16. By interpreting the paralinguistic elements of speech, such as _________________, older adults can compensate for not hearing every word spoken to them in a conversation. a) gestures b) grammar c) semantics d) punctuation Answer: a Section Reference: Language 17. Al Nino is a man in his 70s who is receiving rehabilitation following his recent hip surgery. Luckily his physical therapist avoids elderspeak because she refers to him as: a) Mr. Nino b) Honey c) Al d) Dear Answer: a Section Reference: Language IM & TB-7 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
18. While checking in on an older adult patient whose husband is visiting her in the hospital, a nurse’s aide finds them holding hands and kissing. The aide immediately laughs and says “That’s so cute!” What is the aide’s behavior referred to in the psychology of aging? a) Geriaphobia b) Oldism c) Elderspeak d) Dialectism Answer: c Section Reference: Language 19. The communication predicament model is associated with which type of language directed toward older adults? a) elderspeak b) gerontophication c) dialecticism d) formal operationism Answer: a Section Reference: Language 20. According to the Communication _______________ Model, older adults become less cognitively capable when they are spoken to in a condescending manner. a) Problem b) Predicament c) Practice d) Preference Answer: b Section Reference: Language 21. In a longitudinal study of cognitive functioning among bilingual and monolingual patients with MCI and AD at the Sam and Ida Ross Memory Clinic in Toronto, Bialystak-Stak and colleagues found: a) Greater severity although later symptom onset among bilinguals . b) Greater severity but similar symptom onset among monolinguals . c) Delayed symptom onset of six years among bilinguals . d) Less severity with earlier symptom onset among monolinguals . Answer: c Section Reference: Language
22. Older adults subjected to the process called _____________ are likely to view themselves as unable to carry out activities for themselves. a) dialectics b) testing the limits c) infantilization IM & TB-7 |7
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) pragmatization Answer: c Section Reference: Language 23. Bilingual adults benefit because the task-switching required by monitoring two languages strengthens their: a) everyday problem-solving. b) crystallized intelligence. c) working memory. d) executive functioning. Answer: d Section Reference: Language 24. Older bilingual speakers show performance deficits on which measure of executive functioning? a) task-switching b) Wisconsin card-sorting c) Stroop task d) spatial reasoning Answer: c Section Reference: Language
25. A technical repairperson is trying to determine the cause of a recent outage. The first step in the problemsolving is needed to repair the damage is for the repairperson to: a) use trial-and-error to check for causes. b) assess the situation by evaluating all relevant factors. c) determine the efficacy of each solution used. d) try out different approaches until one fixes the problem. Answer: b Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 26. Problems in everyday life that are the easiest to solve for older adults are those that: a) involve definite, well-stated goals. b) are stated in vague or ambiguous terms. c) require using an unusual or novel strategy. d) place heavy demands on vocabulary skills. Answer: a Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 27. Instruction manuals that use terms that are ________ are particularly challenging for older adults. a) specific b) concrete c) vague d) well-defined IM & TB-7 |8
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: c Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 28. In solving everyday problems, older adults typically show which pattern of performance compared to younger adults? a) Faster response times on problems requiring math. b) Superior ability to analyze problems involving logic. c) Better ability to handle problems described in writing. d)Better performance on tasks for which they have experience. Answer: d Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 29. In research on the attraction effect in problem solving, the findings suggest that older adult consumers are less likely to be influenced by: a) advertising. b) personal taste. c) extraneous factorsd)product price. Answer: c Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving
30. In comparison with younger adults, older adults show advanced performance on tasks that involve: a) Analytic strategies. b) Working memory. c) Heuristics. d) Incidental memory. Answer: c Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving
31. As shown in research on decision-making, one advantage that older problem-solvers seems to possess involves their greater ability to make the most out of: a) timed performance. b) finding alternative solutions. c) advice from other people. d) information from prior experience. Answer: d Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 32. The thinking involved in Piaget’s stage of formal operations involves which type of ability? a) Solving problems with new techniques. b) Using abstract symbols and logic. c) Finding new, undefined problems. d) Understanding interpersonal relations. IM & TB-7 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: b Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 33. The term dialectical thinking applies most closely to which concept based on Piaget’s theory? a) Formal operations b) Logical thought c) Post-formal operations d) Fluid intelligence Answer: c Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving
34. According to your text, recent research indicated the role of __________ in wisdom. a)fluid intelligence b) crystallized intelligence c) personality d) eemodivirsity Answer: d Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving
35. The idea that intelligence tests such as the WAIS-IV show a peak in overall IQ in early adulthood is called the ____________ pattern. a) classic aging b) general factor c) reserve capacity d) Berlin wisdom Answer: a Section Reference: Intelligence
36. In the Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) model of intelligence, the knowledge domain would be considered a measure of: a) processing speed. b) quantitative knowledge. c) visual processing. d) reaction and decision speed. Answer: c Section Reference: Intelligence 37. While playing “Words with Friends” with her 72-year-old grandmother, Frieda Lay is shocked to find that she is losing badly because her grandmother just seems to know so many more words. Frieda’s grandmother is illustrating the fact that: a) older adults are superior to younger adults in inductive reasoning. b) later life is associated with much faster response speed. IM & TB-7 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c) secondary abilities improve but primary abilities decline in later life. d) crystallized intelligence rises throughout adulthood into the 70s. Answer: d Section Reference: Intelligence 38. In the SLS and the University of Manchester Longitudinal Study the largest drop in scores was for: a)vocabulary. b)spatial orientation. c)numeric ability. d)inductive reasoning. Answer: c Section Reference: Intelligence
39. The measure of intelligence on which the SLS findings are based is the: a) WAIS-IV. b) CHC. c) Gf-Gc. d) PMAT. Answer: d Section Reference: Intelligence 40. An analysis of cohort effects in the SLS by Gerstorf and colleagues (2011) showed that later-born cohorts had higher scores than earlier-born cohorts on almost all measures, suggesting the effect of: a) years of education. b) cardiovascular disease rates. c) exposure to technology. d) global climate change. Answer: c Section Reference: Intelligence 41. The findings on executive function and lifestyle factors from Whitehall II showed that people whose abilities declined the most also tended to: a) drink moderate amounts of alcohol. b)show the largest BMI. c) exercise a moderate amount. d) consume large amounts of fruits and vegetables. Answer: b Section Reference: Intelligence 42. The Berlin Aging Study and the Swedish and Danish Twin studies found that change in intellectual abilities over time was related to: a) genetics. IM & TB-7 |11
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) personality. c) eenvironment. d) resilience. Answer: c Section Reference: Intelligence 43. Higher scores on verbal fluency and working memory were found among a sample of people employed as __________ in a study carried out in the Netherlands. a) physicians b) teachers c) nurses d) architects Answer: b Section Reference: Intelligence 44. The SLS showed that people least likely to retain their intellectual abilities in later adulthood were low on the personality factor of: a) reserve capacity b) life complexity. c) dialectical thinking. d) formal operations. Answer: b Section Reference: Intelligence
45. The idea of reserve capacity in research on aging and intelligence is very similar to the concept of ____________ in the nervous system. a) fallout b) preservation c) plasticity d) complexity Answer: c Section Reference: Intelligence 46. In the procedure known as testing the limits, researchers studying the aging process try to: a) provide cognitive training until they show no more improvements. b) challenge older adults to push themselves physically. c) ask older adults to complete a large number of ability measures. d) encourage older adults to work slowly and carefully. Answer: a Section Reference: Intelligence 47. The Berlin Wisdom Paradigm emphasizes which quality of intelligence? IM & TB-7 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) mechanics b) multidimensional c) pragmatics d) crystallized Answer: c Section Reference: Intelligence 48. The pragmatics of intelligence, in the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, emphasizes which type of abilities? a) Understanding the role of culture b) Solving real-life problems c) Being able to respond quickly d) Having a strong working memory Answer: b Section Reference: Intelligence 49. In the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm, working memory would be considered to represent the __________ of intelligence. a) mechanics b) contextualization c) pragmatics d) relativism Answer: a Section Reference: Intelligence 50. In research on the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm by Grossman and colleagues, the older adults who were seen by others as wise had lower scores on a measure of: a) fluid intelligence. b) vocabulary knowledge. c) general information. d) life complexity. Answer: a Section Reference: Intelligence 51. According to your text recent research on creativity indicates the role of _________ in wisdom among older adults. a) fluid intelligence b) crystallized intelligence c) personality d) emodiversity Answer: d Section Reference: Intelligence
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
52. What are the major neuropsychological assessment measures? Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 53. Which measures of intelligence are the least biased by cultural factors? Which are the most? Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 54. What changes have taken place in the WAIS leading up to the present WAIS-IV? Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement
55. What are the five major changes in cognitive ability that affect language in older adults? Section Reference: Language 56. How do older adults compensate in their use of language for changes in cognitive ability? Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 57. Define and describe the communication predicament model. How does it relate to the concept of elderspeak? Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 58. What are the advantages of being bilingual for cognitive functioning among older adults? Section Reference: Executive Functioning and its Measurement 59. What are five of the tests used in the Everyday Problems Test? What are these tests attempting to measure? Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 60. Describe two advantages and two disadvantages that older problem solvers have based on their greater experience. Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 61. Discuss three implications of age differences in problem solving and thinking for those who teach adult learners. Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving IM & TB-7 |14
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
62. What are three characteristics of post-formal thinkers? Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 63. How has adult education increased among older adults? Consider findings from the WALLS surveys. Section Reference: Everyday Problem Solving 64. Outline the major developments in the measurement of intelligence. Section Reference: Intelligence 65. Define and contrast fluid and crystallized intelligence. Provide two examples of each type of ability. Section Reference: Intelligence 66. List and define the five scales on the PMA used in the Seattle Longitudinal Study. Section Reference: Intelligence 67. Summarize the main findings of the SLS in terms of the scales of the PMA. Section Reference: Intelligence 68. Provide two examples of cohort effects as found in the SLS. Section Reference: Intelligence 69. Define the five aspects of intelligence and plasticity investigated by Baltes. Section Reference: Intelligence
Essay 70. How do the concepts of problem-finding and post-formal operations relate to alternative views of intelligence in adulthood? 71. What are the practical implications of findings on intelligence for understanding the performance of older workers on the job?
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
72. How might training studies on intelligence incorporate the concept of wisdom? 73. Which do you think is more important for competent functioning in adulthood: the pragmatics or the mechanics of intelligence? Justify your answer. 74. How might age changes in intelligence relate to identity processes? What advice or counseling would you provide to older adults who are concerned about loss of their intellectual skills?
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CHAPTER 8 Personality and Patterns of Coping LECTURE GUIDELINES In many ways, this chapter follows a traditional format of a personality theories course, with the opening sections focusing on theories presented from psychodynamic through cognitive, followed by research conducted from these alternative perspectives. However, the orientation of the chapter is toward how these theories and research apply to adults and the aging process, thus distinguishing it from a standard personality course which is typically nondevelopmental. In particular, the issue of personality change vs. stability is a theme of the chapter, as this is a major issue in the adult personality field. Furthermore, the midlife crisis theory and criticisms are presented, a topic that is essentially unique to the field of adult development and aging. The material in this chapter lends itself to two to three lectures, divided roughly between the psychodynamic-trait section and the cognitive perspective-midlife crisis section. There is a heavy research emphasis in this chapter, reflecting the fact that there is a considerable body of work accumulating on the topic of personality in midlife and particularly the relationship between personality and healthrelated behaviors. Although students will probably be eager to learn about "personality" in the popular sense, they may be surprised to find that the material is at this more advanced level of theory and research. However, the instructor can get students on board with examining the empirical findings on adult personality by relating the theme of personality stability vs. change to their own lives. Each of the theorists and researchers discussed in this chapter is dealing with concrete and important issues, and the question of maturity becomes an intriguing one to explore here. Many of the studies point to the development of greater insight, perspective, and a general "mellowing out" of personality. However, it is just as important for students to recognize that middle age and beyond do not involve a simple settling in or settling for what life has dealt. Therefore, the chapter also emphasizes the ways that adults can find new sources of growth and creativity (much as in the section on wisdom) as they reach their later years. Erikson's concept of "vital involvement" serves as an important contrast to the notion that people simply adapt to life's vicissitudes as they get older. Consider the processes of identity assimilation and identity accommodation in relation to maintaining self-esteem among older adults.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are many popular movies that can be shown depicting personality changes in middle and later adulthood but relatively few documentaries or professional videotapes. The movie “Up” can be used to show personality change in later adulthood (as the protagonist seems to be transformed through his relationship to the young boy). “The Bucket List” could also be shown here to illustrate ego integrity. Several popular "midlife crisis" movies are available to choose from, including the classic "American Beauty” (the scene beginning with Annette Bening singing “Don’t Rain on My Parade.” “Its Complicated” deals with midlife crisis as well as family and relationships (chapter 9).
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE • • • • • • • •
Do you agree with Freud that personality is fixed by the age of 5? What do you think of Freud's statement that the goal of development "to love and to work"? What does that mean in today's terms? Why is Erikson's theory in the category of "ego psychology" theories? Can you think of a time you used a mature defense mechanism? Can you think of a time you used an immature defense mechanism? Do you think people's personalities become more "mature" as they get older? Do the studies of defense mechanisms and coping portray middle-aged and older adults as too passive and willing to "go with the flow"? Would you look forward to becoming this way as you got older? What type of attachment style do you think you have? Which adult pathway do you believe that you are on? How about your parents or other family members?
TRAIT APPROACHES • • • • •
How would you describe your best friend? How would your best friend describe you? Why do you think people use trait terms when defining the personality of people they know? Can you think of traits other than the five in the Five Factor Model that should be included? As high as the numbers are in favor of the stability position, are you convinced that personality does not change after the age of 30? Can you think of cases where people changed their personalities? Is it depressing to think that personality might be fixed so early in adulthood? What would you like to change about yourself and do you think you'll be able to do so?
SOCIAL COGNITIVE APPROACHES •
In your opinion, does socioemotional selectivity theory predict that older adults have fewer close relationships or that the nature of their relationships change? Defend your answer.
COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE • • • • • • • • • • •
Do you agree that views of the self are important in understanding personality? Why or why not? How might views of the self change as people develop through adulthood? How might people's ideas about what they will be like in the future influence their present behavior? What are your possible selves? How do they influence the decisions you make now? Which method of reacting to obstacles characterizes your approach to life - do you try to change the environment or do you change your goals? How do these theories relate to the identity process model? What do these theories imply about change in motivation in later adulthood? What are the advantages of identity assimilation? What are the advantages of identity accommodation? Can you provide examples of people who illustrate each identity process? Why might people who use identity assimilation have higher self-esteem than those who use identity accommodation? Why might women be more likely to use identity accommodation than are men? How is resilience associated with health and well-being? IM & TB-8 |2
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
MIDLIFE CRISIS THEORIES AND FINDINGS • • • • • • •
Do you agree that there is a midlife crisis? Have you observed it in people you know? Why do you think the concept of a midlife crisis was proposed? How does it fit with other theories of personality development in adulthood? Why is the concept of midlife crisis still so popular despite lack of evidence to support it? Who is most likely to experience a midlife crisis? Do you agree that the concept is popular because it makes a "good story"? Could a midlife crisis be used as an excuse by someone seeking a way out of an unhappy life situation? Do you think the midlife crisis concept would have originated if Levinson had used a more diverse sample in his study?
