TEST BANK For Adolescence 13th Edition By Laurence Steinberg by ACADEMIAMILL

Adolescence 13e Laurence Steinberg (Test Bank All Chapters, 100% Original Verified, A+ Grade) Answers At The End Of Each Chapter Chapter 1:__________ 1) The physical developments of puberty are influenced by which of the following? A) environmental factors B) an identity crisis C) psychological factors D) falling in love

2) The physical transformation from child to adult is called A) puberty. B) early adolescence. C) middle adolescence. D) late adolescence.

3) The term puberty refers to the period during which an individual A) is between the ages of 12 and 15. B) creates new hormones via the endocrine system. C) becomes capable of sexual reproduction. D) stops growing in height.

4) Physically, puberty involves a rapid increase in growth, development of primary sex

characteristics, changes in the brain’s anatomy, and A) an increase in psychological stress. B) a series of public initiation rites. C) development of secondary sex characteristics. D) increases in intellectual functioning.

5) The simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and______ stimulates

rapid acceleration in height and weight during puberty. A) leptin B) estrogens C) androgens D) testosterone

6) The hormonally induced increase in the rate of growth in height and weight is referred to as A) the adolescent growth spurt. B) peak height velocity. C) epiphysis. D) somatic development.

7) At the time when adolescents are growing most rapidly, they grow at about the same rate as A) newborns. B) infants. C) toddlers. D) elementary schoolchildren.

8) The adolescent growth spurt A) generally begins two years earlier for girls than for boys. B) generally begins two years earlier for boys than for girls. C) increases around age 15 for boys and girls. D) proceeds along a smooth and rapid course over the teen years.

9) Which of the following statements about changes in skeletal structure during puberty is true? A) One marker that indicates the termination in growth in height is epiphysis. B) Bones become more porous and more likely to break. C) Nearly half an individual's adult height is gained during puberty. D) Growth begins with the torso and shoulders, proceeds to the arms and legs, then to the

extremities.

10) Professor Radon is studying the______ system, which produces, circulates, and regulates

levels of hormones in the body. A) adrenal B) circulatory C) respiratory D) endocrine

11) Which of the following statements about the production of hormones at puberty is true? A) The body begins to produce several hormones that have not been present until this

time. B) There is an increase in the production of certain hormones. C) Boys' bodies produce more estrogens, and girls' bodies produce more androgens. D) The feedback loop regulating the endocrine system becomes increasingly less important.

12) When levels of androgens and estrogens fall below the set points, the______ stops inhibiting

the pituitary gland, thus permitting it to stimulate the release of sex hormones by the gonads. A) thyroid B) adrenal gland C) hypothalamus D) feedback loop

13) The maturation of the adrenal glands is called A) androgen. B) estrogen. C) adrenarche. D) HPG axis.

14) Adrenarche contributes to the development of______, signaling the beginning of sexual

maturation to others. A) body hair B) body odor C) sex characteristics D) gonads

15) Which of the following is part of the feedback loop in the endocrine system? A) adrenal gland B) melatonin C) pituitary gland D) thyroid hormones

16) Which of the following statements about prenatal development is true? A) Up until about eight weeks after conception, all human brains are masculine. B) Puberty is part of a gradual process that begins at conception. C) Sex hormones do not appear in the brain during fetal development. D) Fetal exposure to cortisol is directly linked to the timing of puberty.

17) The average girl in the United States reaches______, the time of her first menstrual period,

sometime between the ages of 12 and 14. A) sexual maturity B) menarche C) puberty D) adrenarche

18) Which of the following sex characteristics is the first to develop in boys? A) production of sperm B) appearance of facial hair C) growth of testes and scrotum D) growth of penis

19) The first ejaculation of semen that occurs is A) biologically predetermined. B) genetically inherited. C) often determined culturally. D) two years after accelerated penis growth.

20) As Yu Yan's breasts are beginning to develop, she will most likely experience concurrent A) menarche. B) ovulation. C) growth of pubic hair. D) growth in height.

21) Which of the following female sex characteristics is usually the last to develop? A) menarche B) regular ovulation C) development of the areola D) growth of pubic hair

22) Which of the following statements about puberty in girls is true? A) Regular ovulation and the ability to carry a baby to term usually follow menarche

immediately. B) The development of the areola and nipple are far better indicators of sexual maturation than is breast size. C) Menarche occurs very early in the process of sexual development. D) The changes in the nipple and areola occur earlier in large breasts.

23) The first sign of puberty in girls is generally A) growth of breasts. B) underarm hair. C) menarche. D) acne.

24) Which of the following statements about the timing and tempo of sexual maturation is true? A) In the United States, and in all other countries, menarche typically occurs around age

12. B) The duration of puberty varies widely, from 1.5 to 6 years in girls and 2 to 5 years in boys. C) Adolescents who begin puberty early also complete it early. D) Adolescents who begin puberty earlier usually grow to be taller adults.

25) Osman is a junior high student anticipating puberty. He wants to know when puberty will

start and how long it will take until he looks like and is considered an adult. His health teacher tells him that the timing and rate of puberty A) is highly variable and influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. B) is highly predictable, beginning around 12 years of age and taking four years to complete. C) can be accelerated through good nutrition and excessive exercise. D) is determined more by his environmental and family situation than genetics.

26) Based on research addressing ethnic differences in the timing and rate of pubertal maturation,

which American girl would be expected to mature earliest? A) Brandy, a middle-income Black adolescent B) Miranda, a middle-income Latinx adolescent C) Emily, a middle-income White adolescent D) Grace, a middle-income Asian adolescent

27) Which of the following factors is most important in determining the onset of puberty? A) the presence of sexually mature partners in the environment B) whether the individual is healthy enough to begin reproduction C) information coded in an individual's genes D) whether there are nutritional resources available to support a pregnancy

28) Which of the following statements accurately describes the role leptin plays in the onset of

puberty? A) Low levels of leptin increase melatonin production, which triggers puberty. B) Leptin stimulates production of kisspeptin, which triggers puberty. C) Leptin is inhibited by cortisol, which can delay puberty. D) High levels of leptin inhibit kisspeptin, thus delaying puberty.

29) Which of the following environmental factors affects the onset of puberty? A) exposure to cold temperatures B) changing seasons C) poor air quality D) amount of light exposure

30) During puberty, the structure and functioning of the brain A) are impacted by reduced levels of sex hormones. B) do not undergo changes that influence behavior. C) have a direct effect on certain patterns of behavior. D) show less activity in regions controlling emotions.

31) Pubertal hormones affect brain systems in ways that increase adolescents' A) aggression levels. B) emotional arousal. C) desire to rebel. D) dependency levels.

32) After about eight weeks of conception, male fetuses are exposed to higher levels

of________, resulting in a more "masculinized" brain. A) testosterone B) melatonin C) estrogen D) kisspeptin

33) Which of the following can delay the onset of puberty? A) stress B) childhood abuse C) nutritional deficiencies D) lack of exercise

34) Differences in the timing and rate of puberty among individuals growing up in the same

general environment are largely caused by which factor? A) hormones B) genetics C) exercise D) psychology

35) Which of the following factors can hasten the onset of maturation? A) peer pressure B) protein deficiency C) chronic illness D) father absence

36) Lucia, a 17-year-old living in a college dormitory, has noticed that her menstrual periods

have begun to synchronize with______, which is compelling evidence that social relationships can affect biological functioning. A) the time her female roommate menstruates B) her most stressful days of the month C) the days she feels most sexually aroused D) her biological sister living in a different city

37) In general, puberty is beginning earlier and taking A) less time to complete in girls. B) longer to complete in both sexes. C) longer to complete in girls. D) less time to complete in boys.

38) Professor Kendall has been researching adolescent maturation around the world. Which of

the following is she likely to determine has the smallest role in determining group differences in pubertal maturation? A) nutrition B) sanitation C) infectious diseases D) genetics

39) Over the past century, the onset of puberty has been coming at an earlier age. This is referred

to as the A) cross-sectional trend. B) endocrine trend. C) menarche trend. D) secular trend.

40) Who is at the greatest risk of developing body dissatisfaction? A) Callie, an early-maturing White girl who compares herself to her friends B) Jada, a late-maturing Black girl who compares herself to media images C) Tyree, an early-maturing Black male who compares himself to his friends D) Michael, a late-maturing White male who feels he is not muscular enough

41) Which of the following is probably true for Ashley, an early-maturing girl who was short and

stocky as a child? A) After puberty, she will be shorter and heavier than her late-maturing peers. B) After puberty, she will be shorter and thinner than her late-maturing peers. C) After puberty, she will be taller and heavier than her late-maturing peers. D) After puberty, she will be taller and thinner than her late-maturing peers.

42) Which of the following statements about hormonal changes of puberty is true? A) Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that increase adolescents' desire for

sensation-seeking activities. B) Hormonal changes of puberty make adolescents more risk averse. C) Hormonal changes of puberty make adolescents more introverted. D) Hormonal changes affect the brain in ways that decrease adolescents' desire for

rewarding activities.

43) Suzanne and Carlos are the first members of their class to begin the pubertal transition. Based

on what you know about early-maturing adolescents, Suzanne and Carlos are more likely to A) become involved in delinquent behavior. B) be academically successful in school. C) be ostracized by their classmates. D) get along well with their parents.

44) Which of the following characteristics is associated with being an early-maturing boy? A) fewer problem behaviors B) more even temperament C) a more positive self-image D) more intellectual curiosity

45) Mikhail, an early maturer, is more likely to______ than Devon, a late maturer. A) socialize with younger boys B) suffer greater consequences if bullied by peers C) be closely supervised by his parents D) have low self-esteem

46) Early-maturing boys A) are more likely to have low self-esteem. B) may have higher rates of depression. C) are better prepared to deal with changes of adolescence. D) act more childish than their later-maturing peers.

47) As young adults, later-maturing boys are more susceptible to depression, often because they

perceive themselves as A) more mature. B) less attractive. C) less masculine. D) more childish.

48) During puberty, individuals who mature early are likely to exhibit which of the following? A) more intellectual curiosity B) less frequent temper tantrums C) less depression and anxiety D) problem behavior, such as drug use

49) In America, early-maturing girls are more likely than their late-maturing peers to A) be unpopular with their peers. B) have a negative self-image. C) succeed in school. D) perceive themselves as attractive.

50) Avram is a late-maturing boy. A year after pubertal onset, we would expect Avram to show

which advantage over his early-maturing peers? A) greater athletic ability B) more popularity with the opposite sex C) lower chance of being bullied D) higher levels of social initiative

51) Which of the following characteristics is typically associated with being an early-maturing

girl? A) B) C) D)

feelings of awkwardness and self-consciousness being less popular, especially with boys a more positive body image better physical health in adulthood

52) The main reason for sex differences in the impact of early and late maturation is A) biological differences between male and female brains. B) psychological differences between boys and girls. C) the different rates at which boys and girls mature. D) different cultural expectations of boys and girls.

53) Nadia is an early-maturing girl. Compared to her late-maturing peers, which of the following

statements is most likely to be true for Nadia? A) Nadia is less likely to have depression, anxiety, or an eating disorder. B) Nadia is likely to be more popular with boys but less popular with girls. C) Nadia is more likely to be popular with both the girls and the boys. D) Nadia is less likely to be the victim of rumors, gossip, and social exclusion.

54) The impact of early maturation on problem behaviors or depression is worse when

adolescents A) have many stressful life events. B) are from ethnic minority families. C) are involved in romantic relationships. D) are unpopular with their peers.

55) The individuals who are most likely to think of themselves as being "off schedule" with

respect to their physical development are A) girls who mature late and boys who mature early. B) girls who mature early and boys who mature late. C) boys and girls who mature late. D) boys and girls who mature early.

56) Follow-up studies of Swedish women who had been early maturers found that as adults they

were A) B) C) D)

less likely to experience physical health problems. less likely to continue their education beyond high school. more likely to continue their education beyond high school. indistinguishable from those who had been late maturers.

57) Which of the following girls will experience the greatest menstrual discomfort? A) Sarita, who is prepared for the physical changes B) Alison, who is a late maturer C) Loryn, who has a negative attitude toward menarche D) Deepika, who is unpopular among her classmates

58) Studies have shown that prepubertal girls who expect menstruation to be uncomfortable

report A) B) C) D)

milder menstrual symptoms than their peers. more severe menstrual symptoms than their peers. about the same level of menstrual symptoms as their peers. experiencing menarche sooner than their peers.

59) Which of the following conditions is most likely to produce the most favorable and easiest

adjustment to menarche? A) The girl's mother prepares her by describing the unpleasant aspects of menarche. B) The girl reaches menarche earlier than her peers. C) Menarche occurs before the girl has learned about the physical changes that will happen. D) The girl knows the facts about the physical changes her body will undergo.

60) When adolescents in the United States begin to experience specific pubertal events, which of

the following is most likely to occur? A) A girl's mother will be the first person the girl tells that she has begun to menstruate. B) A girl's best friend will be the first person the girl tells that she has begun to menstruate. C) A girl is likely not to tell anyone that she is menstruating for the first several months. D) A boy will tell his friends about his first ejaculation soon after it occurs.

61) Which of the following statements about puberty's impact on family relationships is true? A) Puberty appears to increase distance between parents and children. B) Other species do not experience distance during the pubertal transition. C) The distancing effect of puberty on families occurs regardless of ethnicity. D) Puberty is more likely to disrupt family relationships if it happens early.

62) One reason for the sex difference in athletic performance during early adolescence is the

difference in A) timing of the growth spurt. B) levels of body satisfaction. C) the size of the hypothalamus. D) the amount of body fat.

63) Although both sexes experience changes in muscle tissue and body fat, the ratio of muscle to

body fat is A) greater in boys than girls. B) greater in girls than boys. C) about the same in both genders. D) greater in early-maturing girls than in late-maturing boys.

64) Brianna, an adolescent girl, is more susceptible to feelings of body dissatisfaction if she

compares herself to A) Keegan, her twin brother. B) Keira, her older sister. C) Barbara, her mother. D) Ayomi, her best friend.

65) The rapid increase in body fat that adolescent girls experience A) leads to a majority of adolescent girls dieting unnecessarily. B) leads to an increase in healthy eating patterns among adolescent girls. C) increases feelings of body dissatisfaction among Black adolescent girls. D) is a major risk factor for obesity among adolescent girls.

66) There is strong pressure on girls to be thin in which parts of the world? A) America, Europe, and Asia B) Africa and the Middle East C) the Southern Hemisphere D) the Eastern Hemisphere

67) The biological changes that take place during puberty can indirectly cause changes in

adolescents' behavior in which of the following ways? A) The biological changes cause adolescents to feel moodier as they mature. B) The biological changes affect adolescents' self-image. C) The biological changes cause adolescents' sleep cycle to shift earlier. D) The biological changes cause increased emotional distance from parents in all ethnic groups.

68) Dr. Davis is interested in how puberty affects adjustment. He studies a group of 100 junior

high school students over the course of three years. He is conducting what kind of study? A) longitudinal B) cross-sectional C) case study D) correlational

69) Which of the following statements about body image is true? A) Adolescents tend to have negative feelings about their bodies when they begin

puberty. B) Adolescents' feelings about their bodies when they begin puberty change little over time. C) Adolescents' feelings about their bodies depend on how their peers view them. D) Adolescents tend to have positive feelings about their bodies when puberty is complete.

70) Which of the following statements about adolescent mood swings is true? A) The effect of hormones on adolescent mood swings is strongest toward the end of

puberty. B) The majority of adolescents do not report large ups and downs in their moods. C) Adolescent girls are more prone to mood swings than their male peers. D) Pubertal hormones make adolescents less responsive to their social environment.

71) Which of the following plays the greatest role in the development of depression? A) rapid increases in hormones B) early maturation C) stressful life events D) the delayed phase preference

72) Studies show that adolescent mood swings are most closely related to changes in A) hormone levels. B) seasons. C) nutrition. D) activities.

73) Dr. Achikeh is studying whether puberty is stressful. As she recruits candidates for her study,

she determines that adolescents who found puberty to be stressful are more likely to come from which group? A) females who matured late B) males who matured early C) females who matured early D) males who matured late

74) Heightened susceptibility to stress during adolescence is an example of the fact that puberty

makes the brain A) more malleable B) less malleable C) higher functioning D) lower functioning

75) Which of the following students is most at risk of developing depression? A) Johan, a teenage boy who stays up until 12:00 a.m. every night reading books and

begins school at 10:00 a.m. B) Sofia, a teenage girl who stays up until 12:00 a.m. using her smartphone and begins school at 8:00 a.m. C) Afua, a teenage girl who goes to bed at 10:00 p.m. and begins school at 8:00 a.m. D) Hinata, a teenage boy who stays up until 1:00 a.m. watching television and begins school at 10:00 a.m.

76) Given a choice, Darrell would prefer to stay up until 1:00 a.m. and sleep until 10:00 a.m.

This pattern is called the A) secular trend. B) delayed phase preference. C) longitudinal design. D) Tanner stages.

77) Which of the following statements accurately describes melatonin activity during

adolescence? A) The cycle of melatonin secretion is shifted earlier at puberty. B) The cycle of melatonin secretion is shifted later at puberty. C) Melatonin levels are not affected by puberty. D) Melatonin levels change only after puberty is complete.

78) The delayed phase preference suggests that school should A) be held in the afternoon and evening. B) be held year-round. C) begin later in the morning. D) begin earlier in the morning.

79) Maia has an erratic sleep schedule. On weekdays she stays up past midnight and gets up early

for school. On weekends she stays up even later and sleeps in until noon. The best way for Maia to improve her sleep is to A) go to bed early on weekdays and stay up late only on weekends. B) go to bed early on weekends to make up for lost sleep during the week. C) get up at the same time on both weekdays and weekends. D) get up whenever she feels most awake on weekends.

80) Farez's school schedule has changed, and he now gets an extra hour of sleep in the morning.

Farez is most likely to experience which of the following? A) improved self-control B) cognitive impairment C) obesity D) a later rise in melatonin

81) Compared with several decades ago, today's teenagers get A) about the same amount of sleep. B) more variable amounts of sleep. C) significantly more sleep. D) significantly less sleep.

82) The nighttime increase in melatonin likely begins latest in which of the following

individuals? A) Okapi, a 13-year-old boy who has just begun puberty B) Rochana, a 14-year-old girl who experienced menarche two years prior C) Aleksy, a 14-year-old boy who is still developing pubic hair D) Olivia, a 15-year-old girl who is just beginning to develop breasts

83) Melatonin levels change naturally in response to A) stress hormones. B) androgens and estrogens. C) sleep-wake cycles. D) the amount of light.

84) The________ is the minimal amount of energy one uses when resting. A) basal metabolism rate B) delayed phase preference C) secular trend D) feedback loop

85) The ratio of an individual’s weight to height, used to gauge when a person is overweight or

obese, is called A) change in body composition. B) body mass index. C) secular trend. D) feedback loop.

86) Which of the following is true about obesity? A) Obesity is a body mass index at or above the 95th percentile. B) Thirty percent of American adolescents are obese. C) The rate of obesity has quadrupled since 2005. D) Obesity is caused by a low basal metabolic rate.

87) Which group does research show has seen the greatest rise in obesity? A) Black girls B) Black boys C) White boys D) White girls

88) According to the textbook, in general, the amount of time individuals spend in sedentary

activities A) increases from childhood to adolescence. B) decreases from childhood to adolescence. C) remains the same from childhood to adolescence. D) is directly related to socioeconomic status.

89) Which of the following statements about obesity is true? A) Obesity is especially prevalent among middle-class adolescents. B) Adolescent obesity has been especially dramatic among White males. C) Adolescent obesity is limited to the United States. D) Obesity is the most serious health problem of American adolescents.

90) Which of the following adolescents is most likely to maintain a healthy weight? A) Maryam, who gets inadequate sleep on school nights B) Kevin, who has a history of depression C) Anton, whose friends love junk food D) Charice, who is a member of her school's tennis team

91) Rosa often eats large amounts of fast food quickly. Rosa is upset by her eating habits but

cannot seem to stop. Tanya believes that "thin is in" and uses vomiting and laxatives as a way to keep her weight down. Both girls exhibit what psychologists call A) disordered eating. B) bulimia. C) anorexia nervosa. D) binge eating disorder.

92) Which of the following is associated with disordered eating in the United States? A) having a positive body image B) having parents who are healthy weight C) alcohol and tobacco use D) strong friendships

93) Kasmitha has been known to go on eating binges and then purge immediately afterward.

Kasmitha is probably suffering from A) anorexia nervosa. B) bulimia. C) binge eating disorder. D) obesity.

94) Fabiola has been known to exercise excessively, count calories, and diet obsessively. She is

currently depriving herself of food even though she is 20 pounds underweight. Fabiola is probably suffering from A) anorexia nervosa. B) bulimia. C) binge eating disorder. D) depression.

95) The potentially fatal disorder in which young women starve themselves is called A) bulimia. B) anorexia nervosa. C) obesity nervosa. D) purging.

96) Eating disorders are more common in A) Black adolescents than White adolescents. B) affluent adolescents than poor adolescents. C) White adolescents than Latinx adolescents. D) female adolescents than male adolescents.

97) Which of the following teenagers most closely resembles the profile of someone who has

binge eating disorder? A) Ye-jun, a wrestler who nearly starves himself so he can stay in his weight bracket B) Carla, a gymnast who binges on junk food but makes herself vomit after each meal C) Solomon, a football player who believes he is overweight and exercises twice a day, seven days a week D) Sherri, a volleyball player who binges on junk food but does not engage in any weight loss behaviors

98) Which of the following statements about cultural influences on disordered eating is correct? A) Anorexia nervosa is more prevalent in Western cultures. B) Rates of anorexia nervosa vary based on body ideals across cultures. C) Bulimia is found all over the world and is more linked to genetics than culture. D) Rates of bulimia are influenced by levels of body dissatisfaction in Western cultures.

99) Which adolescent has the lowest risk of developing an eating disorder? A) Valeria, a second-generation Colombian American girl who wants to fit in with

American culture B) Tengfei, a late-maturing boy who has a good relationship with his parents C) Brooklyn, a girl whose mother diets frequently and was diagnosed with bulimia as a teenager D) Dominique, an early-maturing Black girl who loves following fashion influencers on social media

100)

Which of the following is an example of an extremely disturbed body image, as is seen with eating disorders? A) Selma, who has a body mass index in the 5th percentile and believes she is overweight B) Angelica, who has a body mass index in the 88th percentile and believes she needs to lose weight C) Rania, who has a body mass index in the 85th percentile and is happy with her body D) Esther, who has a body mass index in the 55th percentile and has a negative body image

101)

Adolescent girls' belief that being thin will make them more popular with boys is based

on A) B) C) D)

102)

images from movies, television, and social media. the opinions of their parents and peers. the reality of their experiences. their own negative self-images.

Dr. Perez is treating Ethan, a 15-year-old boy for bulimia. Dr. Perez should be aware that A) Ethan probably also uses anabolic steroids and exercises excessively. B) Ethan's condition may have resulted from being bullied by his peers. C) Ethan's condition will not likely persist into adulthood. D) Ethan may also need treatment for other mental health problems.

103)

Dr. Singh believes that adolescence is a time of storm and stress caused by the production of new hormones. Do you agree or disagree with this conclusion? Be sure to support your answer with what you know about the physiological changes of adolescence. (HINT: What do we know about the endocrine system?)

104)

In Mr. Novak's seventh-grade health class, there is a pair of 12-year-old fraternal twins, Shawn and Serenity. Serenity has recently grown a couple inches taller than Shawn, who is concerned that he's not growing as fast as she is. What changes should Shawn expect to go through during puberty compared with his sister? What are the changes in growth and sexual maturation that boys and girls experience during puberty, and how do they differ?

105)

Over the years you've kept in touch with your high school counselor, who has now asked you (an adolescent development expert!) to talk to the parents of his high school students. He has asked you to give a parenting class focusing on the types of issues and events parents might expect to occur during puberty, with an emphasis on problems parents might anticipate and how to avoid these problems. What will you tell the parents?

106)

Imagine that your friend has told you that she recently heard that scientists can use a person's DNA to determine exactly when that person will go through puberty. Do you agree with her? What evidence supports your decision?

107)

Maria and John are the first two students in their class to begin the transition into adolescence. Based on what you know about the timing of puberty during adolescence, what effect, if any, will this have on Maria’s and John's development?

108)

Emma and Montrell are the last two students in their class to begin the transition into adolescence. Based on what you have learned about the timing of puberty during adolescence, what effect, if any, will this have on Emma's and Montrell's development?

109)

Diego, an adolescent boy, and Hiyori, an adolescent girl, are both in the middle of puberty. They have each noticed changes in the physical structure of their bodies. Describe the changes in stature and dimensions of the body that Diego and Hiyori have already or will most likely experience. Given the nature of sex differences in the physical changes of puberty, is it inevitable that Hiyori will experience body dissatisfaction? What about Diego?

110)

Fifteen-year-old Maya's parents are worried about her. Maya seems to be sleepy all the time. She sometimes falls asleep at the kitchen table when she gets home from school but stays up late at night, past 11:00 p.m., when her parents go to sleep. Maya also seems to be irritable a lot of the time. On weekends, Maya usually sleeps until noon, even though her parents have asked her to get up earlier to help with chores. Maya's parents insist that she never had any problems like this when she was younger. How would you explain the changes in Maya's behavior (particularly her sleep changes) to her parents?

111)

You are giving a presentation on puberty and eating disorders to parents at a junior high school. What would you say so that they understand the relationship between puberty and eating disorders?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 1 1) A 2) A 3) C 4) C 5) C 6) A 7) C 8) A 9) A 10) D 11) B 12) C 13) C 14) B 15) C 16) B 17) B 18) C 19) C 20) C 21) B 22) B 23) A 24) B 25) A 26) A 27) C 28) B 29) D 30) C 31) B 32) A 33) C 34) B 35) D 36) A 37) B

38) D 39) D 40) A 41) A 42) A 43) A 44) C 45) B 46) B 47) C 48) D 49) B 50) D 51) A 52) D 53) C 54) A 55) B 56) B 57) C 58) B 59) D 60) A 61) A 62) D 63) A 64) D 65) A 66) A 67) B 68) A 69) B 70) B 71) C 72) D 73) C 74) A 75) B 76) B 77) B

78) C 79) C 80) A 81) D 82) B 83) D 84) A 85) B 86) A 87) A 88) A 89) D 90) D 91) A 92) C 93) B 94) A 95) B 96) D 97) D 98) D 99) B 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111)

A C D Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 2:__________ 1) Which of the following is one of the five chief changes in cognition during adolescence? A) multidimensional thought B) rules-based thought C) concrete reasoning D) limited imagination

2) Dan, an adolescent, has more developed cognitive skills than his 6-year-old brother Timmy

because Timmy's thinking A) is, in general, bound to what he can directly observe. B) moves easily between specific and abstract ideas. C) systematically generates alternative possibilities and explanations. D) is more imaginative and less focused on the real world.

3) Which term below refers to the ability to suspend beliefs about something in order to argue in

the abstract? A) hypothetical thinking B) social cognition C) mutual perspective-taking D) impression formation

4) Which of these is a feature of hypothetical thinking? A) seeing beyond what is directly observable B) applying concrete reasoning to assess what is possible C) being limited to imagining the logic behind one's own argument D) being aware of events that one has witnessed in person

5) Joey enjoys playing the devil's advocate and is always stirring up discussions with his

contrary positions. This ability is one aspect of A) hypothetical thinking. B) social cognition. C) thinking about thinking itself. D) impression formation.

6) The ability to see beyond what is directly observable and reason in terms of what might be

possible is called A) theory of mind. B) hypothetical thinking. C) imaginary audience. D) formal operations.

7) Bickering and squabbling between teenagers and their parents is largely caused by A) the generation gap between parents and children. B) ongoing hormonal changes in adolescents. C) adolescents' development into better arguers. D) adolescents' increasingly antisocial tendencies.

8) Renee, a 6-year-old, is unable to answer the question, "How are a motorcycle and a bicycle

alike?" Mohammed, a 17-year-old, answers the same question by saying, "They are both types of transportation." Which statement about Renee and Mohammed is most accurate? A) Renee's inability to answer the question is very unusual for a child her age. B) Mohammed has demonstrated the ability to think concretely. C) Mohammed has demonstrated the ability to think abstractly. D) According to Piaget's theory, Renee and Mohammed are both developmentally delayed.

9) Javier spends a great deal of time talking about relationships, politics, philosophy, religion,

and morality with his friends, demonstrating his ability to think A) abstractly. B) preoperationally. C) concretely. D) deductively.

10) The growth of ______ during adolescence is directly related to an improved ability to think

abstractly. A) long-term memory B) social thinking C) automatization D) short-term memory

11) Which of these is an aspect of metacognition? A) conserving mental resources B) thinking about feelings C) appraising one's own comprehension D) being free of adolescent egocentrism

12) The text suggests that ______ are a good explanation of adolescent egocentrism. A) cognitive deficiencies B) new metacognitive abilities C) increases in synapse production D) decreases in white matter

13) Teenagers may become extremely self-conscious because they believe that people are talking

about them. Which characteristic are they exhibiting? A) an imaginary audience B) a personal fable C) propositional logic D) metacognition

14) Aliyah knows that kids who drink and drive sometimes get killed, but she believes that she is

somehow immune to having such a terrible thing happen to her. Aliyah's belief is an example of A) the imaginary audience. B) a personal fable. C) social cognition. D) metacognition.

15) Fifteen-year-old Hermione is able to write a much more complex answer than 10-year-old

Ginger to the question, "Compare the advantages and disadvantages of using simple spells for self-protection." This is because, as an adolescent, Hermione is able to think A) egocentrically. B) deductively. C) in metacognitive ways. D) in multiple dimensions.

16) Multidimensional thinking helps adolescents understand A) sarcasm. B) imaginary audiences. C) formal operations. D) concrete examples.

17) In childhood, moral guidelines are seen as A) absolutes. B) subjective. C) based on the values of one group. D) based on ideas that can be challenged.

18) Adolescents' persistent arguments over rules are most likely a result of A) an increase in relativism. B) a decrease in incrementalism. C) hormonal changes. D) a hereditary resistance to authority.

19) Which of the following scenarios best represents the thinking of an adolescent rather than a

child? A) Ximena accepts her parents' rules about room cleaning and bedtimes as matters of

right and wrong. B) Matthew believes that it is possible to go for a long period of time without thinking about anything. C) Tamara thinks only about things and events that she can observe directly. D) Yan appraises his reading comprehension before starting the next chapter.

20) Who of the following is probably a child (and not an adolescent)? A) Jeanette, who can easily describe her thought processes B) Prisha, who tends to think about things one aspect at a time C) Badru, who tends to question everything, just for the sake of argument D) Brandon, who entertains many possibilities before making a final decision

21) Which of the following individuals is most likely to be a child (and not an adolescent)? A) Kristine, who thinks about what other people are thinking B) Pavel, who finds it hard to believe that other people may have beliefs and intentions

that differ from his own C) Jo, who can easily interpret the feelings of others D) Joaquin, who has questions about whether his parents' rules are fair

22) Which of the following terms apply more to adolescent thought than to childhood thought? A) conservation, reversibility, structure B) assimilation, accommodation, complexity C) preoperational, egocentric, concrete D) flexible, speculative, abstract

23) Dr. Oluo believes that cognitive development happens in distinct stages. Which of these

descriptions best fits Dr. Oluo? A) Piagetian B) behaviorist C) relativist D) Millsian

24) Juan is four-and-a-half years old. His language skills are excellent, but his thinking skills

demonstrate limitations such as egocentrism. What Piagetian stage of thought would you suspect he is in? A) formal operational B) sensorimotor C) concrete operational D) preoperational

25) According to Piaget, the period of cognitive development that spans the period from early

adolescence through adulthood is called A) sensorimotor. B) preoperational. C) concrete operations. D) formal operations.

26) Piaget theorists believe that the use of ______ is the chief feature of adolescent thinking that

differentiates it from the type of thinking employed by children. A) egocentric reasoning B) abstract logical reasoning C) multidimensional reasoning D) systematic reasoning

27) The researcher Daniel Kahneman would agree with which statement? A) Teenagers and adults often behave illogically. B) Teenagers often act illogically, but adults' executive function prevents illogical

behavior. C) In many situations, adults are more illogical than teenagers. D) Although children often act illogically, teenagers rarely do.

28) Much research on adults as well as adolescents indicates that the gaps between ______ and

______ in everyday situations are very large, with everyday decision making laden with logical errors that cannot be explained by cognitive incompetence. A) what individuals want to do; what they actually do B) what individuals want to do; what they have time for C) extensive logical reasoning abilities; limited personal experience D) logical reasoning abilities; the actual use of logical reasoning

29) Scientists now believe that the transition from concrete operational thought to formal

operational thought occurs A) very suddenly and evenly across all domains of functioning. B) at the same age, regardless of the environment. C) very gradually and continuously through adolescence into adulthood. D) in a barely noticeable way.

30) Dr. Brown argues that adolescents can solve problems better than younger children because

they can store more information in memory and because they have more effective strategies. Dr. Brown's view is most consistent with which of the following perspectives? A) triarchic theory of intelligence B) information-processing perspective C) psychometric theory D) Piagetian perspective

31) Jaleel is in the seventh grade at a school that has open classrooms with multiple teachers

instructing their classes in one large area. Which of the following cognitive processes will help Jaleel focus on his teacher? A) working memory B) selective attention C) long-term memory D) divided attention

32) While studying for her biology exam, Jennifer watches her favorite show on TV. This is an

example of A) selective attention. B) divided attention. C) short-term memory. D) long-term memory.

33) Nico is able to tune out the television so that he can focus on his art project, which is due in

class tomorrow. This is an example of A) selective attention. B) divided attention. C) short-term memory. D) long-term memory.

34) Which of the following changes explains why adolescents, compared to children, may be

better able to concentrate and stay focused on reading tasks? A) decreasing use of mnemonic devices B) sticking to a tried-and-true strategy C) reduced myelination D) improvements in attention

35) Roberto says, "Graduating from college was one of the happiest days of my life." This is an

example of A) working memory. B) short-term memory. C) autobiographical memory. D) reminiscence bump.

36) The ability to remember something for a brief period of time is identified as A) working memory. B) long-term memory. C) autobiographical memory. D) reminiscence bump.

37) What is the term for experiences from adolescence that are recalled more easily than

experiences from other times in a person's life? A) working memory B) long-term memory C) autobiographical memory D) reminiscence bump

38) The ability to remember something from several years ago is called A) working memory. B) long-term memory. C) autobiographical memory. D) reminiscence bump.