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1.Freud’s major contribution to contemporary personality theory is the role of: a)early childhood experiences. b)identity formation. c)unconscious. d)ego development. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 2. The “ego” in ego psychology approaches to adult development and aging refers to the fact that these theories emphasize: a) inborn traits or constitutional dispositions. b) biological patterns of responding to stimuli. c) learned habits acquired through reinforcement. d) a structure in personality proposed by Freudian theory. Answer: d Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 3. A major emphasis of psychodynamic theory is understanding the use of ________________ in adulthood. a) defense mechanisms b) traits c) cognitive processes d) five factors Answer: a Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective
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4. In Erikson’s theory, emerging adults who arrive at commitments but do not evaluate alternative commitments would be in which identity status? a) Foreclosure b) Achieved c) Diffuse d) Moratorium Answer: a Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 5. Research on identity in emerging adults suggests that those who are most likely to engage in delinquent and drug-related behaviors are in which identity status? a) Achieved b) Moratorium c) Diffuse d) Foreclosed Answer: c Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 6.According to the psychodynamic perspective, a major component of Erikson’s model of identity development is: a) attachment. b) defense mechanisms. c) ego development. d) possible selves. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 7. The notion of the “redemptive self,” as proposed by McAdams comes closest to which stage of Erikson’s psychosocial theory? a) Generativity b) Autonomy c) Ego integrity d) Identity Answer: a Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 8. As people get older they should, according to Bauer, care less about themselves and more about others, an increase in what he calls: a) quiet ego. b) foreclosed identity. c) secure attachment. d) possible selves. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective
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9. Because it studied patterns of individual changes over time, the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study (RALS) on psychosocial development used the multivariate correlational method known as: a) logistic regression. b) analysis of variance. c) hierarchical linear modeling. d) meta-analysis. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 10. Using sequential methods made it possible for the RALS to investigate the role of ____________ in psychosocial development. a) gender b) race c) marital status d) cohort Answer: d Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective
11. A 56-year old man has struggled with psychological disorder throughout his entire life, but he has finally managed to overcome his symptoms enough to establish himself in his community as a member of the town council. He has also found happiness in a committed relationship with a woman and they are talking about getting married. This man would fit which life pathway as described from research on the RALS? a) Triumphant Trail b) Meandering Way c) Authentic Road d) Straight and Narrow Answer: a Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 12. A 60-year-old accountant feels satisfied with the life choices she’s made even though she’s still open to making changes in the future. Which of the five pathways in the Rochester Adult Longitudinal Study best describes her? a) Authentic Road b) Meandering Way c) Triumphant Trail d) Straight and Narrow Answer: a Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective
13. In longitudinal research on ego development in women conducted by Helson and her colleagues at Mills College, the results showed that during the years of adulthood, women decreased in: a) feelings of independence. b) degree of self-control. c) perceived femininity. IM & TB-8 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) self-rated leadership. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 14. In Vaillant’s ego psychology theory of personality, older adults are more likely to show which type of adaptation to the stress in their lives? a)Identity assimmilation b) Identity accommodation c) Mature defense mechanism d) Insecure attachment style Answer: c Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 15. According to your text, recent research indicates that an insecure attachment among older adults is associated with: a) social isolation. b) denial. c) narcissism. d) extroversion. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 16. A 27-year-old graduate student finds out that he failed his comprehensive exams, an experience that would normally be extremely anxiety-provoking. However, instead of becoming openly upset, he goes out drinking with his friends that night and never even mentions the failure. Even the next day, he doesn’t actually act like anything has gone wrong with his career. Vaillant would classify this as an example of a(n): a) identity vs. identity diffusion crisis. b) self-actualization threat. c) insecure attachment style. d) immature defense mechanism. Answer: d Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 17. College students and their mid-life parents who recycle and are concerned with environmental issues have elevated scores on: a) integrity. b) generativity. c) fidelity. d) competence. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 18. Attachment theory fits into the ______________ perspective in personality and aging. IM & TB-8 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) social cognitive b) identity process c) five-factor d) psychodynamic Answer: d Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 19. Research on attachment styles in older adults shows that older adults have a variety of sources of security which provide a(n) _____________ when they are experiencing distress. a) emotional island b) mental respite c) safe haven d) self affirmation Answer: c Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 20. A 34-year-old woman is struggling to overcome her extreme anxiety that her friends will desert her, so she tends to stay away from making new friendships. According to the attachment style perspective, she would be considered to be _________ in her attachment style. a) avoidant. b) resistant. c) secure. d) autonomous. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective
21. The Five Factor model of personality fits into which overall category of psychological theories? a) trait b) neo-behaviorist c) cognitive d) psychodynamic Answer: a Section Reference: Trait Approaches 22. Researchers and clinicians use the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PIR) to study the _____________ model of personality in adulthood. a) attachment style b) ego development c) five factor d) defense mechanism Answer: c Section Reference: Trait Approaches
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23. The personality trait of _________ within the Five Factor Model tends to increase among older adults. a) Agreeableness b) Conscientiousness c) Extraversion d) Introversion Answer: a Section Reference: Trait Approaches 24. The personality associated with social avoidance and withdrawal that is associated with heart disease is: a) Type A. b) Type D. c) Type B. d) Type C. Answer: b Section Reference: Trait Approaches 25. The well-known psychologist who proposed that personality is “set in plaster” by the age of 30 was: a)Freud. b)Levinson. c) James. d) Erikson. Answer: c Section Reference: Trait Approaches
26. A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies on aging and the Five Factor Model revealed that, across many of these studies, individuals increased up until the age of about 40 in which trait? a) neuroticism b) psychopathology c) disagreeableness d) social dominance Answer: d Section Reference: Trait Approaches
27. The ________________ principle would predict that, over time, a highly agreeable person would be more liked by other people, which would further increase that person’s agreeableness over the years of adulthood. a) accommodation b) generativity c) correspondence d) stability Answer: c Section Reference: Trait Approaches
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28. According to the correspondence principle, personality __________ is enhanced over adulthood because people selectively experience life events that reinforce their existing personalities. a) stability b) change c) identity d) trait Answer: a Section Reference: Trait Approaches 29. The Sutin et al. (2019) study of more than 90,000 people including 10 cohorts found that _______ was associated with poorer verbal fluency. a) extraversion b) openness c) conscientiousness d) neuroticism Answer: d Section Reference: Trait Approaches 30. Research conducted by Lodi-Smith and colleagues (2010) comparing personality and preventive behaviors found that observer-rated personality traits were correlated with which measure relevant to health? a) Type A behavior b) smoking c) education d) blood pressure Answer: b Section Reference: Trait Approaches 31. A cardiologist,Dr. Al Fresco, sees many middle-aged and older patients who suffer from heart disease and all seem to share a certain personality trait. Based on longitudinal research on adults from college through midlife, which personality trait is this likely to be? a) hostility b) conscientiousness c) dutifulness d) openness to experience Answer: a Section Reference: Trait Approaches
32. In the Type A behavior pattern, high scores on hostility seem strongly related to which health outcome? a) Respiratory illness b) Major depression c) Cardiovascular disease d) Hearing loss Answer: c IM & TB-8 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Trait Approaches 33. A behavioral health specialist working on a cardiologist’s hospital team is called in to conduct a session with a new patient. After determining that the patient fits the Type A Behavior Pattern, what would be the best way for her to try to help this patient decrease his future heart disease risk? a) Start a program of family therapy b) Teach him to be less agreeable c) Help him act out his feelings d) Work on reducing his hostility Answer: d Section Reference: Trait Approaches 34. Socioemotional selectivity theory predicts that we feel closer to ____________ as we get closer to the end of our lives. a) casual acquaintances b) our best friends c) extended family d) political leaders Answer: b Section Reference: Social Cognitive Approaches 35. The amount of time a person has left to live is an important factor in personality according to which theory of development? a) normative influence b) secure attachment c) socioemotional selectivity d) ego integrity Answer: c Section Reference: Social Cognitive Approaches 36. Studies testing the predictions of Socioemotional Selectivity Theory involving eye tracking measurements while people look at facial stimuli note that younger adults, compared to older adults, are more likely to focus on parts of the face showing: a) happiness. b) delight. c) joy. d) anger. Answer: d Section Reference: Social Cognitive Approaches
37. As pointed out in socioemotional selectivity theory, people who value the _________ function of their relationships are likely to seek advice and practical tips from the people with whom they spend time. a) affective IM & TB-8 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) informational c) mood-regulating d) emotional Answer: b Section Reference: Social Cognitive Approaches 38.Recent research by Isaacowitz and colleagures shows the tendency to seek out happy experiences is: a) unique to younger persons. b) unique to older persons. c) related to hostility. not unique to older persons. Answer: d Section Reference: Social Cognitive Approaches
39. The idea of what you could become at some point in the future is known as your: a) attachment style. b) life structure. c) possible self. d) ego integrity. Answer: c Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 40. People who use problem-focused coping are most likely to try to change ____________ when faced with a stressor. a) their mood b) the facts c) their thoughts d) the situation Answer: d Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective
41. A 62-year-old woman was told by her physician, much to her own distress, that she needs to lose 15 pounds in order to reduce her risk of developing diabetes. Instead of following the physician’s advice, though, she instead tries to make herself feel better by minimizing the importance of what she’s just heard. This way of coping with stress is known as: a) problem-focused. b) support seeking. c) emotion-focused. d) possible self-affirmation. Answer: c Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 42. The quality of _______________ refers being able to the ability to recover from stress. IM & TB-8 |11
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) extraversion b) correspondence c) resilience d) attachment Answer: c Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 43. People high in self-efficacy are likely to adapt to stress by using which type of coping methods? a) affect regulation b) problem-focused c) secure attachment d) emotion-focused Answer: b Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 44. In later life, people who are low in self-esteem tend to be those who use the identity process of: a) assimilation b) balance c) mistrust d) accommodation Answer: d Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 45. The inner narrative that people create of their experiences up to the present point is called the: a) life structure. b) feared self. c) life story. d) daily diary. Answer: c Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 46. The patterning of an individual’s personal development, occupation, family roles, religion, friendships, and religion at a particular point in time is referred to by Levinson as the: a) life structure. b) identity process. c) coping style. d) possible self. Answer: a Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings 47. A large-scale survey of adults from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) showed that ______% indicated they had experienced a “midlife” crisis, though the ages associated with that crisis showed a wide range. a) 95 IM & TB-8 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) 57 c) 78 d) 26 Answer: d Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings 48. According to your text, the idea that personality is subject to major upheavals in the middle years of adulthood reflects: a) Erikson’s theory. b) Identity accommodation. c) Current findings in trait theory. d) A good story - “disaster mentality.” Answer: d Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings
49. In a large scale review of studies on midlife in women, the findings showed support for the idea that: a) women experience a midlife crisis earlier than do men. b) more women than men experience a midlife crisis. c) the midlife crisis affects only unmarried women. d) stage in midlife did not predict any outcome measures. Answer: d Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings 50. As reported in your text, Costa and McCrae found that men who scored highest on their Midlife Crisis Scale had the highest scores on the __________factor as measured 10 years earlier. a) Extroversion b) Openness c) Neuroticism d) Conscientiousness Answer: c Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings
Short Answer 51. Briefly describeErikson’s concept of Generativity. Give examples across the the adult years and indicate its importance to psychosocial development. Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 52. Contrast the mature with the immature defense mechanisms in Vaillant's theory. Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective IM & TB-8 |13
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
53. Summarize the major findings from the Rochester Longitudinal Study. Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective 54. Provide a brief summary of five major findings from the Mills Studies. Section Reference: Psychodynamic Perspective
55. Summarize the five factors in the Five Factor Model. Section Reference: Trait Approaches 56. Indicate the three major findings in support of stability from research on the Five Factor Model. Section Reference: Trait Approaches 57. What criticisms might you make of research based on the NEO-PI-R, the trait measure of personality? Section Reference: Trait Approaches 58. How does socioemotional selectivity theory account for changes in later adulthood in emotions? Section Reference: Social Cognitive Approaches 59. What effect does a shortening of time perspective have on an individual’s relationships with others? Section Reference: Social Cognitive Approaches
60. What are the two main forms of coping? Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 61. Define and contrast identity assimilation and identity accommodation. Which process is more adaptive in terms of self-esteem in later life? Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 62. Define the concept of “possible selves” and indicate how they may function in relation to self-esteem of older adults. How may they be adaptive as well as maladaptive?
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Section Reference: Cognitive Perspective 63. Summarize the major stages of Levinson's theory. Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings 64. What are three major criticisms of midlife crisis theory? Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings 65. What type of evidence was provided by Levinson in support of the midlife crisis theory? Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings 66. Why has the midlife crisis concept received so much media attention? How would you explain the discrepancy between this sensationalism and empirical research? Section Reference: Midlife Crisis Theories and Findings
Essay 67. Compare predictions about adult personality development from the Five Factor Model with the results of studies based on theories of ego development. Which results do you find more convincing? Why? 68. What are the implications of the alternative theories of personality in middle and later adulthood for treatment of psychological disorders? 69. What personal observations in your life have you made about the validity of the midlife crisis concept? How do these observations fit with the theories and research on this topic in the adult development literature? 70. Summarize the patterns of gender differences in development that are apparent from studies on personality in adulthood. What further work in this area needs to be done? Why? 71. Which theories of personality development are most compatible with the midlife crisis theory? Why? 72. How do changes in physical functioning and health relate to personality changes in adulthood as described by the theories and research in this chapter?
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CHAPTER 9 Relationships LECTURE GUIDELINES The topic of marriage and family constitutes an entire course in itself, so it is somewhat of a challenge to condense it into one or two lectures. You should use your lecture time carefully and students should be encouraged to complete their reading prior to class (as always but especially in this case). The first section within each of the topics covers current statistics. These could be skipped in lecture in favor of more theoretical material, or the statistics could be presented in terms of highlights. These highlights would include the decline in marriage rates since 1970, the rising age of first marriage, and changes in the divorce rate. Variations in marriage and divorce rates by age, sex, and culture/ethnicity should also be included in a discussion of statistics. The theoretical perspectives on relationships satisfaction in adulthood help to bring depth to these discussions of close relationships. This section also includes sexual patterns in marriage over adulthood, a topic that is obviously of great interest to many people. The second unit of information in this chapter concerns family relationships, and here there are also a wealth of data, concepts, and theories. Summarizing statistics on childbirth, family size, and grandparenting helps to provide background to more theoretically oriented discussions regarding the transition to parenthood, extended family relationships, and changes in the family from a sociocultural perspective. Many of these topics can be given specific focus, particularly the relatively new phenomenon of grandparents raising grandchildren. However, other relatively neglected areas such as sibling and friendship relationships also provide very interesting personal and theoretical insights for students. Variations among people in so-called "nontraditional" situations (becoming more traditional), such as blended families and lesbian and gay relationships, are discussed throughout the chapter but can form a theme of a particular lecture or part of a lecture according to the instructor's expertise and interest in the area.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There are virtually an infinite number of popular movies to choose from to illustrate almost any point on the topic of marriage and family relationships. The guiding principle here should be recency (i.e. only show "Love Story" if it is to illustrate a point about relationships in the 1960s) and perhaps the culture of the campus in terms of what might be considered too explicit in a film about adult relationships. Within those very broad guidelines, there are literally hundreds of films showing couples, parents, grandparents and grandchildren, extended family networks, not to mention “buddy” movies and female-oriented friendship movies. The Netflicks series, “Grace and Frankie” provides a contemporary perspective on relationships as well as material relevant to other chapters.
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DISCUSSION QUESTIONS MARRIAGE AND INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS • • • • • • • • • • • •
Do you think it is necessary to be married to have an intimate relationship? Why or why not? What is the social significance of marriage? Why do people invest so much energy and expense into their own weddings? Why are men more likely than women to marry late in life? What sociocultural factors are responsible for cultural differences in the timing and rates of marriage in Canada? Do you agree with some experts who believe that many current problems can be attributed to a decline in the traditional family structure? Why might adults decide to cohabit rather than get married? What are some of the problems involved in calculating the probability that a marriage will end in divorce? Do you know (or are you one) people who have been divorced? How were their lives affected? Do you know (or are you one) children of divorced parents? What has their experience been like? Has anyone in your family lost a spouse? How did he or she react to the loss? What are the problems faced in our society by people who become widows? Do you feel that "opposites attract," or does "like attract like"?
FAMILIES • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Do you think people go through an empty nest when their children leave home? Do you think it has happened or will happen with your parents? Is it inevitable that older people lose their sexuality? (if any parents are in the class) How did you feel when you became a parent? How did it change your life? (for non-parents) How do you think your life will change when you become a parent? Why is the transition to parenthood important from a theoretical point of view? What might some of the dynamics be in blended families? Do you know people in blended families? How do they compare with families that are not blended? Is there a difference between "blended" and "reconstituted"? What understanding can we gain from examining same sex couples who become parents? What are the roles of household tasks (such as taking out the garbage) vs. child care duties as influences on the transition to parenthood? How does your family fit into the intergenerational solidarity model? Have you experienced the concepts of developmental stake and developmental schism? How have these affected you? Does your cultural background emphasize filial obligation? How does this affect the dynamics in your family? Is sibling rivalry still an issue in your family? Do you agree that helicopter parenting may be good for young adults in transition? What are some of the issues faced by grandparents who have responsibility for raising their grandchildren? What types of grandparents do you have? How would you rate them on the grandparent style types?
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FRIENDSHIPS • •
Do you think you will stay in touch with your university friends throughout the rest of your life? Why or why not? What could you do to ensure that your close friendships do not dissolve after university? Why are friends so important for personal happiness?
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. In 2008, a woman marrying for the first time at 30 years of age would be approximately ___________ compared to the average age of first marriage for a woman in Canada in 2018. a) 8 years older b) 2 years older c) the same age d) 3 years younger Answer: b Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 2. According to Statistics Canada (2019), which of the following groups is MOST likely to be living alone in residences for seniors housing? a) women 75 – 84 years of age b) men 75-84 years of age c) men 85 and older d) women 85 and older Answer: d Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 3. A couple decided to move in together because they were unsure about whether or not they wanted to commit to a long-term relationship. They figured they’d give it a try. Should they get married, research suggests that they will potentially experience the __________ effect: a) social equity b) cohabitation c) similarity d) attachment Answer: b Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 4. Many adults who enter into remarriages are more likely to leave because they are open to the relationship’s ending; these individuals are said to be high on the factor known as: a) divorce proneness. b) social equity. IM & TB-9 |3
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c) reciprocal exchange. d) behavioral instability. Answer: a Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 5. Research by Bonnanno and colleagues (2002) on grief in widows found that the majority of women displayed the pattern known as ____________ grief. a) depressive b) resilient c) abnormal d) reliant Answer: b Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 6. The widowhood effect refers to the finding that individuals whose spouses die, compared to those still married, have higher: a) involvement in their communities. b) percentages of “good” cholesterol. c) rates of dying from all causes. d) ratings of relationships with children. Answer: c Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 7. The ___________ effect refers to the fact that widows are more likely to die after losing their spouse. a) mortality b) equity c) similarity d) widowhood Answer: d Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 8. The ______________approach to marital satisfaction predicts greater happiness when couples engage in positive behaviors such as expressing affection. a) similarity b) equity c) social exchange d) behavioral Answer: d Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 9.According to your text, marital disruption is greatest for: a) visible minorities. b)people who lived only with their spouse prior to marriage. IM & TB-9 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c)people who lived with multiple partners prior to marriage. d)older rather than younger persons. Answer: c Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 10. A couple in their 30’s is thinking of getting married. One partner is very outgoing and sociable, and the other is introverted and shy. According to the ____________ hypothesis on long-term relationships, they should be very happy together. a) need complementarity b) socioemotional selectivity c) marital similarity d) social inequity Answer: a Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 11. The highest marital satisfaction, according to the similarity hypothesis, occurs when couples: a) have similar values but different personalities. b) start out different and then become more alike. c) are very much alike in their personalities. d) start out alike and then become very different. Answer: c Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 12. In equity theory, partners are seen as having the highest marital satisfaction if they: a) come from similar backgrounds and have similar values. b) evaluate the costs of being in the couple as greater than the benefits. c) believe they are each contributing similarly to the relationship. d) have a complementary set of social attitudes and values. Answer: c Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 13. According to __________________ theory, members of a couple in a long-term relationship should prefer to spend time with each other rather than people they don’t know very well. a) behavioral interaction b) socioemotional selectivity c) need complementarity d) social exchange Answer: b Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 14.A recent study showed the highest rates of marital dissolution in a 12-year follow-up for: a)different-sex couples. b)female-female couples. c)male-male couples. IM & TB-9 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d)non-serial cohabitors. Answer: b Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 15. In the ______________ pathway of long-term relationships, the way a couple gets along at the outset of the marriage will continue throughout the length time they stay together. a) disillusionment b) dyadic withdrawal c) enduring dynamics d) emergent distress Answer: c Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 16. Couples in long-term relationships characterized by emergent distress show which pattern of conflict over time? a) initial unhappiness followed by improved ways of handling conflict b) continued inability to handle stress and conflict c) initial happiness which evolves into high levels of conflict d) gradual disappointment with each other and the relationship Answer: d Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 17. Compared to opposite-sex couples living together, research shows that same-sex couples are: a) more likely to be of the same race. b) less likely to share household roles. c) less likely to break up. d) more bound to traditional values. Answer: c Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 18. A couple who had initially seemed destined to remain together for years, if not decades, surprised their families when they announced their impending divorce. Neither of them could cite a particular problem; they just felt they grew apart. This pattern of long-term relationship is known as: a) disillusionment b) enduring dynamics c) emergent distress d) marital disharmony Answer: a Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 19. Approximately ______% of men and women who have extramarital affairs become divorced. a) 25 b) 10 IM & TB-9 |6
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c) 33 d) 50 Answer: d Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 20. Research on adapting to divorce shows that the least frequent negative emotions are experienced by people who: a) are the ones to initiate the divorce. b) feel they have gained independence. c) share co-parenting or a business. d) cut off all communication with each other. Answer: b Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 21. According to Statistics Canada (2019) about __________ of women aged 65 and over are widowed. a) One-twentieth b) One-third c) One-half d) Two-thirds Answer: b Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 22.According to Statistics Canada in 2016 the highest percentage of households were: a)couples with children. b)couples without children. c)one-person households. d)lone-parent families. Answer: cSection Reference: Families
23. Men who become most confident about their roles as fathers are those who: a) adopt traditional gender roles in the home. b) have high-paying jobs with flexible hours. c) are regarded as competent by their wives. d) were older brothers of younger sisters. Answer: c Section Reference: Families 24. In a meta-analysis of studies on satisfaction among couples before and after birth of the first child, Mitnick and colleagues (2009) showed that compared to non-parents, the parents: a) improved in overall and relationship satisfaction. b) declined in relationship but improved in overall satisfaction. c) showed about the same relationship satisfaction decline. d) showed about the same personal satisfaction increase. IM & TB-9 |7
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Answer: c Section Reference: Families 25. The phenomenon in families known as “doing gender” describes what happens when parents: a) have children all of one sex. b) live together with their in-laws. c) divide children’s chores according to sex. d) behave according to traditional roles. Answer: d Section Reference: Families
26. The phenomenon known as doing _________ occurs after the transition to parenthood, when men and women adopt more stereotyped roles in the household. a) sex b) roles c) gender d) baby Answer: c Section Reference: Families 27. A woman felt that her relationship with her partner took a turn for the worse when, after having their first child, she had to take on more of the “feminine” household tasks. This is an example of _____________, a factor that can contribute to reduced marital satisfaction among women in the transition to parenthood. a) doing gender b) enacting roles c) changing places d) exchanging duties Answer: a Section Reference: Families 28. Research shows that lesbian and gay couples experience more emotional difficulties in raising children when they: a) live in states that do not favour same-sex parental adoption. b) are overwhelmed by support from their families. c) are protected from experiences involving homophobia. d) have their children through adoption or surrogacy. Answer: a Section Reference: Families
29. Research conducted in Vancouver on the so-called “empty nest syndrome” showed that feelings of unhappiness following the children’s leaving the home were most prominent among parents of which ethnicity? IM & TB-9 |8
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a) Western European b) Indo/East Indian c) Latino/Latina d) Eastern European Answer: b Section Reference: Families
30. A study of Canadian parents showed that the greatest difficulty in adapting to the empty nest was experienced by parents who: a) feel that it’s time to release control over their children. b) believe that the world is a dangerous and threatening place. c) strongly identify with their vocational roles. d) wish they could relive their own earlier days of youth. Answer: b Section Reference: Families
31. A young woman feels that her parents treated her too much like an adult when she was growing up, giving her more responsibility than even she felt she could handle. This situation reflects a relationship characterized by: a) associational strength. b) structural ambivalence. c) consensual pressure. d) filial obligation. Answer: b Section Reference: Families
32. A 40-year-old man was disappointed that his family reunion was spoiled when the older relatives clashed with the younger relatives about the upcoming presidential election. No matter what he did, it was impossible for him to get each side to see the other’s point. According to the Intergenerational Solidarity Model, the generations would have low scores on the ____________ dimension. a) normative b) maturity c) consensual d) ambivalence Answer: c Section Reference: Families 33. The relatives in a young woman’s family see each other only for major holidays and family events on average about two or three times a year, even though they live within 30 minutes from each other. Based on this information, you would rate this family as on the negative end of which dimension of the Intergenerational Solidarity Model? a) Affectual b) Normative c) Associational IM & TB-9 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) Structural Answer: c Section Reference: Families 34. The situation in families when parents and their adult children differ in how much they value their relationship and whether they wish to be independent is known as a(n): a) intergenerational stake. b) developmental schism. c) disillusionment pathway. d) skip generation. Answer: b Section Reference: Families 35. The greatest degree of filial _________is likely to be experienced by Asian American families. a) maturity b) reciprocity c) solidarity d) obligation Answer: d Section Reference: Families 36. The intergenerational stake hypothesis about families with adult children proposes that: a) parents care more about children than children about parents. b) adult children will get along better with each other if are close in age. c) grandparents and grandchildren will relate better than parents and children. d) children will be more likely to love parents who give them extra attention. Answer: a Section Reference: Families 37. When children reach the age at which they enter adulthood, they and their parents experience a phenomenon known as: a) filial anxiety. b) blending families. c) empty nesting. d) filial maturity. Answer: d Section Reference: Families 38. According to the _____________, parents tend to give more support to their adult children who need the most help. a) contingency theory b) intergenerational stake hypothesis c) role reversal model d) intergenerational solidarity model IM & TB-9 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: a Section Reference: Families 39. Research on “helicopter parents” among young adults and their parents indicates that adult children who receive “intense” support from their parents report feeling: a) overly nurtured and unwilling to live on their own. b) more likely to want to become parents themselves. c) resentful that they have not been given enough freedom. d) more likely to have high feelings of life satisfaction. Answer: d Section Reference: Families 40. The sibling relationship in later adulthood is unique because siblings typically: a) have known each other longer than anyone else in their lives. b) are at the most positive end of the consensual dimension. c) have the most ambivalent relationships of all family ties. d) interact with each other more than with any other family member. Answer: a Section Reference: Families 41.According to your text, research on “boomerang” children indicates that their parents were likely to experience ________ in comparison to parents whose children did not live at home: a) frustration. b)benefit. c) conflict. d)financial burden. Answer: b Section Reference: Families 42. According to your rext, siblings in later life who exchange more help, are likely to have had parents who: a) favored one sibling over another. b) had poor relationships with all their children. c) underwent divorce when they were young. d) treated all their children equally well. Answer: b Section Reference: Families 43. In a test of the intergenerational solidarity model, researchers found that siblings were likely to exchange more help with each other when their parents: a) provided them with a great deal of support. b) moved away after they retired. c) showed favoritism toward one sibling. d) had poor relationships with all of their children. IM & TB-9 |11
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: d Section Reference: Families 44. Skip generation families involve grandparents in the role of: a) Fun seeker. b) Surrogate parent. c) Formal grandparent. d) Distant figure. Answer: b Section Reference: Families 45. What is the living situation known as a skip generation family? a) An extended family all lives in one home. b) Grandparents retire and move away. c) Parents and grandparents live with the children. d) Grandparents alone raise the grandchildren. Answer: d Section Reference: Families 46. Jane enjoys recreational activities and social outings with her grandchildren. According to your text she is a _______ grandparent. a) surrogate b) formal c) fun seeker d) distant Answer: c Section Reference: Families 47. The role of grandparenting to aging individuals is shown by researchers to: a) decrease as children grow older. b) affect older more than younger adults. c) be important to their mental health. d) be more important to men than women. Answer: c Section Reference: Families 48. According to Frotto’s (2002) study of adult friendship patterns approximately ______% have known their best friends for at least 10 years. a) 65 b) 10 c) 34 d) 91
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Answer: a Section Reference: Friendships 49. Married couples who are best friends with each other may show __________ in which they try to take on the positive qualities of the other couple. a) dyadic withdrawal b) platonic couple love c) role reversal d) filial maturity Answer: b Section Reference: Friendships 50. Your friends from the gym, who you only see when you work out or go to a group fitness class, are known as which type of friends? a) acquisitive links b) amicable associates c) reciprocal pals d) peripheral ties Answer: d Section Reference: Friendships 51. In the _______ friendship style adults retain a selective small number of close friends throughout their lives. a) acquisitive b) independent c) discerning d)peripheral Answer: c Section Reference: Friendships
Short Answer 52. Contrast the major approaches to analyzing marital satisfaction. Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships 53. What factors account for the cohabitation effect? How would you explain the different rates across the provinces and cultural/ethnic groups? Section Reference: Marriage and Intimate Relationships
54. Describe three factors that influence the quality of the marital relationship as it changes over the transition to parenthood. IM & TB-9 |13
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Families 55. Summarize the three forms of "filial" attitudes as these exist in the relationships between adult children and their parents. Section Reference: Families 56. What are three factors that influence the extent to which an adult daughter experiences caregiver stress? Section Reference: Families 57. What are the risks and benefits involved in grandparents raising grandchildren? Section Reference: Families 58. How does culture affect the empty nest syndrome? Section Reference: Families 59. What are the pros and cons to helicopter parenting? Section Reference: Families 60. What are the three changes that can occur in friendships of partners in long-term relationships? Section Reference: Friendships 61. What are the three friendship styles identified in adulthood? Section Reference: Friendships
Essay 62. Summarize the trends over the past 50 years in marriage and family statistics and provide an analysis of the causes of these changes. 63. Provide an analysis of the transition to parenthood from a biopsychosocial perspective. 64. Describe how the developmental schism might apply to fathers and sons.
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65. What are the common features or dimensions shared by models of adult child-parent, grandparent, and sibling relationship? 66. Think of an example of a recent film in which the relationship between friends in adulthood was portrayed. What themes are present in media depictions of friendships that might provide a useful way to approach research on this topic?
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CHAPTER 10 Work, Retirement, and Leisure Patterns LECTURE GUIDELINES The broad coverage of this chapter includes portions of the field of occupational sociology, vocational psychology, industrial-organizational psychology, retirement, and leisure. There are potentially two lectures worth of material, depending on how in-depth the instructor wishes to go with any particular area. Statistics on the labor force, occupational level, income, and education by age, sex, and race provide an excellent opportunity for discussions of diversity. In addition to pointing out these issues with regard to diversity, there is also opportunity for the instructor to illustrate several significant points within the biopsychosocial perspective. For example, occupational level and income interact significantly with health to influence mortality in middle and later adulthood. Therefore, it is important, when reviewing these statistics, to point out their "human" meaning. The area of vocational development is potentially of great interest to students, who are heavily involved in the process of finding their own vocational identity. Holland's model and the accompanying O*NET system can be helpful in encouraging them to think about where they are heading in life. Presenting questions from vocational inventories, such as the SelfDirected Search (as suggested below) can also encourage active learning by students on this topic. The areas of vocational satisfaction and performance, similarly, lend themselves to considerable discussion and selfscrutiny among students. They will be spending the majority of their waking lives for the next forty to fifty years involved in work. Posing the question of what they will find satisfactory from this activity can get them involved in thinking about how older workers feel and perform. It is also important to educate students about age discrimination, as most of them will not be aware of age discrimination in employment as indicated in the Canadian Human Rights Act until taking this class. The area of retirement seems distant indeed to an average-age university student. Although some forward-thinking individuals may be planning how they will start their RRSPs , retirement seems as real a possibility to most students as a trip to the moon. In fact, given most students’ financial concerns the idea of beginning to save for retirement is met with aversion. However, by presenting retirement as a current social issue involving huge implications for the economy, students can be encouraged to think about the phenomenon in a more concrete fashion. Real-life examples of retired people talking about their experiences (in videotape or in person) would also help bring the points home. Furthermore, the issue of women and retirement should appeal to the females in the class, and as data on this topic are relatively recent, this material also has great current relevance to understanding retirement as a whole. Finally, given the burgeoning leisure industry, it is becoming increasingly important for students to be knowledgeable about this aspect of the retirement experience. Students can certainly appreciate the importance and value of leisure, based on its role in their own lives. By examining aging and leisure patterns, students can therefore gain practical knowledge of potential use in their own careers as well as a basis for relating to older adults in this common area of importance in life.
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VIDEOS AND FILMS There are a number of news programs that regularly cover issues related to retirement, and these can be interspersed with the latter portion of the lecture. The Canadian Association of Retired Persons (CARP) and Renaissance, the publication of the Retired Teachers of Ontario (RTO), provide case studies on topics covered in this chapter as well as chapter 14 (Successful Aging and Creativity). Feelings that adults have about work can be depicted through showing any one of many popular movies or television shows in which characters are disaffected with their jobs. A humorous movie that is a classic among many undergraduates is "Office Space" (starring Jennifer Aniston and Ron Livingstone). A scene from “The Office” demonstrates age discrimination when Michael Scott provides a very poor model of how to deal with age (“Dunder Mifflin Infinity”). Difficulties in the early stages of career development are demonstrated in “The Devil Wears Prada.”
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS WORK PATTERNS IN ADULTHOOD • • • • • •
Why have labor force participation rates by age changed over the past 40 years? Why do women earn less than men even at the highest occupational levels? Does knowing that your college degree will lead to a higher salary have motivating value for you? Why is a college education and beyond related to higher earnings in adulthood? What might the impact be on health and lifestyle of lower education among minority adults over 65? How have older minority adults been limited in their educational and occupational attainments by discrimination when they were younger? Has the situation improved in recent decades? Why or why not?