39) According to scientists, why does the reminiscence bump happen? A) Memory abilities are strongest during late childhood and early adolescence. B) Many important social and emotional events happen for the first time during

adolescence. C) The adolescent brain is chemically primed to encode memories deeply. D) The brain has more synapses during adolescence than at any other time of life.

40) What is it about adolescent thinking that makes adolescents better problem solvers than

younger children are? A) a halt in synaptic pruning B) increases in synapses C) improvements in processing speed D) improvements in concrete thinking

41) Rose solves a chemistry problem by systematically testing several hypotheses. Which

information-processing skill is she using? A) attention B) memory C) organization D) speed

42) The improvements in organizational strategies seen in adolescence include A) increasing use of mnemonic devices. B) thinking concretely instead of abstractly. C) focusing on the here and now instead of on many possibilities. D) considering issues from one side instead of many sides.

43) At about what age do adolescents score as well as adults on tests of working memory and

logical reasoning? A) 13 B) 15 C) 17 D) 19

44) In recent years, which of these scientific techniques has taught us the most about how the

brain changes during adolescence? A) studies of brain development in other animals B) postmortem dissections of adolescent brains C) studies that use imaging techniques D) studies that contrast male and female adolescent brains

45) Which of the following are ways that scientists study brain maturation? A) using DTI technology to see the ways in which various regions of the brain are

connected B) using fMRI equipment to measure electrical activity on different portions of the scalp C) using electroencephalography technology to prove that most human males have smaller brains than most human females do D) using fMRI technology to measure differences in tissue density in the brains of deceased donors

46) You have been invited to be a research assistant on a study of adolescent brain function.

Based on what you have read in the chapter, which of these questions would your team try to answer? A) Which parts of the brain become physically larger in the teen years? B) Do teens and younger children use different parts of their brains to perform the same tasks? C) Do adolescents pass through any of Piaget's cognitive development stages? D) Are adolescents capable of thinking in multiple dimensions?

47) The brain functions by transmitting electrical signals across circuits that are composed of

interconnected nerve cells called A) neurons. B) dendrites. C) cortices. D) tissues.

48) Neurons are cells that carry information by transmitting electrical charges across the body.

When the electrical charge travels through a neuron, it stimulates A) the release of neurotransmitters. B) synaptic pruning. C) myelination. D) all cells to process the same information.

49) The formation of synapses is A) almost entirely genetically programmed. B) almost entirely formed through experience. C) both genetically programmed and formed through experience. D) neither genetically programmed nor formed through experience.

50) Dr. Sasaki is leading a research study on synaptic pruning. Based on what you have read in

the chapter, which of these questions do you think she will strive to answer? A) How can we reduce the amount of synaptic pruning in adolescents' brains? B) Why is synaptic pruning so common in children but relatively rare in adolescents? C) In what ways does synaptic pruning make the brain more efficient? D) Why do males undergo more synaptic pruning than females do?

51) One type of structural change in the brain has to do with changes in the levels of gray and

white matter in the brain. Which of the following statements is true? A) Gray matter decreases while white matter increases. B) Gray matter increases while white matter decreases. C) Both gray matter and white matter decrease. D) Both gray matter and white matter increase.

52) One aspect of brain maturation that is associated with increases in the speed of neural

impulses and improvements in information transmission is A) formal operational thought. B) myelination. C) metacognition. D) information-processing gains.

53) What substance insulates brain circuits and greatly increases the speed of mental processing? A) epinephrine B) serotonin C) dopamine D) myelin

54) Why are neurotransmitters' receptors essential for a healthy, high-functioning brain? A) They allow each neuron to activate all or almost all of the other neurons in the

vicinity. B) They keep the 100 billion neurons of the brain running smoothly and efficiently. C) They prevent the transmission of electrical signals in the adolescent brain. D) They prevent the transmission of chemical signals in the adolescent brain.

55) Why do Steinberg and other experts consider adolescence to be an age of opportunity? A) The human brain is more easily shaped during adolescence than at other life stages. B) During adolescence, the brain begins an explosive period of synaptic growth. C) In the teen years, the brain becomes less efficient but more imaginative thanks to

synaptic pruning. D) People in late adolescence are able to learn more because their brains become noticeably larger.

56) Your local school system is trying to decide at what age to allow students to begin studying a

foreign language. Based on what you have read about brain research, which age would you recommend? A) grade school B) high school C) college D) late adulthood

57) Jada, an adolescent, can attribute her improved skills in planning and decision making to her

own efforts and to her A) hippocampus. B) prefrontal cortex. C) amygdala. D) superior temporal sulcus.

58) Which of the following brain systems is responsible for processing emotions, social

information, and rewards? A) functional connectivity system B) response inhibition system C) limbic system D) prefrontal cortex system

59) The Neural Maturation Index provides an overall measure of adolescent brain development

by combining measurements of which processes? A) prefrontal cortex and limbic system development B) prosocial behavior and psychological maturation C) synaptic pruning and myelination D) developmental plasticity and adult plasticity

60) Chaiyo, a college student, believes helping others is important and dedicates a lot of his free

time to volunteering. What likely occurred during Chaiyo’s early to mid-adolescence? A) gradual thickening of the cortex B) greater and faster thinning of the cortex C) little myelination of the cortex D) decrease in white matter

61) Which of the following statements about changes in the brain during adolescence is true? A) Patterns of activation within the prefrontal cortex generally become less focused. B) Adolescents are more likely than children to use multiple parts of the brain

simultaneously. C) The full structural maturation of the prefrontal cortex is not complete until about age 15. D) Myelination becomes less common as the adolescent brain matures.

62) Changes in the limbic system during adolescence may cause A) decreased emotionality. B) decreased responsiveness to stress. C) increased risk-taking. D) decreased responsiveness to rewards.

63) According to recent research, which of these increase risk-taking behavior in adolescents? A) synaptic pruning and the thinning of gray matter B) the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine C) synaptic expansion and the thinning of white matter D) the neurotransmitters epinephrine and histamine

64) Which statement regarding increases in cognitive abilities is true? A) Increases in cognitive abilities are due to growth in the size of the brain. B) Expansion of the synapses leads to increases in cognitive abilities. C) Changes in levels of neurotransmitters lead to an increase in sensation seeking. D) Maturation of the hippocampus allows for complex activities such as planning and

metacognition.

65) Dr. Martino studies why and how adolescents become more sensitive to the facial

expressions of others. Which of these summaries best describes his work? A) the triarchic theory of intelligence B) the age of opportunity C) myelination D) the social brain

66) Experts believe that adolescents are more susceptible to peer pressure than other groups are

because adolescents are statistically more likely to experience A) selective attention. B) cognitive decline. C) wonder. D) embarrassment.

67) Changes in the "social brain" may help explain why adolescents tend to become A) less prone to embarrassment. B) less capable of abstract thought. C) more susceptible to peer pressure. D) more likely to ignore others' facial expressions.

68) An adolescent of average intelligence would most likely have an IQ score of A) 50. B) 100. C) 150. D) 200.

69) Which of the following statements about intelligence in adolescence is true? A) There is very little debate regarding what exactly intelligence is. B) The higher an individual's IQ, the smaller the number of same-aged peers who

perform equally or better. C) Scientists have not reported any significant correlations between aspects of IQ performance and synaptic pruning in the brain. D) An IQ test is the only way to assess intelligence in adolescents.

70) Your teacher announces that your class will complete a series of performance tests that

measure intelligence. Which of these tests would your teacher be most likely to give? A) general information B) memory C) kinesthetic D) interpersonal

71) Adolescents whose scores on a conventional IQ test rise higher than those of their peers will

probably A) have undergone more synaptic pruning than their peers have. B) have performed better, though not necessarily faster, than peers on memory tests. C) outperform their peers on verbal tests but lag behind them on mathematical tests. D) experience increased synapse production in early adulthood.

72) You are a psychologist. Your patient, Diana, had a long period of neural plasticity and a

greater-than-usual amount of synaptic pruning. Based on this information, which of these conclusions would it make sense to draw about Diana? A) She is likely to need help interacting socially with her peers. B) She will probably score high on intelligence tests. C) Diana will have difficulty focusing her attention in a typical classroom situation. D) Diana is likely to begin producing abnormally high numbers of synapses.

73) Travis is administering conventional IQ tests to people aged 5 to 25. At what age are the

mental abilities of his test subjects likely to plateau? A) early childhood B) early-to-mid-adolescence C) mid-to-late adolescence D) late adolescence and early adulthood

74) Is it possible to teach adolescents to think more creatively? A) Training adolescents can help them develop their creativity. B) Creativity is genetic, not learned, so there is no way to teach it. C) Children can learn to be more creative, but adolescents' creativity is fully formed. D) Adults can be more creative, but adolescents lack the necessary executive function.

75) Your professor asks you to develop a series of questions for your classmates that are within

their zone of proximal development. What is the best way to describe these questions? A) relatively easy to allow for repeated synaptic processing B) challenging without being at frustration level C) long and complicated but not especially interesting D) very challenging and requiring intense study

76) According to Vygotsky, adolescents learn best when A) their lessons are outside their zone of proximal development. B) a more experienced instructor is present. C) their instructor strictly limits scaffolding. D) they have a series of extremely challenging problems to tackle.

77) Meira is having trouble understanding how to do a math problem. Her teacher asks her just

the right question, and Meira understands the problem. Vygotsky would refer to the structuring process used by the teacher to guide Meira's thinking as A) laddering. B) enabling. C) pillaring. D) scaffolding.

78) Adolescents develop the ability to think about people, relationships, and social institutions.

This ability is more generally referred to as A) socialization. B) social cognition. C) abstract reasoning. D) metacognition.

79) Which of the following is one of the results of improvements in social cognition? A) Adolescents become better able to interpret the feelings of others. B) Adolescents become less able to recognize that others may view situations differently. C) Adolescents are less capable of formulating arguments. D) Adolescents are less likely to challenge their parents' and teachers' authority.

80) Which of the following statements about social cognition is true? A) Adolescents have a more differentiated and more nuanced understanding of social

norms than adults do. B) Adolescents are more able than children to step outside themselves and see things

from other vantage points. C) Adolescents are less likely than children to understand that social rules are subjective. D) Adolescents are less likely than children to believe that in some situations, it may be appropriate to limit the rights of certain people.

81) With age, adolescents become better at mentalizing, which is the ability to A) understand another person's state of mind. B) understand their own thought processes. C) separate what they know from what they think. D) use mnemonic devices and other tricks to increase processing power.

82) Imani, who is 17, has become more skilled at understanding that other people may have

beliefs and points of view that differ from her own. What do brain researchers call this ability? A) theory of mind B) social conventions C) executive activity D) myelination

83) Chris and his parents had an argument because they did not want him to go to a New Year's

Eve party across town. A few days after the argument, Chris's anger subsided because he realized his parents were worried about his safety. Which cognitive process did Chris most likely use to reach this conclusion? A) implicit personality theory B) deductive reasoning C) response inhibition D) theory of mind

84) As a result of mentalizing and developing a theory of mind, adolescents become A) more skilled at telling lies to parents and peers. B) less able to see things from another person's point of view. C) better able to act independently and take on responsibility. D) better able to plan tasks efficiently and quickly.

85) Who of the following individuals is likely to believe that it is always wrong to exclude

others? A) B) C) D)

Gwendolyn, who is trying to decide who to invite to her ninth birthday party Ana, who is a member of a high-status peer group at her high school Taman, an adolescent who has a sophisticated understanding of peer group dynamics Karl, a senior on the high school football team

86) Which of the following is a theme that has emerged from research studies on social cognition

during adolescence? A) As individuals move through adolescence, they become less able to step outside themselves and see things from other vantage points. B) Adolescents are rarely able to see that the social rules we follow are not absolute and are therefore subject to debate and questioning. C) With age, adolescents develop a more rigid, "black-and-white" understanding of social norms. D) With age, adolescents increasingly question which issues their parents and other authority figures have the right to regulate.

87) When the teacher asks a question in class, students raise their hands to answer. This example

illustrates A) a social convention. B) a specialized structural system. C) metacognitive behavior. D) dominance theory.

88) Most research on adolescents' beliefs about rights and civil liberties comes from A) studies of ethnic minority samples. B) studies of Western, middle-class youth. C) diverse socioeconomic samples. D) adolescent girls.

89) College students ignoring social distancing guidelines during the COVID-19 pandemic is an

example of adolescents doing what? A) engaging in risk taking B) understanding social conventions C) questioning laws and authority D) distinguishing between laws and social conventions

90) Which theory helps researchers understand adolescent risk taking? A) behavioral decision theory B) alternative choices theory C) desirability theory D) cognitive development theory

91) According to research on behavioral decision theory, adolescents often decide to engage in

behavior that seems risky to adults because adolescents A) cannot consider as many consequences for their actions as adults can. B) have thinking processes that are still predominantly preoperational. C) have different values and priorities than adults. D) wish to assert their independence from adults in every possible way.

92) What emotional characteristic makes an individual more likely to engage in risky behaviors? A) illogical thought B) moodiness C) sensation seeking D) anxiety

93) Behavioral decision theory draws heavily on ______ and is a rational process in which

individuals ______. A) psychoanalytic theory; are forced to think about the root of their behaviors B) information-processing theory; naturally advance in cognitive skills C) economics; calculate the costs and benefits of alternative courses of action D) behaviorism; make choices based on rewards and punishments

94) Reward seeking and sensation seeking A) are equally high during childhood and adolescence. B) are lower during adolescence than childhood. C) are caused by biological forces during adolescence and environmental forces in

childhood. D) are higher during adolescence than they were in childhood.

95) Compared to children and adults, adolescents A) engage in a greater number of risky behaviors in the real world. B) perceive fewer risks on laboratory questionnaires. C) make more deliberate decisions in the real world. D) are less likely to make a cost-benefit analysis of risks.

96) According to the textbook, a good deal of adolescents' risk taking takes place in contexts in

which A) they are unsupervised by adults and exposed to peers who encourage risky behaviors. B) older, opposite-sex peers are present and monitoring their behavior. C) they are in a new, exciting environment where formerly daunting challenges seem

easy. D) they are on their own, with no input from peers or adults.

97) One explanation for the risk-taking peak that scientists have observed in adolescence is that A) adolescents are not aware of the risks associated with certain behaviors. B) the prefrontal cortex is fully developed years before the limbic system is active. C) adolescents tend to be higher in sensation seeking and impulsivity than children and

adults are. D) few or no adolescents are capable of conducting a cost-benefit analysis.

98) According to the textbook, the main contributor to the increased rate of automobile accidents

among teenagers is A) driving under the influence. B) driving with other teenagers in the car. C) texting while driving. D) talking on the phone.

99) According to the textbook, which of the following methods is most likely to reduce

adolescent risk taking? A) classroom-based education programs designed to teach adolescents about the dangers of various activities B) classroom-based education programs designed to teach adolescents to make better decisions and resist peer pressure C) making the penalties for engaging in certain risky behaviors more severe D) encouraging adolescents to perform a cost-benefit analysis in a risky situation

100)

Senator Perkins is interested in making laws that will reduce the number of car crashes involving teens. Based on the scientific research in this chapter, which advice should she follow as she drafts a bill? A) Encourage teens to drive alone. B) Encourage adults to ride along with teen drivers. C) Encourage teens to drive with their peers. D) Encourage teens to drive with one peer at a time.

101)

Which of the following policies is most likely to reduce adolescent smoking? A) an anti-smoking ad campaign featuring celebrities B) an anti-smoking education campaign in school C) a sharp rise in the price of tobacco products D) additional information about the health risks of smoking

102)

In what five ways are the intellectual abilities of adolescents superior to those of children? Explain and give a concrete illustration of each developmental trend.

103)

Mr. Goldberg, a high school teacher, approaches you (a brilliant adolescent psychologist) regarding two of his students. He is concerned about their behavior and hopes you can explain what is going on. One student, Sharon, occasionally engages in unprotected sex. The other student, Miguel, constantly wears pants instead of shorts to hide what he believes are skinny legs. Using the theory of adolescent egocentrism, how would you characterize Sharon's behavior? How would you characterize Miguel's behavior? Be sure to justify your answer.

104)

You join your friends for coffee and notice they are arguing about whether the Piagetian or the information-processing perspective offers a better explanation of cognitive development. They ask for your opinion, and you tell them that each is useful but each has limitations. You suggest integrating the two perspectives. What do you tell your friends?

105)

Your roommate is taking an anatomy class and has noticed differences in the brains of younger and older rats. She knows ethical reasons prohibit euthanizing humans to examine their brains, and she asks you how we learn about adolescent human brains. What can you tell her about how human brains are studied?

106)

Describe a class that Lev Vygotsky would teach. What components would be important in his classroom? What tactics would he use to make learning easier?

107)

Why has adolescence been described as an "age of opportunity"? Focus your answer on physical development within the brain rather than on moral or psychological development.

108)

Nina is an adolescent and has experienced changes in cognition and theory of mind capacities. Her parents believe that these changes have both positively and negatively influenced their relationship with their daughter. How would an adolescent development psychologist explain the effects of these developmental changes in cognition?

109)

Fifteen-year-old Randall was a participant in a research study on risk taking. According to his answers on the survey, Randall understands the dangers of drinking and driving, having unprotected sex, and using marijuana. However, at a party last week, Randall was seen smoking marijuana and getting into a car with an intoxicated driver. How would you explain this inconsistency in Randall's behavior in terms of the physical aspects of brain development? Obviously, he knows the right answers, yet he engages in risky behavior.

110)

Anita cannot understand why adolescents are more likely than any other age group to engage in risky behaviors. She has learned in class that individuals undergo significant cognitive advancements during adolescence, and in fact, many adolescents aged 15 and older use the same basic processes that adults use to make decisions. Your instructor has asked you to explain to Anita why risk taking may peak during adolescence. What do you tell her?

111)

Identify the problems with the most common current methods of reducing adolescent risk taking, and summarize the best alternate methods.

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 2 1) A 2) A 3) A 4) A 5) A 6) B 7) C 8) C 9) A 10) B 11) C 12) B 13) A 14) B 15) D 16) A 17) A 18) A 19) D 20) B 21) B 22) D 23) A 24) D 25) D 26) B 27) A 28) D 29) C 30) B 31) B 32) B 33) A 34) D 35) C 36) A 37) D

38) B 39) C 40) C 41) C 42) A 43) B 44) C 45) A 46) B 47) A 48) A 49) C 50) C 51) A 52) B 53) D 54) B 55) A 56) A 57) B 58) C 59) C 60) B 61) B 62) C 63) B 64) C 65) D 66) D 67) C 68) B 69) B 70) B 71) A 72) B 73) C 74) A 75) B 76) B 77) D

78) B 79) A 80) B 81) A 82) A 83) D 84) A 85) A 86) D 87) A 88) B 89) D 90) A 91) C 92) C 93) C 94) D 95) A 96) A 97) C 98) B 99) C 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111)

B C Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 3:__________ 1) When Diego turned 18, he started to think more about his education and potential future

careers. He felt more independent and capable. What has changed for Diego? A) His cognitive functions have improved. B) His self-concept is different. C) He has achieved menarche. D) His intelligence quotient has risen.

2) Jacob is looking forward to the upcoming presidential election because he is now able to cast

his vote. Based on your knowledge of the social redefinition of adolescence, what has Jacob attained? A) elongation of adolescence B) juvenile attainment C) quinceañera D) the age of majority

3) Kaji, a 16-year-old male, has gone through the rite of passage and is now considered a

warrior by the people in his tribe. Psychologists refer to this change in Kaji's role and status as A) status offense. B) scarification. C) social redefinition. D) inventionist.

4) The universal process through which an individual's position or status is changed by society

is called A) collective efficacy. B) social redefinition. C) social specification. D) self-image stability.

5) Compared to 100 years ago, the adolescent period has been ______ and the transition into

adulthood ______. A) shortened; abbreviated B) lengthened; prolonged C) shortened; more continuous D) lengthened; abbreviated

6) Which of these is a notable factor in the modern elongation of adolescence compared to

previous eras? A) later onset of puberty B) earlier entry into adult work roles C) later entry into adult family roles D) later development of emotional maturity

7) Arwen and Nick have dated exclusively for 18 months and say they are in love. Both are age

20 and live in the United States. Based on what you have read in this chapter, which of these statements is most likely to be true? A) They currently feel younger than their chronological age. B) They will feel pressure to get married before they complete their formal schooling. C) They will marry later than their counterparts of 40 years ago did. D) Both are looking forward to their firstquinceañera.

8) You describe what you have learned in psychology class to a relative who is in her 50s. The

relative says, "There is no way that a 22-year-old should feel like an adolescent. That is nonsense." Based on what you have read in this chapter, which of these points would it make sense for you to bring up to refute that statement? A) Many people in their early 20s have had to delay their transition into adult work and family roles because they need more schooling to succeed. B) People in their early 20s are less financially dependent on their parents nowadays, but smaller family sizes means that they are more emotionally dependent on parents. C) Puberty does not last as long as it used to, which means that even people in their early 20s often feel as if they are still adolescents. D) Most people in their early 20s today are less emotionally mature than their counterparts of a century ago.

9) Dr. Jones argues that adolescence is primarily a social construct rather than a biological or

cognitive phenomenon. The view that the broader environment influences our conception of adolescence is most in line with the A) Piagetian perspective. B) psychometric perspective. C) inventionist perspective. D) contextual perspective.

10) Which of the following statements about the inventionist perspective is true? A) Adolescence is a separate period that has been largely determined by the broader

social environment. B) Adolescence is driven by the physiological changes of puberty. C) The cognitive advances of adolescence are what make this period distinct from all others. D) Adolescence is not a distinct period in the life cycle and should not be regarded as such.

11) Before the Industrial Revolution, the term child referred to A) ages 3-12. B) ages 5-10. C) anyone under age 18 or 21. D) anyone from the ages of 3 to 25.

12) According to the inventionist theory, adolescence was not considered a distinct transitional

period until A) the publication of Seventeen magazine. B) the creation of child labor laws. C) the Industrial Revolution. D) girls and boys started going through puberty earlier.

13) In the 19th century, what distinguished children from adults? A) what job they performed B) whether they owned property C) their marital status D) their religious confirmation

14) The term adolescent became widely used at what time? A) the 1600s B) the 1700s C) the 1800s D) the 1900s

15) Which of the following contributed to the popularization of the term "youth movement"? A) increased materialism among college students B) a declining college population C) a rise in student activism at colleges D) a desire to return to childhood's pleasures

16) Which of the following was an outcome of the Industrial Revolution? A) a greatly increased number of job opportunities B) the shortening of schooling for adolescents C) a decrease in crime as machines replaced people in the workforce D) a social movement to keep adolescents out of the workplace

17) The status of adolescents as full-time students arose as a result of A) the Industrial Revolution. B) increases in scientific knowledge. C) political changes resulting from the Civil War. D) the advent of technical careers.

18) Before industrialization, the term youth referred to A) all children. B) ages 12-24. C) ages 10-18. D) ages 3-12.

19) Your psychology professor has invited you to take part in a historical study on the invention

of the teenager. Which of the following topics will be the most important for you to research? A) art and design B) advertising C) interpersonal communication D) labor laws

20) In Western societies, adolescence has been redefined as a time of ______ rather than ______. A) invention; imagination B) preparation; participation C) working; schooling D) apprenticeship; autonomy

21) The Boy Scouts is an example of an organization that grew out of the ______ school of

thought. A) revolutionary B) Piagetian C) child protectionist D) inventionist

22) During the Industrial Revolution, child protectionists argued that A) adolescents were becoming psychologically mature too early in life. B) adolescents needed parental permission to marry. C) young people needed to be kept away from the labor force. D) adolescent music was too controversial and needed to be censored.

23) Popularized about 75 years ago, this expression refers to young people in a more frivolous

and lighthearted manner than the term adolescent. A) youngster B) youth C) teenager D) punk

24) Which of the following was a result of industrialization? A) a return to old patterns of work B) more time spent in school C) the shortening of adolescence D) more time working with family members

25) Today, most people go through ______ earlier than they did 100 years ago, but they tend to

stay in ______ longer. A) puberty; school B) marriage; school C) school; puberty D) school; marriage

26) One of society’s reasons for the redefinition of adolescence was A) B) C) D)

the protection of adult jobs. the prevention of teen pregnancy. the need for young people to become more responsible. the growing prevalence of teen marriage.

27) Which of the following statements about the concept of emerging adulthood is true? A) It is more common among politically conservative youth. B) It is term that applies only to a minority of people in their early 20s. C) It is an economic phenomenon rather than a social one. D) It is a social phenomenon that is part of all cultures.

28) Recent research on psychological well-being in emerging adulthood suggests it is a time of

______ for most people. A) positive and improving mental health B) increasing stress caused by financial instability C) shaky and deteriorating mental health D) carefree optimism and independence

29) Which of these statements about emerging adulthood, the developmental period between

adolescence and adulthood, is true? A) It exists in nearly all cultures that anthropologists have studied. B) It is most common in communist and socialist countries. C) It exists in very few cultures. D) It exists wherever there is a large discrepancy between the rich and the poor.

30) Which of the following people is most likely to be experiencing emerging adulthood? A) Javier, a 21-year-old living in a lower-income family in a wealthy nation B) Dion, a 28-year-old living in a poor nation C) Rebecca, a 21-year-old living in an upper-income family in a wealthy nation D) Gia, a 28-year-old living in a poor nation

31) Bella is 26. She expected to receive a two-year degree but has not yet finished it. She goes on

dates a couple of times a month. She has her own apartment but still gets a small monthly allowance from her mother. Based on the description of developmental task domains, many psychologists would consider Bella to be A) succeeding. B) maintaining. C) stalling. D) failing.

32) Valerie, a 15-year-old, faced punishment for dropping out of school and leaving home

without permission. "They don't punish 20-year-olds for doing what I did," she says. Which of these terms accurately describes Valerie's situation? A) status offenses B) criminal justice C) social adulthood D) initiation ceremonies

33) Research into the ability of juveniles to make competent legal decisions has found that A) about one-fifth of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial. B) about one-tenth of 14- and 15-year-olds are not competent to stand trial. C) almost all youths are competent to stand trial. D) nearly three-quarters of youths under the age of 15 are competent to stand trial.

34) Research into juveniles and the justice system has found that juveniles are less likely than

adults to A) understand their rights when being questioned by the police. B) confess to a crime, rather than remain silent. C) be silent about disagreements with their lawyers. D) ignore the long-term consequences of accepting a plea agreement.

35) Which of the following statements best characterizes the U.S. Supreme Court's position on

the status of adolescents? A) The Court has not been able to give consistent guidance about the status of adolescents. B) In recent decades the Court has consistently treated adolescents as miniature adults. C) Again and again, the Court has regarded adolescents as having only a little more maturity than children do. D) The Court has said that adolescents do not have the maturity to exercise religious freedoms.

36) Jennifer, who is 16, ran away with her friend Tonya, who is 18. The police arrested Jennifer,

who is likely to be tried A) at the age of majority. B) as an adult. C) in the juvenile justice system. D) in the criminal justice system.

37) Adolescents who are convicted of crimes become part of the ______ justice system, whereas

adults convicted of the same crimes are part of the ______ justice system. A) child; adult B) status; majority C) criminal; adult D) juvenile; criminal

38) Legal decisions have tended to support adolescent autonomy when the behavior at issue is A) viewed as potentially dangerous. B) supported by the adolescents' parents. C) also legal for adults. D) viewed as having potential benefit.

39) Compared to a child, an older adolescent is likely to A) experience more stress and less happiness until the transition to full-fledged

adulthood. B) face a range of decisions that may have serious long-term consequences. C) have fewer long-term possibilities. D) have an identity crisis.

40) Can society assume a 15-year-old is more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been

found not competent to stand trial? What about a 13-year-old? A) A significant number of 13- and 15-year-olds are likely to be as impaired in their abilities to stand trial as mentally ill adults who are incompetent to stand trial. B) The 15-year-old is definitely more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult; however, it is likely that the 13-year-old would be as impaired in her or his ability as a mentally ill adult. C) Both of these adolescents are likely to be more competent than a mentally ill adult who has been determined to be not competent to stand trial. D) It is not possible to predict whether 15- or 13-year-olds would be more competent to stand trial than a mentally ill adult.

41) Compared to when adults are interrogated by the police, juveniles are more likely to A) understand their rights. B) confess to a crime than remain silent. C) discuss disagreements with their attorney. D) consider the long-term effects of a plea deal.

42) Why is it so difficult to draw a legal boundary between when someone should be treated like

a child and when someone is ready to be treated like an adult? A) Development can be rapid and varies widely between individuals. B) It is difficult to predict when individuals will go through puberty. C) These laws have been in place for hundreds of years and they are difficult to change. D) Most adolescents look older than they feel.

43) The Supreme Court decision in Mahoney Area School District v. Levy determined that A) schools cannot infringe on students’ free speech when it is exercised off campus. B) high schools can censor articles written for their school newspaper. C) high school students can form a Bible study group that meets in their school. D) teenagers can buy contraceptives without their parents’ knowledge or approval.

44) Which of the following Supreme Court cases demonstrated the Court's belief that adolescents

may be less blameworthy than adults? A) Roper v. Simmons B) Hodgson v. Minnesota C) Board of Education v. Mergens D) Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier

45) One discrepancy in the way that society treats adolescents is that courts have ruled that

teenagers have the right to obtain ______; however, the courts have also upheld laws forbidding adolescents to obtain ______. A) cigarettes; contraceptives B) vulgar magazines; contraceptives C) contraceptives; cigarettes or vulgar magazines D) vulgar magazines; cigarettes

46) Thirteen-year-old Ari is Bar Mitzvahed and gains the right to take part in public worship in

his synagogue. Which of these terms would a psychologist use to describe Ari's Bar Mitzvah? A) variation in clarity B) quinceañera C) status offense D) initiation ceremony

47) During social redefinition, the separation of adolescents from parents can be ______ or

______. A) protectionist; imaginist B) juvenile; criminal C) psychological; economic D) real; symbolic

48) One common aspect of social redefinition during adolescence is ______ of the differences

between males and females. A) an accentuation B) an elimination C) the creation D) a deemphasis

49) Which group of individuals is likely to describe themselves as more mature than adolescents,

but not as mature as adults? A) "tweens" between the ages of 9 and 12 B) college students C) individuals in their late 20s D) emancipated minors

50) A groups of peers who are approximately the same age is known as A) a cohort. B) colleagues. C) juveniles. D) a sample.

51) Which of the following themes is a usual element in the process of social redefinition? A) the downplaying of physical and social differences between males and females B) the real or symbolic separation of the adolescent from his or her peers C) the separation of adolescents experiencing menarche from elder members of the

community D) the passing on of cultural, historical, and practical information

52) In some cultures, the accentuation of differences between sexes during the social redefinition

of adolescence occurs partly because of A) the uncertainty of when puberty will take place. B) adult work roles that are rarely sex-differentiated. C) adult family roles that are highly sex-differentiated. D) a lack of understanding of what adolescents want and need.

53) Modernization and globalization have extended the transition from adolescence to adulthood

primarily because of ______ in the cultures they have affected. A) the delayed and erratic onset of puberty B) a lengthier period of prefrontal cortex development C) the failure of young adults to settle down in marriage-like relationships D) the increased importance of formal education in making a successful transition into adult roles

54) A Bar Mitzvah, religious confirmation in a church, and aquinceañera are all examples of A) B) C) D)

status offenses. inventionism. initiation ceremonies. universal rites of passage.

55) In many non-Western cultures, there is a huge discrepancy in the extension of privileges to

males and females. In general, girls' behavior is more ______, whereas boys are given more ______. A) subject to the control of peers; responsibilities B) subject to the control of adults; freedom and autonomy C) likely to be regulated by community standards; family-level rules D) educational opportunities; work opportunities

56) Veronica had to wait until she was 13 years old before her parents would allow her to get her

ears pierced. A psychologist would call this an example of A) a body ritual. B) inventionism. C) elongated adolescence. D) an initiation ceremony.

57) The Bar Mitzvah and Bat Mitzvah are contemporary examples of traditional society's

practice of ______ in adolescence. A) the introduction of work-related skills B) the separation of males and females C) the separation of parents and children D) the importance of inventionism

58) Which of the following is an aspect of social redefinition? A) the passing on of information from the younger generation B) the accentuation of similarities between males and females C) the real or symbolic separation from parents D) the completion of informal schooling

59) The messages that contemporary society sends adolescents are A) full of sexual innuendos. B) unclear and inconsistent. C) outdated. D) inappropriate for young people.

60) In Marley's society, adolescents are expected to attain adult roles at a certain age; however,

they are provided with little training for such responsibilities. Additionally, adolescents tend to be segregated from the workforce and receive little training in school for the types of jobs they will hold as adults. What type of society does Marley most likely belong to? A) traditional B) contemporary C) child protectionist D) non-industrialized

61) Charles feels older than his actual age. He is most likely to be which of the following ages? A) 18 B) 26 C) 35 D) 55

62) Initiation ceremonies for young women in traditional societies most often coincide with A) marriage. B) puberty. C) scarification. D) the completion of formal schooling.

63) Which of these is a key difference between traditional societies and contemporary societies? A) In contemporary societies, teenagers and adults often dress in a similar fashion. B) In traditional societies, social redefinition during adolescence is more ambiguous. C) In traditional societies, teenagers tend to emulate the dress and grooming of adults. D) Contemporary societies treat juveniles more consistently in the legal arena.

64) Scarification or a surgical operation is a relatively common feature of a(n) A) continuous transition B) initiation ceremony C) menarche D) quinceañera

65) Following many initiation ceremonies, A) the subject’s adolescent period is extended beyond the age of majority. B) males and females are treated identically. C) the subject begins wearing new types of clothing. D) very little changes in the subject’s social status or appearance.

66) Individuals who were adolescents in the late 1950s and 1960s are known as members of the A) Leave It to Beaver generation. B) baby-boom generation. C) back-to-basics generation. D) Great Depression generation.

67) In 1960, the average age of marriage for women was ______; today it is ______. A) 20; 28 B) 26; 20 C) 30; 27 D) 20; 20

68) Dr. Ramirez believes that the passage into adulthood is a gradual process in which the

adolescent assumes the roles and status of adulthood bit by bit. Dr. Ramirez is a believer in A) continuous transition. B) discontinuous transition. C) longitudinal perspective. D) the abstemious approach.

69) Dr. Goodrich believes that the passage into adulthood is a sudden change in which adult roles

and statuses are abruptly assumed. This view is most closely associated with the A) continuous transition. B) discontinuous transition. C) longitudinal perspective. D) abstemious approach.

70) Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now,

30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son how to manage it. Based on your knowledge about the continuity of adolescence, how would you describe Mark's transition? A) attenuated B) longitudinal C) discontinuous D) continuous

71) Compared to the situation 50 or 60 years ago, today's transition to adulthood is A) short and smooth. B) short and disorderly. C) long and disorderly. D) long and smooth.

72) Societies in which hunting, fishing, and farming are the primary work activities tend to

exhibit a more ______ transition between adolescence and adulthood. A) continuous B) discontinuous C) exaggerated D) protracted

73) In contemporary society, the transition into adult work roles is fairly A) discontinuous. B) continuous. C) smooth. D) unlikely.

74) The current transition into adult occupations in America is considered a A) functional transition. B) discontinuous transition. C) continuous transition. D) consonant transition.

75) In modern societies, people are expected to perform capably in the realms of work, family,

and citizenship upon becoming adults A) even though young adults are not mentally mature enough to do so. B) thanks to gradual socialization into these roles by their parents. C) because school provides them with the tools to succeed in these areas. D) despite having little experience with them as adolescents.

76) Dr. Mondragon, a psychologist, is a member of a blue-ribbon government panel that is

seeking to speed up the transition from adolescence to adulthood. Which of these measures should Dr. Mondragon advocate? A) Suggest that people in their early 20s delay marriage. B) Encourage people in their early 20s to move back in with their parents. C) Advise a decrease in the costs of housing and transportation for people under 35. D) Encourage people in their late teens and early 20s to finish their formal education.

77) Which of the following statements about the transition from adolescence to adulthood is

true? A) No prior period in history saw as disorderly a transition to adulthood as people

experience today. B) The transition into adulthood in the nineteenth century was just as prolonged and disorderly as it is today. C) No prior period in history saw as smooth a transition to adulthood as people experience today. D) The transition into adulthood in the nineteenth century was much faster and smoother than it is today.

78) In 2014, which of the following living arrangements was most common for Americans

between the ages of 18 and 34? A) living in parent(s)' home B) living alone, single parents, and other family heads C) other living arrangement D) married or cohabitating in own household

79) Compared to 100 years ago, contemporary adolescents take on full-time employment _____

and live under adult supervision _____ than adolescents in earlier times. A) later; more B) later; less C) earlier; more D) earlier; less

80) By the end of the century, it is estimated that nearly ________ of American adolescents will

be non-White. A) 1/10 B) 1/4 C) 1/3 D) 2/3

81) According to research, which of the following individuals is likely to have the most difficulty

negotiating the transition into adolescence in the United States? A) Naomi, an Asian American B) Ken, a White American C) Charlie, a Native American D) Sara, a White American

82) Research suggests that the transition into adulthood is more likely to be impeded among

________ adolescents than among ________ adolescents. A) minority; White B) White; minority C) American; European D) European; American

83) According to research, Black, Hispanic, and Native American youth have more trouble

negotiating the transition into adulthood than do their counterparts of which group or groups? A) White youth only B) Asian youth only C) White and Asian youth D) multiracial and adopted youth

84) Which of the following individuals is most likely to have their transition into adulthood

disrupted? A) Ella, who experienced an out-of-wedlock pregnancy during adolescence B) Lula, who lives in a neighborhood with high socioeconomic status C) Gerald, who became engaged at age 19 D) Max, who did not do well in high school but plans to enroll in college

85) In general, is "Americanization" a positive and desirable experience for immigrant

adolescents? A) No, Americanization appears to be associated with worse, not better, outcomes. B) Yes, Americanization appears to be associated with better outcomes. C) There is no clear correlation between Americanization and adolescent outcomes. D) Yes, but only adolescents who began Americanization while they were still children have been shown to have better outcomes.

86) Why do adolescents who move into wealthier neighborhoods sometimes feel worse off than

their peers who stay in less wealthy neighborhoods? A) Wealthy neighborhoods do not have significantly better parks, gyms, or libraries than poorer neighborhoods. B) Moving to a wealthier neighborhood is a letdown because they have difficulty making new friends. C) U.S. poverty has become less concentrated in recent decades, so a move to a wealthier neighborhood does not mean much of a difference in circumstances. D) Moving to a wealthier neighborhood makes it easier to contrast their situations with their new neighbors' circumstances.

87) Which of the following can protect adolescents against the negative effects of exposure to

violence? A) structured extracurricular activities B) regular exercise and a nutritious diet C) intellectually stimulating high school classes D) the ability to declare independence from peers

88) A recent study found that instruction in ________ lessened some of the stresses felt by

adolescents in poor urban neighborhoods? A) mindfulness B) Americanization C) scarification rituals D) transition rituals

89) One reason that poverty adversely affects the behavior and development of adolescents is

that A) B) C) D)

social problems are contagious and can spread from one adolescent to another. poverty in neighborhoods reduces levels of social isolation. adolescents growing up in poverty are more likely to be exposed to religious rituals. good parenting is less impactful in poor neighborhoods.

90) Tamika and Theresa both live in single-parent households that receive welfare payments.

Tamika lives in a wealthier neighborhood than Theresa. According to community researchers, who is more likely to drop out of school or become pregnant? A) Tamika B) Theresa C) Both have an equal chance. D) It is not possible to predict this.

91) Researchers studied teenagers who live in wealthy neighborhoods and found that they have

______ levels of delinquency than teenagers in ______ neighborhoods. A) lower; middle-class B) higher; poor C) higher; middle-class D) lower; poor

92) One of the reasons adolescents who grow up in poor areas are prone to harmful behaviors

like drug use, criminal activity, and having a baby is that A) they experience more peer pressure any other adolescents. B) they have less experience of seeing the negative consequences of such actions. C) they have little reason to be hopeful about their future. D) they have no community norms to abide by.

93) What is the most likely explanation for the fact that relocating adolescents from poor

neighborhoods to more advantaged neighborhoods sometimes has negative effects on the adolescents? A) Adolescents may encounter more discrimination in their new neighborhoods. B) Parents of adolescents in wealthier neighborhoods may monitor their children more vigilantly. C) Adolescents who move to new neighborhoods may end up feeling less disadvantaged. D) Wealthier neighborhoods allow access to fewer but higher-quality resources than poorer neighborhoods do.

94) You are designing a study on how neighborhoods affect adolescent development. Based on

your knowledge of this topic, which of the following do you anticipate? A) It will be difficult to determine which outcomes can be traced to the impact of the neighborhood and which are due to other factors, such as level of parental involvement. B) There will most likely be a direct correlation between each neighborhood's average income and its rate of delinquency, with the wealthiest areas having the lowest rates of delinquency. C) There will likely be a direct correlation between available resources and adults' view of teenagers, with adults in the richest areas having the lowest opinions of teenagers. D) It will be difficult to determine whether any outcomes can be traced to the impact of the neighborhood, since most neighborhoods have similar resources available.

95) A neighborhood where the inhabitants trust each other and can count on each other to

monitor the activities of youth in the community is a neighborhood with A) low levels of violence. B) strong access to resources. C) high collective efficacy. D) high levels of wealth.

96) Which of the following is true about adolescents who have been exposed to violence? A) They are less likely to engage in violence. B) They are more likely to think about killing themselves. C) They are more likely to report symptoms of mania. D) They are less likely to experience feelings of hopelessness.

97) How does social redefinition link together rights, privileges, responsibilities, and obligations

for adolescents in the United States? Provide at least two examples.

98) You are a specialist in adolescent development and have been invited to serve as an expert

witness in a high-profile case. The case involves a 15-year-old girl who is being charged with a gruesome first-degree murder. The judge would like to hold this girl to the same standards of criminal responsibility as he would an adult. For this reason, the judge has chosen to process this girl in a criminal court. Do you think the teenage murderer would be competent to stand trial in a criminal court? Based on what you know about the legal boundaries between childhood and adulthood, do you agree with the judge's decision? Where does our society typically draw the line between adolescence and adulthood?

99) Applying what you have learned about initiation ceremonies and social redefinition, design

an initiation ceremony for American adolescents in the 1800s. Describe at what age this would take place. What general themes would be present within your ceremony?

100)

Since Mark was 5 years old, he has been helping his father maintain the family farm. Now, 30 years later, Mark owns the farm and is teaching his own son to manage it. Mark's brother, Jeffrey, left the farm to attend college and has worked in several different fields since graduating. Who most likely had the easier transition from adolescence to adulthood? How do you know this?

101)

You have been appointed to a commission charged with making the transition from adolescence to adulthood smoother for all young people. Based on your knowledge of what experts consider the most important factors to adjust, make at least two specific recommendations of how the transition process could be improved.

102)

Amanda, a 13-year-old Latinx girl, lives below the poverty line with her mother in a poor neighborhood. Based on what you know about the effects of poverty on the transition to adulthood, what would you predict for Amanda? Be sure to include the role of race or ethnicity and neighborhoods in your answer.

103)

Imagine that your class just finished discussing all the ways that poverty negatively affects development. After the discussion, one of your peers turns to you and asks, "Why do people need to continue studying poverty? Don't we already know it's bad? Why is neighborhood research so complicated? Can we just use the funds that currently support this type of research to relocate families living in poor neighborhoods to wealthier neighborhoods?" What would you tell your classmate?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 3 1) B 2) D 3) C 4) B 5) B 6) C 7) C 8) A 9) C 10) A 11) C 12) C 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) D 17) A 18) B 19) B 20) B 21) C 22) C 23) C 24) B 25) A 26) A 27) B 28) A 29) C 30) C 31) B 32) A 33) A 34) A 35) A 36) C 37) D

38) D 39) B 40) A 41) B 42) A 43) A 44) A 45) C 46) D 47) D 48) A 49) B 50) A 51) D 52) C 53) D 54) C 55) B 56) A 57) B 58) C 59) B 60) B 61) A 62) B 63) A 64) B 65) C 66) B 67) A 68) A 69) B 70) D 71) C 72) A 73) A 74) B 75) D 76) C 77) B

78) A 79) B 80) D 81) C 82) A 83) C 84) A 85) A 86) D 87) A 88) A 89) A 90) B 91) C 92) C 93) A 94) A 95) C 96) B 97) Short Answer 98) Short Answer 99) Short Answer 100) Short Answer 101) Short Answer 102) Short Answer 103) Short Answer

Chapter 4:__________ 1) The fact that most books for parents of teenagers tend to focus on the problems instead of

normative development is concerning because A) the stereotypes are usually based on facts. B) the more parents believe in the stereotypes, the worse their relationships with their teenagers become. C) most parents have no idea what to expect when their children reach adolescence. D) the more parents expect that their teenagers will be difficult, the more prepared they will be.

2) The idea that an individual’s behavior is influenced by others’ expectations for them is called A) B) C) D)

a parent-child rift. a self-fulfilling prophecy. an empty nest syndrome. a midlife crisis.

3) Parents who have financial demands from adolescent children and aging parents are part of

the A) “no-win generation.” B) “sandwich generation.” C) “dissonant generation.” D) “middle-aged generation.”

4) Which of the following statements about family conflict is true? A) Family problems are more likely to occur during adolescence than in other

developmental periods. B) Among teenagers and parents who report having problems, the great majority had problematic relationships during childhood. C) Adolescents frequently report declines in the quality of family interactions. D) A large percentage of families who have positive relations during childhood develop serious problems during adolescence.

5) As Alex enters adolescence, he and his parents are experiencing severe relationship

problems. The most likely explanation is that A) adolescence is a period of "storm and stress." B) the generation gap is a major issue for parents and their adolescents. C) their problematic relationship has existed since Alex's childhood. D) Alex has been negatively affected by his entrance into the high school system.

6) During adolescence, an individual’s peer group usually________ in importance. A) B) C) D)

decreases stays the same increases fluctuates

7) Which of the following is an accurate statement about stereotyping adolescents? A) The more parents believe in the stereotype of adolescents as difficult, the more they

expect their child to conform to it. B) The more parents believe in the stereotype of adolescents as difficult, the less they expect their child to conform to it. C) Parents’ belief in the stereotype of adolescents as difficult has little effect on their interactions with their own adolescents. D) If parents avoid believing the stereotype of adolescents as difficult, then their relationship with their own adolescents will not have difficulties.

8) A perspective on family functioning that emphasizes interconnections among different family

relationships is called A) family genetics theory. B) family systems theory. C) family order theory D) family paradigm theory.

9) Research on the nature of parent-adolescent relationships reveals that most adolescents A) experience considerable storm and stress in relationships with their parents. B) resent their parents and rebel against their restrictions. C) appear to maintain close, respectful, and loving relationships with parents. D) become even closer to parents, and report almost no disruptions in their relationships

with them.

10) Jim and Savannah are the parents of two preteen girls. Throughout the girls' childhood, the

family has enjoyed fairly harmonious relationships. The likelihood that they will experience serious problems as the girls go through adolescence is A) highly likely. B) average. C) not likely. D) not easily predicted.

11) Parents view many issues of right and wrong based on_______, whereas adolescents view

these issues as matters of______. A) religion; convention B) personal choice; convention C) convention; religion D) convention; personal choice

12) Research indicates that one source of conflict between teenagers and parents is that they

define issues very differently. This finding A) has not been replicated in minority ethnic groups. B) is not true for middle- and lower-class adolescents. C) has not been replicated internationally. D) has been replicated across many cultural and ethnic groups.

13) Which statement concerning parent-adolescent conflict is supported by research? A) Ethnic minority adolescents are more likely than White adolescents to experience

conflict with their parents. B) Ethnic minority adolescents are less likely than White adolescents to experience conflict with their parents. C) Adolescents and their parents do not tend to conflict over everyday issues, such as chores. D) Less conflict resulting from the generation gap is seen outside the United States.

14) Conflict between parents and adolescents over appropriate leisure activities is A) most common in East Asian countries. B) seen mostly in democratic countries. C) primarily found in the United States. D) common across many cultures.

15) For which of the following decisions would Nozomi, an older adolescent, be most likely to

accept her parents' rules? A) what she should wear on her first day of school B) what music she should play at her birthday party C) what time of night she needs to be home by D) how clean and organized her room should be

16) Marcus is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues,

however, is Marcus most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A) how to wear his hair B) the issue of capital punishment C) his religious beliefs D) the value of a college education

17) Over the period of adolescence, individuals' perspectives change. Research indicates that one

manifestation of this change in perspective is a(n)_____ in adolescents' willingness to lie to their parents. A) increase B) decrease C) initial increase, but then a strong decrease D) increase, but only for girls

18) Adolescents often judge keeping one's room clean and style of dress as matters of personal

choice, whereas parents tend to judge these issues as matters of A) social convention. B) moral absolutes. C) house rules. D) hygiene.

19) One reason that the adolescent years may constitute a difficult period of adjustment is that

parents A) B) C) D)

are frequently becoming more involved in building their own careers. seem to be pushing children toward financial independence at earlier ages. are at home more often and do not give their children adequate freedom. may also be experiencing identity crises of their own.

20) After midlife, parents are more likely to think about the future in terms of A) how much time they have been alive. B) how much time their children have been alive. C) how much time until their children are adults. D) how much time they have left to live themselves.

21) Alesandro has aspirations to become a professional musician, but whenever he speaks to his

father about his career plans, his father emphasizes that Alesandro needs a backup plan and should think of something more practical. The most likely reason for this conflict is that A) parents do not understand their teenagers' tastes and personal preferences very well. B) those experiencing middle age tend to be more pragmatic and are coming to terms with their life choices. C) Alesandro and his father experienced a lot of conflict during Alesandro's childhood. D) Alesandro's values have changed, and his father does not approve of his life choices.

22) The identity changes of adolescence may interact with the________ to increase family

conflict. A) hormonal surges of puberty B) family systems theory C) generational gap D) midlife crisis of adults

23) Most parents are in their________ when their first child enters early adolescence. A) late 30s B) early 30s C) late 40s D) early 40s

24) Which of the following statements about parents of adolescents is true? A) Adjusting to adolescence takes a greater toll on the mental health of children than on

their parents. B) Mothers typically feel the greatest sense of loss when their teenagers leave home. C) Parents' mental health declines when they enter the "empty nest" stage. D) Parents' mental health is worse when their teenage children are living at home.

25) An orientation toward life in which the needs of one’s family take precedence over the needs

of the individual is called A) authoritarianism. B) familism. C) generational unity. D) generational compliance.

26) The distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early adolescence will A) be temporary. B) be permanent. C) increase throughout adolescence. D) decrease in middle adolescence.

27) Professor Ngo is studying family transitions. According to family systems theory, he is most

likely to see dramatic changes in family relationships during which of the following events? A) when individual family members are changing, such as during adolescence B) when the family is free from major outside distractions, such as job changes or moves C) when children are in elementary school and parents are approaching middle age D) when the family is financially stable and its prospects for the future are strong

28) In addition to coping with the increasing importance of an adolescent's peer group, one of the

biggest concerns in families with adolescents is often A) the future. B) sexual appeal. C) money. D) adult roles.

29) Which of the following is one of the three major factors that influence the transformation in

family relationships that takes places during early adolescence? A) the adolescent's peer group B) pubertal maturation C) gender of the adolescent D) the parents' mental health

30) Before making weekend plans with his friend, 15-year-old Adithan considers his family's

schedule and checks with his parents to see if they need his help with anything. He also offers to bring along his 13-year-old sister, so that his parents can have time to relax. Adithan's attitude toward the importance of his family's needs is an example of A) obligation. B) familism. C) prosocial values. D) generational dissonance.

31) Studies of immigrant families suggest that parental effectiveness is greatest in households in

which A) B) C) D)

adolescents and their parents prefer communicating in the same language. parents communicate in English as much as possible. adolescents use English to communicate, and the parents use their native language. parents have adjusted to living in the United States.

32) Which of the following is an accurate example of familism? A) Because tennis practice would conflict with Friday night dinners with Nyala's

grandparents, she chooses to join the track team instead. B) Chanthou hates driving his little sister to her voice lessons, so he asks his mother to do it instead. C) Although Daphne's father is fluent in English, he and Daphne both prefer to speak Greek at home. D) Gael's mother allows him to go to a movie with friends on Saturday, even though they originally had plans to visit to his uncle.

33) Which of the following research findings best describes the phenomenon known as

generational dissonance? A) Recent studies found that stress and conflict are higher in Latinx families in which adolescents are relatively more acculturated than their parents. B) One recent study found that teenagers rated their mothers' behaviors far more negatively than did either the mothers or the researcher. C) Several researchers have demonstrated that during puberty adolescents bicker more with their parents and are less close to them. D) Research suggests that the distancing that takes place between parents and teenagers in early and middle adolescence is temporary.

34) Which of the following American adolescents does research suggest is more likely to become

depressed and experience conflict with their parents? A) Agwe, a 17-year-old boy who lies to his Jamaican immigrant mother about which friends he is spending time with B) Mei Lien, a 15-year-old girl who would rather spend time with her American friends than do the chores assigned by her Chinese immigrant mother C) Manuel, a 15-year-old boy who speaks Spanish with his Guatemalan immigrant father and feels it is important to spend time with his parents D) Nevinka, a 17-year-old girl whose Sri Lankan immigrant parents speak English with her and encourage her to socialize with her American friends

35) Which child would be expected to have the most conflict with his parents? A) Li, an 8-year-old B) Robert, a 13-year-old C) Anton, a 17-year-old D) Eduardo, a 19-year-old

36) The divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families

consisting of immigrant parents and U.S.-acculturated adolescents is called generational A) rebellion. B) dissonance. C) familism. D) separation.

37) Benjamin's parents expect him to tell them everything. However, now that he's 13 years old,

he feels entitled to keep secrets from them. This is an example of an adolescent-parent disagreement over which kind of issue? A) parental control B) emotional distress C) compromise D) familism

38) Which of the following statements best describes how adolescent sons and daughters interact

with their parents? A) Girls are closer to their mothers, while boys are closer to their fathers. B) Girls are closer to their fathers, while boys are closer to their mothers. C) Girls and boys interact with their parents in similar ways. D) Boys are closer to both parents, while girls are more distant.

39) Which of the following statements about the way in which teenagers relate to mothers and

fathers is true? A) Adolescents tend to be closer to their mothers. B) Adolescents relate to their mothers and fathers very similarly. C) Adolescents fight more often with their fathers than their mothers. D) Adolescents perceive fathers as more controlling than their mothers.

40) Which of the following examples best represents a typical relationship between an adolescent

and their parents? A) Although Noelia fights often with her mother, she confides in her when she has issues with her friends. She is not as close to her father and mostly talks to him about her soccer team. B) Connor is closest with his father and goes to him for advice about his girlfriend. He doesn't spend much time with his mother, who tends to rely on his father for information. C) Bao is close to both her parents and divides her time equally between them. She is just as likely to talk about emotional matters with one of her parents as with the other. D) Lishan is distant from both his parents. He does not confide in either parent and spends little time at home. Lishan is most likely to talk to his peers about emotional matters.

41) Adolescents tend to perceive their mothers as______ than their fathers. A) less nurturing B) more distant C) less supportive D) more controlling

42) Adolescents who spend more time with their fathers are more likely to experience A) poor school performance and delinquent behavior. B) social competence and feelings of self-worth. C) academic and athletic success. D) frequent conflict with their mother.

43) Felicia is very warm and accepting towards both of her two children, but she also sets firm

rules that the children must follow with very few exceptions. According to Baumrind, the characteristics that best describe her are A) responsive and demanding. B) indulgent and submissive. C) authoritarian and understanding. D) lenient and supportive.

44) Max tells his friends that his mother is a "real marshmallow" who does whatever he wants

and never enforces the rules she tries to set. If Max's statement is true, his mother's parenting style is best characterized as A) authoritarian. B) indifferent. C) indulgent. D) submissive.

45) Yusuf's parents set rules for him, but he feels that when a rule seems unfair, he can discuss it

with his parents, and even if they don't agree to change the rule, they at least listen to his opinions. Yusuf's parents fit best into which of the following parenting styles? A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) indulgent D) indifferent

46) Tamari's father has absolute standards and expects Tamari to conform to them without

exception. If she disobeys he generally punishes her and sees no reason why he should explain his rules to Tamari. Instead, his response is, "I'm the father, and I love you. I know what's best for you." Her father is best described as having what kind of parenting style? A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) indulgent D) indifferent

47) Lupe's parents express love toward her and want her to be happy. They let her, for the most

part, establish her own schedule. Lupe eats when she's hungry, has full run of the house, goes out when she pleases, and sleeps when she's tired. This parenting style is best described as A) authoritative. B) authoritarian. C) indulgent. D) indifferent.

48) Decha's teacher is concerned about him because he is passive and indifferent to new

experiences and shows little intellectual curiosity. He also shows signs of developing low self-esteem. Based on Baumrind's classification of parenting styles, Decha's parents are most likely A) authoritative. B) authoritarian. C) indulgent. D) indifferent.

49) Corinna is more responsible, more self-assured, more adaptive, more creative, and more

intellectually curious than most of her peers. Felix, on the other hand, is very dependent, more passive, less socially adept, less self-assured, and less intellectually curious than most of his peers. It is most likely that Corinna has______ parents and Felix has______ parents. A) authoritarian; indifferent B) authoritative; authoritarian C) indulgent; authoritative D) indifferent; indulgent

50) Viktor feels like his parents do not care about him because they allow him to set his own

rules and they seldom provide much support. He even wishes they would punish him because that would at least indicate they are paying attention to him. Viktor's parents would be described best as fitting into which of Baumrind's parenting styles? A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) indulgent D) indifferent

51) Authoritative parenting promotes intellectual development and psychosocial maturity

through which of the following? A) discussions about decisions and rules that help children understand social relationships B) asserting parental authority by turning adolescents' personal decisions into moral issues C) giving children as much independence as possible as young as possible to help them develop self-reliance D) making children spend time with their parents, even when they do not get along

52) According to Baumrind, children of indulgent parents tend to be A) more involved in delinquent behavior. B) less mature and more conforming to their peers. C) more curious and more impulsive. D) more dependent and less socially adept.

53) Which of the following parenting styles is most closely associated with overall psychological

competence? A) authoritative B) authoritarian C) indulgent D) indifferent

54) Which of the following is one of the 10 Basic Principles of Good Parenting? A) Avoid being too loving and indulgent. B) Use harsh discipline only when necessary. C) Demand that your child treat you with respect. D) Adapt your parenting to fit your child.

55) Ethnic differences in parenting practices suggest that A) authoritarian parenting is most likely to be used by Black, Asian, and Latinx families. B) ethnic minority families are more likely than White families to use an authoritative

parenting style. C) authoritative parenting is less common in ethnic minority families, but its effects are beneficial in all ethnic groups. D) authoritarian parenting has equally negative effects on adolescent development across all ethnic groups.

56) Which parenting characteristic is more prevalent among ethnic minority families? A) supportiveness B) demandingness C) warmness D) intrusiveness

57) Which of the following statements about ethnic minority families and parenting styles is

true? A) Because ethnic minority families are more likely to live in dangerous areas, parental

control may actually be beneficial for these adolescents. B) The distinction between authoritative parenting's positive outcomes for adolescents and authoritarian parenting's negative outcomes holds true across all cultures and ethnic groups. C) Authoritarian parenting is most prevalent among White middle-class families, while ethnic minority families tend to use authoritative styles. D) Authoritarian parenting styles are associated with an even greater number of adverse effects for ethnic minority adolescents, relative to their White adolescent counterparts.

58) Based on developmental research, which adolescent is most likely to experience healthy

development? A) Kenji, whose parents encourage freedom and spontaneity B) Alonso, whose parents engage with him in verbal give-and-take C) Sanjay, whose parents encourage dependence and obedience D) Bernie, whose parents encourage autonomy and personal distance

59) Which of the following is an effective way to enhance the development of an adolescent's

reasoning abilities, moral judgment, and empathy? A) family discussions in which rules and expectations are explained B) giving them as much freedom as is practical C) helping adolescents better enforce rules for their younger siblings D) restricting their activities so they are less likely to make mistakes

60) Over the course of adolescence, relationships among siblings become more egalitarian

but_______ distant and_______ emotionally intense. A) more; less B) less; more C) more; more D) less; less

61) Which of the following statements accurately reflects research on adolescent-sibling

relationships? A) Adolescents see aggression towards siblings as less acceptable than aggression toward friends. B) Adolescent-sibling relationships involve more conflict than adolescent-friend relationships. C) Adolescent-sibling relationships are characterized by a significant decrease in sibling rivalry. D) The quality of adolescent-sibling relationships is not affected by the quality of the parent-child relationship.

62) Which of the following statements concerning sibling relationships is true? A) Adolescents have more negativity in their sibling relationships than in their peer

relationships. B) Sibling relationships do not ameliorate the negative effects of family stress. C) Siblings are generally not good role models or sources of advice. D) Siblings are likely to be closer in families under economic stress than in affluent families.

63) When siblings are treated differently by parents, research shows that they are likely to A) get along worse because they feel competition. B) perceive the discrepancy as being unfair. C) get along better because they feel unique. D) try to be more like one another.

64) Mallory and Malakai are sister and brother. They have grown up together in the same family,

just one year apart in age, but they have very different personalities. Which of the following offers the best explanation for this? A) They have had different perceptions of similar experiences. B) As a girl, Mallory has a closer relationship with her parents. C) Genetically, they have very little in common. D) Second children, like Malakai, harbor resentment toward their family members.

65) Which of the following is an important topic of study in the field of behavioral genetics? A) whether adolescents and parents who are biologically related get along better B) whether the same environment affects people with different genetic makeups in the

same way C) whether modifying people's genes leads to better life outcomes D) whether sibling relationships are positively or negatively affected by biological relatedness

66) According to behavioral geneticists, siblings are actually quite different from each other.

Which of the following has been used to explain this difference? A) Siblings tend to have very little in common aside from their genes. B) Siblings may experience their family environment very differently. C) Siblings go through the pubertal transition at different times. D) Because they are different ages, siblings are always at different developmental stages.

67) What factor offers the most likely explanation the fact that Dorothy and Rose, sisters who are

only 1 year apart in age, have different memories of their family life as they were growing up? A) a shared environment B) a nonshared environment C) genetic differences D) genetic similarities

68) Which of the following is considered a shared environmental influence for siblings? A) family socioeconomic status B) differential treatment by parents C) peer relations D) school experiences

69) When a specific gene has more than one version, those versions are known as A) molecules. B) alleles. C) diathesis. D) environmental factors.

70) In adolescents, genetic factors have a strong influence on______ but have less influence

on______. A) intelligence; school performance B) antisocial behavior; intelligence C) school performance; risk of depression D) risk of depression; antisocial behavior

71) Which of the following is the best example of the diathesis-stress model in action? A) Dmitry's family has no history of mental health issues; however, after his parents get

a divorce, he begins showing signs of depression. B) Anita's father has obsessive-compulsive disorder. After Anita's girlfriend breaks up with her, Anita begins to show signs of obsessive-compulsive behavior. C) Kirabo's mother is an alcoholic and responds to stress by drinking. When Kirabo feels stressed, he goes for long runs in the park. D) Farzin's parents raise her in a supportive and respectful environment. Farzin does well in school and is socially active with both her family and peers.

72) Which of the following adolescents best exemplifies the differential susceptibility theory? A) Nela's first year of college was very stressful, and her grades and her mood were

poor. After finding a supportive mentor, however, she became a top student and is now much happier. B) Bashar has battled addiction problems for several years, and although he has made many changes to his life and sought help on several occasions, nothing seems to help. C) Kirra has a difficult relationship with her divorced parents and lives in a poor neighborhood. Nevertheless, Kirra strives to do well in school and make the best of her situation. D) Sergey's parents use an authoritative style and give him a lot of emotional support. In spite of this, Sergey engages in delinquent behavior, skipping school and using alcohol.

73) Divorces are most common A) among the college-educated. B) in families with adolescents. C) in the early years of a marriage. D) in Latinx families.

74) With regard to single-parent families in the United States, A) more of these families are the result of divorce than of the mother never having been

married. B) very few children are born outside marriage and live in a single-parent household from birth. C) the classification of "single-parent household" often includes other adults, such as the unmarried partner of a child's parent. D) children living with remarried parents usually live with the biological father.

75) Which of the following adolescents does research suggest is most likely to be living in a

single-parent household? A) Janet, a White adolescent B) Naomi, an Asian adolescent C) Jeff, a Black adolescent D) Bruce, a Hispanic adolescent

76) Research suggests that Black adolescents are_____ likely to experience their parents' divorce

and_____ likely to experience their remarriage. A) more; less B) more; more C) less; more D) less; less

77) Close to____ of children in the United States grow up either in abject poverty or in low-

income families. A) 15% B) 20% C) 30% D) 40%

78) Growing up, Tinashe's parents had a lot of marital conflict and divorced when she was 13.

Tinashe is more likely to develop depression, aggression, or delinquency if she was also exposed to which of the following? A) authoritative parenting B) domestic violence C) a parent’s remarriage D) shared environmental influences

79) Which of the following is a finding of social scientists regarding the effects of divorce on

adolescents? A) Adolescents living with both of their parents, even if their relationships with those parents are not warm, tend to have fewer problems than adolescents from one-parent homes. B) It is the process of going through a divorce, not the new family structure that results from one, that most affects the mental health of adolescents. C) The adverse consequences of divorce for adolescents are directly linked to living in a single-parent household. D) Adolescents from single-parent families that have not experienced divorce have more difficulties than those from divorced or remarried homes.

80) Studies have found that in ethnic groups that emphasize the importance of_____, adolescents

may be somewhat buffered from the effects of divorce. A) extended family B) school C) religion D) peer groups

81) George and Ryan both live in different single-parent households. George is considered a well

behaved adolescent, but Ryan frequently engages in delinquent behavior. Which of the following statements about George and Ryan is most likely to be true? A) Ryan has a strong relationship with his grandparents; George does not. B) George has a strong relationship with his grandparents; Ryan does not. C) George lives with his father; Ryan lives with his mother. D) Ryan lives with his father; George lives with his mother.

82) Which of the following statements regarding divorce in America is true? A) The divorce rate has been steadily rising since 1980. B) Black youth are more likely to experience their parents' remarriage than other

adolescents. C) The rate of divorce is lower for second marriages than for first marriages. D) Social support from relatives buffers the effects of living in a single-parent household.

83) Which of the following is the most likely result of the effects of divorce on a child in the

United States? A) Nubia's peers tease her because her father no longer lives in her family's house. B) Jacinta spends more time with her grandfather and therefore engages in more misbehavior. C) Mekwi gets poorer grades and behaves aggressively towards his classmates. D) Njal is happier and does better in school after his mother remarries his stepfather.

84) Amalia is most likely to be adversely affected by her parents' divorce if A) the conflict between her parents is covert. B) she blames herself for her parents' problems. C) her parents attempt to keep their relationship with her positive. D) her parents keep her out of their arguments.

85) Although young children may seem unaffected by a divorce at the time, problems may

emerge when they are adolescents. This delayed effect is called a A) sleeper effect. B) deferred effect. C) delayed adjustment. D) gradual manifestation.

86) Although Suyin's parents divorced seven years ago, the counselor at school attributes Suyin's

poor school performance and delinquent behavior to the divorce. This counselor is probably referring to the A) deferred effect of divorce. B) sleeper effect of divorce. C) generation gap between adolescents and parents. D) gradual adjustment of adolescence.

87) The factor that seems most important in influencing how well children adjust to divorce over

time is A) B) C) D)

whether they are in dual or sole custody. the degree of conflict between parents. whether they have contact with the nonresidential parent. the sex of the custodial parent.

88) Current research on the effects of remarriage indicates that A) younger children have more problems than older children. B) boys and girls show equal distress. C) boys have more problems than girls. D) girls have more problems than boys.

89) An adolescent having a close relationship with their noncustodial parent______ their

relationship with the custodial parent. A) undermines B) does not undermine C) improves D) has little effect on

90) Research assessing the effects of stepfamilies on children's adjustment suggests that over

time A) B) C) D)

if the remarriage lasts, gender differences in adjustment disappear. boys continue to adjust better than girls to the remarriage. girls adjust better than boys to the remarriage. all children experience serious adjustment problems even if the remarriage lasts.