VOCATIONAL DEVELOPMENT • • • • • • • • •
•
How is a vocation different from or the same as an occupation? What is an "R," "I," "A," etc. type of job? (Have students name jobs within the different types). What type of job is a carpenter, artist, etc. (Ask students to categorize jobs from different types.) Do you think there are advantages to the federal government having a standard job classification system? What are these? How would you use the O*NET to find the right job for you? What are the limitations of the RIASEC model? Are people free to choose their own vocations or are they limited? What might these limiting factors be? If you were putting together a team of workers, would you combine people with similar profiles or people who had opposite profiles from each other? Do you think people choose their leisure activities on the basis of the same or the opposite type that they express in the workplace? Does Super's theory make sense in contemporary Western society in which people do not experience a static set of stages throughout their careers? Or does the theory have universal applicability? Justify your answer. How do the concepts of recycling, boundaryless, and protean careers change your thoughts about Super’s theory? How does Super's theory differ from Holland's? What are the implications of Super's theory for vocational satisfaction in adulthood?
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VOCATIONAL SATISFACTION • • • • • • • • • • •
• •
How important is it to you that you find satisfaction in your job? What factors might predict vocational satisfaction in adulthood? Can you identify the intrinsic and extrinsic factors in a job that you held or are currently holding? Which are or were more important to you? Why might extrinsic rewards lower intrinsic satisfaction with work? Can you describe the ORP of a job you have held? Do you know people who seem happy all the time and therefore would probably like any job? Why would a personality variable like attachment style be related to vocational satisfaction? Can work and family life relate positively to each other or are they always in conflict? What are the implications of studies showing negative relationships between work and family life? How can workers maintain a positive attitude toward their jobs even when they have held them for many years? Suggest some possible relationships between identity and vocational satisfaction in adulthood. For instance, if a firm is being downsized, might a worker reduce job commitment as a way of protecting the self in the event that he or she is laid off? Why was there a need for the Canadian Human Rights Act?
AGE AND VOCATIONAL PERFORMANCE • •
Is it inevitable that performance should decline in older workers? Why or why not? Would you prefer to retire all at once or would you rather do so in stages?
RETIREMENT • •
• • • • • • • •
Why was mandatory retirement abolished in most occupations? Should it be reinstated to allow younger workers to have more jobs? What are the parameters of the Canada Pension Plan (CPP) and Old Age Security (OAS)? What are anticipated concerns for the future? How does this compare with other countries andprojections for its "security" in the next 20 to 30 years? Why do gerontologists prefer to view retirement as a process rather than an event? Which theory of retirement and the individual fits most closely with your own views on the subject? Will you look forward to or dread retirement? How can social scientists test the validity of the three theories of retirement and the individual? Why do certain people suffer more ill effects of retirement than do others? Which factor seems most important to retirement adjustment in your experience? How does retirement self-efficacy relate to other forms of self-efficacy discussed in earlier chapters? How might this personality factor influence the way people adapt to the retirement process? Do you think that women have an easier or more difficult time in retirement than do men? Why or why not? Will the retirement experience of women differ in the future from what it is today?
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LEISURE PURSUITS IN ADULTHOOD • • • •
How do your leisure activities fit into your identity? Do you think that, over time, your leisure interests will change? If so, how might they change? Will the leisure interests of the older generation change as the Baby Boomers move into later adulthood? What might these changes be? How might leisure interests vary as a function of socioeconomic status and income?
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. According to Hazel (2018) about _____ percent of older adults continue to work after 65 years to pay for essential expenses. a) 20 b) 30 c) 50 d) 60 Answer: c Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood
2. In 2017 , the labour force participation rate in Canada was_______%. a) 36 b) 56 c) 66 d) 76 Answer: c Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood 3. According to your text in Canada the highest wages for both women and men is in: a) Ontario b) Quebec c) British Columbia d) NW Territories Answer: d Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood 4. What is the main factor accounting for the gender gap in earnings? a) Fewer professional women are in higher-paying fields b) Women work fewer hours than men on a weekly basis c) Men are more likely to work in healthcare and education. d) Women have higher childcare expenses than do men. Answer: a IM & TB-10 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood 5. In Canada, how does a university degree influence an individual’s earning potential? a) Having a bachelor’s degree leads to no measurable improvement. b) Only people with degrees in engineering or business benefit in terms of income. c) All university graduates have higher earning potential than high school graduates. d) Men, but not women, benefit in earning potential from a university degree. Answer: c Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood 6. Studying changes in the wage gap in Canada over 10 years, Pelletier and colleagues (2019) noted a widening of the gap in terms of: a)more men employed in construction. b)more women employed in larger firms. c)more men employed in the public sector. d) fewer women employed in professional roles. Answer: a Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood 7. The gender gap is greatest for _______ occupations.: a) Teaching b) Business, finance c) Health d) Natural sciences, engineering, mathematics Answer: c Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood
8. The basis for understanding the connection between individuals and social organizations as these interact over the individual’s lifetime is the: a) job b) career c) vocation d) occupation
Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Definition
9. Holland’s vocational development theory describes the RIASEC model, which stands for the: a) test used to identify a person’s type. b) six factors that make up the model. c) names of the six vocational factors. d) corporation where initial testing was done. Answer: b IM & TB-10 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Vocational Definition 10. A financial analyst who works for a large firm that manages mutual funds would be considered to have which type of job in the RIASEC model? a) Realistic b) Conventional c) Artistic d) Enterprising Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Definition 11. According to Holland’s RIASEC model, the people most likely to want a career in accounting would have a(n) ____________ occupational type. a) realistic b) artistic c) conventional d) enterprising Answer: c Section Reference: Vocational Definition 12. Which of the following occupations fits into the RIASEC social type? a) Market researcher b) Salesperson c) Economist d) Math teacher Answer: d Section Reference: Vocational Definition 13. After several years at his current job as a sales manager, a 50-year-old man decides he would rather remain a sales manager than do anything else because it suits his personality and interests. Based on the RIASEC model, you would expect that his score on a measure of career _________ would therefore be higher than would someone else’s score who did not desire a career change. a) congruence b) adaptation c) realism d) conservatism Answer: a Section Reference: Vocational Definition 14. Workers who fail to develop as optimally as possible are, in Holland’s theory, referred to as: a) incongruent. b) protean. c) boundaryless. d) disengaged. IM & TB-10 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: a Section Reference: Vocational Definition 15. Super’s theory, unlike Holland’s, assumes that people strive to express their __________ in their vocation. a) preferences b) self-concept c) resources d) satisfaction Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Definition 16. In the earliest, or _____________ stage of vocational development, individuals attempt to find a way to express their self-concept through their work. a) recycling b) plateau c) exploration d) protean Answer: c Section Reference: Vocational Definition 17. Reaching a point in your vocational development where you no longer feel that you are growing might keep you at the: a) establishment stage. b) bridge employment. c) recycling stage. d) career plateau. Answer: d Section Reference: Vocational Definition 18. Individuals who feel that their occupation is a(n) ____________ are likely to feel the most personal meaning in their work. a) exploration b) calling c) correspondence d) resource Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Definition
19. People who feel that their occupation is a “calling” are likely to believe that it: a) will help them achieve recognition. b) can bring them closer to retirement. c) fulfills their purpose in life. IM & TB-10 |7
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) makes their families proud of them. Answer: c Section Reference: Vocational Definition 20. Being able to find a ________________ career, in which people are not tied to a particular company or organization, might be difficult during times of a tight economy. a) protean b) bridge c) boundaryless d) self-determined Answer: c Section Reference: Vocational Definition 21. In a boundaryless career, workers feel that they are able to: a) find growth and meaning in their job through self-direction. b) mentor younger and less experienced employees. c) take on extra hours to earn more overtime pay. d) seek a company that gives them opportunities for advancement. Answer: d Section Reference: Vocational Definition 22. In a protean career, workers feel that they are best able to achieve: a) personal growth and self-fulfillment. b) the highest promotions possible. c) an ideal work-family balance. d) flexible work schedules. Answer: a Section Reference: Vocational Definition
23. Extrinsic factors are the same as _____________ factors in the two-factor motivational theory. a) job motivators b) hygiene c) calling d) protean Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 24. A scuba instructor greatly enjoys his work, especially the fact that he can spend much of his day underwater exploring the reefs. He also likes the activity of teaching especially when he can introduce someone new to the pleasures of the sport. He is high on which type of work factor motivation? a) maintenance b) intrinsic IM & TB-10 |8
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c) hygiene d) extrinsic Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 25. As workers feel that they have more control in their job, the extent of their ___________ motivation decreases. a) affective b) intrinsic c) emotional d) extrinsic Answer: d Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 26. According to self-determination theory, to the extent that workers lose their intrinsic motivation when they receive extrinsic rewards for doing what they love, they will experience: a) person-environment correspondence. b) motivation crowding out. c) work-family enrichment. d) occupational reinforcement. Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 27. According to ________________ theory, the way you start your day influences your work performance throughout the day. a) motivation crowding out b) affective events c) self-determination d) emotional labor Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 28. In the Occupational Reinforcement Pattern (ORP) system, jobs are rated according to which type of characteristic? a) education and income b) skills and abilities c) personality and interests d) values and needs Answer: d Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 29. The concept of emotional labor applies most closely to which type of job industry? a) technology IM & TB-10 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) manufacturing c) the arts d) service Answer: d Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 30. In a study of workplace bullying, behaviors involving ____________ were found to be most stressful of all forms of bullying. a) work-related criticism b) intimidation c) emotional labor d) social isolation Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 31. In Whitehall II, workers in lower employment grades had higher ___________ levels, beginning in the morning and continuing through the end of the day, supporting the idea that their stress was related to poor sleep as well as their experiences at work. a) cortisol b) testosterone c) insulin d) glucose Answer: a Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 32. In the work-family enrichment framework, the psychological resources category includes which component? a) fluid intelligence b) self-efficacy c) interpersonal skills d) coping skills Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction
33. A 40-year-old mother of two who works as a managerial assistant in an accounting firm earns enough to be able to schedule after-school child care without this impinging significantly on her family budget. She would therefore be rated as high on which component of the work-family enrichment model? a) social capital b) psychological resources c) material resources d) flexibility Answer: c Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction
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34.In a 40-year longitudinal study of 22,000 employees, Dobrow Riza and colleagues (2018) found that job tenure was associated with: a)increased job satisfaction. b)decreased job satisfaction. c)increased education. dincreased salary levels. Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 35. The work-related quality known as the core self-evaluation consists of an individual’s perception of his or her: a) degree of work stress. b) salary level in relation to others. c) feeling of self-efficacy in the job. overall level of neuroticism. Answer: c Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction
36 . Research on age and job performance shows that older workers are typically better than younger workers with regard to: a) giving advice to co-workers about their personal lives. b) working in shifts in which their hours change weekly. c) taking fewer voluntary absences for personal reasons. d) performing transportation jobs in which driving is required. Answer: c Section Reference: Age and Vocational Performance 37. A 56-year-old sales manager in an office supply company has started to suspect that the younger workers at the company are giving jobs not to her but to their age peers. However, she can’t quite figure out if this is true or not. She’s been worried about losing her edge anyhow, and now she doubts herself even more. According to the identity process model, she is engaging in identity: a) accommodation. b) self-efficacy. c) assimilation. d) stereotyping. Answer: a Section Reference: Age and Vocational Performance 38. A manager is seeking to fill a job opening on his sales staff. His human resources department warns him that he can’t take age into account, as mandated by which Federal legislation? a) Bonefide Occupational Requirement b) Canadian Human Rights Act c) Old Age Security Act d) Canadian Pension Plan
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: b Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 39. A supervisor in a large hardware store wants to encourage his older workers to seek out on-the-job training so they will keep themselves familiarized with new products. One way to do so is to build the sense of _______________ in these older workers. a) extrinsic motivation b) self-determination c) occupational reinforcements d) self-efficacy Answer: d Section Reference: Age and Vocational Performance 40. Older workers are more reliable according to which criterion? a) speed of response b) absenteeism c) fluid intelligence d) driving performance Answer: b Section Reference: Age and Vocational Performance 41. According to the Canadian Human Rights Act, what type of behavior by an employer would explicitly be prohibited? a) Suggesting that workers invest in the pension plan. b) Enrolling employees in private health care. c) Asking a job interviewee for his or her age. d) Requiring that employees receive on-the-job training. Answer: c Section Reference: Age and Vocational Performance 42. The majority of retirees are said to experience a(n) ______________ retirement, because they typically do not exit the labor force in an all-or-nothing fashion. a) crisp b) voluntary c) blurred d) involuntary Answer: c Section Reference: Retirement 43. The major source of income for retirees is: a) OAS. b) CPP. c) GIS. d)RRSPs .
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Answer: b Section Reference: Retirement 44. A study of French Canadian teachers by Houlfort and colleagues (2015) found that positive adjustment to retirement was associated with ________ work motivation. a) neurotic b) obsessive c) harmonious d) altruistic Answer: c Section Reference: Retirement 45. A study on leisure with Canadians 60 – 85 years old interviewed over an 8-year period found:. a) Sedentary activities increased among those with fewer disabilities. b) Most participants maintained involvement in sedentary activities. c) The greatest decline was for volunteering. d) The greatest decline was for walking and exercise. Answer: a Section Reference: Leisure Pursuits in Adulthood 46. According to ___________ theory, retirees maintain a sense of identity and therefore do not experience retirement in a negative manner. a) on-time b) continuity c) resource d) role Answer: b Section Reference: Retirement 47. The idea that people are able to draw on their physical, psychological, and social capabilities to allow them to adjust to retirement is referred to as the ________ model. a) bridge b) life course c) resource d) self-concept Answer: c Section Reference: Retirement 48. Which of the following is a sociocultural factor in the biopsychosocial model of retirement? a) Metabolic syndrome b) Opportunities for engagement c) Expectations d) Amount of role strain Answer: b IM & TB-10 |13
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Retirement 49. The so-called “absolute innovators” identified in a study of retired travelers were more likely than the comparison group of non-innovators to: a) use their vacations to visit their children and grandchildren. b) travel to big cities with more opportunities to be active. c) find opportunities for growth and self-expression. d) take a break from physical and mental activity. Answer: c Section Reference: Leisure Pursuits in Adulthood 50. According to Kaufman and Sauve (2020) ___ percent of older Canadians played a digital game in the past year and ______ percent played one day or more weekly. a)50 ; 50 b) 25; 80 c) 35; 75 d) 50; 88 Answer: d Section Reference: Leisure Pursuits in Adulthood
Short Answer 51. Summarize the projected changes in the Canadian labour market as Baby Boomers grow older. Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood 52. How are women affected by the gender gap? Do current statistics indicate any improvement in this situation for the future? Section Reference: Work Patterns in Adulthood
53. List the six types described in Holland's vocational development theory. Provide an example of an occupation in each type. Section Reference: Vocational Development 54. What are five criticisms of Holland's vocational development theory? Section Reference: Vocational Development
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55. How will the RIASEC model most likely change in the future as it is applied to vocational development? Section Reference: Vocational Development 56. What are two important differences between Super's and Holland's models of vocational development? Section Reference: Vocational Development 57. Name and describe the four stages in Super's self-concept theory. What are two alternative paths added by Super in later versions of the theory? Section Reference: Vocational Development 58. Contrast intrinsic and extrinsic work factors and provide examples of each. Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 59. What are the major differences between two-factor theory and self-determination theory? Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 60. List the six types of occupational reinforcement patterns (ORP's) in the theory of Dawis and Lofquist. Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 61. What are the three major models describing conflict between work and family involvement in adulthood? Section Reference: Vocational Satisfaction 62. What factors and characteristics of old workers contribute to better job performance? Section Reference: Age and Vocational Performance 63. Describe the results of research examining injuries and absences in which older and younger workers are compared. Section Reference: Age and Vocational Performance 64. Contrast the four theories regarding the effects of retirement on the individual. Section Reference: Retirement 65. Examine the positive and negative factors in the retirement experience of people from high socioeconomic levels compared to those of low socioeconomic status. IM & TB-10 |15
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Retirement 66. What are the three patterns of retirement and how are each associated with health and activity outcomes? Section Reference: Retirement
Essay 67. Analyze the relationship between age and vocational satisfaction, taking into account job tenure, intrinsic and extrinsic factors, Super's theory of career development, and the effects of job discrimination. 68. You are the personnel manager of a large company. Based on research on age and vocational performance, and keeping in mind the Canadian Human Rights Act , what factors would you consider when deciding how best to use the older workers in your company? 69. How does the history of attitudes toward retirement parallel the changes in the age distribution of the Canadian population in the 20th Century? 70. What is the possible relationship of identity processes to the decision to retire and adjustment to retirement of people who (a) undergo forced layoffs, and (b) make a voluntary decision to retire? 71. What advice might a vocational counselor give to women compared to men in preparing for their retirement? 72. What is the importance of leisure to successful aging?