91) Jesse has just married a woman who has two adolescent daughters. These children will adjust

best if Jesse establishes which of the following types of discipline? A) consistent B) indulgent C) controlling D) authoritarian

92) According to the Family Stress Model, financial strain increases parents’______, which, in

turn, makes them more irritable and adversely affects the quality of their parenting. A) tendency to use an indifferent parenting style B) feelings of depression and anxiety C) resiliency and positive outlook D) desire to exert control

93) Denise's parents have both been laid off from work and are unable to pay the bills. Denise's

parents are likely to do which of the following? A) argue more with Denise B) be more indulgent than they were in the past C) develop a stronger, more loving relationship with each other D) be more involved in Denise's life

94) Which of the following teenagers is statistically most likely to be homeless? A) Alexa, a 15-year-old Latinx girl whose parents are divorced B) Desiree, a 14-year-old Black, transgender girl C) Zarif, an 16-year-old boy from a poor neighborhood D) Bryn, an 18-year-old White boy who is gay

95) Luis's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Luis is

likely to experience______ than non-poor adolescents. A) stronger ties to religious institutions B) greater family cohesiveness C) greater alienation from school D) more consistent parenting

96) An adolescent living in a poor neighborhood may benefit more from______ than adolescents

from other neighborhoods. A) indifferent parenting B) very harsh discipline C) indulgent parenting D) vigilant parental monitoring

97) Which of the following adolescents is most at risk of mental health problems? A) Mason, a 13-year-old homeless boy B) Angelica, a 15-year-old girl living with a single mother C) Uri, a 12-year-old boy living with his mother and stepfather D) Ji-woo, a 14-year-old girl whose parents are having financial difficulties

98) According to many well-designed studies that have looked at the psychological consequences

of growing up with lesbian or gay parents A) the quality of the parent-child relationships at home is more contentious than in straight families. B) children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents are not psychologically different from those with straight parents. C) children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents differ substantially from those with straight parents in the domains of gender identity and sexual orientation. D) children and adolescents with lesbian or gay parents suffer from more emotional turmoil than children and adolescents with straight parents.

99) Among adolescents, placement into a foster care group home is associated with A) an easier transition to independence. B) greater delinquency. C) more stable living arrangements. D) a lengthier stay in the foster care system.

100)

Which of the following statements about adolescents who have been adopted or spent time in foster care is true? A) Research with youth in the foster care system consistently indicates that these individuals have more problems than other youth. B) Children and adolescents with foster or adoptive parents have more problems than other individuals. C) Foster care children are more detached and resilient and consequently, have fewer problems than youth who have been adopted. D) There are no differences between youth who have been adopted or placed in foster care and youth who are reared by biological parents.

101)

New technologies and social innovations have A) transformed family life, and as a result, parents do not really make a difference. B) not transformed family life; however, these technologies have caused parental influence to be overshadowed by the peer group. C) not changed the fact that adolescents continue to need the love, support, and guidance of adults who care about them. D) given teens a new way to rebel against their parents' moral preferences.

102)

Give an example of how an adolescent might conflict with their parents about a matter of personal preference and reasons why the adolescent and parent see the issue differently.

103)

Tammy's father has strict rules and expects Tammy to obey them without exception. If she misbehaves, he generally punishes her, and he sees no reason why he should explain his expectations to Tammy. Instead, his response is, "I know what's best for you. I'm your father, and you must do as I ask." Jada's father sets rules for her, but she feels that when a rule seems unfair, she can discuss it with him. Even if he doesn't agree to change the rule, he at least listens to her opinions. Explain which adolescent is likely to be better adjusted and why. Be sure to contrast the parenting styles exemplified by Tammy's and Jada's fathers and detail the impact each style is most likely to have.

104)

You have been asked to talk to a child development class about issues related to ethnic differences in parenting practices. Which parenting strategies are most and least likely to be used in different ethnic groups? Do the effects of parenting strategies differ for different groups? What parenting practices have the greatest likelihood of facilitating healthy development for adolescents? What cautions can you offer them about how parenting behaviors are interpreted?

105)

Researchers have found that siblings' scores on standard measures of personality traits are virtually uncorrelated. Discuss how parental treatment of their children can serve as a nonshared environmental influence. Give an example of how differential treatment might affect two siblings.

106)

Give an example of how an adolescent who is sensitive to their environment (or "malleable") will respond to positive or negative influences, based on the differential susceptibility theory. How will a "fixed" individual respond to these same influences?

107)

Your next-door neighbor tells you she is getting divorced and is planning to remarry as soon as the divorce is final. She has two teenagers, a son and a daughter, and is worried about how they are going to deal with the divorce and her remarriage. She wants to make the transition as easy as possible for them and asks your advice on how to do that. What should you tell her to expect, and what advice can you offer on making a smooth transition?

108)

Tomas and his family have been living in chronic poverty for the last few years. His mother has asked you, an expert in adolescent psychology, whether their family's financial strain will place Tomas at risk for psychological difficulties and problem behavior. She also asks you whether there is anything she can do alleviate the effects of poverty. What would you tell her?

109)

Imagine you are a school psychologist at a public high school. Your school has just accepted three new transfer students: Vincent, who has been reared by his adoptive parents; Jayden, who lives with foster parents; and Takeru, who has been reared by lesbian parents. The principal has asked you whether any of these adolescents are at risk for behavioral problems or maladjustment. What would you tell him? Who is most at risk? Who is least at risk? Why might this be?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 4 1) B 2) B 3) B 4) B 5) C 6) C 7) A 8) B 9) C 10) C 11) D 12) D 13) B 14) D 15) C 16) A 17) A 18) A 19) D 20) D 21) B 22) D 23) D 24) D 25) B 26) A 27) A 28) C 29) B 30) B 31) A 32) A 33) A 34) B 35) B 36) B 37) A

38) C 39) A 40) A 41) D 42) B 43) A 44) C 45) A 46) B 47) C 48) B 49) B 50) D 51) A 52) B 53) A 54) D 55) C 56) B 57) A 58) B 59) A 60) A 61) B 62) A 63) C 64) A 65) B 66) B 67) B 68) A 69) B 70) A 71) B 72) A 73) C 74) C 75) C 76) A 77) D

78) B 79) B 80) A 81) B 82) D 83) C 84) B 85) A 86) B 87) B 88) D 89) B 90) A 91) A 92) B 93) A 94) B 95) C 96) D 97) A 98) B 99) B 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109)

A C Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 5:__________ 1) Judy and Jessica hang around with people who are their age. A psychologist would most

likely describe these people as A) friends. B) buddies. C) peers. D) chums.

2) You want to design a study that examines friendships between 10-year-olds and 15-year-olds

in contemporary American society. Your advisor tells you that these friendships will be difficult to find and track. Why is that? A) age grading B) youth culture C) cyberbullying D) peer dynamics

3) Compared with teenagers in previous times, teenagers in contemporary societies spend

______ time with their peers ______ with their parents. A) more; than B) less; than C) as much; as D) little; or

4) The process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of chronological

age is called A) mainstreaming. B) tracking. C) age grading. D) reference grouping.

5) A group of individuals who are born during a particular time period (for instance, the baby

boomers) is known as what? A) a generation X B) a cohort C) an age-graded society D) a census group

6) Which of these would you expect to find in a cofigurative society? A) the elimination of classroom learning in favor of individual, self-guided study B) farming techniques that are passed down from parent to offspring to grandchildren C) study groups in which young people and adults work together to learn technology

skills D) career training paths that allow pairs of students to teach each other

7) Which of the following writers suggested that the speed at which society changes affects the

socialization of adolescents? A) Margaret Mead B) Eleanor Maccoby C) Brad Brown D) James Coleman

8) What are postfigurative cultures most likely to have in common? A) traditions that are frequently discarded B) limited adult supervision of children and teenagers C) a separate youth culture whose members rarely interact with elders D) technology that advances slowly

9) Following the end of World War II, many parents wanted to have children as soon as

possible, creating what has come to be called the postwar A) baby boom. B) depression. C) infantile fixation. D) cohort effect.

10) The local library offers "write your first resume" classes for teens, which are taught by an

adult volunteer, and "understand how your phone's camera works" classes for adults, which are taught by teen volunteers. What word would Margaret Mead use to describe this society? A) antifigurative B) prefigurative C) postfigurative D) cofigurative

11) Which of the following is true of cofigurative cultures? A) Society changes so quickly that much of what children learn from their parents

becomes obsolete by the time they reach adulthood. B) Society remains relatively static, ensuring the continued relevancy of most parental teachings. C) An adolescent’s peers have significantly less influence as role models than do parents and other elders. D) Parents and elders cease to act as influential role models for children and adolescents.

12) Research about contemporary adolescents is clear that these adolescents ________ than

adolescents in previous times. A) are more susceptible to the influences of their peers B) are at higher risk for problem behaviors because of peer influence C) spend more time in peer groups D) report more positive experiences from their involvement in peer groups

13) Dr. Cruz believes she has found a society that is so technologically advanced that children

routinely teach adults instead of the other way around. What would anthropologists such as Margaret Mead call this type of society? A) cofigurative B) postfigurative C) prefigurative D) antifigurative

14) According to Mead, who would adolescents in a postfigurative culture most likely turn to for

advice about dating and marriage? A) their adolescent peers B) slightly older adolescents C) adolescents who belong to other crowds D) parents, grandparents, and other elders

15) Which of the following accurately states the expectations of a modern society about norms? A) Norms should vary by family. B) Norms should vary by crowd. C) Norms should be universal across society. D) Norms should be defined situationally.

16) Which of the following contributed to the rise of age segregation in contemporary society? A) increasing number of college graduates B) rise of secondary education C) decrease in family values D) prejudice against young people

17) During the transition to adolescence, there is a dramatic drop in the time adolescents spend

with their parents. How is this time replaced? A) Both boys and girls spend more time alone. B) Boys spend time with friends, while girls spend time alone. C) Boys and girls spend more time with friends. D) Girls spend more time alone and with friends, while boys spend more time alone.

18) During adolescence, how much time of the typical American individual’s time is spent with

peers versus with adults? A) A roughly equal amount of time is spent with each. B) Two-thirds is spent with peers versus one-third with adults. C) Time spent with peers increases to one-third. D) More than half is spent with peers versus 15 percent with adults.

19) If you were going to design a study on the rise of peer groups, which of these topics would it

make the most sense for you to investigate? A) why peer groups of different sizes have roughly the same political clout B) how advertising and marketing may someday make peer groups obsolete C) the rise and fall of youth culture within affluent societies D) how industrialization and modernization have changed the educational experience.

20) A more sophisticated understanding of social relationships leads adolescents to group

individuals into crowds. This is an example of which adolescent transition? A) biological B) cognitive C) social D) hereditary

21) Which of these is a reason peer groups change from childhood to adolescence? A) For most adolescents, social settings become larger and more anonymous. B) For most adolescents, social settings become smaller and more intimate. C) Adolescents tend to seek out people who are noticeably different from themselves. D) Adolescents tend to seek out people who resemble the adolescent's own family

members.

22) Recent studies have found that A) adolescents learn faster when they are with their peers than when they are by

themselves. B) adolescents engage in less exploratory behavior when they are with peers. C) adolescents behave more prosocially when separated from their peers. D) interaction with peers seems to have little influence on preparing adolescents for adulthood.

23) Crowds serve which of the following purposes? A) provide a setting for intimate interaction B) locate adolescents within the social structure of the school C) provide contexts that reward certain lifestyles without disparaging others D) set universal behavior norms

24) Settings for intimate interactions and friendships are called ______, whereas ______ are

based on reputation rather than on actual social interaction. A) cliques; crowds B) crowds; reference groups C) reference groups; cliques D) crowds; cliques

25) Steve eats lunch with Jeff, Hans, and Mike every day. After school, they play computer

games and talk about girls. This group of boys would be called A) a crowd. B) a clique. C) a reference group. D) a youth culture.

26) Which of these is the basis for membership in a crowd? A) isolated activity B) shared activity C) friendship D) social bonds

27) Nevaeh and Abigail are eleventh graders. Both belong to several of the same academic clubs

and study groups. Most of the members of these groups concentrate on their studies and are known for making good grades in their classes. Nevaeh and Abigail, along with others in these groups, could be regarded collectively as a A) crew. B) dyad. C) clique. D) crowd.

28) A small, tightly knit group of between two and twelve friends usually of the same age and

sex is called a A) dyad. B) cohort. C) clique. D) crowd.

29) What is the difference between a gang and a crew? A) Crew members focus primarily on illegal businesses, while gang members focus

primarily on violence. B) Gang members can be a variety of ages and come from different economic backgrounds, but crew members are usually about the same age and from the same economic background. C) Gang members may commit crimes such as robbery or murder, while crew members are more likely to commit crimes such as disorderly conduct and vandalism. D) Crews usually recruit within entire neighborhoods, while gangs usually recruit within individual schools.

30) What have studies shown to be true of antisocial youth? A) Antisocial adolescents usually have antisocial friends. B) Most antisocial adolescents have few or no friends. C) Groups of antisocial adolescents report more feelings of isolation than do friendless

adolescents. D) Many adolescents who are considered antisocial have lasting friendships with their well-adjusted peers.

31) In contrast to crowds, cliques A) are settings for adolescents' intimate interactions. B) help adolescents locate themselves within the broadest social structure of their school. C) are based on reputation rather than shared social activity. D) allow some adolescents to belong to several groups at once based on what others

believe about them.

32) Which of the following best describes the relationship between crowds and cliques? A) Crowds are basically clusters of cliques. B) Crowds contribute more to social development than cliques do. C) Crowds and cliques serve entirely different purposes. D) The terms “crowds” and “cliques” are two ways of describing the same phenomenon.

33) Lupe, a 15-year-old, is most likely to learn social skills in a ______ and develop her sense of

identity in a ______. A) crowd; crowd B) crowd; clique C) clique; crowd D) clique; clique

34) An adolescent’s closest friends are almost always members of the same clique and A) B) C) D)

almost always take the same classes. almost never belong to a different crowd. are likely to remain members of that clique until high school graduation. may sometimes belong to different crowds.

35) "Druggies," "jocks," and "nerds" are examples of A) crowds. B) cliques. C) crews. D) gangs.

36) According to Brown's (2004) study of crowds in high school, what fraction of adolescents do

not fit clearly into any crowd? A) one-sixth B) one-third C) one-half D) two-thirds

37) In early adolescence, ______ friendships are common, but in late adolescence, ______

friendships begin to occur more. A) same-sex; opposite-sex B) crowd-based; clique-based C) opposite-sex; same-sex D) clique-based; crowd-based

38) Mitch organizes a party for about 20 of his classmates who are all interested in theater, and

they all watch a recording of the musical The Phantom of the Opera. This group of teenagers, who don't always hang out together but share common interests, would most appropriately be labeled A) a gang. B) a crew. C) a crowd. D) a clique.

39) Mixed-sex cliques start becoming more prevalent during A) childhood. B) preadolescence. C) middle adolescence. D) late adolescence.

40) Professor Gates is studying large groups of adolescents, such as athletes and artists, to learn

about their particular mini-cultures. Professor Gates is most likely studying A) peer collectives. B) cliques. C) crowds. D) dyads.

41) Which of the following changes typically occurs during adolescence? A) Peer groups become larger and stronger. B) Romantic partners become less important. C) Larger groups are replaced by smaller cliques. D) Couples become the focus of social activity.

42) Since crowd membership is based on reputation and stereotype, which of the following may

pose a problem? A) Joining a particular crowd may be expensive. B) As new members become part of the crowd, older members are pushed out. C) Crowd labels rarely vary from school to school. D) It is possible to get stuck in a crowd you don’t wish to belong to.

43) How does crowd structure change over the course of adolescence? A) It becomes less permeable. B) It becomes less differentiated. C) It completely evaporates. D) It becomes less hierarchical.

44) According to research, conformity to peer pressure A) peaks in adolescence and remains high into adulthood. B) peaks in adolescence relative to childhood and adulthood. C) shows a linear increase from childhood into adulthood. D) shows a linear decrease from childhood into adulthood.

45) By the end of high school, crowds A) have become a defining influence in the adolescent's life. B) increasingly gain in importance for an adolescent's identity. C) become less important to adolescents. D) peak in their importance to adolescents.

46) In middle school and high school, Carlos was involved in many school plays and musicals. A

psychologist would most likely say that being part of the drama crowd was important for Carlos in what way? A) identity development B) dating opportunities C) occupying his free time D) improvement of relationships with parents

47) Dorion is a jock. Consequently, we would expect him to be involved in A) his peer culture and in institutions valued by adults. B) institutions valued by adults, but not his peer culture. C) his peer culture, but not institutions valued by adults. D) neither his peer culture nor institutions valued by adults.

48) Tommy values education and works hard in school, but he also enjoys hanging out with his

friends on the weekends. Which peer crowd is Tommy most likely to belong to? A) "nerds" B) "populars" C) "partyers" D) "toughs"

49) Tony belongs to a group called "the partyers." We would expect that Tony is very involved

with A) B) C) D)

sports. adult institutions. school clubs. the peer culture.

50) A group against which an individual compares himself or herself is called A) a clique. B) a reference group. C) a crowd. D) a youth culture.

51) Greg is the star quarterback of the football team and hangs out with Larry, who is the star

pitcher of the baseball team. Ben also hangs out with Larry and Greg. When classmates refer to Ben, they call him a member of the "jocks." The crowd with which Ben associates serves as A) a reference group. B) a clique. C) a crew. D) a fraternity.

52) Compared to jocks, adolescents from which of the following crowds experience more peer

pressure to misbehave? A) "nerds" B) "populars" C) "druggies" D) "normals"

53) Self-esteem is ______ among students who are identified with peer groups that have

relatively high status in their school. A) lower B) the same C) higher D) variable

54) Chuck is a member of a higher-status crowd at his school. Which of the following statements

is most likely to be true? A) Chuck has high self-esteem. B) Chuck feels a lot of pressure to be "cool." C) Chuck holds quite a few misconceptions about his peers. D) Chuck has a diffused identity status.

55) Brown developed a scheme for mapping crowds using which two dimensions? A) involvement in adult institutions; involvement in peer culture B) involvement in peer culture; relative clique size C) involvement in adult institutions; relative clique size D) involvement in extra-curricular activities; involvement in peer culture

56) Justin's parents try extremely hard (almost excessively) to control his choice of friends. What

effect is this style of parenting likely to have on Justin? A) Justin is likely to become a rejected and withdrawn student at school. B) Justin will gain more respect for his parents. C) Justin will be less likely to be involved in drug use and delinquent activity. D) Justin may become closer to the "forbidden" peers.

57) Crowd membership affects adolescent behavior in which of the following ways? A) Adolescents seek to differentiate their behavior from that of high status peers. B) Crowds establish social norms that members strive to follow. C) Adolescents who do not belong to a specific crowd tend to engage in more antisocial

behavior. D) An adolescent who denies affiliation with a crowd always has low self-esteem.

58) When crowd members behave in ways that are consistent with crowd norms A) they contribute to the development of new norms. B) they are reinforced with compliments and praise. C) they face disapproval from parents and authority figures. D) they begin to separate their identity from that of the crowd.

59) The Anytown town council developed a program to curb delinquent behavior among the

town's adolescents. The program had an iatrogenic effect, meaning A) the program was successful and delinquent behavior was reduced. B) the program backfired and delinquent behavior increased. C) there were no effects on delinquent behavior, either positive or negative. D) some problem behaviors increased and others decreased.

60) Dawn has always enjoyed school and excelled in her classes. In middle school, she has

connected with a group of friends who also enjoy school, and her grades have continued to improve. They often spend time studying together. This is an example of A) sociometric popularity and perceived popularity. B) postfigurative culture and cofigurative culture. C) selection and socialization. D) youth culture and adult culture.

61) Jamie is a preadolescent. Her friendship circle is largely composed of other young girls.

Based on this information, what has Jamie's social life been influenced by? A) adolescent identity B) sex segregation C) cliques D) the baby boom

62) Adolescents who join antisocial peer groups are likely to have A) been coerced by their peers to join. B) had problematic parent-child relationships in childhood. C) extremely high levels of intelligence. D) siblings who are more conformist than they are.

63) Which of the following is most characteristic of childhood peer groups, as compared to

adolescent peer groups? A) mixed-sex groups B) more time with adults C) a lot of independence D) the emergence of peer "crowds"

64) During childhood, boys typically associate with boys, while girls primarily associate with

other girls. This separation of boys and girls has been referred to as A) brother-sister avoidance. B) sex segregation. C) youth culture. D) sex grading.

65) Who is most likely to have cross-ethnic friendships? A) Audrey, who attends a large multiethnic school B) Brandy, who attends a school where one ethnic group predominates C) Candice, who is the child of immigrants D) Deborah, who attends a school that separates students into academic tracks

66) During which period are friendships most likely to end? A) sixth and seventh grades B) seventh and eighth grades C) eighth and ninth grades D) ninth and tenth grades

67) Social skills and friendliness contribute most to which form of popularity? A) attributional B) proto-variable C) sociometric D) perceived

68) Hostile attributional bias A) plays a central role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. B) plays a small role in the aggressive behavior of rejected adolescents. C) helps rejected adolescents gain acceptance. D) is the only significant factor in determining the behavior of rejected adolescents.

69) At school, Jamila is perceived as high-status, yet rude and abrupt. A psychologist would say

that she A) has perceived popularity but not sociometric popularity. B) has sociometric popularity but not perceived popularity. C) has both perceived and sociometric popularity. D) is not popular.

70) Dan planned a party and invited his whole English class by passing out personal invitations.

Dan accidentally forgot to make an invitation for Sam. Sam assumed he intentionally wasn't invited and became angry at Dan for excluding him. This is an example of A) relational aggression. B) hostile attributional bias. C) aggressive-withdrawal reaction. D) reverse bullying.

71) Even though it was clear that another student, Raul, accidentally pushed Noah, Noah insisted

that Raul did it on purpose. What phenomenon is this? A) hostile attributional bias B) status bias C) in-group vs. out-group D) iatrogenic effect

72) You are a psychologist treating Martina, a middle school student who is popular among

classmates despite being a bully. What types of behavior would you expect to see in her? A) frequent outbursts of temper B) interest in romantic relationships C) calculated, pre-planned aggression D) involvement with many school-sponsored clubs and activities

73) Sarah is a popular teenage girl who has just been made captain of the cheerleading squad.

She is very socially adept and notices that Britney, her social rival, is starting to enjoy more attention from their peers than Sarah receives. Jealous, she decides to start a rumor about Britney that she knows will cause many people to stop liking Britney. Sarah's behavior is best described as A) reactive aggression. B) friendly fire aggression. C) relative aggression. D) relational aggression.

74) Keiko, a ninth-grader, was mad at Cherise for spilling juice on Keiko's shirt. Keiko spread a

rumor that Cherise had gossiped about her friends. Keiko is using______ to express her anger toward Cherise. A) relational aggression B) hostile attributional bias C) aggressive withdrawal D) overt aggression

75) The main reason that reactive aggression is associated with unpopularity and greater

problems with peers is that reactive aggression is characterized by a combination of A) aggression and poor emotion regulation or lack of social skills. B) poor interpersonal relations despite well-developed social skills. C) delinquent behaviors and extreme shyness in social situations. D) being highly intelligent and plotting an aggressive response in advance.

76) Adolescents who use aggression deliberately, known as______, are much more popular than

adolescents who use aggression without planning to, known as______. A) reactive formation; reactive aggression B) mature aggression; proactive aggression C) proactive aggression; reactive aggression D) relational aggression; instrumental aggression

77) Esther has been rejected by her peers because she is withdrawn. Esther is most likely to be at

risk for A) B) C) D)

antisocial activity. diminished social competence. aggressive behavior in adulthood. drug and alcohol abuse.

78) Why is it so hard to teach adolescents to "just say no" to things adults disapprove of, such as

drinking, smoking, and having risky sex? A) These behaviors are typically associated with being popular. B) Like most adults, adolescents are unwilling (or unable) to resist peer influence. C) Most adolescents approve of antisocial behaviors. D) Adolescents are insufficiently educated about the risks of these behaviors.

79) The determinants of sociometric popularity are______, whereas the determinants of

perceived popularity are______. A) highly variable; things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor B) things like social skills, friendliness, and sense of humor; highly variable C) good looks and wealth; athletic ability and school achievement D) athletic ability and school achievement; good looks and wealth

80) A crowd member who has less social capital and who is a really nice, thoughtful, and funny

person is most likely A) high in sociometric popularity but low in perceived popularity. B) high in perceived popularity but low in sociometric popularity. C) high in both perceived and sociometric popularity. D) low in both perceived and sociometric popularity.

81) Studies in many countries have found a link between higher rates of bullying and A) greater income inequality. B) less ethnic and racial diversity. C) greater parental involvement in students' lives. D) authoritative educational systems.

82) According to research, which country is reported has having a relatively low prevalence of

bullying? A) Sweden B) Russia C) United States D) Germany

83) Which of the following statements about cyberbullying is true? A) Victims of Internet harassment are unlikely to show problems with social skills. B) Perpetrators of Internet harassment rarely engage in traditional, in-person bullying. C) Cyberbullies and in-person bullies tend to have the same level of social skills. D) In most cases, the person being cyberbullied has an idea who is behind the

harassment.

84) Online harassment is______ in-person harassment. A) as common as B) more common than C) less common than D) less harmful than

85) Which of the following is a common finding of recent cyberbullying studies? A) Adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying. B) Victims of physical or verbal harassment are usually very different from victims of

cyberbullying. C) Cyberbullying has become statistically more common than physical and verbal harassment among the adolescent population. D) More than 80 percent of adolescents have engaged in some form of cyberbullying.

86) Over time, witnesses to cyberbullying tend to show______ empathy toward victims of the

harassment. A) more B) less C) the same amount of D) no

87) What is the most effective way to respond to a bully, according to research findings? A) to fight back B) to do nothing or to walk away C) to get help from a parent or teacher D) to use a variety of strategies

88) Boys who are victims of cyberbullying often report which of the following adjustment

problems? A) conflicts with teachers and other authority figures B) conflicts with parents C) behavioral problems, such as fighting D) emotional problems, such as depression

89) Many adults incorrectly believe that cyberbullying is usually A) accidental. B) harmful. C) anonymous. D) targeted.

90) A friend asks you to explain cyberbullying. Which of the following statements would you

include in your explanation? A) Victims of in-person bullying are often the targets of online bullying as well. B) Teenage boys most often use cyberbullying to spread gossip and false stories. C) Cyberbullies become less popular after mocking or threatening others on social media. D) Adolescents whose parents closely track their Internet use are more likely to experience cyberbullying.

91) How would you characterize studies that examine the relationship between cyberbullying and

emotional and behavioral problems? A) The research is extensive, and most of it comes to the same conclusions. B) The research is so recent that it is difficult to draw many conclusions from it. C) The research has been conducted for many years, but many of the study results are contradictory. D) So little research has been done on the topic that it is difficult to trust the findings.

92) You are a high school teacher. Your principal announces plans to create an anti-bullying

program. Which of the following is the best advice you could give her? A) Ask parents to participate as well. B) Make sure the program addresses victimization outside of school as well as in school. C) Make sure that sessions are segregated by sex so that girls learn with girls and boys learn with boys. D) Do not create an anti-bullying program at the high school level.

93) Families and peer groups both provide adolescents with psychosocial development, but

family time mostly focuses on______, while time with peers mostly focuses on______. A) work; leisure B) leisure; work C) external appearances; internal thoughts and feelings D) internal thoughts and feelings; external appearances

94) You want to design a study that follows 13-year-olds who have poor peer relationships to see

what effects those problems have on the subjects' lives. Based on what you have read, for how long would you need to track the 13-year-olds to fully understand the effects? A) until the end of eighth grade, when many friendships disintegrate B) until the first two years of high school, when new crowds and cliques emerge C) until the last two years of high school, when peer groups begin to weaken D) into adulthood, to examine low achievement and mental health problems

95) Which of these is the most accurate way to describe the psychosocial impact of a peer group

on adolescents? A) Teenagers' psychological problems are fully formed before any interaction with peer groups, so these groups do not cause psychological problems. B) Teenagers' psychological problems can cause problems when interacting with peers, but the problems do not come from peer interaction. C) Teenagers' psychological problems come from interactions with peers rather than from other sources. D) Teenagers' psychological problems can come from problems with peers and can cause problems with peers.

96) According to researchers, adolescents prefer spending time with peers over spending time

with family members because A) the chance of rejection is lower with peers than with family members. B) peers help adolescents learn to become more popular and achieve a higher status. C) in general, expectations with peers are clearer than they are with family members. D) peers place less emphasis than do family members on following rules.

97) Spending time with family helps adolescents develop a sense of______, while spending time

with peers helps them develop______. A) responsibility; intimacy B) intimacy; equality C) equality; popularity D) popularity; responsibility

98) In contrast to the role of the peer group in adolescent development, the family is best suited

for helping the adolescent with regard to A) intimacy. B) achievement. C) social interactions. D) leisure.

99) Discuss the work of the anthropologist Margaret Mead in shaping our ideas about how

different cultures socialize young people, and compare and contrast the three types of cultures she described.

100)

Marji, a 10-year-old preadolescent, is going to enter junior high next year. Based on your knowledge of adolescent development, what can you predict about how Marji's relationships with her friends will change throughout junior high and high school? (HINT: How do childhood peer relations differ from adolescent peer groups?)

101)

Why is there an ethnic separation in adolescents' peer groups? Discuss ways in which society can break this cycle of separation.

102)

Tammy uses drugs and alcohol and hangs out with other people who use these substances. Stephanie engages in antisocial and delinquent behaviors and hangs out with peers who also engage in delinquency. LaRita has several friends who show signs of depression. Discuss the process of selection and socialization in regard to Tammy, Stephanie, and LaRita.

103)

The head of the local high school PTA has asked you about the different types of crowds the students may cluster into. She also wants to know whether (and why) rejected or unpopular adolescents are at risk for behavioral and emotional problems. Finally, she wants to know if anything can be done to help unpopular adolescents. What would you tell her?

104)

Describe the ways that adolescents are bullied by peers (be sure to include the prevalence for each type). What are the consequences of experiencing victimization by peers? Are the consequences different for online bullying versus in-person bullying? How do adolescents typically respond to bullying? What is the best way to get a bully to stop?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 5 1) C 2) A 3) A 4) C 5) B 6) C 7) A 8) D 9) A 10) D 11) A 12) C 13) C 14) D 15) C 16) B 17) D 18) D 19) D 20) B 21) A 22) A 23) B 24) A 25) B 26) B 27) D 28) C 29) C 30) A 31) A 32) C 33) C 34) D 35) A 36) A 37) A

38) C 39) C 40) C 41) D 42) D 43) D 44) B 45) C 46) A 47) A 48) B 49) D 50) B 51) A 52) C 53) C 54) A 55) A 56) D 57) D 58) B 59) B 60) C 61) B 62) B 63) B 64) B 65) B 66) B 67) C 68) A 69) A 70) B 71) A 72) C 73) D 74) A 75) A 76) C 77) B

78) A 79) B 80) A 81) A 82) A 83) D 84) C 85) A 86) B 87) B 88) C 89) C 90) A 91) A 92) D 93) A 94) D 95) D 96) D 97) A 98) B 99) Short Answer 100) Short Answer 101) Short Answer 102) Short Answer 103) Short Answer 104) Short Answer

Chapter 6:__________ 1) Secondary education refers to A) second, third, and fourth grades. B) middle or junior high school and high school. C) community college and four-year college. D) graduate school, including medical and dental school.

2) Which of the following statements about secondary schools is true? A) In the developing world, rates of enrollment in secondary schools have not changed

much in a century. B) Almost all American 17- and 18-year-olds are enrolled in school. C) Many poorer families in developing countries no longer need their adolescents to

work. D) In most developed countries, more boys than girls are enrolled in secondary school.

3) Policy makers are often interested in shaping secondary schools because A) secondary schools are the way to reach the most elite students in the country. B) secondary schools have not changed much in the past century. C) what schools teach may change over time, but school itself is unchanging. D) they are the most effective way to reach the largest number of young people.

4) Which of these factors has had the strongest influence on American secondary schools since

the beginning of the twentieth century? A) the needs and demands of American communities and societies B) the desire to educate adolescents in the elite class C) the desire to preserve classical liberal arts education D) the educational models followed by international schools

5) In the United States today, what percentage of individuals between the ages of 14 and 17 are

in school? A) 60% B) 75% C) 90% D) close to 100%

6) The average school year in the United States is________ days long. A) 120 B) 150 C) 180 D) 220

7) Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's American adolescents A) spend more days per year in school. B) have a shorter school day. C) are absent from school more often. D) are less likely to continue their schooling beyond the 12th grade.

8) Today, the typical student attends more than________ of each school term. A) 50% B) 65% C) 75% D) 90%

9) The school year is longer than it was in the past, A) and adolescents remain in school for more years than they used to. B) but adolescents remain in school for fewer years than they used to. C) but adolescents have more absences (both excused and unexcused) than before. D) and a smaller percentage of adolescents actually complete compulsory education.

10) Changes in the structure of secondary schools have been linked to broader societal

revolutions. Which of the following factors has contributed to these changes? A) deindustrialization B) ruralization C) immigration D) intellectualization

11) Which of the following is a factor that moved children out of the workplace? A) discrimination against young workers B) the need for workers who earn less than teenagers C) the strength needed to perform unskilled labor D) the loss of influence by the labor movement

12) Amy, a social reformer in the early twentieth century, would have likely considered which of

the following to be a good reason to push for secondary education? A) It is a way to improve life circumstances for the upper classes. B) It is effective in reducing crime by keeping youngsters off the streets. C) It is a way to help immigrants maintain their separate and diverse cultures. D) It is effective in preventing the United States from industrializing too quickly.

13) Before the early twentieth century, high schools were designed A) to keep delinquent children out of trouble. B) for elite youngsters. C) to offer vocational instruction. D) to provide general education.

14) During the 1920s in the United States, the________ was specially designed to meet the needs

of a diverse and growing population of young people. A) comprehensive high school B) middle school C) vocational and technical school D) parochial school

15) Jeff works at a school in which some children are two to three years behind grade level in

most academic areas. Jeff advocates moving these students from one grade to the next even if their academic performance does not meet the minimum standards of the grade level they are in now. What would a psychologist call Jeff's recommendation? A) affirmative promotion B) social promotion C) standardized education D) equality-based education

16) Which of the following resulted from standards-based reform? A) Educators could not agree on the body of knowledge and skills that comprised what

high school graduates should know and be able to do. B) Far larger numbers of students acquired the knowledge and capabilities assessed on standardized graduation examinations. C) Adolescents from minority ethnic groups were nine times more likely than ethnic majority students to fail standardized examinations. D) Female adolescents were four times more likely than male students to fail standardized examinations.

17) President George W. Bush's 2002 mandate that all children, regardless of economic

circumstance, achieve academic proficiency was called the A) All Children Learn Together Act. B) Stay in Public School Act. C) No Child Left Behind Act. D) Race to the Top Act.

18) No Child Left Behind (NCLB) was a policy designed to ensure that all students, regardless of

racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic background, achieve academic proficiency. Which of the following statements is true? A) NCLB is no longer necessary because almost all students in U.S. schools meet minimum performance standards. B) One of the most important factors of NCLB was that students learned how to engage in critical thinking. C) To avoid losing large sums of money, some schools actually helped students cheat on standardized tests. D) NCLB was a movement away from the performance-based accountability that had dominated U.S. education for more than 75 years.

19) Some critics of No Child Left Behind argued that it was having the unintended consequence

of A) placing more emphasis on untested subject areas. B) pulling all students, regardless of their abilities, down to the lowest common

denominator. C) schools testing and reporting the results of students' performance to the public. D) providing incentives for schools to push low-achieving students out of school.

20) Which of these approaches could counteract some experts' criticisms of No Child Left

Behind? A) Require some challenging, project-based assignments instead of multiple-choice tests. B) Penalize underperforming schools by denying them funds or even closing them. C) Devote more time to training students on how to pass standardized exams. D) Hold school districts and states accountable for student performance.

21) Critics of No Child Left Behind emphasize the importance of______ skills, such as grit,

empathy, and self-control, that research has shown are just as significant influences on school success as intelligence or scholastic aptitude. A) career B) soft C) creative D) noncognitive

22) The addition of socioemotional learning to school curriculum was designed to stimulate the

growth of A) math and science aptitude. B) music and art skills. C) social skills, self-reliance, and self-management. D) reading and writing aptitude.

23) What did President Obama's education secretary suggest as a way to address the problem of

the state-dependent standards in the No Child Left Behind act? A) the need to have higher standards for higher-achieving students B) the need to have a set of common standards across all 50 states C) the need for some students to be granted extended periods of time to complete standardized assessments D) the need for two sets of standards for each state (one for higher achievers and one for lower achievers)

24) Which of these is a realistic concern with regard to requiring all high school seniors to pass a

graduation test in order to earn a diploma? A) It is likely that virtually all students would be qualified to pass such an exam. B) The financial costs associated with failing students would create a huge incentive for states to develop exams with very low requirements for passing. C) Holding back large numbers of students from graduating would eventually cause U.S. colleges and universities to have too few enrollees to stay open. D) Requiring an exit exam for high school would devalue the worth of a high school diploma at a time when fewer students are planning to attend college.

25) Samantha attends a public school that has a great deal of freedom to set its own curriculum.

This type of school is referred to as a A) public school. B) private school. C) parochial school. D) charter school.

26) Based on what you have read about high-performing charter schools, which qualities from

these schools would it make sense to encourage in other schools? A) Focus on character development as well as academic performance. B) Allow students to design their own courses of study. C) Focus on measurable qualities such as vocabulary comprehension and arithmetic calculations. D) Allow schools to include a wider range of ages in each classroom.

27) Inner-city schools in America continue to have tremendous problems. Approximately______

of the high schools in the United States produce______ of the country's dropouts. A) 50%; 12% B) 10%; 50% C) 10%; 90% D) 90%; 10%

28) In a national survey, what percentage of American high school students said they had been

threatened with a weapon, such as a gun or a knife, during the previous month? A) 5% B) 10% C) 15% D) 20%

29) Research shows that the gap in achievement between Black and Latinx students, on the one

hand, and White and Asian students, on the other hand, A) has decreased and is almost nonexistent. B) remains very wide. C) is all based on stereotypes. D) exists in math but not in reading proficiency.

30) Less than 20% of students at large, inner-city schools are judged proficient in science. What

is the significance of this statistic? A) The jobs that are available for the workforce of tomorrow will most likely have at least some focus on science or technology. B) Proficiency in science is easier to measure than proficiency in "soft" subjects such as music and visual arts. C) The scientific improvements that the country's leaders sought in the 1950s have not come to pass. D) Proficiency in science is more of a factor in social success than proficiency in reading or math.

31) Which of the following statements is true? A) As class size increases, academic achievement decreases. B) As class size increases, academic achievement increases. C) As school size increases, academic achievement increases. D) As school size increases, academic achievement decreases.

32) Which has a greater effect on students' scholastic achievement: school size or class size? A) school size B) class size C) Both are equally important. D) Neither significantly affects student achievement.

33) Comparisons of large and small schools reveal that A) small schools offer more varied curricula. B) students in large schools are more likely to participate in school activities. C) small schools have more material resources. D) students in small schools are more likely to participate in school activities.

34) Mara wants to send her daughter to a school in which the daughter will be more likely to be

put in a position of responsibility, such as being a class officer, club president, or team captain. Which type of school should Mara send her daughter to? A) a smaller school B) a larger school C) a school with an average class size of 20 D) a school with an average class size of 40

35) Research suggests that creating "schools within schools" in larger high schools can be

associated with which of these outcomes? A) fewer incidents of victimization B) inadvertently creating "schools" that differ in their educational quality C) more incidents of victimization D) inadvertently creating "schools" with the same level of educational quality

36) According to research, the ideal size of a school for adolescents is between A) 100 and 500 students. B) 200 and 600 students. C) 600 and 900 students. D) 1,200 and 1,800 students.

37) According to research, which of the following is a benefit that many small schools offer? A) a higher proportion of students taking part in extracurricular activities B) a larger and more varied array of clubs and sports to join C) a better chance to be sorted into a track based on academic merit D) a stronger sense of the school being independent from the community

38) Mitch attends a high school where 95% of the students are involved in extracurricular

activities. This probably also means that at Mitch's school, A) teachers track their students rigidly. B) academic standards are low. C) the size of the student body is relatively small. D) there is more variation in instruction.

39) Dr. Denny wants to provide the best educational opportunities for all of the students in her

high school. As school principal, which of these actions should she take? A) Make sure that no class has more than 25 students. B) Keep remedial classes small, but allow some other classes to have as many as 40 students. C) Reorganize to have schools within her school. D) Merge with the neighboring high school so together they offer students more resources.

40) Lyna attends a school with seventh and eighth graders as well as adolescents who are a year

or two younger. This type of educational institution is called a A) charter school. B) parochial school. C) comprehensive high school. D) middle or junior high school.

41) Jillian's family moved to another town. Even though Jillian had a high level of social

competence, she was anxious about starting at a new school. However, she made friends easily, joined a sports team, and excelled in her classwork. She feels even more self-assured and confident now than she did before the move. How would a psychologist describe Jillian's transition to a new environment? A) academic performance enhancement B) stagnation C) self-image paradox D) cascade

42) Marixa is an 11-year-old Latinx girl. She is moving from elementary school into middle

school. In her current school Latinx students make up 60% of the student population, whereas in her new school Latinx students will comprise just 10% of students. What should the school psychologist at Marixa's new school watch out for when he talks with her? A) a sense of disengagement B) a sense of rebellion C) the tendency to take on too many activities D) too high an increase in her self-image

43) The ability of junior high teachers to be engaged with their students appears to be negatively

affected by A) the organization and anonymity of junior high schools. B) the way students respond to positive interaction. C) the overemphasis placed on academic achievement. D) concerns about our valueless society.

44) Which type of involvement has been found to enhance the adjustment of low-income

students in their transition to middle school? A) parental B) community C) sibling D) governmental

45) One study indicated that, among Black and Latinx students, transitioning to a school where

the proportion of students from the same ethnic background is lower than it had been at their previous school is associated with A) greater disengagement from school. B) self-harm attempts. C) higher grades. D) less frequent absences.

46) The process of separating students into different levels of classes within the same school is

called A) B) C) D)

mainstreaming. desegregation. acceleration. tracking.

47) According to an analysis of national data, Black students were especially likely to be enrolled

in A) average-track math and science classes but lower-track English classes. B) lower-track English classes, even after taking into account students' socioeconomic

status and standardized test scores. C) lower-track math classes in schools in which Blacks are in the minority, even after taking into account students' qualifications. D) lower-track math classes in schools in which students are required to take placement exams.

48) Decisions about whether to implement tracking in non-tracked schools or to "de-track"

schools that use ability grouping are usually controversial. Parents of students in the higher tracks________, whereas parents in the lower tracks________. A) favor tracking; oppose it B) oppose it; favor tracking C) favor tracking; are indifferent D) are indifferent; favor tracking

49) The following students were initially placed in a low track. Who does research suggest is

most likely to be moved to a higher track? A) Selena, a Latinx adolescent B) Clay, a Black adolescent C) Sarah, a White adolescent D) Rebecca, a Native American adolescent

50) Taisha was discouraged from taking advanced math classes throughout her high school years.

Although she is intelligent, a likely long-term implication of this biased tracking is that Taisha will A) not pursue a college education. B) exert less effort in the courses she takes. C) attempt to take these classes on her own. D) bring a lawsuit against her school for discrimination.

51) Fatima was placed in an advanced track at school. Which of the following is Fatima likely to

experience? A) classes that are larger but have fewer discipline problems B) classes that have younger and less experienced teachers C) classroom activities that emphasize critical thinking D) classroom activities that emphasize rote memorization

52) Being placed in a more advanced track generally has a A) negative influence on school achievement. B) positive influence on subsequent course selection. C) negative influence on ultimate educational attainment. D) positive effect on the status of the student's family.

53) Michelle has been placed in a school program for gifted children. What is the minimum IQ

score that she would need to have for most psychologists to consider her gifted? A) 100 B) 130 C) 160 D) 190

54) A learning disability A) is related to emotional problems such as divorce. B) may be caused by a neurological problem. C) is usually related to hearing impairments. D) can be corrected with special tutoring.

55) Although Chris is significantly delayed developmentally, he goes to a general education

school. He takes classes in social studies, music, and physical education with the general education students, and he goes to special education classes to learn about reading and arithmetic. This situation is an example of A) mainstreaming. B) functional education. C) higher-order learning. D) education compensation.

56) Under current federal law, children with learning disabilities must be A) mainstreamed whenever possible. B) educated by tutors at home. C) enrolled in special schools. D) placed in after-school "catch-up" programs.

57) Which adolescent would be expected to have the most positive academic self-concept? A) Anne Marie, a gifted student who takes special classes for gifted students B) Padma, a gifted student who is integrated into the regular classroom C) Daniela, a student with a learning disability who is integrated into the regular

classroom D) Maryam, a student with a learning disability who takes special education classes with other learning disabled students

58) Specific learning disabilities are______. Examples are______ (impaired ability in reading or

spelling),______ (impaired ability in handwriting), and______ (impaired ability in arithmetic). A) common; dyslexia; dysgraphia; dyscalculia B) common; dysgraphia; dyslexia; dyscalculia C) rare; dyslexia; dysgraphia; dyscalculia D) rare; dysgraphia; dyslexia; dyscalculia

59) Experts recommend that adolescents with specific learning disabilities receive A) extra instruction to improve hand-eye coordination and psychosocial development. B) exclusive mainstreaming treatment. C) school vouchers to attend private schools. D) extra instruction in study skills, time management, organization skills, note-taking,

and proofreading.

60) Adolescents who have attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at risk for A) high blood pressure. B) tracking and mainstreaming. C) anxiety and depression. D) socioemotional learning.

61) Adolescents who have academic difficulties that can be traced to persistent and impairing

symptoms of inattention and impulsivity may have A) neurological understimulation. B) dyscalculia and dyslexia. C) dysgraphia and dyslexia. D) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

62) Why are many more boys than girls diagnosed with ADHD during childhood? A) More girls than boys first show signs of ADHD at a younger age. B) ADHD typically increases with age. C) More girls than boys first show signs of ADHD after childhood. D) Very few girls have ADHD.

63) Students in integrated classrooms who compare themselves to high-achieving peers often

feel________ about themselves. The term________ is used for this phenomenon. A) better; standing-on-the-shoulders-of-giants effect B) worse; big fish–little pond effect C) worse; upward-social-comparison effect D) better; bird-in-the-hand effect

64) In which decade did the Supreme Court rule that school districts could no longer use race as

a factor when deciding how to assign students to schools? A) 1950s B) 1970s C) 2000s D) 2010s

65) By the 1960s, after Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, schools were called on to A) offer more courses in math and science. B) implement desegregation programs. C) provide opportunities for work-study programs. D) become more academically demanding.

66) According to research, how has school desegregation affected students' achievement levels? A) Students of all ages have seen significant improvements in achievement levels. B) White and Asian students' achievement levels have declined, while Latinx and Black

students' achievement levels have risen. C) White and Asian students' achievement levels have risen, while Latinx and Black students' achievement levels have declined. D) School desegregation has had little effect on students' academic achievement.

67) According to the textbook, which of the following explanations support why some

researchers believe the availability of private schools in urban areas has contributed to racial segregation? A) Many White students who would otherwise attend their neighborhood public school attend private school instead. B) Many White teachers choose to work at private schools. C) There are no regulations prohibiting private schools from using ethnicity in admission decisions. D) Black and Latinx families tend to have negative stereotypes about private schools.

68) As a follow-up to the Supreme Court rulings in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

(1954, 1955), the Supreme Court ruled in 2007 that school districts may no longer A) use race as a factor in deciding how to assign students to schools. B) renew employment contracts with teachers who are written up for racial bias in the classroom. C) be fully funded if one ethnicity comprises more than 65% of the entire student body. D) draw students from different neighborhoods (in other words, bus students to school).

69) In general, students perform best when their teachers emphasize A) cooperation. B) competition. C) obedience. D) memorization.

70) Which kind of family environment most closely resembles the optimal classroom

environment? A) authoritarian B) authoritative C) indifferent D) indulgent

71) Which of the following statements about classroom environment is true? A) Moderate, rather than strict, control in the classroom promotes positive student

behavior. B) Classroom climate has little effect on achievement or on student self-assessment. C) Teachers who focus on discipline promote the most positive climate. D) Classrooms that are very task oriented tend to make students feel more comfortable and secure.

72) Discipline is more likely to improve behavior in school when students________ their

teachers. A) idolize B) disrespect C) fear D) trust

73) Ms. Willingham sets high standards for her students but is very responsive to their needs.

What type of teaching style is this characteristic of? A) autocratic B) authoritarian C) authoritative D) permissive

74) Annie is an adolescent enrolled in Mr. Love's science class. Annie will most likely do best in

class when Mr. Love A) spends a high proportion of time setting up high-tech equipment. B) spends a high proportion of classroom time teaching lessons. C) spends a high proportion of time confronting and dealing with disciplinary actions. D) restricts praise to times when students perform exceptionally well.

75) Which aspect of the school climate is the least important in influencing psychosocial

development during adolescence? A) class size B) teacher-student interactions C) use of classroom time D) standards and expectations

76) Diya and Kristie's teacher accidentally got their test scores mixed up and mistakenly thought

that Diya was the more intelligent of the two girls. At the end of the year, her records demonstrated that Diya had gained more and performed at a higher level than Kristie. This is best thought of as an example of A) goodness of fit. B) a self-fulfilling prophecy. C) mainstreaming. D) higher-order thinking.

77) The extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the

material rather than simply completing the assigned work is called A) self-fulfilling prophecy. B) student engagement. C) tracking. D) desegregation.

78) Which of the following classroom climates is related to increased student achievement? A) one that promotes competition between students B) one that promotes cooperation between students C) one that values order and discipline above all else D) one that has classrooms with wide age groupings

79) Ms. Adamson believes that junior high school students are daydreamers at best and

disrespectful at worst. Her students notice her attitude and therefore do not work that hard in her class, figuring that there is little chance of pleasing her. Their grades are lower than the grades of comparable students who have other teachers. What would a psychologist call this phenomenon? A) oppositional defiance B) socioemotional learning C) zero-tolerance policy D) self-fulfilling prophecy

80) Which of these is the most accurate statement about teachers' expectations of students? A) Teacher expectations can affect student performance for as long as a year. B) Teacher expectations have a long-term effect on student achievement. C) Students' expectations of teachers matter more than teachers' expectation of students. D) Children from wealthy families are the most susceptible to the weight of teacher

expectations.

81) Research has shown that teachers tend to favor high-achieving students by providing extra

cues for answers and more positive nonverbal behaviors than for lower-achieving students. Such evidence provides support for the notion that teachers' expectations may contribute to A) the zero-tolerance policy. B) better performance of all students. C) lower performance of all students. D) the self-fulfilling prophecy.

82) About what percentage of student achievement is the result of self-fulfilling prophecies that

teachers have about students? A) 20% B) 40% C) 60% D) 80%

83) According to a national survey, how many students in American public schools have been

victims of violence? A) 1 out of 2 B) 1 out of 4 C) 1 out of 20 D) 1 out of 40

84) According to research, which statement is true about the signs that a student will commit an

act of lethal violence? A) Depression, frequent absences, and disengagement are the most common signs. B) Isolation and rage are the most important signs. C) Impulsivity and technical know-how are the most common signs. D) The tendency toward lethal violence is almost impossible to detect in adolescents.

85) With respect to violence in schools, which of these statements is true? A) The number of school shootings has been steadily increasing since the 2000s. B) Most school shootings that get public attention involve White youth, but a

disproportionate number of homicides in schools involve non-White youth. C) Homicide in schools involves primarily White students. D) School officials are becoming more skilled at identifying ahead of time which students are most likely to be involved in school shootings.

86) Which boy is most likely to commit an act of lethal violence? A) Adin, who has mental health problems, is the most likely person. B) Miguel, who has easy access to guns, is the most likely person. C) Noah, who has recently dropped out of school, is the most likely person. D) Researchers have not identified a reliable mechanism for identifying which students

will commit a lethal crime.

87) The get-tough approach to dealing with violence in schools that has been hotly debated

among researchers is known as the A) total-intolerance approach. B) complete-prevention approach. C) zero-tolerance approach. D) absolute-zero approach.

88) Which other area could be affected by closing the racial gap in school discipline? A) decrease in crime rates among ethnic minority populations B) decrease in racial inequities during police arrests C) increase in suspensions and expulsions for White students D) increase in disciplinary actions for teachers

89) Calvin has completed three semesters of college, but he left college without an associate's

degree or a bachelor's degree. Which of these statements is likely to apply to Calvin? A) In terms of unemployment and earnings, he will do about as well as his peers who never attended college. B) In terms of unemployment and earnings, he will do about as well as his peers who received a bachelor's degree. C) His chances of unemployment are much lower than those of his peers who never attended college, but his earnings will be about the same as theirs. D) His earnings will be much higher than those of his peers who never attended college, but his chances of unemployment will be about the same as theirs.

90) Of the U.S. students who enter college, what percentage complete a degree within six years? A) nearly 25% B) fewer than 40% C) about 60% D) more than 75%

91) Which of the following accurately describes most other industrialized nations? A) Postsecondary education is monopolized by small, private universities with a

religious orientation. B) Postsecondary education systems are monopolized by vocational training. C) Almost all high school students attend comprehensive high schools. D) The government separates most students into college-bound and non-college-bound groups based on national exams.

92) Approximately________ of high school graduates enroll in either a two- or four-year college

immediately after graduation. A) 30% B) 50% C) 70% D) 90%

93) Your parents need to choose a school for your younger sibling. They ask you, "What have

you learned in psychology class about the characteristics of good schools?" Which of these responses would be the most accurate answer to this question? A) "Good schools tend to keep themselves separate from the communities around them to provide a safe and happy space for students." B) "Schools vary so much in structure and philosophy that it's impossible to say that certain characteristics are present in most good schools." C) "Good schools are likely to treat athletics and other extracurricular activities with the same importance that they treat academics." D) "Good schools have committed teachers who have a high degree of autonomy within their classrooms."

94) Which of these aspects of school is most important to a majority of adolescents? A) learning B) athletics C) extracurriculars D) graduation rates

95) What is the recommended relationship between schools and the larger community? A) Schools should reach out to athletic associations in the wider community. B) Schools should reach out to parents but stay isolated from the rest of the community. C) Schools should set themselves apart from the wider community, especially if that

community is troubled. D) Schools should be thoroughly integrated into the wider community.

96) According to research, which of these describes characteristics of effective classrooms? A) an orderly atmosphere that allows for critical thinking B) a disciplined atmosphere that limits debate C) one that welcomes students yet discourages autonomy D) one in which students utilize high-tech equipment whenever possible

97) The major characteristics of a good school include which of the following? A) is integrated into the community (with local colleges or businesses, for example) B) has a primary emphasis on extracurricular activities C) focuses on rote memorization and passive listening in classrooms D) has a bureaucracy that imposes strict limitations on teacher autonomy

98) Which of the following statements is true regarding dropping out of high school? A) In terms of future earnings, it is better to drop out of an underperforming school to get

a head start on working. B) In terms of intellectual development, staying in an underperforming school has no benefit for students. C) Regardless of the school’s shortcomings, staying in school is preferable in terms of future earnings and intellectual development. D) Staying in school is preferable in terms of future earnings and intellectual development only in a high-performing school.

99) What would Stephanie, a high school student, most likely say is the best part about going to

school? A) learning new information B) being with friends C) interacting with the teachers D) preparing for the future

100)

Imagine that you (an adolescent development expert!) have been asked to talk to city council members about the No Child Left Behind Act. The council wants to know the history of the act, including a discussion of why it was signed into law, and the intended, as well as unintended, effects. Be sure to discuss the problems with the original NCLB Act, and discuss what later administrations have done to try to fix the problems that developed during the early years of the policy.

101)

One of your friends has a daughter who will be entering seventh grade next year at a new middle school. Your friend has heard that in general, students' academic motivation, selfimage, and school grades all decrease as they leave elementary school and enter middle school. He wants to know why this might happen, and he seeks your advice on what to expect and how to help his daughter through this transition. What do you tell him?

102)

When it comes to school size, is bigger better? Discuss what you know about research on school size and extracurricular activity participation among high school students.

103)

You've just received a frantic phone call from one of your cousins whose son will soon be "graduating" from elementary school. Your cousin has to decide where to send the boy next year and, of course, wants him to have the best education possible—within her financial constraints. Knowing you are studying adolescent development, she asks you what type of school you think is best and asks about school vouchers, wondering if they could help defray the potential costs of private schooling. How can you help her? What advice would you give your cousin about where to send her son to school, based on research findings?

104)

Tracking is an important and controversial issue in today's classrooms. Define this issue, and illustrate three reasons tracking can be problematic.

105)

Kate is a new teacher at the local high school, and she wants to know what she can do to maximize her students' learning and achievement. Drawing upon research discussed in the chapter, what can Kate do to establish a classroom climate that is most conducive to learning and academic achievement?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 6 1) B 2) B 3) D 4) A 5) D 6) C 7) A 8) D 9) A 10) C 11) C 12) B 13) B 14) A 15) B 16) A 17) C 18) C 19) D 20) A 21) D 22) C 23) B 24) B 25) D 26) A 27) B 28) C 29) B 30) A 31) D 32) A 33) D 34) A 35) B 36) C 37) A

38) C 39) B 40) D 41) D 42) A 43) A 44) A 45) A 46) D 47) C 48) A 49) C 50) B 51) C 52) B 53) B 54) B 55) A 56) A 57) B 58) A 59) D 60) C 61) D 62) C 63) B 64) C 65) B 66) D 67) A 68) A 69) A 70) B 71) A 72) D 73) C 74) B 75) A 76) B 77) B

78) B 79) D 80) B 81) D 82) A 83) B 84) D 85) B 86) D 87) C 88) B 89) A 90) C 91) D 92) C 93) D 94) A 95) D 96) A 97) A 98) B 99) B 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105)

Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 7:__________ 1) Over the last 50 years, the amount of time adolescents devote to________ has declined

significantly. A) school B) paid jobs C) using media D) leisure activities

2) Today's teenagers spend the most hours A) on schoolwork. B) with family members. C) on leisure activities. D) working.

3) Which of the following led to an increase in free time for contemporary adolescents? A) organized youth movements B) compulsory schooling C) the spread of the Internet D) the invention of the teenager

4) Which of the following is often better for adolescents’ development? A) mixed extracurricular activities B) social activities with friends C) few extracurricular activities D) activities dealing with sports

5) What is the best way to conceptualize adolescents' free time? A) Adolescents' free time is best thought of as a "zero sum" phenomenon, whereby

involvement in one activity displaces involvement in another. B) There appear to be two groups of adolescents: those who have small time commitments across many different activities and others who commit substantial time to only one pursuit. C) There appear to be two groups of adolescents: those who have substantial time commitments to many types of activity and others who are nonparticipants. D) There appear to be adolescents who have substantial time commitments across many activities, adolescents who focus on one type of activity, and adolescents who do not participate in any activities.

6) The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs has decreased over

the past two decades. Which of the following is an explanation for this? A) Parental expectations have changed, and parents no longer feel it is necessary for teenagers to work. B) Fewer and fewer high school graduates are seeking college admission. C) The recession during the first decade of the twenty-first century left many adults without jobs. D) So many teenagers want part-time jobs that there is too much competition for too few jobs.

7) Approximately how many of today's teenagers will have worked an after-school job before

graduating high school? A) 10 percent B) 20 percent C) 30 percent D) 40 percent

8) Which of the following characteristics of the retail and service industries contributed to the

rise in adolescent employment during the second half of the 20th century? A) the unpredictability of these industries B) an abundance of low-wage positions C) the high turnover rate preferred by these employers D) the reluctance to hire adults

9) The proportion of American high school students holding part-time jobs A) dropped dramatically during the 1970s. B) has decreased during the last 30 years. C) increased dramatically during the first decade of the twenty-first century. D) has increased during the last 30 years.

10) Which of the following is a reason that after-school jobs became less attractive to teenagers

during the recession of the first decade of the twenty-first century? A) Teenagers already had enough money to purchase the things that interested them. B) New technologies increased the number of attractive and inexpensive leisure options available. C) Teenagers preferred to spend more time with friends and going out on dates. D) Teenagers began spending longer hours in school.

11) Compared to other times in recent history, how many adolescents have after-school jobs

today? A) Fewer adolescents have after-school jobs today than in recent history. B) More adolescents have after-school jobs today than at any time in recent history. C) The proportion of adolescents who have after-school jobs has been relatively stable

for the last four or five decades. D) The proportion of adolescents who have after-school jobs has varied widely.

12) Which of the following led to the decline of adolescents working in part-time jobs? A) an increase in wages B) lower standards in high school C) the expansion of the economy D) immigration

13) During the recession, which of the following was an accurate trend for teenagers? A) Fewer teenagers had driver’s licenses. B) Fewer teenagers spent time online. C) More teenagers took part-time jobs. D) More teenagers went out on dates.

14) Older students are more likely to hold________ jobs than are younger students. A) formal B) informal C) child care D) agricultural

15) What kind of job is an eighth grader most likely to have? A) babysitting B) a farm or agricultural job C) store clerk or salesperson D) fast-food worker

16) Ryan did a survey at his middle school of the most common after-school jobs for the eighth-

grade class. What are his results likely to say? A) movie theater usher and nurses' aide B) babysitting and lawn work C) fast-food worker and clothing store cashier D) receptionist and paper carrier

17) Jasmine is a high school senior. Which of the following jobs is she most likely to have? A) food server at a restaurant B) babysitter C) gardener D) housekeeper

18) Overall, the greatest number of older working teenagers are employed in A) construction and manual labor. B) restaurant and retail establishments. C) offices and other clerical settings. D) factories and manufacturing plants.

19) Parker, a senior in high school, is looking for a job. What type of job is he most likely to end

up with? A) stock clerk in a retail store B) yard work C) pizza delivery driver D) babysitter

20) According to the textbook, in general, how does employment affect adolescent development? A) Working helps adolescents develop a sense of responsibility and prepares them for

the transition to adulthood. B) Working interferes with other activities, such as school. C) Working promotes the development of undesirable behaviors, such as drug and alcohol use. D) The question of how adolescents are affected by working depends on the nature of the job.

21) Which of the following is true of most adolescents' jobs? A) They encourage adolescents to behave independently. B) They require challenging decision making. C) They seldom teach higher-level skills. D) They involve careful instruction from supervisors.

22) Overall, teenagers are least likely to comment that their jobs A) are tedious. B) offer good learning experiences. C) provide opportunities to exercise responsibility. D) pay a satisfactory amount.

23) Research assessing adolescent work experiences found A) adolescents have little opportunity to interact with other adolescents on the job. B) adolescents often form close relationships with the adults with whom they work. C) high rates of misconduct on the job among adolescent workers. D) adolescents find it easier to talk about their problems with adults other than their

parents.

24) Which of the following statements about adolescent employment is supported by research? A) Working builds character, teaches adolescents about the "real world," and helps them

prepare for adult responsibilities. B) The benefits of working during adolescence are mostly related to money management. C) Intensive employment during the school year may be detrimental to adolescent development. D) Adolescent employment offers valuable training for adult jobs.

25) Lisa is a high-school student who earns approximately $300 a month from her part-time job.

She is most likely to use the money for A) family necessities. B) personal expenses. C) household expenses. D) college savings.

26) Which of the following is an adolescent the least likely to spend their job earnings on? A) higher education B) designer clothing C) household expenses D) saving for a car

27) Adolescents who work long hours are less likely than their peers to A) participate in extracurricular activities. B) drop out of high school. C) be absent from school. D) be disengaged from school.

28) Ruben works more than 20 hours a week during the school year and Marianne does not work

at all. Ruben, compared to Marianne, is more likely to A) become more socially responsible. B) know how to manage his money better. C) drop out of school. D) abstain from drug and alcohol use.

29) Which of the following is associated with adolescents who work more than 20 hours per

week? A) B) C) D)

low educational ambitions greater enjoyment of school more time spent on homework earning higher grades

30) Which of the following has been found to be a characteristic of adolescents who work more

than 20 hours per week? A) a lower likelihood of cheating B) more effective time management C) more involvement in extracurricular activities D) lower grades

31) When large numbers of students in a particular school work, how does this affect the

schoolwork of their fellow students who do not have jobs? A) They become jealous of their working peers' affluence. B) The quality of their education suffers because many teachers lower classroom expectations. C) They develop similar problem behaviors, such as cheating and losing interest in school. D) They are not generally affected.

32) Chathura is an adolescent who works long hours on weekends and after school. Research

suggests that Chathura is more likely to________ than his nonworking peers. A) develop a strong sense of responsibility B) have a girlfriend C) engage in minor delinquency D) have a good relationship with his parents

33) Amari is a teenager who works long hours. According to the research presented in the

textbook, Amari is most likely to increase in which of the following? A) aggression B) self-control C) positive mood D) cooperation with parents

34) Many studies find that rates of smoking, drinking, and drug use are higher among teenage

workers than nonworkers, especially among students who A) make less money than their peers. B) also participate in athletics. C) choose to work long hours. D) are involved in many extracurricular activities.

35) Which of the following adolescents is most likely to use alcohol and drugs? A) 15-year-old Caesar, who works 24 hours per week at a fast-food restaurant B) 17-year-old Kayla, who works 16 hours per week at a bookstore C) 18-year-old Nombeko, who works 5 hours per week at a clothing store D) 15-year-old Palani, who does not have an after-school job

36) Pam is a 16-year-old who smokes marijuana every weekend. Based on this information,

which of the following most likely describes Pam's work experience? A) Pam is unemployed. B) Pam works long hours. C) Pam dislikes her job. D) Pam's job is not very stressful.

37) Which of the following teenagers is most likely to benefit from having a job? A) 14-year-old Garvesh, who lives in a poor neighborhood and has a history of

delinquency B) 17-year-old Daciana, who lives with her single mother in a poor, urban neighborhood C) 18-year-old Zion, who skips school frequently and lives in a middle-class neighborhood D) 15-year-old Ruolan, who drinks alcohol and lives in a middle-class neighborhood

38) Which of the following statements accurately describes the experience sampling method? A) Adolescents' parents provide feedback on their children's moods and activities during

the day. B) Adolescents self-report on their moods and activities multiple times during the day. C) Adolescents come up with explanations for their moods. D) Adolescents evaluate their overall mood at the end of the day.

39) The experience sampling method involves A) observing individuals in their natural setting. B) witnessing change in the makeup of the population. C) subjects carrying electronic devices and reporting their moods when prompted. D) researchers becoming participants during their observations.

40) Elise is dancing to her favorite song on the radio when her smartphone beeps. Elise pulls out

a notebook and records her current emotional state. This type of data collection is called A) ethnography. B) participant observation. C) the experience sampling method. D) demography.

41) Adolescents tend to report their least positive moods when they are A) with friends. B) working. C) with their family. D) alone.

42) Studies that use the experience sampling method have investigated whether adolescents'

moods vary as a function of whom they are with and whether this connection between mood and companionship changes with age. What are the primary results of these studies? A) In general, adolescents' moods are most positive when they are with their friends, least positive when they are alone, and somewhere in between when they are with their family. B) Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with friends become more negative on average, whereas their moods while with their family tend to first become more positive, then more negative. C) In general, adolescents' moods are most negative when they are with their friends, most positive when they are with family, and somewhere in between when they are alone. D) Between grades 5 and 9, adolescents' moods while with family become more positive on average, whereas their moods while with their friends tend to first become more negative, then more positive.

43) Typically, adolescents' moods while with their families become more negative between A) elementary and middle school. B) fall and spring semesters. C) middle and high school. D) high school and college.

44) Research indicates that, for an adolescent, spending unsupervised time after school with

friends is most problematic when the A) friends are much younger. B) adolescent is in a romantic relationship. C) adolescent is easily susceptible to peer pressure. D) adolescent is involved in a structured activity.

45) When is delinquency most common? A) weekdays during school hours B) weekday afternoons C) weekend nights D) weekend afternoons

46) Neville comes from a working-class family that lives in a run-down neighborhood in a major

city. Lately, his parents have been urging him to join his school's soccer team. They are most likely motivated to do this A) because they want Neville to have a better relationship with his teachers. B) because of their own strong connections to the school athletic program. C) in the hopes that it will help Neville get into a good college. D) out of a desire to keep Neville out of trouble after school.

47) Which of the following is most likely to deter adolescents from delinquent behavior? A) adult supervision B) peer pressure C) unstructured leisure time D) a part-time job

48) Expanding opportunities for adolescents to get involved in athletics, drama group, or other

structured extracurricular activities is associated with which of the following outcomes for participants? A) greater exposure to danger B) enhanced psychological well-being and social status C) higher stress and compromised mental health D) increased likelihood that participants will drop out of school

49) Which of the following groups is most likely to be involved in extracurricular activities? A) youth from poorer families B) students from larger schools C) youth who earn better grades D) youth from more urban communities

50) Among adolescents, which of the following activities often combines high levels of both

concentration and motivation? A) watching TV B) playing a musical instrument C) socializing with friends D) attending classes

51) Which of the following statements about extracurricular participation is true? A) Students who are highly involved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high

school are likely to stay highly involved throughout high school. B) Though popular activities are likely to remain popular during all four years of high school, the specific participants who choose to become involved in these activities is likely to undergo frequent changes. C) Students who are uninvolved in extracurricular activities at the beginning of high school are likely to become highly involved by the end of high school. D) Extracurricular overscheduling of youth creates pressures that compromise adolescents' mental health.

52) Ivan, a teenager, is most likely to experience high levels of concentration and interest when

he is A) B) C) D)

with his friends. in school. playing sports. watching television.