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CHAPTER 11 Mental Health Issues and Treatment LECTURE GUIDELINES There is extensive material in this chapter; virtually a short form of a course in abnormal psychology. Therefore, the instructor must proceed with the assumption that students have done their background reading and the lectures will present highlights. Even with this understanding, there is sufficient lecture material for two to three lectures. The main point of this chapter is to orient students to the need to think about psychopathology in later adulthood as a real concern that affects the lives of many people in Canada and the U.S. A second major point is that the majority of older adults do not have psychological disorders and, contrary to what students might expect, there are fewer rather than more older adults with diagnosed depression. However, a caveat to this statement is the fact that many older adults under-report their symptoms, and the actual prevalence figures may not represent accurately the extent of psychological problems in this age group. These and related diagnostic issues are interesting and worthwhile to present and discuss to the class. Similarly, there are many inherently fascinating and important issues involved in the psychological treatment of older adults. This field is relatively new within psychology, but it is growing very quickly. Instructors who learned about the field of psychopathology in later life some years ago will be encouraged by the burgeoning of new methods and research in this area. Fortunately, students are inherently interested in the topic of abnormal psychology, so there is a good chance that they will be motivated to do the reading on their own and to come to class prepared to discuss both theoretical and clinical issues. Finally, the publication of the DSM-5 in 2013 changed diagnostic procedures in the U.S. and Canada; these changes are reflected throughout the chapter. However, the chapter focuses on the most prevalent mental health disorders and those with the strongest research base among older adults. Consideration is given to specific disorders with early onset/ life long difficulty versus those with a first episode in later life; and how syndromes differ among young and older individuals.
VIDEOS AND FILMS The specific area of mental health and aging is not one that is well represented in either documentaries or popular media. There are a few documentaries produced by television and news magazines that focus on certain issues (e.g. alcohol use in later life), but other than that, the choices are limited. One example is the A&E series called “Hoarders” which included several episodes focusing on older adults. A second is a segment in the PBS special “Depression: Out of the Shadows” http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/takeonestep/depression/ which demonstrated ECT in an older adult. There are films on depression and on drug misuse among older adults and elder abuse – check with the National Film Board for documentaries and case studies on these and related topics.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS IN ADULTHOOD • • •
Do you agree with the text definition of psychological disorder? Why or why not? What alternatives might you suggest to the current definition of psychological disorder? Do you think that people should receive diagnoses for psychological disorders? Why or why not?
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• • • • • • • • • • • •
• • •
Why is it important to distinguish prevalence from incidence? Why do clinicians have difficulty diagnosing mood disorders in older adults? Why is it important to treat depression in older adults? How is depression related to morbidity and mortality among older adults? How can mental health professionals be better trained to diagnose anxiety disorders in older adults? What do you think life is like for an older adult who has had schizophrenia for most of his or her adult years? What happens to an older person with delirium or amnesia who is misdiagnosed with Alzheimer's disease? How can clinicians avoid making errors in diagnosing disorders that look like dementia? Why do you think that substance use rates are so high in the Canada and the U.S.? What factors might account for changes in substance use in people over the age of 35? Do you think that rates of substance abuse and dependence will increase or decrease as current cohorts of young people move through adulthood? It would be of interest to discuss issues and implications of the recent controversy regarding the legalization of marijuana for medical treatment of pain and illness as well as recreational purposes. How might this be an issue for the Baby Boomers? What are the issues of alcohol abuse among older adults? Why has it received so little attention of researchers and professional practitioners? Why is PTSD a concern for older adults? What about related conditions such as LOSS? How are these issues being addressed? To what extend is problem gambling a mental health concern among older adults?
ELDER ABUSE What is the prevalence of the 5 types of elder abuse in Canada? What are the risk factors for elder abuse and why is it under-reported?
SUICIDE • What are the possible reasons that people who survive to advanced old age would wish to end their lives? Why is it that health care providers often miss the diagnosis of suicidality in older adults?
TREATMENT ISSUES IN MENTAL HEALTH CARE • • • • • • • •
Why should clinicians consider differentiating their treatment approaches to older adults from those used for younger adults? What sorts of training would seem necessary to become a geropsychologist? Which type of assessment measures would you use if you were a clinician? Why? What types of research are needed to refine and improve assessment procedures for diagnosing psychological disorders in older adults? If you were a clinician, would you recommend somatic treatments for older adults? Which ones would you recommend and why? What might be the justification for giving ECT to an older adult? How can clinicians be better trained to provide therapy to older adults? Why might the current generation of older adults be reluctant to become involved in therapy? Do you think that this may change among the Baby Boom generation?
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. According to Rhee et al. (2019) ____ of older adults report some form of trauma that increases the odds of developing a psychological disorder. a) one-quarter b) one-third c)one-half d) one-tenth Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood
2. Unlike the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5), the International Classification of Diseases makes possible diagnosis of which conditions? a) Personality disorders b) Neurocognitive diseases c) All medical illnesses d) Disorders of later life Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 3. An older woman becomes so enraged at what she believes is poor service that she storms out of a restaurant and vows never to eat there again even though she’s gone there for years, and there was nothing different about the way she was treated. What would a psychologist need to know in order to consider whether her behavior fits the criteria for abnormality? a) How long she had been a regular at the restaurant. b) Whether she really was treated poorly or not. c) Exactly how old she was at the time of the incident. d) Whether she had recently become a widow. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 4. The Mental Health Commission of Canada (2018; 2019) guidelines and best practices with older adults emphasizes: a) treatment options. b) prevention. c) diagnosis. d) privitization. Answer: b IM & TB-11 |3
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 5. Compared to younger adults, older adults with major depressive disorder are more likely to have symptoms involving: a) suicidal thoughts. b) feelings of guilt. c) physical pain. d) low self-esteem. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 6. Which of the following selected diagnoses in the DSM-5 is least likely to occur with a medical problem in older adults? a) Major depression b) Anxiety disorder c) Schizophrenia d) Delirium Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 7. A clinician may fail to diagnose correctly an older adults’ major depressive disorder because he or she assumes that: a) older adults deliberately try to disguise their symptoms. b) what seems to be depression is really a medical disease. c) depression is a natural consequence of growing older. d) older adults would prefer not to receive such a diagnosis. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 8. Which of the following coping strategies is not a risk factor for developing symptoms of late life depression? a) Avoidance coping b) Problem focused coping c) Reframing d) Venting Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 9. Depressive symptoms can place the older adult at risk for developing which other diseases or conditions? a) sarcopenia b) emphysema c) arthritis d) hyperthermia Answer: c IM & TB-11 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 10. Older adults with _________ have reduced life expectancy due to its co-occurrence with other chronic health conditions. . a) schizophrenia b) PTST c) dysphoria d) bipolar disorder Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 11. Based on prevalence data, older adults with bipolar disorder were most likely to have developed it in the age range of: a) early adulthood. b) 40’s. c) 50’s. d) 30’s. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 12. Of the following, which category of disorders has the highest lifetime prevalence? a) depressive b) PTSD c) anxiety d) schizophrenia Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 13. According to the text, higher rates of mortality among older adults with anxiety symptoms exist for which racial/ethnic group? a) Pacific Islanders b) African Americans c) Non-hispanic whites d) Native Americans Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 14. A 45-year-old man Is concerned because his 70-year-old mother seems unusually restless, tense, irritable, and prone to worrying. It is possible that his mother has developed which psychological disorder? a) post-traumatic stress b) major depressive c) generalized anxiety d) agoraphobia
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Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 15. In generalized anxiety disorders, individuals experience which of the following symptoms? a) hand tremors b) restlessness c) irrational fears d) sense of guilt Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 16. Generalized anxiety disorder tends to affect a higher percentage of _____________ compared to the general population. a) medical patients b) high school dropouts c) early retirees d) military personnel Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 17. Which of the following is not a DSM-5 criteria for diagnosis? a) Medical condition b) Stress c) Overall level of functioning d) Minimum number of symptoms Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 18. A potential contributor to late life depression is lack of _____. a) Vitamin A b) Vitamin B c) Vitamin C d) Vitamin D Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 19. The 12-month prevalence of generalized anxiety for those aged 65 years and older is: a) 10.2%. b) 17.2%. c) 25.2%. d) 45.2%. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood IM & TB-11 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
20. According to your text, the most commonly reported anxiety disorder among older adults is: a) social anxiety. b) generalized anxiety. c) agoraphobia. d) panic disorder. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 21. In the disorder known as _______________, individuals continually collect objects that they don’t need, are unable to throw out those objects, and may clutter up their homes to the point of being almost unlivable. a) agoraphobia b) schizophrenia c) psychopathy d) hoarding Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 22. An 85-year-old woman was injured when a hurricane struck her neighborhood and she couldn’t get out in time. For the past month, she has experienced severe nightmares and doesn’t want to return home even though her house is completely repaired. This woman seems to meet the diagnostic criteria for _____________ disorder. a) post-traumatic stress b) major depressive c) acute stress d) social anxiety Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 23. The development of PTSD in older individuals is linked to risks of which physical health condition? a) Emphysema b) Metabolic disorder c) Arthritis d) Sarcopenia Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 24. One of the key symptoms of LOSS is the experience of: a) depression after the death of a spouse. b) unwillingness to seek treatment. c) increased memories about an earlier traumatic experience. d) being unwilling to part with unnecessary objects. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood IM & TB-11 |7
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
25. According to your text, the psychological disorder with the worst prognosis is: a) PTST. b) bipolar depression. c) schizophrenia. d) social anxiety disorder. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 26. Approximately what percent of individuals with schizophrenia attempt to commit suicide during their lifetimes? a) 15 b) 50 c) 1 d) 40 Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 27.Factor 2 of psychopathy that characterizes antisocial personality is reflected in: a)remorse. b)empathy. c)behavioural instability. d)guilt. Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 28. Which type of substance is most commonly abused among older adults? a) cocaine b) prescription drugs c) marijuana d) opioids Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 29. According to the Canadian Institute for Health Information (2018), the highest rate of hospital admissions for opioid overdose in Canada between 2007 and 2015 was for older adults at:. a) 10%. b) 20% c) 30%. d) 40% Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood
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30. Although cannabis use is less among older adults than other age groups, Statistics Canada (2019) reported an increase of _______ in older adult cannabis use from 2012 to 2019. a) 10% b) 20% c) 33% d) 50% Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 31. It is estimated that ____ per cent of older adults who receive medical attention in hospitals and emergency rooms have symptoms of alcohol dependence. a) 10 b) 14 c) 20 d) 32 Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 32. According to your text, prevalence estimates of problem gambling are ____ among older adults in comparison with those in younger age groups. a) less b) greater c) similar d) more variable Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 33.In a study of older adult gamblers in Ontario, Turner (2018) found the most severe gambling problems among those who: a) lived in their own homes. b) lived in supportive housing. c) lived in apartments. d) visited casinos on organized bus tours. Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 34. According to your text, older adults may perceive a personality disorder as improving due to: a)unrealistic optimism. b) positivity bias in autobiographical memory. c) identity assimilation. d) identity accommodation. Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood IM & TB-11 |9
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35. Older adults are most likely to seek help for mental health problems from a: a) Geropsychologist b) Mental health worker c) Pastoral counselor d) Primary care physician Answer: d Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 36. Which characteristic is most likely to be seen by health care workers in an older adult who later commits suicide? a) Extreme psychological distress. b) History of previous suicide attempts. c) An urgent desire for help. d) Willingness to share thoughts and feelings. Answer: b Section Reference: Suicide 37. Which demographic category in Canada includes the highest age-adjusted suicide rate? a) Males ages 20 – 24 b) Females ages 50 – 54 c) Females ages 80-84. d) Males ages 85 and older. Answer: d Section Reference: Suicide 38. Which of the following is a sociocultural contributor to suicide risk in older adults? a) depression b) memory loss c) stress d) chronic pain Answer: c Section Reference: Suicide 39. APA’s geropsychology guidelines suggest that if clinicians are not familiar with a particular disorder affecting older adults, they should: a) inform the client that treatment is not advised. b) seek consultation with or referral to an expert. c) treat the client with whatever skills they have. d) encourage the client to consult a self-help manual. Answer: b Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care
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40. Which of the following is an appropriate modification that clinicians should use when assessing older adult clients? a) Taking physical limitations of the client into account such as arthritis. b) Skipping questions on a standardized measure to reduce total testing time. c) Speaking in as soft a voice as possible so that clients don’t feel stressed. d) Turning the lights in the room down to reduce the client’s stress levels. Answer: a Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 41. During a psychological assessment, the clinician may use a(n) _______________, which involves a flexible series of questions designed to gain initial information. a) mental status examination b) clinical interview c) standardized screening tool d) intelligence test Answer: b Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 42. A mental status examination of an older adult typically includes a measure of ______________, or knowledge of the time, the place, and the person’s own identity. a) affect b) perception c) mood d) orientation Answer: d Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 43. An advantage of the MMSE for the assessment of an older individual is the fact that it is: a) able to diagnose specific disorders b) insensitive to cultural factors c) quick and easy to administer d) useful as a stand alone measure Answer: c Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 44. An older adult client is being seen in a clinic to evaluate whether she has depression or a neurocognitive disorder. One indication that will help a clinician in making the diagnosis is that if she is depressed, she will show which behavioral tendencies? a) Have progressive cognitive declines over time. b) Show cognitive symptoms before depression symptoms. c) Tend to be overconfident about memory abilities d) Not respond to psychotherapeutic intervention. Answer: b IM & TB-11 |11
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Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 45. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor is a treatment for an older adult’s depressive disorder that would fall in the category of the ______________ model. a) psychodynamic b) behavioral c) medical d) cognitive Answer: c Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 46. Of all the available options for treating anxiety disorders in older adults with medication, the category with the greatest effectiveness, though potentially addictive, is: a) lithium. b) neuroleptic. c) clozapine. d) benzodiazepine. Answer: d Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 47.The NICE (2015) study of 8163 Canadians aged 55 and older found the second strongest predictor of elder abuse was: a) a history of abuse b) dependency c) dementia d) poor social networks Answer: a Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 48. In the method of treatment known as ________________ therapy, clinicians help older adults understand and improve their social skills, methods of conflict resolution, and relationships. a) telepsychology b) psychodynamic c) life review d) cognitive-behavioral Answer: d Section Reference: Treatment Issues in Mental Health Care 49. Females in which age group show the highest rates of serious mental illness? a) 65+ b) 18-25 c) 40-49 d) 30-34
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Answer: b Section Reference: Serious Mental Illness 50.Which of the following is not a protective factor against psychological problems among older adults?. a) enhanced coping b) selective survival c) optimistic attitude d) identity accommodation Answer: d Section Reference: Serious Mental Illness
Short Answer 51. What are the criteria for diagnosis in the DSM-5? Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 52. How would you explain the lower incidence of mental health problems with the exception of dementias, among the elderly? Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 53. Describe five possible reasons for the misdiagnosis of mood disorders in older adults. Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 54. Describe the three possible courses of schizophrenia along with the percentage of adults who fall into each of these courses. What are two differences between schizophrenia that arises in early adulthood and late-onset schizophrenia? Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 55. Summarize the prevalence of substance abuse disorders in adulthood. What are three possible reasons that substance abuse rates are lower in older compared to younger adults? Section Reference: Psychological Disorders in Adulthood 56. What are the dynamics of elder abuse and why is it to difficult to diagnose and to treat? Section Reference: Elder Abuse
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57. Who is most at risk for committing suicide in later adulthood? List three factors that are related to higher suicide rates in older adults. Section Reference: Suicide 58. Describe the major assessment techniques used for older adults. Contrast their advantages and disadvantages. Section Reference: Treatment Issues: Health and Mental Health Care 59. What are the three major categories of somatic treatments for older adults? Describe the forms of disorder which are most responsive to these treatments. Section Reference: Treatment Issues: Health and Mental Health Care 60. When is ETC indicated? What are the risks and benefits of the use of ETC with older adults? Section Reference: Treatment Issues: Health and Mental Health Care
Essay 61. Analyze five major forms of individual psychotherapy that are used in the treatment of psychological disorders in terms of their appropriateness for older adults.