53) Chao has been involved in minor delinquent behavior. To curb this type of behavior, Chao's

parents should A) encourage Chao to get a full-time job. B) encourage Chao to get a part-time job. C) enroll Chao in a larger school. D) enroll Chao in a school-sponsored extracurricular activity.

54) The most popular type of extracurricular activity is A) athletics. B) music. C) academic clubs. D) occupational clubs.

55) Of the following types of extracurricular activities, which are most popular among

adolescents? A) music-related and academic-related B) craft-related and drama-related C) drama-related and music-related D) craft-related and academic-related

56) Javier has the choice of several after-school activities. Statistically, he is the most likely to

choose A) B) C) D)

music. science. athletics. a job.

57) Dr. Eckert is studying how participation in extracurricular activities affects adolescents in

disadvantaged neighborhoods. Dr. Eckert is likely to discover that participation in extracurricular activities A) makes adolescents over-scheduled and increases their stress levels. B) is detrimental to students' school performance and increases their likelihood of dropping out. C) deters delinquency and can help protect adolescents from exposure to violence. D) causes poor youth to be ostracized by their peers and is detrimental to their psychological well-being.

58) Which of the following adolescents is most likely to engage in violent behavior? A) Jenness, who is involved in student government and her school's tennis team B) Luis, who is a member of his school's drama club but is not involved in other

extracurricular activities C) Cooper, who is on his school's football team but is not involved in other extracurricular activities D) Aniyah, who is on her school's track team and debate team

59) According to the routine activity theory, which of the following is a major contributing factor

to adolescent delinquency? A) a lack of structured leisure activities B) lower-than-average intelligence C) extracurricular activities D) media usage

60) Which of the following teenagers is most likely to engage in problem behaviors? A) Xenia, who goes to the mall with her friends after school B) Ekene, who is home alone after school C) Fadel, who plays on the high school baseball team after school D) Keegan, whose best friend's mother supervises him and his friends after school

61) Which of the following is recommended for parents who leave their adolescents in self-care

after school? A) Allow their adolescent free, unstructured time after school. B) Have their adolescent check in with an adult as soon as they get home. C) Have their adolescent spend time out in public, rather than at home. D) Encourage their adolescent to have friends come over for study sessions.

62) Stephanie, an adolescent who engages in self-care after school, is likely to________ than

adolescents who are supervised by adults after school. A) be more socially isolated and more depressed B) become sexually active later in life C) be involved in fewer problem behaviors D) use less drugs and alcohol

63) An important limitation of studies of youth in self-care is that A) self-care youths are a difficult sample to recruit. B) there are important differences between the possible after-school arrangements for

adolescents in this group. C) parents rarely agree to allow their teenagers to participate in research studies. D) self-care youths are prone to dropping out of research studies.

64) Adolescents are statistically more likely to be home unsupervised if they A) come from a poor family. B) live in rural areas. C) are White. D) live far from their school.

65) Which of the following youth activities bears a striking resemblance to the stated goals of

positive youth development programs? A) after-school part-time jobs B) the Boys and Girls Clubs of America C) school-sponsored athletic activities D) after-school study groups

66) In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does competence mean? A) a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas B) an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy C) positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional

exchanges D) respect for societal and cultural rules

67) In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does confidence mean? A) a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas B) an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy; global self-regard C) positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional

exchanges D) respect for societal and cultural rules

68) In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does connection mean? A) a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas B) an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy C) positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional

exchanges D) respect for societal and cultural rules

69) In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, what does character mean? A) a positive view of one's actions in domain-specific areas B) an internal sense of overall positive self-worth and self-efficacy C) positive bonds with people and institutions that are reflected in bidirectional

exchanges D) respect for societal and cultural rules

70) In the Five Cs model of positive youth development, which "C" stands for a sense of

sympathy and empathy for others? A) character B) connection C) caring/compassion D) competence

71) Drawing on research that shows that certain extracurricular activities benefit adolescents and

research showing the potential dangers of leaving adolescents unsupervised after school, some experts have argued that well-designed programs will not only deter problem behavior but also encourage youth to develop strengths. This emphasis on developing strengths is known as A) pro-bono youth development. B) preventative youth development. C) cultivating decent youths. D) positive youth development.

72) Which of the following has been shown to be a key component of what makes a positive

youth development program successful? A) the extent to which participants are placed in demanding roles B) the extent to which participants are having fun C) the length of time participants are in the program each day D) how invested participants' parents are in the program's success

73) Which of the following is an example of new media? A) television B) recorded music C) online videos D) movies

74) What proportion of American households has at least one television? A) Virtually all American households have at least one TV. B) Except for adolescents who live in low-income homes, the majority of American

households have at least one TV. C) More than 50% of American households have at least one TV. D) Virtually all middle-class and upper-class households have a TV, and about 50% of lower-income families have a TV.

75) About________ of all adolescents have their own smartphone or access to one. A) three-fourths B) a half C) one-third D) one-fourth

76) The three dominant theories concerning the media's impact on adolescent development today

include which of the following? A) the media saturation theory B) the routine activity theory C) the uses and gratifications approach D) the flow experience

77) Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the idea that media shape adolescents' interests,

motives, and beliefs about the world? A) uses and gratifications approach B) cultivation theory C) media practice model D) routine activity theory

78) Adolescents are estimated to use media for about________ a day. A) 3 hours B) 5 hours C) 7 hours D) 9 hours

79) The average American adolescent sends________ text messages a day. A) 20 or fewer B) about 50 C) about 70 D) more than 200

80) One tremendous problem in interpreting studies of media use and adolescent development is

that A) B) C) D)

it is extremely difficult to disentangle cause and effect. media is difficult to define. the type of media that adolescents use changes rapidly. adolescents are very secretive about their media use.

81) Which of the following adolescents is at risk of developing compulsive Internet use? A) Paola, who does well socially and academically, but plays violent video games on her

Xbox for fun B) Jonas, who is aggressive with his peers and plays online video games as an escape C) Charlotte, who plays sports video games on her PlayStation for two hours every day D) Nayath, who plays problem-solving games online for an hour every day

82) Research evaluating media messages about sex and drugs finds that A) these messages have a strong impact on adolescents' behavior. B) repeated exposure to these messages is likely to have an effect on adolescent attitudes

and beliefs. C) although the messages may be somewhat negative, they tend to be relatively accurate. D) although their attitudes may differ, adolescents and adults have similar interpretations of these messages.

83) Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the fact that adolescents choose the media to

which they are exposed? A) uses and gratifications approach B) cultivation theory C) media practice model D) routine activity theory

84) Which theory of media's impact emphasizes the reciprocal link between adolescents'

preferences and their media exposure and also that adolescents not only choose what they are exposed to but interpret the media in ways that shape their impact? A) uses and gratifications approach B) cultivation theory C) media practice model D) routine activity theory

85) Research investigating media "effects" on adolescent development has a hard time ruling out

the possibility of spurious causation, which means that A) two things can go hand in hand. B) the second thing is actually causing the first thing (not the reverse). C) there is no statistically significant relation. D) the correlation between two things is due to the fact that each of them is correlated with a third factor.

86) Research suggests that exposure to sexual media most clearly affects adolescents' A) sexual behavior. B) relationships with friends. C) attitudes and beliefs. D) school performance.

87) Which of the following is a common message that the media conveys about sex? A) Unprotected sex can have serious consequences. B) Women are sex objects. C) Sex is a defining aspect of femininity. D) Sex is appropriate in a loving, respectful relationship.

88) Why is it hard to know whether exposure to messages about drinking and smoking actually

change adolescents' behaviors? A) Adolescents underestimate their behavior when it comes to alcohol and tobacco use. B) Research has found little correlation between smoking in media and adolescent smoking behavior. C) Preexisting values, beliefs, and expectations influence what adolescents perceive, what they pay attention to, and what they remember. D) Alcohol, drugs, and tobacco are present in almost all media that adolescents consume; therefore, it is difficult to pinpoint their effects.

89) What has research on the exposure of adolescents to violent imagery on TV found? A) There is no correlation between violent imagery on TV and aggressive behavior in

adolescents. B) Exposure to violent imagery on TV is linked to heightened sensitization to the effects of violence. C) Exposure to TV violence in childhood is linked to aggressive behavior in adolescence. D) TV exposure to violence has a greater influence on adolescents than family or community experiences.

90) Adolescents’ exposure to relational aggression in the media A) B) C) D)

predicts the use of relational aggression. has no relation to the use of relational aggression. reduces the use of relational aggression. might or might not relate to the use of relational aggression.

91) Nearly________ of the commercials that young people see on TV are for beer or wine. A) 5 percent B) 8 percent C) 10 percent D) 12 percent

92) What is a scientifically valid concern regarding adolescents' media use? A) Adolescents who use the Internet for socializing are at a high risk of being the victim

of unwanted sexual attention. B) Adolescents who frequently use the Internet experience detrimental effects on their mental health. C) The amount of time adolescents spend watching TV and playing video games is inversely linked to the amount of time they spend in physical activity. D) The increased time spent on the Internet has had a negative effect on adolescents' social development and relationships.

93) Approximately what percentage of teens who are online use social media? A) 50% B) 60% C) 80% D) 95%

94) Social media's effect on an adolescent's self-image depends on which of the following

factors? A) how much time the adolescent spends using social media B) the adolescent's relationship with their parents C) how many different social media platforms the adolescent uses D) how many or few friends the adolescent already has

95) Which of the following statements accurately describes how social media affects adolescents'

moods? A) When adolescents get feedback on social media, their moods are usually worse. B) When adolescents find support, they feel better; when they get negative feedback, they feel worse. C) Adolescents who care little about popularity are likely to experience fear of missing out (FOMO). D) Frequent messaging with close friends can lead to feelings of depression.

96) ________ is a term used for teenagers who spend too much time obsessing about their online

relationships. A) Social media recession B) Facebook depression C) Social media focus D) Facebook unease

97) Helena is a fourteen-year-old who uses social media very frequently. She is very concerned

about her popularity and spends a lot of time thinking about her online relationships. Helena is relatively likely to A) exhibit a high level of fear of missing out. B) have her online friendships displace her in-person friendships. C) engage in sexting. D) develop social anxiety.

98) Overall, what is social media's impact on teenagers? A) Social media has an overall negative impact on teenagers. B) The impact of social media on teenagers depends on several different factors. C) The impact of social media on teenagers is positive overall. D) Social media positively influences mental health but negatively influences physical

health.

99) Which adolescent is most likely to form a close online relationship with a stranger? A) Arthur, who frequently watches online pornography B) Ayanna, who spends the majority of her free time on her computer or smartphone C) Jeannette, who fights with her parents frequently and has high levels of anxiety D) Momoko, who keeps in touch with her friends mainly through social media

100)

Which of the following statements about adolescents' social communication on the Internet is most supported by scientific research? A) Adolescents' online friendships are likely to displace in-person friendships. B) Most adolescents use the Internet to communicate with people that they have never met or that they do not see in person. C) Many adolescents have both positive and negative experiences while socializing on the Internet. D) The majority of adolescents have not seen someone post something mean about someone else on the Internet.

101)

What percentage of American adolescents have sent a photo featuring naked breasts, genitals, or buttocks to a peer? A) 5% B) 20% C) between 40% and 50% D) more than 75%

102)

The teenagers most likely to engage in sexting are those who also A) spend excessive amounts of time online. B) watch large amounts of television. C) have difficulty establishing romantic relationships. D) engage in other risky behaviors.

103)

Which of the following examples of sexting would be most likely to lead to police action? A) Kaito, a 13-year-old, sends a nude picture of himself to his friend Veronica, a 14year-old. B) Delilah, a 15-year-old, sends a nude photo of herself to her 17-year-old girlfriend, Carrie. C) At the request of her 21-year-old friend, Dave, 16-year-old Greta sends him a nude photo of herself. D) After being dumped by Marie, his 16-year-old girlfriend, Rodrigo, who is also 16, sends a nude photo of her to his high-school friends.

104)

Which of the following adolescents is showing signs of compulsive Internet use (CIU) or Internet addiction? A) Immanuel loves being online. He spends a few hours each day on his computer updating his social media, playing online games, and watching videos. He and his friends often watch online videos together when they hang out. B) Violeta's father thinks she spends too much time online. He takes her smartphone away when she is home and limits her computer time to one hour. Although Violeta is annoyed by these restrictions, she enjoys spending more time on hobbies and socializing. C) Mawar looks at her smartphone constantly. She is happiest when her posts get a lot of "likes" and depressed when she cannot be online. Mawar's mother is upset by this behavior and feels that Mawar pays attention only to her phone, not her family. D) Oliver feels that his mood is worse when he spends too much time on social media. As a result, he mostly ignores his Facebook feed and rarely posts on Twitter. However, he frequently uses messaging applications to keep in touch with his friends.

105)

Seventeen-year-old Chloe has an Internet addiction. Which of the following symptoms is an example of "salience" as it pertains to Internet addiction? A) Chloe values her time on social media more highly than her other activities. She checks her smartphone throughout the school-day and is constantly online at home. She spends more time on social media than on homework or with friends. B) Chloe is happiest when her social media posts receive a lot of positive attention. She gets upset when people pay little attention to her online or when she gets negative feedback on her posts. C) Although Chloe checks her social media accounts often throughout the day, she feels lately that she needs more time online. She starts staying up late an hour later each night to be online longer. D) One Saturday, Chloe's mother takes away her phone, and Chloe is inconsolable. She spends most of the day sleeping and watching television. She tells her mother than she feels depressed and anxious when she cannot be online.

106)

Contrast the nature of free time for adolescents at the beginning of the twentieth century with that of free time for adolescents today. Explain the differences between the two time periods. Give an example of how a typical, well-adjusted, modern-day adolescent spends time.

107)

A state legislator has introduced a bill that would allow adolescents in the state to hold after-school jobs but would limit the number of hours that adolescents can work in such jobs to no more than 10 hours per week. There is a group in the legislature who oppose the bill. These opponents argue that not only should adolescents be allowed to hold after-school jobs with no restrictions placed on hours worked per week, but that working 20 hours or more every week helps adolescents to build character. Based on what you know about employment and adolescent development, explain which of these positions you would support and why? Be sure to consider which position is likely to generate better outcomes for adolescents.

108)

Anna's parents believe Anna has a lot of free time, and they would like to sign her up for some extracurricular activities. However, they are concerned that participation in these activities may lead to problem behavior and that overscheduling could place their daughter at risk for psychological stress and mental health problems. They are also worried that extracurricular participation could displace time spent doing homework and, as a result, could decrease her academic performance. They have asked you, the school psychologist, for advice. Based on current research into these issues, what would you tell Anna's parents?

109)

Your neighborhood's Civic Association has asked you to talk to a group of parents who have expressed their concerns about leaving their teenagers home alone after school while the parents are still at work. You have been asked to address whether this is a serious issue and, if so, how parents can minimize these problems without having to give up their jobs. The Civic Association leaders have also asked you to discuss the quality of the research that has been done in this area. What do you tell the parents?

110)

The local PTA has asked you to address their parents about the effects of media on adolescent development. They are most concerned with the effects of television and the Internet on their adolescents' well-being. Explain to these parents what you know about media in the home, the types of activities for which adolescents typically use the television and Internet, and the impact of sexual, drug-related, and violent messages and images on adolescents.

111)

You are about to give a lecture to a group of parents about current research views on media exposure and adolescent development. You know that parents are concerned with understanding whether all media is bad for all adolescents, or what determines the effect that media messages and images will have on particular adolescents. Discuss the three major prevalent theories of media influence on adolescent development and give examples of each theory to illustrate its points.

112)

The use of social networking websites, such as Snapchat and Instagram, has become extremely prevalent among teenagers (as well as among adults). Describe how online friendships affect in-person relationships among adolescents. Analyze whether 15-year-old Calvin, who is popular at school and has many friends, is likely to be positively or negatively affected by social media use and explain why. Then explain how his less popular peers' experiences might differ.

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 7 1) B 2) C 3) B 4) A 5) D 6) C 7) D 8) B 9) B 10) B 11) A 12) D 13) A 14) A 15) A 16) B 17) A 18) B 19) A 20) D 21) C 22) A 23) C 24) C 25) B 26) C 27) A 28) C 29) A 30) D 31) B 32) C 33) A 34) C 35) A 36) B 37) B

38) B 39) C 40) C 41) D 42) A 43) A 44) C 45) B 46) D 47) A 48) B 49) C 50) B 51) A 52) C 53) D 54) A 55) A 56) C 57) C 58) C 59) A 60) A 61) B 62) A 63) B 64) C 65) B 66) A 67) B 68) C 69) D 70) C 71) D 72) A 73) C 74) A 75) A 76) C 77) B

78) D 79) C 80) A 81) B 82) B 83) A 84) C 85) D 86) C 87) B 88) C 89) C 90) A 91) C 92) C 93) D 94) D 95) B 96) B 97) A 98) B 99) C 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112)

C B D C C A Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 8:__________ 1) Identity formation is best seen as a A) series of interrelated developments. B) single developmental issue. C) discrete quantitative switch. D) movement into a new and different person.

2) Researchers have identified which of the following factors as a critical component of the

development of identity during adolescence? A) self-esteem B) self-determinism C) self-censorship D) self-regulation

3) Which of the following is a reason that "identity development" is an adolescent issue? A) An identity crisis occurs during late childhood and early adolescence. B) A sense of identity emerges for the first time during adolescence. C) Identity development is one of the inevitable changes of puberty, but most young

people struggle during this time. D) Changes take place during adolescence that cause young people to alter how they view and feel about themselves.

4) Adolescents improve their ability and tendency to consider the long-term consequences of

their decisions, which is one aspect of A) imagining their possible selves. B) future orientation. C) self-concept. D) identity formation.

5) As adolescents develop, their self-conceptions become more A) negative. B) optimistic. C) disorganized. D) sophisticated.

6) Which of the following statements about self-conception is most likely to be made by a child

rather than by an adolescent? A) "I am a complicated person." B) "Most people think I'm very secure, but really I'm pretty shy." C) "I am a girl. I have two brothers. I like to read." D) "I am honest. I am helpful. I am friendly."

7) Maria describes herself as an only child, as a person who likes art and music, who is shy, and

who likes to read. Maria's description fits best with the idea of A) self-conception. B) self-esteem. C) self-attribution. D) self-control.

8) When asked to describe himself, Aakesh stated, "Most of my friends think I don't care about

school, but I really study a lot at night because school is important to me." This is an example of how adolescent self-conceptions become more A) contradictory. B) logical. C) differentiated. D) intensified.

9) Gwen has recently been preoccupied with trying to understand what kind of person she is. As

an exercise, she writes out a list of 20 traits that she thinks best describe her. According to researchers, Gwen is focusing on her A) identity. B) self-conception. C) self-esteem. D) socialization.

10) Adolescents who have more complex self-conceptions are less likely to A) be depressed. B) achieve more in school. C) have lots of friends. D) be foreclosed.

11) Kikko strongly dislikes country music but told Keith, who is a big country music fan and her

latest love interest, that country music is her favorite and that she would love to go with him to a country music concert. This type of behavior is called A) the negative identity. B) code switching. C) identity confusion. D) false-self behavior.

12) Someone who often engages in false-self behavior is relatively likely to A) report more emotional support from parents and peers. B) have high self-esteem. C) report depressive symptoms. D) report feeling satisfied with life.

13) Adolescents are most likely to behave________ in romantic situations and with a classmate,

and they are least likely to engage in________ behavior with close friends. A) authentically; inauthentic B) authentically; authentic C) inauthentically; false-self D) inauthentically; true-self

14) Adolescents are most likely to exhibit false-self behavior with their A) friends. B) parents. C) acquaintances. D) siblings.

15) Sean is an adolescent who frequently engages in false-self behavior and has low self-esteem.

What would a modern researcher most likely say about the connection between these two conditions? A) False-self behavior generally leads to low self-esteem. B) Low self-esteem often triggers false-self behavior in adolescents. C) There is no relation between false-self behavior and low self-esteem. D) False-front behavior may cause low self-esteem or vice versa.

16) Which of these is one of the "big five" personality dimensions that many researchers use? A) depression B) agreeableness C) self-esteem D) selfishness

17) What does the five-factor model describe? A) research methodology B) personality dimensions C) false-self behavior D) self-esteem dimensions

18) The parents of 14-year-old Ignacio call him the mayor of the neighborhood because he

knows almost everyone by name. He enjoys talking with friends and strangers and doesn't mind hearing about their problems. Which of the "big five" personality dimensions is Ignacio showing? A) conscientiousness and openness to experience B) extraversion and agreeableness C) neuroticism and conscientiousness D) agreeableness and neuroticism

19) What does it mean to say that "we grow more like ourselves every day"? A) As adolescents age, their personalities become more like those of their peers. B) People are drawn to settings and situations where they can challenge themselves by

trying new things. C) As adolescents age, they become more like their parents and grandparents. D) People are drawn to situations and settings that reward them for the traits they already have.

20) Jamil is highly organized. Which dimension of the five-factor model measures this quality in

him? A) B) C) D)

extroversion agreeableness neuroticism conscientiousness

21) In general, how much do people's personalities differ before and after adolescence? A) They are usually quite different. B) There tend to be a few major changes. C) They usually remain about the same. D) There is no general pattern.

22) According to personality research, there is evidence that between adolescence and young

adulthood, individuals tend to become A) more extraverted and less conscientious. B) less extraverted and less agreeable. C) more emotionally stable and more resilient. D) less agreeable and more emotionally stable.

23) Temperament and personality tend to become________ as we________. A) stable; take more classes B) unstable; get older C) more stable; get older D) unstable; take more classes

24) Mei was an impulsive preschooler. It is likely that, as an adolescent, she will be A) impulsive. B) angry. C) anxious. D) well-adjusted.

25) Researchers would most likely say that the statement "Adolescence is a time of storm and

stress" is A) overly optimistic. B) a wise assessment. C) provably inaccurate. D) a useful cliché.

26) Bethany is transitioning from elementary into junior high school, and Emma will be starting

her senior year of high school in the fall. According to research, who is more likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem? A) Bethany B) Emily C) Both are equally likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem. D) Neither is likely to experience disruptions in self-esteem.

27) When considering older adolescents (15 years and older) and early adolescents (8- to 11-

year-olds), which of the following statements is true? A) Early adolescents tend to experience a sharp increase in self-esteem. B) Self-esteem usually becomes more stable as adolescents grow older. C) On average, early adolescents are less self-conscious than older adolescents are. D) Most early adolescents have a particularly stable self-image.

28) During early adolescence, Catrina had a relatively stable self-image. As she enters late

adolescence, Catrina's self-image is likely to A) fluctuate greatly from one day to the next. B) remain stable. C) change dramatically, then stabilize. D) change dramatically, then continue to fluctuate.

29) Research studies have found that the most marked fluctuations in self-image happen A) during the transition into adolescence. B) during middle adolescence. C) over the course of late adolescence. D) during the transition from late adolescence to adulthood.

30) How positively or negatively an individual feels about themself defines A) self-regulation. B) self-esteem. C) self-attribution. D) self-idealization.

31) According to researchers, a young adolescent who has________ is also likely to report high

levels of anxiety, tension, and adjustment problems. A) a volatile self-image B) high self-esteem C) low self-consciousness D) a stable level of agreeableness

32) According to researchers, which of the following might make a young adolescent especially

vulnerable to the effects of stress? A) constantly changing self-image B) low sense of self-worth C) egocentrism D) impression management

33) Dewayne's parents are worried that as he enters adolescence, his self-esteem will greatly

decrease. During what time should Dewayne's parents expect the most fluctuations in his self-image? A) when he is 8–11 years old B) when he is 12–14 years old C) when he is 15–18 years old D) when he is 19–21 years old

34) Which of the following is a reason that early adolescents might experience fluctuations in

self-esteem? A) Their levels of egocentrism are steadily increasing. B) They are learning that it is usually possible to tell what people are thinking based on what they say. C) The opinions of peers take on increased importance in early adolescence. D) Early adolescents spend most of their time engaging in false-self behavior.

35) Most researchers today believe that adolescents evaluate themselves A) globally, in terms of their overall personalities. B) along several distinct dimensions, such as academics, athletics, and moral behavior. C) in constant comparison to their peers and their ideal self. D) both globally and along several distinct dimensions.

36) Alice has high academic self-esteem, whereas Loriann has high physical appearance self-

esteem. According to researchers, who will probably have higher overall self-esteem? A) Loriann B) Alice C) Loriann and Alice will most likely have equally high self-esteem. D) There is not enough information to answer this question.

37) Which of the following factors is the most important predictor of an individual's overall self-

esteem? A) athletic ability B) academic ability C) physical appearance self-esteem D) moral behavior and development

38) Although research indicates that physical appearance self-esteem is the best predictor of

adolescents' overall self-esteem, A) adolescents say that their physical appearance is one of the least important contributors to how they feel about themselves. B) adolescents who are not conventionally attractive instead base their self-esteem on other factors. C) young boys appear to be more concerned than girls about their own physical attractiveness. D) older adolescents tend to make issues of moral development and independence the most important factor.

39) Which of the following statements regarding sex differences in self-perceptions is true? A) Early adolescent girls' self-esteem is higher than that of same-age boys. B) Early adolescent girls have lower self-consciousness than same-age boys. C) Early adolescent boys have a shakier self-image than same-age girls. D) Early adolescent girls are more likely to say negative things about themselves than

same-aged boys.

40) According to researchers, because________ girls do not feel as________ about their

appearance as girls of other racial backgrounds, these individuals typically have________ overall self-esteem. A) White; negatively; higher B) White; insecure; lower C) Black; negatively; higher D) Black; positively; lower

41) Overall, according to research, which group of adolescents feels least positive about

themselves? A) White females B) White males C) Black females D) Black males

42) Which adolescent is likely to be the most vulnerable to disturbances in self-image? A) Carol, a 13-year-old female B) Catherine, an 18-year-old female C) Carl, a 13-year-old male D) Carlton, an 18-year-old male

43) Susan is a White, female adolescent. As such, she is________ likely to experience

disturbances to her________ than most other adolescents. A) less; self-concept B) more; self-image C) less; possible selves D) more; future orientation

44) Which of the following is one of the explanations researchers have presented to answer the

question, "Given the prevalence of prejudice in American society and the generally disadvantaged position of Black people, why do Black adolescents have high self-esteem?" A) Black teenagers benefit from the support and positive feedback of adults in their communities. B) Black youth have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them. C) Very few Black adolescents have experienced racism. D) A weak sense of ethnic identity among Black adolescents prevents harm to their selfesteem.

45) Which of the following statements about self-esteem in children is true? A) Having high self-esteem boosts scholastic achievement. B) High achievement in school boosts self-esteem. C) High achievement in school and high self-esteem are inversely related. D) High achievement in school and high self-esteem are unrelated.

46) Involvement in delinquent activity may lead to________ in self-esteem, perhaps because

involvement in delinquency________. A) an increase; earns teenagers approval from certain peers B) a decrease; leads to social isolation C) stability; has no effect on an adolescent's self-image D) sudden fluctuations; is dynamic and unpredictable

47) Tony and Jeff, both Black adolescents, attend different schools. Tony attends a school where

his ethnic group is in the majority, and Jeff attends a predominantly White school. What do studies predict about Tony and Jeff's self-perception? A) Black teenagers benefit from the support and positive feedback of adults in their communities. B) Black youth have learned not to recognize the extent to which American society discriminates against them. C) Very few Black adolescents have experienced racism. D) A weak sense of ethnic identity among Black adolescents prevents harm to their selfesteem.

48) Erik Erikson believed that________ is the primary psychosocial crisis of adolescence. A) balancing a sense of trust with a sense of mistrust B) developing a sense of autonomy and the ability to do things for oneself C) establishing a coherent sense of identity D) developing intimate personal relationships

49) According to Erikson, the major crisis of adolescence is called A) basic trust versus mistrust. B) autonomy versus shame and doubt. C) industry versus inferiority. D) identity versus identity diffusion.

50) Julianna is 15 years old and spends considerable energy wondering who she is and what kind

of person she will become. Erikson would describe her as facing the crisis called A) basic trust versus mistrust. B) autonomy versus shame and doubt. C) industry versus inferiority. D) identity versus identity diffusion.

51) The key to resolving the crisis of identity versus identity diffusion, according to Erikson, is A) identity achievement. B) family relationships. C) interactions with others. D) peer relationships.

52) Which adolescent would be expected to have the greatest difficulty establishing a sense of

identity? A) Michael, who has many alternatives available to him in many different arenas B) Teresa, who has a moderate number of alternatives available to her in a few different arenas C) Jay, who has few alternatives available to him and is expected to follow in his father's footsteps D) Sarah, whose religion insists that women remain at home and raise families

53) According to Erikson, a necessary "time-out" for adolescents is called A) a psychosocial moratorium. B) a period of crystallization. C) deindividuation. D) a period of separation.

54) Jin, a second-year college student, has switched majors three times. He is still undecided

about what he wants to do with his life. Jin is most likely in a state of A) psychological confusion. B) crystallization. C) deindividuation. D) psychosocial moratorium.

55) Problems in identity development can result when A) earlier crises have not been resolved. B) an adolescent's environment does not allow for a period of foreclosure. C) the adolescent has to endure a period of moratorium. D) the adolescent has not yet experienced the crisis of generativity.

56) Identity that is incoherent, disjointed, and characterized by an incomplete sense of self is

called A) B) C) D)

false-self behavior. moratorium. identity diffusion. marginal identity.

57) James has flunked out of high school, has severed all his ties with family and friends, and has

no sense of where he is headed. He also seems to have significant disruptions in his sense of time (some things seem to happen much faster than they really do). According to Erikson, James is experiencing A) identity diffusion. B) negative identity. C) identity foreclosure. D) psychosocial moratorium.

58) Sixteen-year-old Geneva believes that the death penalty is wrong because her parents,

friends, and church say so. She has never really thought about the issue, but she has accepted this view as her own. This pattern of following what her parents and peers say and do is pervasive throughout most of her beliefs and behaviors. Which identity state do you think Geneva is in? A) achievement B) foreclosure C) diffusion D) moratorium

59) Edith, the adolescent daughter of the local police chief, has recently been hanging out with a

rowdy group of youth who have vandalized a number of public buildings. Edith has most likely adopted a A) false-self behavior. B) negative peer culture. C) negative identity. D) gender-variant behavior set.

60) Which of these statements would the researcher Erik Erikson most likely agree with? A) Most adolescents achieve a balanced and coherent sense of identity quite easily. B) Each adolescent goes through one major psychosocial crisis. C) Whenever possible, adolescents must be protected from psychosocial crises. D) Psychosocial crises are a necessary part of adolescent development.

61) Across all the identity development frameworks, what is a common factor related to healthy

development? A) having authoritarian parents who focus on measurable achievement B) having a high self-esteem and positive self-regard C) a period of experimentation and exploration before finalizing choices D) exploration in depth and exploration in breadth

62) Which identity status is associated with a coherent sense of identity? A) achievement B) foreclosure C) moratorium D) diffusion

63) What is the most accurate way to describe movement through the four identity states? A) Progression through the states has a preconceived, orderly sequence. B) Individuals move from state to state, but not necessarily in an orderly fashion. C) Conflicts in each state must be satisfied before moving to next state. D) Each state has developmental tasks that need to be solved, and failure to successfully

navigate a state will halt development.

64) Adolescents who are in which identity state are most psychologically healthy, according to

researchers? A) identity maximization B) identity foreclosure C) identity achievement D) identity moratorium

65) Generally speaking, the parenting style that is associated with the healthiest identity

development is A) warm but not excessively constraining. B) cool but not excessively demanding. C) emotionally neutral and focused on achievement. D) warm but discouraging of individuality.

66) Which characteristic is predictive of identity achievement across ethnic and socioeconomic

groups? A) high level of confidence B) strong sense of agency C) seeing oneself as an adult D) low need for social approval

67) Generalizing from research on identity states, which of these individuals is most likely to

show authoritarian traits and have the highest need for social approval? A) Sanjay, identity achieved B) Ann, identity diffusion C) Michele, psychosocial moratorium D) Tara, identity foreclosed

68) Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity achieved state? A) Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make

them B) Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration C) Brandon, who is in the midst of a period of exploration D) Francisco, who has made identity commitments, but only after a period of exploration

69) Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity foreclosure

state? A) Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make

them B) Denise, who has made identity commitments without needing a period of exploration C) Brandon, who is in the middle of a period of exploration D) Francisco, who has established a coherent sense of identity, but only after a period of exploration

70) Which of the following individuals would be considered to be in an identity diffusion state? A) Alexandra, who has not made firm commitments and is not currently trying to make

71) As part of a research project, you interview high-school seniors. One senior, Manny, tells you

that his mom is a shop steward at the local car manufacturer and will likely get him a job there when he graduates. For this reason, he shows no interest in attending college, joining the military, or starting his own business. Which identity state most accurately describes Manny? A) identity diffusion B) identity achievement C) identity moratorium D) identity foreclosure

72) Researchers believe that some adolescents forge a sense of self-definition in a difficult

environment by A) selecting a negative identity. B) staying away from drugs and alcohol. C) engaging in identity moratorium. D) engaging in identity foreclosure.

73) Which of the following statements about identity development is true? A) A coherent sense of identity generally is established before the age of 18. B) Boys tend to lag behind girls in identity development in early and middle adolescence

but catch up by late adolescence. C) There is clearly an increase with age in the proportion of individuals who are in a state of moratorium, diffusion, or achievement. D) The sense of identity begins to crystallize in most people around age 12.

74) A sense of identity is typically crystallized A) in early adolescence. B) throughout the adolescent period. C) in late adolescence. D) in late adolescence to the early 20s.

75) As a psychology student, you attend a panel discussion that features a psychologist who

follows Erik Erikson's theoretical framework and a psychiatrist who is interested in the four identity states. Based on what you have read in the chapter, how would you expect these two experts to react to each other? A) The psychologist will most likely focus on teens' relationships with parents, while the psychiatrist will most likely focus on teens' relationships with peers. B) They are likely to have dissimilar views of early childhood development. C) The psychologist will most likely focus on quantitative research, and the psychiatrist will most likely focus on qualitative research. D) They are likely to have similar views of adolescent development.

76) Have attempts to speed up the identity development process by training individuals to think

more about how specific life events have played a role in their development been effective? A) Yes, adolescents can be trained to crystallize their sense of identity. B) No, these training programs have not been effective. C) The results of these training programs have been mixed. D) These types of training programs are unethical and thus have not been attempted.

77) What do the results from longitudinal studies on identity development indicate about the

flexibility of identity statuses? A) The majority of adolescents who were classified as being in a state of identity diffusion were still classified that way four years later. B) The majority of individuals who had apparently foreclosed the identity development process were in the midst of an identity crisis four years later. C) A large proportion of individuals who were classified as being in a state of identity achievement remained classified that way at later time-points. D) For adolescents, states of achievement and foreclosure tend to be permanent.

78) Studies of ethnic identity development have shown that, relative to adolescents from ethnic

minority groups, White adolescents are more likely to A) identify with a region or neighborhood rather than a country. B) have a stronger sense of ethnic identity. C) avoid using "panethnic" labels to describe themselves. D) identify themselves as "American" rather than with a specific heritage label.

79) Research has shown that ethnic socialization that results in having positive attitudes about

one's ethnic group is associated with A) having negative attitudes about other ethnic groups. B) faster identity development among adolescents. C) problematic interracial relations. D) positive attitudes about other ethnic groups.

80) Among ethnic minority adolescents, positive mental health is associated with A) having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage and feeling separate

from the mainstream culture. B) separating from one's own ethnic heritage but having strong positive feelings about mainstream culture. C) having strong positive feelings about one's own ethnic heritage while remaining involved in mainstream culture. D) separating from both one's own ethnic heritage and mainstream culture.

81) Among ethnic minority youth, academic achievement is highest when adolescents experience

which of these? A) a belief that people in their life have succeeded academically B) a connection to an ethnic group other than their own C) a belief that people in their life want them to succeed academically D) little or no awareness of racism

82) Awareness of racism is associated with________, while mistrust is associated with________. A) better achievement; doing poorly in school B) doing poorly in school; low self-esteem C) low self-esteem; better achievement D) doing poorly in school; better achievement

83) Moving through the early stages of ethnic identity development may be more successful if

parents teach their children A) to ignore society's conflicting messages about race. B) to respect their elders. C) to attend church regularly. D) about their ethnic or racial identity.

84) Ethnic socialization, the process by which parents teach children about their ethnic identity

and the experiences they may encounter within society as a result of this identity, is thought to focus on three major themes. Which of the following is one of these themes? A) rejecting mainstream society B) dealing with racism C) intolerance of the majority culture D) understanding many other cultures

85) Compared to ethnic minority adolescents with families that have been in the United States for

a long time, foreign-born ethnic minority adolescents tend to perform A) better in school, but are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior. B) worse in school, but are less likely to have emotional and behavioral problems. C) better in school, and are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior. D) worse in school, and are more likely to have emotional and behavioral problems.

86) What is the immigrant paradox? A) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school and

are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America. B) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform worse in school and are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America. C) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform worse in school but are less likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America. D) Foreign-born and first-generation ethnic minority youth perform better in school but are more likely to be involved in delinquent behavior or have physical, emotional, and behavioral problems than adolescents from the same ethnic group whose parents were born in America.

87) Why is it considered a paradox that young people who have recently immigrated to the

United States tend to do better academically than young people of the same ethnic group whose parents were born in the United States? A) People who immigrate to another country are likely to perform well academically. B) Immigration is usually stressful socially, academically, and economically. C) Emigration and immigration have different social, academic, and psychological outcomes. D) Emigrants usually perform better than immigrants in studies of social well-being.

88) Which of these approaches would a researcher say is most likely to help a student who

believes she has been discriminated against by her classmates? A) Encourage her to make friends with older students rather than with younger ones. B) Encourage her to make friends with boys rather than girls. C) Give her opportunities to make friends with students from her own ethnic group. D) Give her opportunities to make friends with students from other ethnic groups.

89) Researchers say that one of the pathways by which adolescents who feel discriminated

against experience negative mental health outcomes is that adolescents who feel discriminated against in school A) may feel less control over their academic achievement, which may lead to feelings of depression. B) put less effort into their schoolwork, which may lead to feelings of worthlessness and self-hatred. C) isolate themselves from their families, which may lead to feelings of despair. D) are afraid to present their "true self," which may lead to difficulties with peers.

90) According to researchers, there are differences in the ways that discrimination is expressed

toward boys and girls, especially among which ethnic group? A) Asian-American teenagers B) Black teenagers C) Latinx teenagers D) White teenagers

91) Compared to parents who emphasize having pride in one's ethnic group, parents who

emphasize the need to be wary about potential racism tend to have children A) who fare better in the face of discrimination. B) who fare worse in the face of discrimination. C) who are more prepared for the "real world." D) who are more accepting of discrimination.

92) Researchers have presented a model to help make sense of the complicated relations among

perceived discrimination, ethnic identity, and mental health among people from ethnic minority groups. This model is called A) the racial centrality model of identity. B) the multicultural model of discrimination. C) the multidimensional model of racial identity. D) the multitrait multimethod model of discrimination.

93) Monica believes that people from other ethnic groups dislike and distrust her and other

members of the ethnic group that she identifies with. What term would a researcher use to describe this belief? A) racial disaggregation B) racial centrality C) private regard D) public regard

94) Researchers have found that individuals who believe that the public has low regard for their

ethnic group typically A) are more sensitive to racial cues. B) are less sensitive to racial cues. C) have low private regard. D) have high private regard.

95) Adolescents whose parents are from different ethnic or racial groups are known as________

adolescents. A) multilingual B) culture brokering C) monocultural D) multiethnic

96) Which of these is a likely reason that researchers are spending more time and effort studying

multiethnic adolescents? A) More multiethnic children are being born. B) Adolescents who identify with more than one ethnic or racial group are becoming rare. C) Researchers did not understand the negative effects of prejudice until recently. D) Fewer multiethnic children are being born.

97) According to one study, how many biracial adolescents changed their racial self-

identification within a four-year period? A) nearly 25% B) nearly 50% C) nearly 75% D) nearly 100%

98) One’s sense of oneself as male, female, or transgender is called A) B) C) D)

multiethnicity. gender identity. sexual orientation. gender role behavior.

99) Which of the following statements regarding transgender adolescents is true? A) It is more common for youth labeled as women to identify as being transsexual men

than for youth labeled as men to identify as being transsexual women. B) Transgender youths have about the same levels of self-reported eating disorders as other teenagers. C) Transgender youth who have transitioned socially report high levels of suicidal ideation. D) Relatively little research has been conducted into the psychological development and mental health of transgender adolescents.

100)

Your professor has asked you to take part in a study that will examine moral development in male and female adolescents. Based on previous research, which of these conclusions would you expect to see in this new research? A) Moral development will probably become more complex in boys over time and less complex in girls over time. B) There will probably be more differences in moral development between boys-only groups and girls-only groups than there will be within groups of boys and groups of girls. C) There will probably be more differences in moral development within groups of boys and groups of girls than there will be between boys-only groups and girls-only groups. D) Moral development will probably become less complex in boys over time and more complex in girls over time.

101)

Based on research, which of these labels best describes the psychological differences between men and women? A) relatively minor B) surprisingly persistent C) wide-ranging and dramatic D) mostly unstudied

102)

The idea that pressure to behave in sex-appropriate ways temporarily increases during early adolescence is called the________ hypothesis. A) gender intensification B) self-image stability C) sex-role stereotyping D) androgyny

103)

Recently, Maddie, a 15-year-old female from the United States, has begun wearing more makeup and is choosing to wear dresses rather than jeans or tracksuits. What would a psychologist probably call this behavior? A) sex-specific amelioration B) gender pressure C) gender-variant behavior D) gender-stereotypic behavior

104)

Noah and Ava are teenagers. In which situation are they likely to face the most pressure from their peers and from adults in their lives? A) Ava acts in a way that others do not consider to be stereotypically masculine or feminine. B) Noah acts in a way that others do not consider to be stereotypically masculine or feminine. C) Noah acts in a way that others consider to be stereotypically feminine. D) Ava acts in a way that others consider to be stereotypically masculine.

105)

Boys who have a more traditionally masculine orientation also score higher in feelings of A) identity crisis. B) identity development. C) self-rejection. D) self-acceptance.

106)

Which adolescent male would researchers expect to have the highest self-esteem? A) Paul, who is extremely masculine B) David, who is extremely feminine C) Roger, whose sexuality is ambiguous D) Donald, who is both masculine and feminine

107)

Sophia and Emma believe that being attractive to boys and men is an important part of a teenage girl's identity. Which of these terms would a researcher most likely use to describe Sophia and Emma? A) sexualized B) divergent C) gender-aware D) hyperfeminine

108)

In one study, girls believed that other girls who had highly sexualized Facebook photos were________ than other girls whose Facebook photos were not as highly sexualized. A) more socially attractive B) more physically attractive C) less competent D) less trustworthy

109)

Which of the following statements regarding the gender intensification hypothesis in adolescence is true? A) In recent years, gender-role socialization has all but disappeared. B) Girls' gender-role socialization is more intense than boys' gender-role socialization. C) Boys' gender-role socialization is very intense from childhood on. D) In recent years, gender-role socialization has become much more intense for boys and girls.

110)

How do self-conceptions change between childhood and late adolescence? Be sure to define the term "self-conception" and describe how adolescents use differentiation and organization to describe themselves. Give an example of how each of these qualities affects self-conception.

111)

Sarah is an 18-year-old female from Detroit. She admits that she behaves in completely different ways depending on whether she is at school, on a date, with her family, or with her close friends. Based on research, how would you describe Sarah's incongruent behaviors?

112)

Has research on Erikson's theory of adolescent identity development supported his original theory? How do identity status researchers get their data? What have these studies found that is (or is not) consistent with Erikson's theory? What do the psychological profiles look like for individuals in each of the identity states?

113)

As you join some friends for coffee, they are discussing a group of classmates who seem to have problems with their identity development. Some of these classmates seem to have a rather incoherent, disjointed, incomplete sense of who they are; one seems to have made no exploration at all in any areas of his development and just does what his parents tell him, which he says is fine with him; and a couple of others behave in ways that are obviously contrary to social norms and mores. Your friends turn to you to ask if there are classifications to describe these behaviors and how they might have developed. What do you tell them?

114)

Describe how, according to research, the identity development of nonwhite adolescents differs from the identity development of White adolescents. What unique challenges do ethnic minority adolescents, including multiethnic and foreign-born adolescents, face? How do ethnic minority adolescents respond to these challenges? Be sure to describe the pathways related to positive and negative outcomes among ethnic minority youth.

115)

You have been asked to address a group of middle school teachers who are concerned about gender-role socialization in middle school. They understand that there is increased pressure on adolescents to act in certain ways. They also want you to address any other issues on this topic that you believe are relevant, so they will be able to come up with a program to help their students move as smoothly as possible through adolescence.

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 8 1) A 2) A 3) D 4) B 5) D 6) C 7) A 8) C 9) B 10) A 11) D 12) C 13) C 14) C 15) D 16) B 17) B 18) B 19) D 20) D 21) C 22) C 23) C 24) A 25) C 26) A 27) B 28) B 29) A 30) B 31) A 32) A 33) B 34) C 35) D 36) A 37) C

38) A 39) D 40) C 41) A 42) A 43) B 44) A 45) B 46) A 47) A 48) C 49) D 50) D 51) C 52) A 53) A 54) D 55) A 56) C 57) A 58) B 59) C 60) D 61) C 62) A 63) B 64) C 65) A 66) B 67) D 68) D 69) B 70) A 71) D 72) A 73) B 74) D 75) D 76) B 77) B

78) D 79) D 80) C 81) C 82) A 83) D 84) B 85) C 86) A 87) B 88) D 89) A 90) B 91) B 92) C 93) D 94) A 95) D 96) A 97) C 98) B 99) D 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115)

C A A D C D A A C C Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 9:__________ 1) The psychosocial domain concerning the development and expression of independence is

called A) B) C) D)

rebellion. autonomy. detachment. morality.

2) Cara hates that her mother always asks her where she is going and who she is hanging out

with. Cara's attempts to keep secrets are her attempt to establish A) autonomy. B) responsibility. C) maturity. D) self-reliance.

3) Whereas________ refers to individuals' capacity to behave on their own,________ has

emotional and cognitive as well as behavioral components. A) independence; self-sufficiency B) autonomy; independence C) independence; autonomy D) autonomy; self-sufficiency

4) Which statement about autonomy during adolescence is true? A) Autonomy is closely related to adolescent rebellion. B) The growth of autonomy during adolescence is gradual and progressive. C) The growth of autonomy during adolescence is rather dramatic. D) The development of adolescent autonomy mainly involves acting independently.

5) Adolescents' desire for autonomy may actually have an evolutionary basis, which reflects A) adolescents' competitiveness with their same-sex parent. B) the desire to live in an environment with the least amount of competition for key

resources. C) the desire to increase their opportunity for reproduction outside the family. D) the desire to seek a better living environment than the one in which they were raised.

6) The paradox of adolescent autonomy is that A) adolescents today are more economically dependent than in previous times yet have

fewer responsibilities than their peers in previous eras. B) whereas adolescents today are expected to be increasingly autonomous psychologically and socially, they are now less autonomous economically. C) whereas adolescence extends longer today than it did in previous eras, today's adolescents are more autonomous than in previous times. D) adolescence is shorter today than in previous eras, but today's adolescents are expected to be less psychologically and socially autonomous from their parents.

7) Many young people find it frustrating that A) they feel emotionally independent but must abide by their parents' rules as long as

they are being supported economically. B) their parents expect them to be so autonomous and independent at such a young age. C) they are economically independent but still rely on parents for approval regarding religious and political issues. D) they are working the same jobs as some adults but have less freedom and more supervision than the adults.

8) Issues of autonomy A) are typically resolved during toddlerhood. B) are typically resolved during adolescence. C) are typically resolved in early adulthood. D) recur throughout the life span.

9) Which of the following is one theory as to why individuals develop autonomy during

adolescence? A) The physical changes of puberty trigger changes in the adolescent's emotional relationships at home. B) Puberty drives the adolescent toward increasing emotional dependence on the family. C) Individuals develop a system of values based on rules and authority during adolescence. D) Adolescents are less capable of abstract thinking and unable to weigh different perspectives.

10) Juanita has decided not to go along with her friends and drink alcohol after school. She

realizes that drinking is wrong and decides not to give in to the peer pressure. Which of the three types of autonomy is Juanita exhibiting? A) behavioral B) emotional C) cognitive D) psychosocial

11) Peter is noticing changes in the expression of affection and distribution of power in his

relationships with his parents. He is less likely to rush to them with a problem and is spending more time with his friends. What type of autonomy is developing with Peter? A) behavioral B) emotional C) cognitive D) psychosocial

12) Which of the following aspects of autonomy involves the capacity to make independent

decisions and follow through with them? A) behavioral autonomy B) psychosocial autonomy C) emotional autonomy D) cognitive autonomy

13) As Da-Xia moves into adolescence, her opinions begin to differ from those of her parents.

She realizes that her parents are not always right and is starting to develop her own values. Which type of autonomy is Da-Xia developing? A) behavioral autonomy B) psychosocial autonomy C) emotional autonomy D) cognitive autonomy

14) Which of the following types of autonomy refers to that aspect of independence related to

changes in an individual's close relationships? A) behavioral autonomy B) psychosocial autonomy C) emotional autonomy D) cognitive autonomy

15) Ema’s parents have noticed that, throughout Ema’s adolescent years, their relationship has

transformed, and they can confide in Ema more than they used to. What type of autonomy is Ema developing? A) emotional B) cognitive C) behavioral D) psychosocial

16) Which of the following examples reflects the development of emotional autonomy in an

adolescent-parent relationship? A) Dima talks to his father about everything and sees his father as the ultimate authority on politics, relationships, and life in general. B) Although Mila has a few friends from school, she spends little time on relationships outside her family. Mila is mostly emotionally invested in her parents. C) When Ogechi is upset about an argument with her best friend, she asks other friends for their opinions instead of rushing to her mother for advice. D) Haziq's parents do not confide in him. Haziq is usually preoccupied with his own feelings and unable to sympathize when his parents are having a difficult day.

17) In classical psychoanalytic theories, the process of separation that occurs during early

adolescence is referred to as A) detachment. B) separation anxiety. C) distinction. D) individuation.

18) Which of the following examples describes the psychoanalytic theory of detachment? A) During puberty, Lazar is always fighting with his father. He stops confiding in his

parents and turns solely to his friends for support. B) As Mayuree begins adolescence, she frequently bickers with her parents, but she still talks to her mother when she needs support. C) Lashawn relies less on his mother than he did when he was younger. He takes more responsibility for his own actions and decisions. D) Susan's relationship with her father is changing. She is beginning to think of him more as a friend than an authority figure.

19) Which statement regarding autonomy development best fits with Anna Freud's theory? A) The physical changes of puberty cause little disruption in the family system. B) Detachment in adolescence is a result of tensions between family members. C) Emotional autonomy during adolescence involves a transformation of family

relationships. D) Intrapsychic conflicts arise from ambivalent feelings toward the parent of the opposite sex.

20) In contrast to the psychoanalytic perspective, many researchers today assert that older

adolescents who are gradually and progressively sharpening their sense of self as autonomous, competent, and separate from their parents are in the process of A) autonomy. B) individuation. C) self-evaluation. D) detachment.

21) Research indicates that________ has negative effects on adolescents' mental health,

whereas________ has positive effects. A) dependence; detachment B) detachment; individuation C) individuation; dependence D) individuation; detachment

22) Which of the following parenting behaviors encourages healthy adolescent individuation? A) having rigidly enforced rules until the adolescent has developed autonomy B) providing a family environment that is characterized by close family relationships C) accepting that conflict and hostility are a normal part of the parent-child relationship D) providing few guidelines so adolescents develop their own standards for behavior

23) Tau's parents comment that his first year in college has been very good for him because he

has become more responsible for his actions and choices and less dependent on them. Tau's parents are describing A) individuation. B) detachment. C) self-esteem. D) de-idealization.

24) Which of the following statements about emotional autonomy is true? A) Emotional autonomy involves a transformation in family relationships rather than

detachment. B) Children tend to be closer to their parents emotionally in early adolescence than during childhood. C) An absence of conflict between adolescents and their parents indicates a delay in the development of emotional autonomy. D) Adolescents cannot develop emotional autonomy without detachment from their parents.

25) Which of the following is a characteristic of adolescents' growing emotional autonomy? A) Adolescents become more likely to believe their parents are all-knowing. B) Adolescents become less likely to hold onto idealized pictures of their parents. C) Adolescents become less attached to relationships outside the family. D) When something goes wrong, adolescents assume their parents will "fix everything."

26) Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of increased emotional autonomy among

adolescents? A) Adolescents are eager to get their parents help and advice with problems. B) Adolescents feel their parents are all-knowing and all-powerful. C) Adolescents are able to see their parents as people. D) Adolescents have difficulty sympathizing with their parents' problems.

27) Viggo says to his friends, "You know, sometimes my dad is wrong, and I tell him so and give

him my opinion. I didn't used to do that when I was younger—I used to think that everything he said was right." Viggo is demonstrating A) rebellion. B) de-idealization. C) detachment. D) responsibility.

28) As individuals transition from adolescence into adulthood and progress through the process

of individuation, they tend to A) increasingly view lying to their parents as unacceptable. B) improve their techniques for lying to their parents without being detected. C) lie to their parents more and more often. D) realize that their parents frequently lied to them when they were children.

29) Which statement concerning adolescents' ability to see their parents as people is true? A) As adolescents develop this ability, they become more emotionally distant from their

families. B) This aspect of emotional autonomy often develops later in adolescents' relationships with their fathers than with their mothers. C) After puberty, adolescents clearly see their parents as individuals and not just as parents. D) High schoolers are much better at seeing their parents as individuals than middle schoolers.

30) Which of the following events have researchers suggested is one of the most important

triggers of the individuation process? A) puberty B) identity development C) detaching from parents D) seeing parents as people

31) Emotional autonomy develops best when parents encourage________ and________. A) individuation; emotional closeness B) individuation; emotional distance C) detachment; emotional distance D) independence; interdependence

32) Healthy individuation and positive mental health are fostered by________ family

relationships. A) constraining B) authoritarian C) close D) distant

33) Adolescents are likely to show signs of psychological distress when their parents A) impede the individuation process. B) promote the process of individuation. C) work to retain closeness with their children. D) give them opportunities to learn self-regulation.

34) Selina is a 16-year-old high school student who has an active social life. She is allowed to

drive her parents’ car on the weekends but always tells them where she is going and is home by curfew. What impact does this support for Selina’s autonomy likely have on her parents? A) It gives them more control over her. B) It forces them out of her personal business. C) It causes them to worry more. D) It has a positive effect on their mental health.

35) Parents who use a lot of psychological control are best characterized as being A) emotionally distant and permissive. B) overprotective and intrusive. C) authoritative and critical. D) autocratic and harsh.

36) Research has shown that people whose parents were psychologically controlling during their

adolescence were A) less likely to be in romantic relationships in their 30s. B) more likely to do well in college. C) less likely to exhibit deviant behavior as adults. D) more likely to engage in abusive relationships in their 20s.

37) Which of the following types of parenting promotes healthy emotional autonomy in

adolescents? A) authoritarian B) indulgent C) authoritative D) indifferent

38) Kiana believes that her parents are too strict and has decided not to abide by their rules. She

refuses to do her chores around the house and breaks curfew every night. Kiana is probably from A) a permissive home. B) an authoritarian home. C) an authoritative home. D) an indifferent home.

39) When Ramesh gets frustrated or upset, he turns to his peers rather than his parents for

support. As a matter of fact, Ramesh relies on his peers more than his parents for most things. Ramesh is probably from an A) indulgent home. B) authoritarian home. C) authoritative home. D) autocratic home.

40) Michelle's parents believe in relaxed rules and guidelines. They believe that rules and

regulations will inhibit Michelle's discovery of herself as a person. In what way is this parental philosophy likely to affect Michelle? A) Michelle will be emotionally distant from her parents. B) Michelle will be genuinely autonomous. C) Michelle will frequently lie to her parents. D) Michelle will have a close relationship with her parents.

41) Which of the following types of households creates adolescents who do not develop healthy

autonomy, have difficulty complying with rules, and are usually dependent on their friends? A) authoritarian B) autocratic C) authoritative D) indulgent

42) Craig's parents were permissive when he was a child and mostly let him spend his time as he

liked. Now that he is 14, they are becoming stricter. They do not let him make decisions about what to do with his free time, and they closely monitor his activities. How is Craig likely to respond to this shift? A) He will confide in his parents more and rely less on his peers. B) He will decide to spend more time on schoolwork. C) He will withdraw from his family and friends. D) He will resist obeying his parents' rules.

43) With age, adolescents become more likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated

with the decisions they make and more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices, not just the immediate ones. These improvements seem to be due to which of the following? A) the decline in the extent to which decisions are influenced by their potential immediate rewards B) being more drawn to the potential benefits of a decision than the potential costs C) decreases in self-regulation during middle and late adolescence D) the increase in the probability that decision making is influenced by emotions

44) Between middle and late adolescence, individuals become A) less likely to consider both the risks and benefits associated with a decision. B) more likely to weigh the long-term consequences of their choices. C) less likely to control their impulses. D) more influenced by anticipated rewards.

45) Adolescents who struggle with self-regulation are more likely to A) be engaged in school. B) show little to no emotion. C) be engaged in positive behaviors. D) exhibit extremes in negative emotions.

46) When researchers used brain-imaging technology to investigate patterns of adolescent brain

activation compared to adult brain activation, what did they discover? A) Regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are more intensely activated. B) Regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to rewards are less intensely activated. C) Regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to punishment are more intensely activated. D) Regions of the brain that are especially sensitive to punishment are less intensely activated.

47) Before Hila fills out her course registration for fall semester, she asks her parents which

courses they think she should take. Hila also consults the guidance counselor at school as well as some of her close friends. She weighs their suggestions, then enrolls in the courses that seem best suited to her educational goals. Which type of autonomy is Hila demonstrating? A) cognitive autonomy B) behavioral autonomy C) emotional autonomy D) psychosocial autonomy

48) According to research on adolescent "reward sensitivity," who would be most likely to settle

for $750 tomorrow rather than receive $1,000 a year from now? A) 10- to 11-year-olds B) 14- to 15-year-olds C) 16- to 17-year-olds D) 22- to 25-year-olds

49) Between early and late adolescence, individuals increase in their A) susceptibility to their peers' opinions. B) ability to seek and evaluate the advice of others. C) sensitivity to immediate rewards. D) emotionally influenced, risky decision making.

50) When asked what a guilty person should do when being interrogated by police, younger

adolescents are more likely than older adolescents to recommend that the person A) remain silent. B) demand a lawyer. C) confess. D) blame someone else.

51) Many individuals have argued that older adolescents should have the right to seek health care

services without parental knowledge or consent because A) the basic cognitive abilities necessary to make such decisions are mature by the age of 16. B) it will help them to develop behavioral autonomy. C) they are at an age where they could legally become emancipated. D) they are more sexually active than younger adolescents.

52) Emilio is a teenager who generally respects his parents. On which of the following issues,

however, is Emilio most likely to side with his friends and against his parents? A) the place for a date with his girlfriend B) the issue of capital punishment C) the choice of religious affiliation D) the value of a college education

53) Peers usually have more influence than parents over adolescents' decisions regarding A) work. B) education. C) social matters. D) moral issues.

54) Research comparing the decision-making abilities of young adults with people in their mid-

20s has found that the young adults demonstrate________ self-control than the people in their mid-20s when the two groups are________. A) better; calm B) better; emotionally aroused C) worse; calm D) worse; emotionally aroused

55) Otis, a 17-year-old male, is most likely to be influenced by the opinions of his parents when

dealing with which of the following questions? A) Should I copy Niall's homework? B) What should I wear to the party? C) Who should I vote for in the student council election? D) How do I get Brianna to like me?

56) For which of the following questions is an adolescent most likely to turn to outside experts

for advice? A) What steps do I need to take to get admitted to college? B) How should I decorate my first dorm room? C) Will it be hard to make friends at college? D) Is the University of Michigan a fun place to go to college?

57) Research has shown that adolescents are more likely to develop strong self-control if their

parents engage in________ parenting. A) indulgent B) authoritative C) authoritarian D) autocratic

58) The family of which of the following adolescent girls is most likely to have earlier

expectations for their child's autonomy? A) Olivia, a White adolescent B) Guan-yin, a Chinese adolescent C) Chetana, an Indian adolescent D) Min-seo, a Korean adolescent

59) In immigrant families, the expectations of the parents about adolescent autonomy are most

influenced by________, and the expectations of the adolescents are more influenced by________? A) the old culture; the old culture B) the old culture; the new culture C) the new culture; the new culture D) the new culture; the old culture

60) In early and middle adolescence, adolescents become more________ with respect to parents

and more________ with respect to peers. A) autonomous; conformist B) conformist; autonomous C) autonomous; autonomous D) conformist; conformist

61) Which statement about conformity to peers is true? A) Conformity is higher during later adolescence. B) Conformity is low when the behavior in question is antisocial. C) Conformity is higher during early and middle adolescence. D) Conformity to peers is low during early and middle adolescence.

62) A study of high school students looking at photographs of risky behavior on Instagram

showed decreased activation in brain regions known to govern A) self-confidence. B) self-control. C) conformity. D) morality.

63) According to research, which of the following statements about peer influence on Latinx

adolescents is true? A) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among relatively more acculturated Latinx adolescents than their less acculturated peers. B) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latinx adolescents who were born abroad than Latinx adolescents born in the United States. C) Susceptibility to peer pressure is higher among Latinx adolescents than among the overall U.S. population of adolescents. D) Susceptibility to peer pressure is lower among Latinx adolescents than among the overall U.S. population of adolescents.

64) At which of the following ages would you expect susceptibility to peer pressure, especially

for delinquent behaviors, to be the greatest? A) 8 years B) 11 years C) 14 years D) 19 years

65) A brain-imaging study that investigated individual differences in susceptibility to peer

pressure found that individuals who showed a heightened sensitivity to social evaluation were A) more able to resist peer influences. B) less able to resist peer influences. C) less likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions. D) more likely to be influenced by their emotions when making important decisions.

66) According to research, which of the following adolescents is likely to be the most susceptible

to peer pressure? A) Giang, an Asian male adolescent B) Kyle, a White male adolescent C) Aurelia, a Black female adolescent D) Camila, a Latinx female adolescent who was born in Colombia

67) Which of the following adolescents is likely the most susceptible to peer pressure? A) Bethany, a 17-year-old female who spends time studying or going to the movies with

her friends B) Gavin, a 14-year-old male who frequently spends time with friends who use alcohol and shoplift C) Kazimir, an 11-year-old male who spends most of his free time with his parents and sister D) Toula, a 16-year-old female who follows fashion influencers on social media with her friends

68) Adolescents who have less positive relationships with their parents than typical adolescents

are more likely than others in their age groups to do which of the following? A) spend time with friends under adult supervision B) affiliate with antisocial peers C) spend time with their siblings D) obey their parents' rules

69) Research suggests that adolescents________ are the most likely to be susceptible to peer

pressure. A) whose parents become more authoritarian over time B) whose parents encourage autonomy C) who have positive regard for their parents D) from authoritative homes that encourage independent decision making

70) Adolescents are more likely to engage in problem behaviors if they are A) distant from their parents. B) close with their parents. C) close with their peers. D) distant from their peers.

71) Which of the following adolescents (all are the same age) is most likely to have susceptibility

to peer pressure according to research? A) Stephen, a White male adolescent B) Paul, a Black male adolescent C) Alexis, a White female adolescent D) Jocelyn, a Black female adolescent

72) During late adolescence, the susceptibility to peer pressure A) remains stable. B) increases C) is highly variable. D) decreases.

73) Which of the following is a characteristic of the development of cognitive autonomy? A) decreasingly abstract thinking about moral, political, ideological, and religious issues B) increasing emotional distance from parents C) beliefs that are increasingly rooted in general principles that have an ideological basis D) beliefs that are increasingly founded in the values of one's family

74) Which of the following is an example of cognitive autonomy? A) establishing more adult-like relationships with family members B) relying less on parents for emotional support C) refusing to cheat on an exam even when the teacher is not in the room D) seeking the advice of others when faced with a serious question

75) Piaget's theory of cognitive development emphasizes shifts in A) the kind of reasoning that individuals use to make decisions. B) the content of the moral decisions that individuals make. C) an individual's actions as a result of moral reasoning. D) an individual's level of responsiveness to moral dilemmas.

76) As a child, Jose did not understand that he simply could not take the things he wanted. As he

is getting older, he begins to understand the concept of ownership. This change is an example of A) moral development. B) peer pressure. C) moral disengagement. D) prosocial behavior.

77) Reasoning that is based on rewards and punishments is called______ reasoning. A) principled B) conventional C) postconventional D) preconventional

78) Postconventional reasoning can also be referred to as A) emotional reasoning. B) principled moral reasoning. C) self-reliant reasoning. D) autonomous reasoning.

79) An individual who sees society's rules and conventions as relative and subjective is at which

stage of moral reasoning? A) preconventional B) postconventional C) conventional D) This description does not match any stage of moral reasoning.

80) A person who obeys the rules because of a sense of social obligation to behave in certain

ways is functioning at which level of moral development? A) prosocial B) conventional C) postconventional D) preconventional

81) According to the cognitive-developmental perspective, the most important indicator of an

individual's stage of moral reasoning is A) whether the individual chooses the correct answer. B) how long the individual takes to respond to the moral dilemma. C) the reasoning behind an individual's response. D) an individual's choice of words in the response.

82) Research suggests that the majority of adolescents probably function at which of the

following moral reasoning levels? A) prosocial B) conventional C) postconventional D) preconventional

83) Malkhaz believes that there is nothing wrong with drinking a little beer because, "Everyone

my age does it once in a while, and I'll be a social outcast if I don't have a drink." Malkhaz's level of moral development would be described as A) preconventional stage. B) conventional stage. C) postconventional stage. D) prosocial stage.

84) Which of the following is an example of conventional moral reasoning? A) Marcy decides not to join her friend in shoplifting jewelry because she is afraid her

mother will find out and stop letting her hang out with friends. B) Marcy decides not to join her friend in shoplifting jewelry because it is against the law, and her family and friends do not approve of breaking the law. C) Marcy decides not to join her friend in shoplifting jewelry because the shop owner is a nice person who donates to charity. D) Marcy decides to join her friend in shoplifting jewelry because she is excited about wearing the jewelry to her school's winter formal dance.

85) Individuals who reason at lower levels of moral thought are thought to be A) less likely to commit antisocial acts. B) more tolerant of diversity. C) more accepting of others' misbehavior. D) more influential over their friends in moral decisions.

86) Aden reasons at the preconventional stage. He is more likely than people who reason at other

stages to A) engage in delinquency and aggression. B) engage in prosocial behavior. C) influence his friends in moral decisions. D) engage in political protests.

87) Individuals are more likely to engage in risky behavior when they see the behavior as A) a personal choice rather than an ethical dilemma. B) an ethical dilemma rather than a personal choice. C) a private issue rather than a public one. D) a public issue rather than a private one.

88) Vondra, an 18-year-old, reasons at the postconventional stage. On which of the following

matters is there most likely to be a gap between her moral reasoning and her behavior? A) whether she should steal a computer she wants but cannot afford B) whether she should join a protest against animal cruelty C) whether she should smoke marijuana, even though it is illegal D) whether she should cheat on a test she forgot to study for

89) Lucas believes that it is acceptable to cheat on his math exam because he wants to retaliate

against his teacher, who has given him detention repeatedly. Lucas probably scores high on measures of A) postconventional reasoning. B) preconventional reasoning. C) moral disengagement. D) conventional reasoning.

90) Over the course of adolescence, individuals come to______ prosocial acts that are done

for______ reasons. A) respect; self-serving B) seek out; non-biased C) devalue; self-serving D) devalue; humanitarian

91) More advanced levels of moral reasoning and prosocial behavior in adolescents are

associated with which parenting style? A) authoritarian B) indulgent C) indifferent D) authoritative

92) Researchers have found that scoring higher on measures of prosocial moral reasoning

correlates positively with A) prosocial behavior but not with attitudes toward helping others. B) attitudes toward helping others but not with actual prosocial behavior. C) both sympathy and empathy but not with actual prosocial behavior. D) prosocial behavior and is related to being more sympathetic and empathic.

93) Which adolescent is least likely to engage in prosocial behavior? A) Latonya, who scores high on both masculine and feminine traits B) Talia, who scores high on femininity C) Michael, who scores high on femininity D) Rufus, who scores high on masculinity

94) Research has shown that encouraging the development of______ may foster prosocial

behavior. A) self-confidence B) indulgent behavior C) emotional intelligence D) emotional detachment

95) Which of the following individuals is least likely to be engaged in volunteerism? A) Aislinn, whose parents actively volunteer in the community B) Joshua, who is an introvert and rarely engages with others socially C) Zoya, who is actively involved in her church D) Carolina, who helps her classmates with their homework

96) Which of the following statements concerning volunteerism is true? A) Engaging in community service is not correlated with short-term gains in social

responsibility. B) Engaging in community service has not been shown to increase the importance individuals place on helping others. C) Engaging in school-mandated community service gives students a negative attitude toward volunteering. D) Engaging in community service leads to increased commitment to tolerance, equal opportunity, and cultural diversity.