62. You are a clinician seeing an 86-year-old white male complaining of shortness of breath, stomach upset, problems with memory, and difficulty sleeping. This client has recently experienced the loss of his wife. a. What assessment measures would you use? b. What are the possible diagnoses you would consider? c. What possible serious difficulties might you envision for this client in terms of risk? How would you assess this risk? d. Describe the alternative treatments you would recommend for this client. 63. Why is an integrated treatment model recommended to address mental health issues of older adults? 65. How does depression differ in older than younger adults?
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CHAPTER 12 Long-Term Care LECTURE GUIDELINES The material in this chapter on institutionalization and the costs of health care and community services provides important up-to-date information on one of the major issues facing the world today. The topic of institutional adaptation is one of the oldest areas within gerontology and ties together many relevant issues that fit within a biopsychosocial perspective. Furthermore, as many students taking the course will be (or maybe are) working within these settings, there is a great deal of value in exploring these topics in depth. Technical issues involved in the costs of health care, Home Care, and options available for “aging in place” are important to cover. Differences between Canada, the United States, and other countries in the provision and costs of care are of interest to students. Alsoprovincial differences, including the financing and availability of options although not "psychological" in the narrow sense, contribute in important ways to the well-being of older adults. It would be useful to review The Caregiver Policy Lens and Service Provider Resource Guide and recent updates www.bcpga.ca for new directions on integrating formal with informal supports for the provision of efficient, effective, and economic community care.
VIDEOS AND FILMS There is an extensive amount of material that can be used to illustrate institutionalization and community options along the “continuum of care” to promote health and well-being of older adults in Canada. The Canada Health Act that legislates provincial differences in the cost of care is an important consideration. Check the website of the Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, University of Manitoba, Faculty of Medicine for additional materials on health issues, hospitalizations, nursing home placements, etc. derived from MB health care databases. There are many movies that depict institutionalization and how it has changed in the increased level of care required by residents; and the associated issues regarding staffing and appropriate care. A recent documentary by the CBC’s Fifth Estate (2013) highlights some of the issues that receive media attention. Consider concerns and media coverage of COVID19 in nursing homes across the country. There are numerous movies and documentaries that depict negative as well as positive aspects of institutionalization and affordable housing. Recent movies, which still emphasize negative aspects of institutionalization include "Happy Gilmore." The Simpson’s episode, “The Old Man and the C Student” shows a humorous depiction of children visiting a nursing home (and trying to change it). Also, it would be of interest to visit or review alternative community options for “aging in place” such as supportive housing, retirement housing options for compensatory as well as discretionary moves. Consider media sources such as “A Place for Mom.” There is an excellent documentary entitled “Sunset Story” that provides a poignant and extremely well-crafted portrayal of a group of aging “radicals” (http://www.sunsetstory.com/).
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS AN OVERVIEW OF LONG-TERM CARE • • •
How is a nursing home different from a hospital? Where does it fall on the continuum of care? What is the major challenge facing health care? How would you address the issue of apocalyptic demography? Consider the directives of the Canada Health Act?
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• • • • •
Would you consider placing a chronically ill relative in a nursing home? Why or why not? What would you look for in a nursing home? What is aging in place? What are some of the advantages of residential care facilities compared to nursing homes? Review the spectrum of community services to assistance in LTC? What is Home Care? How does it support aging in place? What are some of the advantages of home care compared to a nursing home or residential care facility?
RELOCATING TO A LONG-TERM FACILITY • •
Consider some of the difficulties and stress associated with relocating to a nursing home. What is involved in the placement process?
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES IN LONG-TERM CARE • • • •
How would the competence-press model apply to the dormitory that you live in? Why is it difficult for institutions to meet the needs of the average resident? Can changes in nursing homes to personalize the living areas significantly improve the extent to which residents adjust to life in an institution? How would you increase a sense of control among nursing home residents? Generate some examples. Why is this important?
THE QUALITY OF LONG-TERM CARE FACILITIES •
• •
How are standards maintained in Canadian nursing homes? Why is this a challenge? Consider the concerns raised with under-staffing in nursing homes and its impact on workers’ stress, retention, and reports of aggression. How does this compare with the situation in other countries? What are some alternatives to traditional nursing homes for example, the Greenhouse Model? What is involved in a multidimensional approach to improving the quality of life in long-term care facilities?
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Test Bank Multiple Choice 1. What do experts recommend as an important resource for family caregivers? a) Sharing of duties with family members b) Pastoral counseling c) Joining a caregiver support group d) Evaluate options for nursing home placement Answer: c Section Reference: Introduction 2. The most effective coping method for family caregivers when dealing with the stress and demands of caregiving is: a) Directed problem solving b) Reframing the situation c) Trial and error d) Consulting with a formal service provider Answer: b Section Reference: Introduction 3. The oversimplified belief that an increased population of ___________ will undermine the health care system in Canada is called apocalyptic demography. a) people in rural regions b) older adults c) people in urban regions d) people under 65 years of age Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long term Care 4. According to the CIHI (2010) report cited in your text, approximately residents are less than 65 years of age. a) 7 b) 17 c) 27 d) 37
percent of long-term care home
Answer: a Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care
5. According to Statistics Canada (2017) cited in your text, ________ of individuals aged 85 and older reside in nursing homes, chronic care or LTC hospitals, and residences for older adults. a) one-tenth IM & TB-12 |3
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b) one-quarter c) one-third d) one-half Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 6. According to the Canada Health Act long term care is a fully insured health service: a) In every province and territory. b) Only for qualifying veterans and their spouses. c) Only in First Nation communities. d) In urban centres. Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 7. According to your text, MacDonald and colleagues (2019) estimated that by 2050 the need for home care will _____ along with a ____ in family care providers. a) increase; increase b) increase; decrease c) decrease; increase d) decrease; decrease Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 8. The out-of-pocket costs of long-term care in Canada is greatest for: a) Alberta b) Quebec c) The Maritimes d) Nunavut Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 9. The most rapidly growing type of nursing homes in Canada fall into which category of ownership? a) non-profit b) for-profit c) religious d) government Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 10.According to the Canadian Health Coalition (2018)_______ percent of the costs of long-term care services are paid for by the individual. a) 10 b) 25 IM & TB-12 |4
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c) 33 d) 50 Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 11. According to your text, the best solution to insure that Long Term Care is appropriately covered to meet the needs of our aging population is: a) Private savings b) Private LTC insurance c) Universal public insurance d) Increasing taxes Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 12. According to the concept of _______________, older adults can remain in their homes or communities rather than needing to be institutionalized. a) assisted living b) intermediate care c) aging in place d) residential homes Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 13. The concept of “aging in place” implies that with respect to living arrangements, older adults are able to: a) avoid needing any type of residential or outpatient care. b) move to a comfortable and well-staffed rehabilitation facility. c) live in special units attached to the homes of their children. d) remain in their own homes or at least their own communities. Answer: d Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 14. Although an important part of the health care system, Home Care is: a) overly expensive. b) under used. c)resource intensive. d) under funded. Answer: d Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 15. Home Care is a vital part of the Canadian health care system because it is: a) Fully funded under the Canada Health Act b) Cost-effective c) Focused on chronic conditions IM & TB-12 |5
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d) Focused on prevention Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 16. According to your text the majority of care in the home is provided by: a) Nurses. b) Formal support workers c) Family members d) Volunteers Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care
17. Which type of community-based service specializes in providing housework assistance to older adults? a) Seniors’ service groups b) Adult day care c) Respite service d) Home Care Answer: d Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 18. Day services for older adults that allow caregivers to attend to their job or household responsibilities are known as: a) partial treatment. b) home health assistance. c) friendly visiting. d) respite care. Answer: d Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 19. According to your text, a major concern for nursing homes is: a)rising costs. b)shortage of beds. c)quality of care. d)residents’ ethnocultural differences. Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 20. According to Grignon and Spencer (2018), jn Canada long-term care accounts for _________ percentof the total health care budget. a) 5 -10 b) 12 -16 c) 18 -25 IM & TB-12 |6
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d) 30 - 35 Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 21.According to Health Quality Ontario (2019) _______ percent of family caregivers reported distress, anger or depression related to their caregiving responsibilities. a) 20 b) 33 c) 44 d) 50 Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 22. According to Statistic Canada (2018), _____ percent of Canadians 15 years of age and older, provided care to a family member. a) 25 b) 33 c) 40 d) 50 Answer: a Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care
23. According to your text, which Home Care service is used most frequently by clients? a) Meal preparation b) Transportation c) Housework d) Medical Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 24. Which of the following services is not provided in supportive or assisted living? a) Social activities b) Skilled nursing care c) Assistance with personal care d) Meals Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 25. Which of the following types of care has the greatest cost to the health care system? a) Home Care b) respite care c) ALC IM & TB-12 |7
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d) nursing home/personal care home Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 26. Traditional models of nursing home care emphasize: a) Patient centered care b) Family centered care c) Custodial care d) Preventive care Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 27. The Ontario Long-Term Care Association (2019) estimated that approximately ______ percent of nursing home residents with severe cognitive impairment exhibit some form of aggression. a) 23 b) 33 c) 50 d) 60 Answer: c Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 28. Which is not a key feature of the aging in place model? a) being socially connected b) grab bars in showers c) open spaces between rooms d) healthy meals Answer: d Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care 29. According to your text, which of the following is not a major area of attention in personal care homes? a) Cognitive functioning b) Physical functions c) Mood and behavior d) Psychosocial Answer: d Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility
30.According to your text, the most underestimated disorder among nursing home residents is: a) depression. b) anxiety. c) dementia. d) metabolic syndrome.
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Answer: a Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility 31. The Canadian Institute of Health Information (2014) reported that the most common treatment for depression in nursing home residents is: a) Behaviourial intervention b) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors c) Other antidepressants d) Antipsychotic medications Answer: b Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility 32. In nursing homes, the most frequently used drugs to reduce disruptive behaviours are _________. a) Serotonin reuptake inhibitors b) Lithium c) Other antidepressants d) Psychotrophic medications Answer: d Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility 33. Serious side effects have been noted among personal care home residents due to excessive use of: a) Serotonin uptake inhibitors b) Other Antidepressants c) Psychotrophic medications d) Lithium Answer: c Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility 34. Increased susceptibility of falls among nursing home residents has been associated with: a) Excessive use of psychotrophic medications b) Use of restraints c) Sensory deprivation d) Behavioural intervention Answer: a Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility 35. Which of the following is least likely to be associated with relocation to a personal care home? a) Unavailability of residential options that provide lower levels of care b) A serious health event (stroke or fall) c) Lack of supportive resources d) Unavailability of private retirement options with extended care services Answer: d Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility IM & TB-12 |9
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36. Alternative level of care patients refer to those who are: a) Admitted to hospital with acute medical conditions b) Medically stable but waiting placement in a nursing home c) Experiencing chronic medical problems that require hospitalization. d) Require the use of restraints due to severe behavioural difficulties. Answer: b Section Reference: Overview of Long Term Care
37. In Canada, admission to long-term care is done by: a) A series of assessments from different health care providers. b) Recommendation of one’s physician. c) An extended hospital stay. d) Coordinated placement through a single point of entry. Answer: d Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility 38. Which psychological disorders are most prevalent among residents of nursing homes? a) Schizophrenia b) Stress-related c) Depression d) Generalized anxiety Answer: c Section Reference: Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care 39. Where do the amount of activity and cognitive demands placed on the individual fit within the competencepress model? a) Both are considered to reflect press. b) Only activity demands reflect press. c) Both are considered aspects of competence. d) Neither of these influence adaptation. Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care 40. Residents with relatively good cognitive functioning living in nursing homes that provide little intellectual stimulation will, according to the _______________ model, experience poor adjustment to the institutional environment. a) congruence-incongruence b) competence-press c) stress-coping d) green house Answer: b IM & TB-12 |10
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Section Reference: Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care 41. In a study of nursing home residents in Victoria, British Columbia, residents who preferred to make choices about for example, what time to go to bed, whether to move to a different room, what type of end-of-life care to receive, rather than have these decisions made by staff were: a) Older, less educated with fewer chronic conditions b) Older, better educated, with more chronic conditions c) Older less educated, with more chronic conditions d) Older, better educated, with fewer chronic conditions Answer: b Section Reference: Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care 42. The system known as Continuing Care Reporting System (CCRS) provides which services for nursing home residents? a) Ratings of individual staff in terms of helpfulness. b) Social media for residents to share news. c) Calculation of costs for the most common procedures. d) Online reporting of quality indicators in LTC facilities. Answer: d Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 43. According to CIHI report in June, 2020 , deaths in long-term care were ______ percent in Canada as compared with ______ percent in 16 other OECD countries. a) 81; 42 b) 75; 50 c) 42; 81 d) 50; 75 Answer: a Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 44. Provincial licensing requirements for nursing homes tend to neglect _______ in the care of residents. a) Diet and nutrition b) Physical environment c) Residents’ social and leisure preferences d) Residents’ quality of life Answer: d Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 45. As empahasized in your text, the key to quality care in nursing homes is related to: a) Accreditation Canada b) Provincial initiatives such as Ontario’s Long-Term Care Home Quality Inspection c) Human resources d) Sufficient monitoring for adherence to standards
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Answer: c Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 46. A study of 948 staff in Canadian long-term care facilities reported that ______ percent of front-line workers were subjected to physical violence nearly every day. a) 25 b) 36 c) 43 d) 56 Answer: c Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 47. Banerjee and colleagues (2012) reported that excessive violence of nursing home residents to staff could be attributed to: a) Lack of appropriate training of workers b) Staff shortages leading to excessive workloads c) Insufficient use of medications and restraints. d) Inappropriate placement of residents Answer: b Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 48. An advantage of the Green House model of institutional care for older adults is that it: a) feels more like a home than a traditional nursing home. b) allows residents the opportunity to care for each other. c) is designed to house residents in large, uncluttered hallways. d) does not require residents to have full-time nursing staff. Answer: a Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 49. According to your text, the greatest increase in health conditions and care needs of nursing home residents is for: a)heart disease. b)diabetes. c)arthritis. d)bladder incontinence. Answer: d Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 50. Due to geographical mobility, adult children often experience difficulties with __________ when trying to relocate parents to a proximal nursing home. a) unexpected costs b) residency requirements c) aging in place concerns d) extensive wait lists
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Answer: b Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility
Short Answer 51. What are the three forms of institutional facilities for long-term care in the treatment of older adults? Section Reference: An Overview of Long-Term Care 52. Briefly describe the seven types of community-based facilities for older adults. Section Reference: An Overview of Long-Term Care 53. What is the mandate of the Canada Health Act? How does it vary across the provinces and territories? Section Reference: An Overview of Long-Term Care 54. Why is Home Care a vital resource? Section Reference: An Overview of Long-Term Care 55. What are the some of the challenges and stress associated with relocation to a nursing home? How might they be alleviated? Section Reference: Relocating to a Long-Term Care Facility
56. How can a resident’s ability to maintain independence be fostered in a nursing home? Why is this important? Section Reference: Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care 57How does the competence –press model apply to residents in nursing homes? Section Reference: Psychological Issues in Long-Term Care 58. How are standards enforced in long-term care facilities? Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities 59. Why are staffing shortages a significant concern? IM & TB-12 |13
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Section Reference: The Quality of Long-Term Care Facilities
60. What are some of the recommendation to address the quality of life of personal care home residents? Section Reference: Improving Long-Term Care
Essay 61. Discuss the implications of the competence-press model for the design of nursing home environments. How would you put this model into practice if you were a psychologist consulting in a nursing home? 62. What directions are important to consider in order to improve well-being and the quality of life of nursing home residents? 63. What incentives and/or initiative might improve staff retention in personal care homes?
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CHAPTER 13 Death and Dying LECTURE GUIDELINES This is a fascinating topic highly relevant to the goals of the course. Without becoming morbid, the instructor can generate considerable excitement about a topic that naturally draws student interest. Although the opening of the chapter is somewhat technical, the instructor can emphasize the importance of knowing the facts and figures on mortality as consisting of useful data about a society's overall health. Furthermore, variations in mortality rates across age, sex, and race groups provide important diagnostic information about the social problems existing within a country or culture. Here, as in previous chapters with extensive presentations of population figures, it is important for the instructor to point out the "human" side of the numbers. Cultural variations in attitudes toward death and death rituals provide another rich source of information to enhance the lecture. Instructors can draw from their own cultural background, travels, and opportunities to learn about death in ancient or non-Western civilizations. Students can also share their own perspectives and backgrounds in class discussions. Through videos (see below), instructors can also poke fun (without getting too morbid) at some of Western society's discomfort with death and dying. The topic of end-of-life care is very new within medicine and even newer within psychology. Health Canada (2018) published the Framework on Palliative Care in Canada; it provides a set of guiding principles to promote high-quality palliative care, with an action plan to achieve short, medium, and long-term goals. The passing of Bill C-14 on June 16, 2016 defined the criteria for MAiD. However lack of clarity with the criteria and difficulties with the evaluation of competence underscores the complexity of issues that has led to continual critique and revisions of the legislation. Finally, the area of bereavement is being revisited within psychology as it is recognized that continued attachment to a lost family member or friend has beneficial aspects. Grief counselors are recognizing that it is not necessarily best to rid oneself of memories and emotional ties to the dead person. In this lecture, these issues can be raised with students, particularly those who have experienced the loss of someone close to them. This is not the last chapter of the book-- on purpose. Although death is the natural ending of a course on adult development and aging, the last chapter will look at the productivity and creativity of older people in the context of successful aging. At the same time, it is worth recognizing that the ability to move beyond the inevitable losses that older adults experience is part of the process of successful aging (as has eloquently been stated by Robert Kastenbaum).
VIDEOS AND FILMS
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There are many resources available for instructors to supplement the material in this lecture- so many that it would be possible to spend the entire class time viewing relevant videos. Therefore, the instructor must choose judiciously among the many available options and rather than show one film in its entirety, select the best portions of two or three. The options include documentary materials on PBS and various cable networks in which the topic of death has been treated, either from a psychological or sociocultural perspective. Sensationalistic attitudes toward death can also be illustrated by excerpts from news stories describing deaths of famous people (such as Michael Jackson) or stories covering disasters (such as earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, and recently, the COVID-19 pandemic, to name a few). The History Channel documentary, “Cities of the Underworld” included an excellent segment on the Egyptian mummies—ordinary citizens—who were not buried in tombs as elaborate as the Pharaohs but with similar embalming processes. The TV show “Gray’s Anatomy” did an excellent job illustrating physician-assisted suicide in the episode which aired in Spring 2010 entitled “Suicide is Painless.” Several recent TV show (“Mary Kills People” and “Nurse Jackie”) focus on Physician Assisted Suicide and some of the complications it involves.
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS WHAT DO WE KNOW ABOUT DEATH? • • • • • • • • • •
Which dying trajectory would you prefer to have happen to you and your loved ones? Why? What does the concept of the dying trajectory add to our understanding of the dying process? Have you ever been with a dying person? What types of symptoms did that person exhibit? What is the difference between an age-specific and an age-standardized mortality rate? Why are both needed? What can we learn about a population from knowing its mortality rate? Why has the mortality rate decreased over the past 100 years? How much more do you think it will decrease in the next century? What do death rates by age, sex, and race, indicate about a group in the population? Why is it that people with a university education have lower mortality rates? What factors lead some poor countries to have lower death rates than other poor countries? What does the mortality rate of a country say about the health and living conditions of its people? What can be applied from studying mortality rates in other countries to understanding health status in our own country?
CULTURAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND DYING • • • •
What would it be like to live in a culture in which death was not feared? How does belief in the afterlife relate to a culture's views of death? How did medical advances in the 20th century change contemporary society's views of death? What does the Death with Dignity movement signify about current attitudes toward death and dying?
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON DEATH AND DYING • •
Do you think the five stages of dying provide a useful perspective for understanding the dying process? Why or why not? What alternatives would you propose as a way of thinking about the dying process?
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• •
Do these social-psychological processes such as legitimization of biography provide a more useful perspective than the stages of dying proposed by Kubler-Ross? Why or why not? Have you ever heard a person engage in the legitimization of biography? What was that like? How do these processes relate to Erikson's concept of ego integrity?
ISSUES IN END-OF-LIFE CARE • • • • • • •
What changes in medical care of the dying necessitated the MAiD? Consider some of the differences between provinces. Why is Canadian legislation on MAiD under continuous revision? What are the concerns with the criteria outlined in Bill C-14 and difficulties with competency evaluations? Will you or have you written a health care directive? What will or did it include? What are the implications of MAiD for current care of the dying? How can the experience of dying patients be improved? What is the difference between palliative care and other forms of terminal treatment? How are prospective shifts in palliative care policies related to a higher quality of care?
BEREAVEMENT • • • • • • • • •
Do you agree with the recommendation that assistance with mundane tasks such as help around the home and buying groceries can help ease the psychological burdens on the dying and their families? Why are bereaved persons at risk for physical disease? Have you witnessed the symptoms of bereavement in yourself or others? Did they correspond to the description provided here? How were they different? How do you think it feels for a person married 40 to 50 years or more to experience the death of a spouse? Have you witnessed this process in a relative or friend? Why might it be more difficult for younger widows to adjust to a spouse's loss? Why might it be more difficult for older widows to make the adjustment? How are men and women differentially affected by the loss of a spouse? Which of the types of loss do you think is hardest for an individual to experience? Why? What is the role of religion in the bereavement process? Why is this not discussed by current theories of bereavement? Why did traditional theories of bereavement regard the working through of a death as a necessary part of adaptation to loss? What has caused that view to change?
Multiple Choice 1. The __________________ is the length of time an individual can live without significant disease and disability. a) dying trajectory b) age-adjusted death rate c) healthy lifespan d) good death Answer: c Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death IM & TB -13 |3
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
2. The healthy lifespan refers to the length of time that an individual can: a) maintain a positive attitude toward life’s ending. b) live without significant disease and disability. c) be treated by others with respect and dignity. d) live after passing the age that a relative died. Answer: b Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 3. The medical and legal definition of death considers it to occur when: a) all vital organs have ceased functioning except the brain. b) the individual is being kept alive only through life support c) life support is removed but the vital organs continue to function. d) all vital organs, including the brain have ceased functioning. Answer: d Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 4. Shortly prior to death, an individual is likely to experience which of the following symptoms? a) Elevated mood. b) Extreme wakefulness. c) Clearer vision and hearing. d) Visual hallucinations. Answer: d Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 5. An individual’s rate of decline prior to death is referred to as the: a) healthy lifespan. b) social death. c) acceptance stage. d) dying trajectory. Answer: d Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 6. The dying trajectory an individual experiences prior to death refers to which process? a) Rate of biological decline. b) Stages prior to death acceptance. c) Loss of cognitive functioning. d) Decline in appetite and muscle mass. Answer: a Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 7. The death of an individual who is in the later stages of Alzheimer’s disease typically occurs due to: IM & TB -13 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) continuous loss of brain tissue. b) desire for physician-assisted suicide. c) development of an acute fatal illness. d) general loss of the will to live. Answer: c Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 8. Dying individuals experiencing the anorexia-cachexia syndrome, which is defined as which set of symptoms? a) Accumulation of fluid in the extremities. b) Hallucinations, delusions, and disorientation. c) Loss of the desire to eat and decline in muscle mass. d) Anxiety, depression, and memory loss. Answer: c Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 9. Loss of appetite and muscle mass in the period before a person dies is referred to as the: a) dual-process model. b) anorexia-cachexia syndrome. c) rapid dying trajectory. d) terminal decline. Answer: b Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 10. An individual showing a steady and continuously declining dying trajectory is likely to have which type of disease? a) Renal failure. b) Cancer. c) Alzheimer’s disease. d) Cardiovascular disease. Answer: b Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 11. To measure the health of a population, epidemiologists use the age-standardized mortality rate, which provides what type of information? a) weighted sum of deaths in the population on the basis of age. b) the total number of deaths occurring within each age group. c) weighted sum of deaths per year over the past ten years. d) the average number of deaths occurring within each age group. Answer: a Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 12. Policy makers evaluating the health of their country seek to achieve a low ___________________ mortality rate which would indicate that fewer people are dying at young ages in a population. IM & TB -13 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
a) crude b) age-specific c) total d) age-standardized Answer: d Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 13. An epidemiologist is conducting a study in which she is only interested in finding out how many people die each year for a given population. The measure she will use for this study is the: a) age-standardized mortality rate. b) crude death rate. c) age-specific mortality rate. d) gross death rate. Answer: b Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 14. The crude death rate provides information about which aspect of mortality? a) Total number of deaths occurring in a given time period. b) Percentage of deaths within each age group. c) Number of deaths divided by the size of the population. d) Average deaths occurring within each age group. Answer: c Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 15. An age-standardized mortality rate in Canada in 2011 of 4.9 compared to the age-standardized mortality rate of 10.2 in 2000 means that: a) the lifespan is showing a gradual increase per decade. b) the population is getting healthier because people are dying at later ages. c) fewer people overall were dying in 2011 than in 2000. d) the population is getting unhealthier because people are dying at younger ages. Answer: b Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 16. According to your text, the mortality benefit is greatest for: a) an evening chronotype. b) a morning chronotype. c) walking 10,000 steps daily.d) hip fracture recovery. Answer: b Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 17. The segment of the Canadian population with the lowest age-adjusted mortality rate is: a) Caucasian / White Canadians b) Asian Canadians IM & TB -13 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
c) Black Canadians d) First Nations Answer: d Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 18. Which sociodemographic group for both sexes combined has the lowest life expectancy? a) Married b) Never-married / single c) Managerial or professional d) University educated Answer: b Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 19. The “change curve” based on the Kubler-Ross model of dying associated with the least emotional response is: a) denial b) acceptance c) anger d) depression Answer: d Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 20. Researchers believe that the main reason for the relationship between social class and mortality appears to be due to which factor in lower class occupations? a) Higher exposure to environmental toxins b) Lack of control over the pace and timing of work c) Less time to spend with friends and family d) Greater chance of injuries on the job Answer: d Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 21. Which country has the highest crude mortality rate in the world? a) Maldives b) Kuwait c) Central African Republic d) Bulgaria Answer: d Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 22. According to Statistics Canada, the highest prevalence for cancer is among the age-group of__________years. a) 1-24 b) 25-44 c) 45-64 d)65+ IM & TB -13 |7
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: c Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 23. Which type of information would a cultural anthropologist use to classify a culture’s death ethos? a) class differences in mortality rates b) rates of terminal illness by age group c) the language people use to describe death d) average cost of a long-term hospital stay Answer: c Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 24. According to your text, when a person begins to think about their own mortality they have reached: a) 65 years of age b) An awareness of finitetude c) A legitimization of biography d) A death ethos Answer: b Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 25. Media accounts of death due to natural disasters, school shootings, terrorist attacks and the like tend to promote a death ethos of: a) Personal meaning . b) Fear and mystery c) Invisibility d) Martyrdom Answer: b Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 26. The view of tamed death, prevalent until the early Middle Ages, regards death as: a) a welcome end to life. b) glorification of the self. c) a noble path to life’s end. d) transition to eternal life. Answer: d Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 27. Regarding death as a transition to an eternal life is characteristic of which death ethos? a) death acceptance b) beautiful death c) tamed death d) invisible death Answer: c IM & TB -13 |8
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 28. The death ethos known as “tamed death” was prevalent during which time and place in history? a) Western Europe until the early Middle Ages b) China during the late 14th century c) Early revolutionary America d) Western Europe and America in the 1800s Answer: a Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 29. The view that it is noble to die for a cause characterizes the ____________ death ethos. a) tamed b) beautiful c) social d) invisible Answer: b Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 30. Moving dying patients from the home to hospitals in mid-20th Century Western culture has led to the ethos of the _________ death. a) invisible b) social c) tamed d) noble Answer: a Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 31. According to the perspective known as ________________ Theory, activating a person’s thoughts about death may trigger a set of positive changes, including closer relationships, greater creativity, and more connection to others. a) Terror Management b) Life Review c) Awareness of Finitude d) Death with Dignity Answer: a Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 32. Treating dying individuals as nonpersons when they approach the end of their lives is known as _________ death. a) tamed b) isolated c) social d) remote
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Answer: c Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 33. A woman’s mother was diagnosed with terminal cancer but is convinced that, despite the odds, she will survive this disease. The woman realizes that her mother’s chances are in fact close to zero. It appears that the mother is in which of the Kübler-Ross stages of dying? a) bargaining b) resistance c) denial d) depression Answer: c Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 34. The idea that Western culture is unwilling to accept the reality of mortality led Ernest Becker to write the critique of this attitude, called: a) The Book of the Dead b) On Death and Dying c) The Denial of Death d) Management of Terror Answer: c Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 35. Being able to die in a way that protects the individual from loss of control over the body is central to the idea of: a) the beautiful death. b) invisible death c) death acceptance d) death with dignity Answer: d Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 36. By bringing dying patients home to have control over their care, health care professionals are attempting to help them achieve a ________ death. a) beautiful b) tamed c) social d) good Answer: d Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 37. Making sense of the story of your life prior to death is a process known as: a) legitimization of biography b) death with dignity c) terror management IM & TB -13 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
d) awareness of finitude Answer: a Section Reference: Psychological Perspectives on Death and Dying 38. During the early days and weeks after the loss of a spouse a widow who uses denial to adaptively avoid focusing or ruminating on the loss illustrates: a) The restorative component of the dual process model of coping with bereavement. b) The attachment theory of bereavement. c) Identity assimilation. d) Identity accommodation. Answer: c Section Reference: Bereavement 39. In Canada the laws and terminology with respect to ________ ensures the rights of dying patients to be able to have an active role in their care and treatment. a) Advance Directives b) Terror management c) Active life support d) Palliative care Answer: a Section Reference: Issues in End of Life Care 40. An appointment of a durable power of attorney for health care specifies who will serve as a(n)_____________ for an individual should he or she become incapacitated. a) legal guardian b) health care proxy c) illness advisor d) care counselor Answer: b Section Reference: Issues in End of Life Care 41. An 80-year-old woman is planning her living will through use of the Canadian resource called the “Speak UpCanada” website. This will allow her to honor her desire for: a) choosing who will inherit her savings. b) life-support or resuscitation. c) gaining access to medical records. d) having no family present at her funeral. Answer: b Section Reference: Issues in End of Life Care 42. A physician working with a terminally ill patient and his family suggest that they consider palliative care. This means that the patient would receive: a) resuscitation if the patient goes into cardiac arrest. IM & TB -13 |11
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
b) life support for a maximum period of two weeks. c) a minimum of pain medication unless absolutely necessary. d) medications to provide pain relief and some physical therapy, as desired. Answer: d Section Reference: Issues in End of Life Care 43. Patients who choose not to have medical intervention when their heart or lungs shut down are issuing a(n): a) euthanasia request. b) physician-assisted suicide directive. c) do-not-resuscitate order. d) palliative care commitment. Answer: c Section Reference: Issues in End of Life Care 44. Unlike hospitals or nursing homes, hospices provide only______________ for their patients. a) spiritual counseling b) advance directives c) palliative care d) overtreatment Answer: c Section Reference: Issues in End of Life Care
45. In a scoping review, Fujioka and colleagues (2018) reported that _________ were often the first contact about MAiD. a) physicians b) nurses c) mental health workers d) clergyAnswer: b Section Reference: Issues in End of Life Care 46.According to the Department of Justice (2020), since June, 2016 the most frequent underlying medical condition for MAiD in Canada is: a) neurocognitive. b)repiratory. c) cancer. d)cardiovascular. Answer: c Section Reference: Issues in End of Life Care 47. Research following parents after the death of a child shows that: a) the effects can last for as long as 20 years. b) father are more affected than mothers. c) the risk of mortality is highest when the children are older than 18. d) parents are more likely to divorce after the death of a child. IM & TB -13 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: a Section Reference: Bereavement 48. According to the ________________ view of bereavement the bereaved can continue to benefit from maintaining emotional bonds to the deceased individual. a) conventional b) social death c) behavioral d) attachment Answer: d Section Reference: Bereavement 49. According to Speak Up Canada (2020), _______percent of Canadians are unaware of Advanced Care Directives and ________percent have never discussed end of life wishes with family or friends. a) 80; 50 b) 50; 25 c) 60; 30 d) 50; 80 Answer: a Section Reference: End of Life Care 50. The dual-process model of coping with bereavement proposes that the most adaptive way to adapt to loss is to: a) completely repress the fact that the loss occurred. b) alternate between restoration and loss as coping methods. c) focus only on dealing with the practical consequences of the loss. d) become entirely immersed in one’s feelings about the loss. Answer: b Section Reference: Bereavement
Short Answer 51. What are the medical symptoms that are often present when death is imminent? Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death 52. Summarize four trends occurring in mortality rates throughout the world. Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
53. Describe the three dying trajectories shown. Indicate what types of deaths are most highly associated with each trajectory. Section Reference: What Do We Know About Death
54. Summarize the timeline of changes in attitudes toward death and dying from the Middle Ages to the present. Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 55. What are four cultural factors contributing to contemporary attitudes toward death and dying? Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 56. What can be done to make death personally meaningful? Consider some examples. Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 57. Summarize the five stages of dying in the theory of Kübler-Ross. Describe four criticisms of the theory. What does the “change curve” imply? Section Reference: Cultural Perspectives on Death and Dying 58. Briefly analyze the processes of awareness of finitude, legitimization of biography, and life review. How are these three processes related to each other? Section Reference: Psychological Perspectives on Death and Dying 59. What were some of the guiding principles indicated in the Health Canada (2018) Framework on Palliative Care in Canada to promote high-quality palliative care? Section Reference: End of life Issues
60. Contrast the traditional views of bereavement with more contemporary views based on attachment theory. Section Reference: Bereavement 61. Summarize the bereavement process for death of an adult child, a grandchild, a parent, a sibling, and a friend. Section Reference: Bereavement 62. What are the five patterns of reactions to the death of a spouse? Which of these is the most common? Section Reference: Bereavement IM & TB -13 |14
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Essay 63. How do mortality rates enhance our understanding of the factors influencing adult development and aging in terms of the biopsychosocial perspective? Be sure to elaborate on the biological, psychological, and sociocultural meaning of mortality rates. 64. Examine historical trends in attitudes toward death and dying and contrast previous views with contemporary portrayals of death. In your opinion, how do these changes in attitudes affect the experience of dying for individuals? How would you facilitate death acceptance and meaningfulness? 65. If you were a counselor working with dying patients and their families, how would you handle end-of-life decisions? Under what conditions might you suggest MAiD? 66. What are the issues associated with MAiD? Why are they controversial? 67. A recently widowed woman sees you in therapy for help in adapting to bereavement. Which theory of bereavement would you use as the basis for your treatment? Why?
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CHAPTER 14 Successful Aging and Creativity LECTURE GUIDELINES As mentioned in the last chapter, the end of the course covers successful aging rather than death and dying. This allows the instructor to send the students out of the course with an upbeat feeling about what they have to look forward to in the rest of their lives. The topic of successful aging has existed for some years within gerontology, but it has been given recent impetus by the Positive Psychology movement and the emphasis on optimism that is beginning to pervade the field. The job of ending the course on this topic has been made much easier by this recent shift in emphasis, as in the past there was not much data from which to draw. However, as is evident from the chapter, the research on subjective well-being, successful aging, and even more recently successful cognitive aging provides a wealth of riches in this area. Moreover, the instructor can delve as much as desired into the material on creativity in later life by incorporating the works of great artists, musicians, and literary geniuses who continued to produce well into their eighties.
VIDEOS AND FILMS Instructors will find many possible sources for this lecture, including documentaries on amazing older adults as well as movies that provide a positive image of old age. Consider some high profile Canadians; check for example, Zoomer magazine for interviews with such individuals. There are also any number of documentaries, and YouTube clips about remarkable older adults. In terms of movies, there are again ample choices available. One particularly good movie that is available on video is “Young at Heart” http://www.youngatheartchorus.com/. There are videos available on Rembrandt’s self-portraits on YouTube (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V_H71aiz290) Also a biography of Picasso that includes his later years http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3k1lUBoBBIc A multimedia piece that can be designed specifically for this lecture works very well in the class in the section on achievements by older adults. A collection of slides showing the successful agers described in the text as “survivors” and “Superagers” can be shown along with a musical selection (such as "My Way"). This can have a very emotional impact on the class, when they see the compilation of people they have heard about (and those they have not) who have continued to accomplish beyond the point that would be predicted on the basis of their age. The "swan song" can also be illustrated by playing examples of music composed at the end of life-- the best example is Lacrymosa from Mozart's Requiem in D minor (thanks to Dean Simonton for this suggestion!). Slides from Rembrandt's selfportraits (ages 23 to 63) can be shown to illustrate the "old age style," as can paintings and sculptures from the artists mentioned in the text. It would useful and of interest to students to include contemporary musicians, writers, and movie stars in your slide show as students can relate to many of these individuals. To summarize, the instructor can use this lecture to end the course with a grand fireworks finale- a wonderful ending to what students will certainly have found to be a fascinating and worthwhile course.
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
DISCUSSION QUESTIONS WHAT IS SUCCESSFUL AGING? • • • •
What do you think is involved in successful aging? What successful agers do you know in your own life? Why do you consider them successful? How would you rate your subjective well-being? Do you think it varies from day to day? What factors cause it to vary? Do you think that people can actively construe their lives in a positive way even if their objective circumstances are negative? How?
CREATIVITY AND AGING • • •
What is the meaning of the lastingness? What examples can you think of that fit with the idea of “Old Age Style”? How about the “Swan Song”? How does the concept of “survivors” and “Superagers” fit with the overall predictions based on Lehman's views of aging and productivity? Consider creativity of older adult contemporary musicians such as Bruce Springstein who continue to write new music and perform concerts. Can you think of others? How do they differ in terms of creativity from contemporary older adult musicians such as Paul McCartney, Queen, the Rolling Stones, and others who continue to tour and perform their former established hits – how does the SOC model apply these musicians? What about older adult writers such as Margaret Atwood; and movie stars such as Clint Eastwood, Michael Douglas, Jane Fonda, Robert DeNiro and others who continue involvement in their work.
SUCCESSFUL AGING: FINAL PERSPECTIVES • •
How is productivity measured in "ordinary" people at the end of life? What can we learn from successful agers?
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Test Bank Multiple Choice 1.According to your text, which of the following is not a criterion for successful aging? a) financial adequacy b) physical activity c) creative potential d) resiliency Answer: a Section Reference: Agefeed 2. The Rowe and Kahn definition of successful aging proposes that absence of ____________ is a component of successful aging. a) pessimism b) neuroticism c) disease d) worries Answer: c Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 3. Critics of the Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging contend that it is overly focused on: a) spirituality. b) physical health. c) social class. d) subjective well-being. Answer: b Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 4. The Rowe and Kahn model of successful aging did not include: _____________. a) disease and disability b) cognitive functioning c) social engagment d) personal satisfaction Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? IM & TB-14 |3
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
5. The Rowe and Kahn model was criticized as “normative” because it failed to consider ______________ as an important contributor to successful aging. a) childhood social class and income b) health and disability c) religious beliefs d) social support Answer: a Section Reference: What is Successful Aging?
6. The WHO model of successful aging is most similar to which developmental model in including the influence of broad social factors? a) Piaget’s cognitive theory b) Bronfenbrenner’s ecological perspective c) Schaie’s most efficient design d) Erikson’s psychosocial theory Answer: b Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 7. The WHO model of active aging places emphasis on which personal factors? a) Need for accommodations due to disability b) Gender roles and expectations. c) Autonomy and independence d) Cultural attitudes toward older adults. Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 8. In a test of predictors of successful aging, the Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in Europe extended the Rowe and Kahn model to include: a) diagnosis of chronic disease b) physical and cognitive functioning c) social engagement d) loneliness Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 9. In comparison with the Rowe and Kahn criteria, the SHARE Study found that ___ percent more respondents could be classified as successful agers. a) 25 b) 30 c) 38 d) 52 Answer: b IM & TB-14 |4
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 10. In terms of successful cognitive aging, “Superagers” are people 80 years and older with _______ memory comparable than middle aged adults. a) semantic b) episodic c) procedural d) verbal Answer: b Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 11. A large analysis of studies on age, brain function, and cognitive performance supported the propositions of which perspective? a) Ecological b) Neural fallout c) Plasticity d) Cortical thickness Answer: c Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 12. In a national survey in the U.S., researchers observed a gap of approximately ___% between the extent of memory loss that older adults actually experienced compared to what younger adults thought would occur. a) 32 b) 66 c) 5 d) 14 Answer: a Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 13.According to your text, which of the following may be reflected in the paradox of well-being? a) physical disability b) cognitive disability c) exceptional social support d) selective survival Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 14. Studies of successful aging fit into the perspective known as _______________ psychology, which attempts to understand people’s strengths and virtues. a) psychoanalytic b) subjective c) behavioral d) positive Answer: d IM & TB-14 |5
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 15. Compared to subjective well-being as a way to understand factors predicting successful aging, life satisfaction places heavier emphasis on: a) cognitions. b) happiness. c) emotions. d) affect. Answer: a Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 16. According to the paradox of well-being, older adults who objectively have a number of chronic illness should also appear psychologically to have: a) poor mental health. b) high levels of neuroticism. c) poor cognitive functioning. d) high levels of happiness. Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 17. An older adult who is living on a tight income and has to economize on the essentials of daily living should, according to the _______________, also have low levels of happiness and life satisfaction. a) paradox of well-being b) social indicator model c) demographic hypothesis d) resilience perspective Answer: b Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 18. According to the Pew Research Center study of well-being, young adults wrongly believed that the experience of aging would most likely affect which aspect of life in adults 65 and older? a) Desire to help others b) Enjoyment of retirement c) Cognitive functioning d) Being able to get around Answer: c Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 19. When a person describes a lapse of memory as experiencing a “seniors’ moment” reflects agism according to the ___ model. a) social indicator b) paradox of well-being c) CEMSA d) equal odds IM & TB-14 |6
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: c Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 20. On a survey when a respondent is asked to rate items on a self-esteem scale, this is a measure of: a) life satisfaction b) physical well-being c) psychological well-being d) happiness Answer: c Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 21. According to your text, which model appears to provide the best explanation of successful aging? a) set point b) social indicator c) social comparison d) paradox of well-being Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 22. The ____________________ perspective is supported by research showing that personality traits affect levels of well-being through life. a) social comparison b) social indicator c) socioemotional selectivity d) set point Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 23.The WHO model of AHA differs from models of subjective well-being by its focus on _______ factors. a) personaliy b) sociocultural c) socioemotional d) physical Answer: c Section Reference: What is Successful Aging?
24.The CMSA model of successful aging emphasizes communication strategies to promote __________ among older adults. a) personal well-being b) social efficacy c) social relations d) life satisfaction IM & TB-14 |7
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Answer: b Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 25. Which model of successful aging includes objective environmental factors including ageism? a) set point b) equal odds c) social indicator d) WHO model of AHA Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 26. The WHO (2018) and United Nations Sustainable Development Governments (2015) promote health and wellbeing for: a) children and youth b) minority groups c) older adults d) all age groups Answer: d Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 27. One definition of creative ability emphasizes the idea that it is original, has an impact on others and is: a) pleasing. b) well-liked. c) unusual. d) appropriate. Answer: d Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 28. In everyday life, a person might express creativity in activities such as: a) shopping. b) cooking. c) driving. d) paying bills Answer: b Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 29. Creativity with a “mini-C” refers to what type of behavior in everyday life? a) scrapbooking and collecting. b) buying works of art. c) having a sense of humor. d) gaining self-understanding. Answer: d IM & TB-14 |8
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 30. The eminent and well-known productive and imaginative individuals are referred to as having the ________ form of creativity. a) Mini C b) Big C c) Regular C d) Little C Answer: b Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 31.A longitudinal study of older veterans found that decreased mortality was related to: a)openness. b)neuroticism. c)extroversion. d)concientiousness. Answer: a Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 32. Research on the neuroscience of creativity shows that the _____________supports the stage when individuals develop new ideas. a) default network b) executive control network c) limbic system d) right hemisphere Answer: a Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 33.A survey of 60 and 80 year-old artists reported that age-related changes in their work involved: a) greater attention to detail. b) significant change in their own style. c) less attention to detail. d) improvement. Answer: d Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 34. Which of the following is not characteristic of the old age style in older artists? a) expressive b) optimistic c) symbolic d) pessimistic Answer: b Section Reference: Creativity and Aging IM & TB-14 |9
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
35. The Planck hypothesis proposes that peak scientific productivity occurs during which period of life? a) Young-old age b) Middle adulthood c) Early adulthood d) Old-old age Answer: c Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 36. What correction did Dennis make in calculating the relationship between age and productivity? a) Eliminated all cases of “one-hit wonders.” b) Disregarded the first 20 years of the career. c) Took the quality of productivity into account. d) Only included individuals living until 80. Answer: d Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 37. Somewhat surprisingly, the well-known writer ____________ is technically a “one-hit wonder” a) Emily Dickinson b) Margaret Mitchell c) Margaret Atwood d) Jane Austen Answer: b Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 38. A composer who provides an example of the _____________ was Verdi, who continued to write a large number of pieces of music even at the end of his career, increasing his chances of producing a masterpiece in old age. a) set point perspective b) paradox of well-being c) equal odds rule d) Swan song Answer: c Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 39. Because he used ___________ rather than chronological age, Simonton’s model provides a better estimate of an individual’s chance of being productive in late life. a) cohort b) career age c) time of measurement d) subjective age Answer: b Section Reference: Creativity and Aging IM & TB-14 |10
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
40. People high in __________, according to Simonton, should be able to produce creative works well into old age as long as they remain alive. a) extroversion b) creative potential c) cognitive flexibility d) subjective well-being Answer: b Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 41. Increases in longevity may contribute to the greater productivity of older creative individuals by allowing them more: a) opportunities to travel. b) interaction with their children. c) resources for collaboration. d) time to be by themselves. Answer: c Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 42. The quality of __________________ in the work of older artists applies to creative work that persists over time. a) creative potential b) old age style c) swan song d) lastingness Answer: d Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 43. The Pieta Rondanini sculpted by _______________ at the end of his life is an example of the old age style, with its emotional power and lack of attention to detail. a) Da Vinci b) Matisse c) Monet d) Michelangelo Answer: d Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 44. A chief characteristic of the swan song is the fact that it is: a) written in minor key. b) intended to be played at funerals. c) simple and easy to remember. d) the only composition of a one-hit wonder. Answer: c IM & TB-14 |11
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 45. As he got older, for the first time in his life, B.F. Skinner wrote a book about: a) the history of psychoanalysis. b) a fictional type of utopia. c) the joys of becoming a grandparent. d) how to overcome the challenges of aging. Answer: d Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 46. The development of ____________ late in life led Monet to change the colors he used to depict scenes from nature. a) cataracts b) arthritis c) cardiovascular disease d) depression Answer: a Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 47. Critics of studies on aging and creativity point out that much of the research pays too little attention to: a) productive individuals who live outside of North America. b) the creative works of poets, writers, and dramatists. c) sociocultural factors that advantage certain segments of society. d) contributions made by artists in the 1800s and early 1900s. Answer: c Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 48. In analyzing the productive accomplishments of older Blacks, Simonton discovered that most of the research left them out because of failure to consider areas such as _______ in measuring productivity: a) law b) finance c) art d) politics Answer: a Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 49. Examples of eminent non-White agers known as _________ play an important role in African American reference works but not in majority counts of productivity and creativity. a) talented innovators b) pioneer achievers c) successful minorities d) famous firsts Answer: d IM & TB-14 |12
Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
Section Reference: Creativity and Aging
50. The group of productive older individuals given credit mainly for their contributions to children’s literature in studies of aging and creativity consists primarily of: a) First Nation b) women. c) British authors. d) Blacks. Answer: b Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 51. Which qualities define the sense of “passionate commitment” among productive older adults? a) Ability to follow a single path. b) Support from close friends and family. c) Desire to overcome adversity. d) High levels of flexibility and curiosity. Answer: d Section Reference: Successful Aging: Final Perspectives 52. The CEMSA model of successful aging places emphasis communication styles in order to: a) plan for the future. b)increase life expectancy. c) counteract ageism. d)increase social interaction. Answer: c Section Reference: What is Successful Aging?
Short Answer 53. What are the three components of successful aging according to Rowe and Kahn definition? Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 54. How does the Rowe and Kahn definition of successful aging differ from the WHO model of active aging? Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 55. What is successful cognitive aging? Section Reference: What is Successful Aging?
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Instructor’s Manual and Test Bank for Adult Development and Aging: Biopsychosocial Perspectives, Second Canadian Edition Whitbourne, Whitbourne, and Konnert
56. What factors promote successful aging? Section Reference: What is Successful Aging? 57. What are the three basic assumptions of Simonton's model of creative productivity? Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 58. What are the advantages of using career age rather than chronological age in understanding the effects of age on creativity? Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 59. Describe three characteristics of the old age style. Section Reference: Creativity and Aging 60. What factors appear to stimulate the development of old age style? 61. How would you define creativity with a lower-case “c”? Section Reference: Successful Aging: Final Perspectives 62. How might creativity be expressed at the end of life in an "ordinary" older person? Section Reference: Successful Aging: Final Perspectives
Essay 63. How does the WHO concept of active aging differ from the Rowe and Kahn definition? 64. Review the criticisms of the Rowe and Kahn model and how they were addressed by researchers. 65. Provide an example from your own experience of the "old age style." Indicate the nature of the work, why you think it exemplifies the old age style, and the factors that may have led to its creation. 66. Did creative geniuses who experienced difficulties in old age, such as Picasso, Matisse, and O'Keeffe fit psychology's definition of "successful aging"? Why or why not? 67. What are some of the contemporary influences that may impact productivity of the Baby Boomers?
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