97) By early adolescence, who has the greatest influence on prosocial behavior? A) teachers B) parents C) peers D) celebrities

98) Which of the following is a shift that is noticed in the way adolescents think about politics as

they mature? A) decreased abstraction B) increased authoritarianism C) movement away from obedience D) less independent

99) Which of the following adolescents is most likely to be more rigid and authoritarian in the

way they think about politics? A) Ginny, a 12-year-old girl from the United States B) Kourosh, a 14-year-old boy from Iran C) Nosiba, a 16-year-old girl from Sudan D) Liang, an 18-year-old boy from China

100)

Older adolescents are more likely than younger adolescents to A) be trusting, uncritical, and obedient. B) take an acquiescent stance toward government. C) favor rigorous and harsh enforcement of the rules. D) challenge authority and argue that laws should be reexamined.

101)

Which of the following adolescents is most likely to attribute issues such as poverty or unemployment to individual factors rather than societal factors? A) Edite, who lives in a middle-class, suburban neighborhood B) Milo, who lives in a poor, rural area C) Wardell, whose parents have doctoral degrees D) Yushika, whose mother runs a financial investment company

102)

Experts believe that________ could decrease apathy toward politics and encourage civic engagement among adolescents. A) joining more extracurricular activities B) taking more civics classes C) getting involved in local organizations D) joining a political party

103)

Finn is an American teenager whose parents are in a high socioeconomic bracket. Which of the following is likely true about Finn’s societal views? A) He believes society should distribute resources on the basis of need. B) He believes society should distribute resources on the basis of merit. C) He believes people are poor because they don’t want to work hard. D) He believes society is inequitable.

104)

During late adolescence, individuals define their religious beliefs based on A) their own system of personal religious beliefs. B) the teachings of their parents. C) the beliefs of their peers. D) the teachings of their chosen religious leaders.

105)

Research on religious changes during adolescence indicates that A) adolescents believe that attending church exhibits a person's religious commitment. B) children are more strict observers of religious customs. C) college students are more religiously oriented than children. D) religion is more important to older adolescents than to children.

106)

According to research from Clardy and King, which adolescents are most likely to say that God is important to them? A) adolescents from Mexico B) adolescents from China C) adolescents from Italy D) adolescents from France

107)

When are adolescents most likely to question their religious beliefs? A) during junior high B) during elementary school C) during high school D) during the early years of college

108)

During adolescence, the importance of religion generally A) increases. B) decreases. C) decreases at first, then increases. D) remains the same.

109)

According to U.S. surveys, what percentage of American adolescents report an affiliation with a religious group? A) about 85% B) about 50% C) about 35% D) less than 20%

110)

The transformation in religious thinking during adolescence can be best understood as part of the overall development of______ autonomy. A) moral B) behavioral C) emotional D) cognitive

111)

Madeline is a fairly religious adolescent. Much of the research on religion and adolescence would suggest that Madeline would be A) more likely to rebel against the constraints placed on her by her religion. B) more likely to rebel against constraints placed on her by her parents. C) less likely to use drugs or engage in premarital sex. D) less likely to be involved in the community.

112)

There are two components of religious development: (1)______, which refers to the religious practices one engages in; and (2)______, which refers to one's personal quest for answers to questions about God and the meaning of life. A) spirituality; religiosity B) religiosity; spirituality C) ritual; philosophy D) behavior; thinking

113)

You are giving a guest lecture to a group of college students. Define three types of autonomy and describe an example of each.

114)

Discuss Anna Freud's view, the psychoanalytic approach, of autonomy during early adolescence. Does research on teenagers' relationships with their parents support Freud's view? Why or why not? Describe an alternative to Freud's approach.

115)

The process of individuation is integral to adolescent development. Discuss two ways in which this process is triggered, and give an example of one of the first signs that this might be taking place.

116)

Your next-door neighbor tells you she read an article about a 17-year-old girl who was severely punished by her parents when they found out she began taking birth control without telling them; then your neighbor relates a second article about a 15-year-old boy who is being tried as an adult for murdering his abusive stepfather. Your neighbor doesn't understand why the girl was not allowed to make this personal choice for herself because she was considered a minor, but the boy, who is younger, is being treated as an adult. What can you tell her?

117)

Your aunt and uncle are concerned about whether their teenage children, your cousins, will develop into moral adults. They ask you about adolescent moral development, and, in particular, they want to know what they should expect in regard to moral behavior for their children. They want to know what they can do to ensure the healthy moral development of their teens. Explain what you know about the three levels of moral reasoning.

118)

Analyze the changes in the ways adolescents think about prosocial issues and the changes in their willingness to engage in prosocial behavior. Do adolescents' beliefs about prosocial phenomena predict the extent to which they engage in prosocial behavior? What do adolescents think about prosocial acts that have a self-serving goal? What types of prosocial behavior are common among adolescents? Who is most likely to engage in service learning and what are the effects of volunteering? Is "forcing" adolescents to "volunteer" likely to have positive impacts?

119)

Now that Stella is an adolescent, she has changed the way in which she thinks about religion, morals, and politics. Specifically, she disagrees with her parents and believes that a protest blocking the construction of coal-fired power plant is acceptable because protecting the environment is more important than living in accord with the law. She knows that breaking the law is wrong, but she believes that the enforcement of certain laws should depend on the context in which the law is being evaluated. She believes that some laws are outdated and should be reexamined and perhaps amended. Stella's parents think she is just trying to rebel against them. How can you explain Stella's change in political ideology based on cognitive research in adolescence? Compare the way younger adolescents think about politics to that of older adolescents who are developing moral reasoning and cognitive autonomy.

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 9 1) B 2) A 3) C 4) B 5) C 6) B 7) A 8) D 9) A 10) A 11) B 12) A 13) D 14) C 15) A 16) C 17) A 18) A 19) B 20) B 21) B 22) B 23) A 24) A 25) B 26) C 27) B 28) A 29) B 30) A 31) A 32) C 33) A 34) D 35) B 36) A 37) C

38) B 39) A 40) A 41) D 42) D 43) A 44) B 45) D 46) A 47) B 48) A 49) B 50) C 51) A 52) A 53) C 54) D 55) A 56) A 57) B 58) A 59) B 60) A 61) C 62) B 63) A 64) C 65) B 66) A 67) B 68) B 69) A 70) A 71) A 72) D 73) C 74) C 75) A 76) A 77) D

78) B 79) B 80) B 81) C 82) B 83) B 84) B 85) C 86) A 87) A 88) C 89) C 90) C 91) D 92) D 93) D 94) C 95) B 96) D 97) C 98) C 99) A 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117)

D B C A A B A D B A D C B Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

118) 119)

Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 10:__________ 1) In adolescence, relationships usually become______ than in childhood. A) more intimate B) less intimate C) more impersonal D) less emotionally charged

2) As used in the study of adolescence, the term intimacy refers to an emotional attachment

between two people that is characterized by A) lack of concern for each other's well-being. B) a sexual and/or physical relationship. C) a willingness to disclose private, sometimes sensitive, information. D) pursuing divergent interests and activities.

3) Intimate relationships of adolescents A) require physical involvement with a romantic partner. B) do not include relationships with parents. C) exclude connections with same-sex friends. D) may include a variety of people and types of interactions.

4) Which statement about intimacy is true? A) Intimacy is an important concern only in adolescence. B) One of the central issues in the study of intimacy during adolescence is the onset of

dating. C) Intimacy is characterized by withholding discussion of private and sensitive topics. D) Intimacy cannot take the form of close friendships between people of the same sex.

5) Which of the following is an accurate statement about intimacy and sex? A) They can exist together or separately within relationships. B) They are both different words for the same thing. C) There can be intimacy without sex, but no sex without intimacy. D) There can be sex without intimacy, but no intimacy without sex.

6) Children's friendships are based on________, whereas adolescents' friendships are typically

based on________. A) activities; competition B) activities; intimacy C) intimacy; competition D) competition; activities

7) It is likely that a limitation in children's ability to________ inhibits their ability to have

intimate interpersonal relationships. A) feel emotional pain B) take another person's perspective C) care deeply D) experience fear

8) The development of intimacy is especially important in adolescence, because A) truly intimate relationships do not emerge until adolescence. B) the adolescent's social world changes, with decreasing emphasis on peers. C) growth of social cognition reflects less sophisticated conceptions of social

relationships. D) friendships transform being self-conscious to being more activity oriented.

9) Neuroimaging studies have shown that connections between different parts of the brain

during adolescence cause A) improved interpersonal competence. B) a loss in the ability to empathize. C) a decrease in the tendency to feel socially isolated. D) simplified views of social relationships.

10) Adolescents spend more time________ than anything else. A) communicating with their friends B) engaging in physical activity C) engaging in sexually-oriented physical contact D) communicating with adults

11) Which theorist presented one of the most important theoretical perspectives on the

development of adolescent intimacy? A) Freud B) Sullivan C) Erikson D) Benedict

12) According to Sullivan, development can be best understood by examining transformations in A) psychosexual needs. B) sexual drive. C) interpersonal needs. D) self-conceptions.

13) According to Sullivan, the need for intimacy starts to develop during A) childhood. B) preadolescence. C) early adolescence. D) late adolescence.

14) Which child is probably experiencing the need to be intimate with a friend of the same age

for the first time? A) Carlo, who is 7 B) Dierdre, who is 18 C) Elijah, who is 11 D) Krishna, who is 16

15) Sullivan believed that important interpersonal transitions are more likely to be negotiated

successfully if A) they have a solid foundation of security in past relationships. B) an individual develops appropriate cognitive skills. C) an individual had many playmates in childhood. D) they have a solid basis in social cognition.

16) Sullivan emphasized the social aspects of growth, suggesting that psychological development

can be best understood when looked at in A) societal terms. B) interpersonal terms. C) identity terms. D) medical terms.

17) According to Sullivan, where does the capacity for intimacy first develop? A) early adolescent, same-sex relationships B) early adolescent, other-sex relationships C) middle adolescent, other-sex relationships D) preadolescent, same-sex relationships

18) Based on Sullivan's theory of interpersonal development, intimacy is first expressed in A) sexual relationships. B) other-sex friendships. C) mixed-sex relationships. D) same-sex relationships.

19) Sullivan believed a precondition to forming close relationships as an adolescent is A) being able to take someone else's perspective. B) forming intimate friendships during preadolescence. C) having secure interpersonal relationships since childhood. D) overcoming the frustration and anxiety associated with making friends in childhood.

20) In Sullivan's view, the shift in the "targets" of intimacy during early adolescence from same-

sex to other-sex relationships is primarily motivated by A) the need to transition from nonromantic to romantic relationships. B) the onset of puberty and the emergence of sexuality and a biologically based sex drive. C) resolving the homophobic conflict of childhood. D) the need to appear popular by surrounding one's self with as many peers as possible.

21) According to Sullivan, if the interpersonal tasks of adolescence are negotiated successfully,

the young adolescent enters late adolescence able to A) delay intimacy until adulthood. B) enjoy multiple sex partners without guilt. C) experience intimacy and sex in the same relationship. D) logically separate physical sex from feelings of intimacy.

22) When two people who have the potential to be romantic partners engage in a nonsexual

relationship, this is known as A) an intimate attachment. B) a disorganized attachment. C) a platonic friendship. D) an activity-oriented friendship.

23) The close, significant emotional bond between parent and infant is called A) attachment. B) goodness-of-fit. C) symbiosis. D) the secure base.

24) An infant who is indifferent to their caregiver would have what type of attachment? A) secure B) anxious-avoidant C) anxious-resistant D) anxious-secure

25) Maria is the mother of a 6-month-old baby girl, Antonia. Antonia does not seem to have a

close, trusting bond with Maria. Instead, their relationship is characterized by ambivalence. What type of attachment best describes Antonia's relationship with Maria? A) secure attachment B) anxious-resistant attachment C) anxious-avoidant attachment D) indifferent attachment

26) Which of the following patterns of attachment is positively correlated with high sociability in

childhood? A) anxious-resistant B) secure C) anxious-avoidant D) dependent

27) Studies that compare adolescents' working models of their relationships A) show that emotional attachments in adolescence depend entirely on attachments

formed in infancy. B) suggest that an individual's beliefs and expectations about relationships are similar across different interpersonal domains. C) demonstrate dramatically different beliefs and expectations for different interpersonal domains. D) show that early life attachments have no relevance to relationships developed during adolescence.

28) During infancy, Julia formed a secure attachment with her parents. This attachment has

formed the basis for all her future approaches to interpersonal relationships. According to attachment theorists, Julia is employing A) a Q-sort technique. B) an intimate ideology. C) an internal working model. D) a social support theory.

29) Research assessing the link between infant attachment and the quality of interpersonal

relationships in adolescence and young adulthood finds A) an inverse relationship between the quality of infant attachment and healthy adolescent relationships. B) little or no continuity between infant attachment and adolescent relationships. C) that early relationships are only a factor for people with extremely negative adolescent relationships. D) that early relationships set the stage for later interpersonal relationships.

30) Rejection sensitivity is a term that psychologists use to describe A) oversensitivity to romantic rejection that is related to an insecure attachment in

infancy and early childhood. B) the development of a working model of relationships in which parental and peer relationships are similar. C) the development of a working model of relationships in which romantic partners and parents are less important than peers. D) an oversensitivity to peer rejection in childhood that leads to an oversensitivity to rejection in the adult workplace.

31) One study that used brain-imaging techniques to investigate adolescents' neural responses to

rejection while playing an online game called "Cyberball" found that A) adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression. B) adolescents low in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are more likely to develop symptoms of depression. C) adolescents high in rejection sensitivity show a different pattern of brain activity in response to exclusion and are less likely to develop symptoms of depression. D) there are no biological differences in how individuals respond to not being thrown the ball based on whether they score high or low on rejection sensitivity.

32) The structured interview used to assess an individual's past attachment history and internal

working model of relationships is called the A) adult attachment interview. B) Q-sort. C) intimacy measure. D) adolescent security scale.

33) Dr. Diamond plans to conduct an interview with a patient to assess the patient's history of

attachment relationships. What method would Dr. Diamond most likely use? A) an adult attachment interview B) a Q-sort C) an internal working model D) a five-factor model

34) Overall, adolescents who are securely attached to their parents and peers________ than their

insecure counterparts. A) are less likely to engage in substance abuse B) have less academic success C) tend to leave their parents' homes later D) display lower social competence

35) Which of the following is a classification commonly used when coding responses to an adult

attachment interview? A) aggressive B) avoidant C) attentive D) preoccupied

36) Although it is difficult to separate "selection" and "socialization" effects, individuals who are

securely attached in infancy are likely to A) be socially competent in childhood. B) lack close friends in adolescence. C) avoid romantic relationships in adulthood. D) become easily depressed when rejected in adulthood.

37) It appears that Daniel is uninfluenced by his childhood relationship with his mother. For

example, even though his mother wasn't around much during his childhood, instead of being upset, Daniel says, "No big deal, I didn't need her anyway." An attachment theorist would most likely describe Daniel as having A) a secure attachment. B) an anxious-avoidant attachment. C) an anxious-resistant attachment. D) a preoccupied attachment.

38) Dr. Fiore has just conducted an adult attachment interview with Jaesun. The interview

revealed that Jaesun has never had a very good relationship with her parents, especially her mom. Jaesun exhibits quite a lot of depressive symptomatology and has an extremely disordered relationship with food. Based on this information, Dr. Fiore will most likely categorize Jaesun as A) anxious. B) dismissive or preoccupied. C) avoidant. D) secure.

39) During________ concerns about loyalty and anxieties over rejection become more

pronounced and may temporarily overshadow concerns about intimate self-disclosure, particularly among girls. A) middle adolescence B) late adolescence C) early adolescence D) late childhood

40) Which of the following statements about girls in middle adolescence is true? A) They usually lack a confidante with whom they can easily talk about their problems. B) Their friendships are fragile. C) Their friendships are seldom disrupted by feelings of betrayal. D) Their friendships, on average, last longer than boys' friendships do.

41) Although conflicts between adolescents and their close friends are________ frequent than

they are between adolescents and other peers, arguments between close friends are________ emotional. A) less; more B) more; less C) equally; less D) more; never

42) Research has shown that negative interactions among teens on social media are A) much more harmful than negative interactions in person. B) much less harmful than negative interactions in person. C) quite similar to negative interactions in person. D) more likely to lead to violence than negative interactions in person.

43) With respect to Internet use and social networking sites, adolescents are likely to A) communicate with people they have offline relationships with. B) spend most of their time engaged in negative interactions. C) spend time interacting with people their parents would not approve of. D) become obsessive, to the point of neglecting in-person relationships.

44) Studies on adolescent social media usage have shown that social media________

adolescents' friendships. A) destroys B) replaces C) improves D) criminalizes

45) Allison says that Kateri is her friend because she can tell Kateri secrets and Kateri won't tell

anyone else. Allison's definition of friendship is based on A) play. B) prosocial behavior. C) intimacy and trust. D) association.

46) Self-disclosure and loyalty become important dimensions of friendship in A) childhood. B) preadolescence. C) early adolescence. D) middle adolescence.

47) Friendships based on which of the following criteria are more likely to be found among

adolescents than younger children? A) play B) association C) shared activities D) loyalty

48) Which of the following qualities in a friend would likely be more important to Sarah, a 14-

year-old female, than to her 8-year-old sister, Dinah? A) owning lots of fun toys B) being loyal C) enjoying similar activities D) being helpful

49) Fourteen-year-old Fatimah, who has relatively low self-esteem and is relatively high in

rejection sensitivity, is most likely to be upset with her best friend if the friend A) criticizes Fatimah's clothes. B) spends more time with a new friend she has made. C) cannot come shopping with Fatimah because she has to babysit her sister. D) disagrees with Fatimah about the boys each girl is dating.

50) Adolescent girls tend to be________ in relationships than adolescent boys. A) more controlling B) more empathetic C) less vulnerable D) less collaborative

51) Cassandra and Rosemarie spend a lot of time obsessing over each other's problems. What is

this called? A) co-rumination B) an upward spiral C) mutual self-disclosure D) co-internal working model

52) Which of the following increases closeness, while also increasing depression and

anxiousness? A) emotional mimicry B) self-disclosure C) internal working models D) co-rumination

53) Adolescents display intimacy with their friends by A) focusing on their own concerns rather than involving friends in their problems. B) having synchronized behaviors and emotional states. C) showing indifference to their friends' feelings. D) becoming less likely to negotiate than to disengage when resolving their

disagreements.

54) Which of the following is an accurate statement about co-rumination among teenage boys? A) It does not increase anxiety and depression as much as it does among teenage girls. B) It increases anxiety and depression more than it does among teenage girls. C) It increases anxiety and depression about the same amount as it does among teenage

girls. D) It increases anxiety and depression about the same amount as it does among teenage girls, but does not improve friendships.

55) Adolescent females are more likely than their male peers to settle disagreements with friends

by A) B) C) D)

letting things slide. engaging in physical aggression. engaging in verbal aggression. apologizing.

56) Optimal social development during adolescence most likely requires healthy relationships

with A) B) C) D)

parents. peers. important non-parental adults. both parents and peers.

57) The likelihood that an individual will turn to a peer during a time of trouble________ in early

adolescence, and the likelihood of turning to a parent________. A) increases; also increases B) decreases; also decreases C) decreases; remains stable D) increases; remains stable

58) Lillie, an eighth-grader, is facing a big dilemma, and she needs advice. To whom is Lillie

likely to turn for this support? A) her friends B) her parents C) an adult expert outside the family D) it depends on the specific issue at hand

59) Research suggests that with regard to the link between adolescents' relationships with their

peers and their families, A) close family relationships do not necessarily reflect close peer relationships. B) close peer relationships do not necessarily reflect close family relationships. C) peer and family relationships suggest little support for attachment theory. D) improving the quality of relationships at home can help adolescents improve their peer relationships.

60) Which of the following statements about adolescents' level and degree of interaction with

parents is true? A) Adolescents interact more often with, are closer to, and argue more with their mothers than with their fathers. B) Adolescents interact more often and are closer to their mother; however, both sons and daughters report arguing more often with their fathers than their mothers. C) There are no differences in adolescents' level or degree of interaction with mothers and fathers. D) Sons interact more often and are closer to fathers, and daughters interact more often and are closer to mothers.

61) In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the closest? A) mother-son relationship B) mother-daughter relationship C) father-son relationship D) father-daughter relationship

62) In general, which of the following relationships tends to be the least intimate? A) mother-son relationship B) mother-daughter relationship C) father-son relationship D) father-daughter relationship

63) The extent to which an individual receives emotional or instrumental assistance from their

friends, family, and acquaintances is called_____ support. A) social B) parental C) instructional D) recreational

64) Kwame is a 16-year-old male. He spends most of his free time alone. His peers seldom invite

him to spend time with them, and, even when they do, he often declines. Despite being lonely much of the time, he rarely tries to make friends or socialize, as he fears rejection. It is likely that Kwame A) engages in excessive co-rumination. B) does not experience a typical reaffiliation motive. C) lacks an internal working model. D) has an overly secure attachment to his mother.

65) Adolescents living with a divorced parent will most likely form a strong relationships with A) a maternal grandmother. B) a paternal grandmother. C) a maternal grandfather. D) a paternal grandfather.

66) Which of the following is characterized by an imbalance of power? A) parent-adolescent relationships B) parent-parent relationships C) adolescent-adolescent relationships D) child-adolescent relationships

67) Boys rarely report friendships with girls and girls rarely report friendships with boys until A) late childhood. B) early adolescence. C) middle adolescence. D) late adolescence.

68) During preadolescence,________ is the single most important determinant of friendship. A) sex B) ethnicity C) socioeconomic status D) neighborhood

69) In contrast to Sullivan's claims about adolescent friendships, more current research has found

that A) cross-sex intimacy replaces intimacy with same-sex peers. B) adolescents usually have intimate friendships with only one or two opposite-sex peers

at any given time. C) the number of same-sex intimate friends adolescents have tends to increase or stay the same as they make opposite-sex intimate friends. D) although cross-sex interactions increase during adolescence, there is little cross-sex intimacy.

70) Early adolescents who have more other-sex friends than their peers tend to A) have longer romantic relationships. B) begin entering romantic relationships at a later age. C) be older girls befriending younger boys. D) avoid romantic relationships until adulthood.

71) Dating among adolescents today is largely a A) recreational activity. B) part of the courtship process. C) part of mating selection. D) meaningless activity.

72) Statistics on the age at which young people marry indicate that A) it is approximately the same for males and females. B) girls marry younger today than in their mothers' generation. C) both males and females tend to be much older at first marriage than was the case in

the 1950s. D) more males than females marry before they are 20.

73) According to one study from Furman and Simon, on which person's behavior does an internal

working model of relationships have the greatest effect? A) an adolescent girl B) an adolescent boy C) An internal working model of relationships has an equal effect on boys and girls. D) An internal working model of relationships has no effect on boys or girls.

74) For adolescent girls, dating often provides a context for the________, while for adolescent

boys it is more often a context for the________. A) development of attachment; development of intimacy B) development of intimacy; expression of attachment C) expression of intimacy; development of intimacy D) expression of attachment; development of attachment

75) Contemporary discussions of adolescent romance A) are almost entirely based on Sullivan's views. B) contradict attachment theory. C) tend to disregard ecological perspectives on development. D) draw on multiple theories and perspectives

76) According to one study from Furman and Simon, on which person's behavior does an internal

77) According to research, the average age of an American adolescent to begin dating A) is culturally universal. B) depends on context. C) is lowest for Hispanic females. D) is lowest for Asian males.

78) Which of the following is the best indicator of when an adolescent will begin dating? A) chronological age B) biological development C) the school/community norms D) whether they have older siblings

79) Jesse is a physically immature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that 14-

year-olds date. Hillary is a physically mature 14-year-old who goes to school where it is expected that students delay dating until age 16. Which adolescent is more likely to date? A) Hillary B) Jesse C) Neither Hillary nor Jesse is likely to date. D) Both Hillary and Jesse are likely to date.

80) According to research, within the United States and in Canada, adolescents of which

racial/ethnic group are the least likely to date? A) Asian B) Hispanic C) American Indian D) White

81) According to research, dating tends to start earlier for adolescents who A) come from stable family environments. B) have difficulty making same-sex friends. C) come from an Asian culture. D) have an older sibling.

82) Research into what social situations adolescents consider difficult found________ to be one

of the most frequently mentioned themes. A) supporting friends in their intimate relationships B) communicating with other-sex peers C) discussing dating with parents D) discussing intimacy with same-sex peers

83) Research supports which of the following ideas about dating and relationships? A) "Birds of a feather flock together." B) "Opposites attract." C) Adolescent boys are only interested in sex. D) The longer adolescents delay the start of dating, the better.

84) Why are LGBTQ youth more likely than other adolescents to pursue sexual activity outside

of dating relationships? A) They fear being harassed if they display romantic intimacy with a same-sex partner. B) They become sexually active at a younger age than their heterosexual peers. C) It is more difficult for sexual-minority youth to find dating partners. D) Sexual-minority youth are less interested in intimacy than their heterosexual peers.

85) Which of the following statements is true about partner preferences during late adolescence? A) Both males and females emphasize interpersonal qualities. B) Males emphasize interpersonal qualities more than females. C) Females emphasize interpersonal qualities more than males. D) Neither males and females emphasize interpersonal qualities.

86) Compared to same-sex peers, who is likely to be less socially mature, less imaginative, less

achievement-oriented, more superficial, and more likely to exhibit problem behaviors? A) Olivia, who started dating seriously at age 14 B) Alejandra, who started dating casually at age 14 C) Karin, who started dating seriously at age 16 D) Hector, who started dating seriously at age 16

87) Delaying serious involvement in dating relationships until age________ appears to be the

most favorable pattern for healthy psychosocial development. A) 13 B) 15 C) 16 D) 17

88) The most common trigger of the first episode of major depression is A) parents' divorce. B) failing in school. C) the breakup of a romantic relationship. D) dating violence.

89) Which one of the adolescents below will be most vulnerable to the potential negative

consequences of a break-up? A) Cory, an adolescent low in rejection sensitivity B) Gina, an adolescent who has never experienced a break-up C) Tahj, an adolescent who is a binge drinker and engages in delinquency D) Michael, an adolescent who initiated the break-up

90) According to research, which of the following adolescents is most at risk of experiencing

dating violence? A) Kim, an 18-year-old Asian male from a suburban community B) Floyd, a 13-year-old White male from an urban community C) Keyshia, a 17-year-old Black female from an urban community D) Lydia, a 14-year-old Hispanic female from a rural community

91) Adolescents behave in a variety of ways within dating relationships that are usually most

significantly shaped by A) their partners' expectations. B) scripts that are learned at home and from the mass media. C) their peers' relationships. D) cultural norms.

92) What proportion of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for someone to hit a boyfriend or

girlfriend? A) More than 50% of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for a girl to hit her boyfriend and about 25% believe it is OK for a boy to hit his girlfriend. B) Approximately 10% of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for a girl to hit her boyfriend and only about 5% believe it is OK for a boy to hit his girlfriend. C) More than 80% of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for a girl to hit her boyfriend; however, only about 10% believe it is OK for a boy to hit his girlfriend. D) About 50% of American sixth-graders believe it is OK for a girl or boy to hit their romantic partner.

93) Jessica's parents are verbally abusive to one another and are constantly fighting. When

Jessica interacts with her boyfriend, she will be likely to A) avoid arguments. B) break up with him over an argument. C) talk to him when they have a disagreement. D) fight with him when they have a disagreement.

94) Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have been the victim of stalking,

harassment, or violence in a romantic relationship? A) 10% to 20% B) 20% to 30% C) 30% to 40% D) 40% to 50%

95) Roughly what percentage of dating teenagers report that within the last year they were the

victim of dating abuse via technology and social media? A) 45% B) 35% C) 55% D) 25%

96) Eloisa, an adolescent who has witnessed a great deal of conflict between her parents, will

most likely A) express high levels of verbal aggression with her romantic partners. B) avoid physical aggression with her romantic partners. C) have few relationship difficulties with her romantic partners. D) be especially calm and gentle with her romantic partners.

97) It is important to keep in mind that an individual's relationships with parents, siblings, peers,

and romantic partners A) vary drastically in form and function. B) have a reverse causal relation. C) are spuriously related. D) are correlated.

98) Which of the following is most important for adolescent development? A) having an intimate relationship with someone B) being popular C) having a lot of friends D) having a few good friendships

99) The relationship between exposure to domestic violence while growing up and later violence

in adolescents’ own romantic relationship is called? A) intergenerational transmission of violence B) primary generation violence C) the violence transmission syndrome D) the generational conflict syndrome

100)

Tamara is in late adolescence. She had two good female friends with whom she played regularly when they were all younger. Now, those friends are seldom interested in their old games and activities, preferring instead to just chat and hang out when they get together. These sorts of interactions make Tamara anxious, so she rarely joins them, even though she is frequently lonely. The idea of forming an intimate relationship with a boy is even more anxiety provoking for Tamara. How would Sullivan explain Tamara's situation? (HINT: Think about the developmental progression of these feelings.)

101)

Provide at least two reasons why the nature of an individual's early attachment relationships during infancy continues to have an influence on the capacity to form satisfying intimate relationships during adolescence and adulthood. Give examples of each.

102)

Describe the extent to which intimacy with peers replaces intimacy with parents over the course of adolescence. Does it completely replace intimacy with parents, or does it supplement this kind of intimacy? What about intimacy with a romantic partner? Does it replace intimacy with peers?

103)

The closeness that intimacy brings to friendships also increases the likelihood of conflict in those relationships. Address the differences between close and casual friendships in the types of conflicts experienced in both forms of friendship, differences in conflict resolution, and differences between boys' and girls' conflicts with their friends.

104)

The head of a local youth group in your community has asked you to talk to teens and their parents about "the evolution of romance during adolescence," and to include in your talk how this process may differ for heterosexual girls and boys and also for sexual-minority (LGBTQ) youth. What will you tell them?

105)

As the older sibling of a 13-year-old sister, you want to help her enjoy her adolescent years, and particularly the adventure of romance that is likely to unfold for her. Having read about the development of romantic relationships during adolescence, you now feel you are in a better position to talk to her about some potential issues, such as the effects of early dating and the increase of violence in dating relationships. What will you tell her?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 10 1) A 2) C 3) D 4) B 5) A 6) B 7) B 8) A 9) A 10) A 11) B 12) C 13) B 14) C 15) A 16) B 17) D 18) D 19) B 20) B 21) C 22) C 23) A 24) B 25) B 26) B 27) B 28) C 29) D 30) A 31) A 32) A 33) A 34) A 35) D 36) A 37) B

38) B 39) A 40) B 41) A 42) C 43) A 44) C 45) C 46) C 47) D 48) B 49) B 50) B 51) A 52) D 53) B 54) A 55) D 56) D 57) D 58) D 59) D 60) A 61) B 62) D 63) A 64) B 65) C 66) A 67) A 68) A 69) C 70) A 71) A 72) C 73) A 74) C 75) D 76) A 77) B

78) C 79) B 80) A 81) D 82) B 83) A 84) A 85) A 86) A 87) B 88) C 89) C 90) D 91) B 92) A 93) D 94) D 95) D 96) A 97) D 98) D 99) A 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105)

Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 11:__________ 1) Which of these is an example of one of the four aspects of positive sexual development

according to recent research? A) Ella chooses to have sex with her boyfriend when she decides she is ready. B) Joshua hates his body because he believes he is underweight, but he comes up with a plan to gain weight quickly by drinking nutrition shakes. C) Brian sometimes uses a condom when he has sex. D) Bronwyn considers her sexual desires strange and embarrassing.

2) Which of these is likely to happen to adolescents who have successfully negotiated the four

aspects of positive sexuality development? A) They will wish to return to an earlier time when their bodies looked different. B) They will understand that sometimes it is necessary to have sex with someone to keep that person from breaking up with you. C) They will understand that not all types of birth control protect against sexually transmitted diseases. D) They will have a plan for how to make their bodies look different so they are comfortable with them.

3) One of the aspects of positive sexuality is the belief that feelings of sexual arousal are A) appropriate for adults but not for adolescents. B) normal and appropriate. C) typical even though they are not appropriate. D) abnormal but not atypical.

4) What is the best way to conceptualize adolescent sexual development? A) as gradual stages of increasing intimacy B) with the first event being intercourse C) as an isolated behavior D) as a series of events with no systematic pattern

5) Which of the following is considered an aspect of positive sexual development that the

majority of adolescents face? A) becoming comfortable with one's maturing body B) reconciling feelings of sexual arousal with one's religious beliefs C) understanding that sex is a biological imperative D) preparing oneself or one's partner for an upcoming pregnancy

6) Which of the following statements best characterizes the nature of research into adolescent

sexuality? A) Until the late 1990s, it was taboo to study adolescent sexuality. B) Researchers have always studied the normative aspects of adolescent sexuality, just as they have with identity, autonomy, and intimacy. C) Until recently, researchers focused mostly on the problematic aspects of adolescent sexuality (precocious sex, promiscuous sex, unsafe sex, etc.). D) Until recently, most researchers were preoccupied with understanding adult sexuality, so they neglected the important topic of adolescent sexuality.

7) Which of the following would most researchers list as a reason sexuality in adolescence is

particularly important? A) Adolescence is the time when erotic feelings first emerge. B) Puberty postpones the physical changes that allow for sexual reproduction. C) Sexual encounters among adolescents are rare. D) Adolescence marks the beginning of deliberate sexually motivated behavior.

8) Much of the task of dealing with adolescent sexual desires and incorporating sex

appropriately and successfully into an intimate relationship is________ in nature. A) hormonal B) cognitive C) physical D) biological

9) Jack, who is 9 years old, is curious about his own sex organ. What would a psychologist say

that Jack lacks? A) the ability to gain pleasure from his sex organ B) the understanding that other humans also have sex organs C) the ability to understand what a sex organ is D) the ability to reflect on his behavior related to his sex organ

10) Sex play that is innocuous during childhood is no longer innocuous during adolescence

because A) children report erotic feelings before puberty. B) sexual feelings are activated during puberty. C) children are not capable of kissing, petting, masturbating, or sexual intercourse before puberty. D) with puberty, pregnancy becomes a serious possibility.

11) Most research with respect to oral sex between adolescents has indicated that A) in general, most teenagers are more likely to engage in sexual intercourse than oral

sex. B) many teenagers give and receive oral sex promiscuously. C) there is a large proportion of adolescents who exclusively engage in oral sex. D) the majority of teenagers who engage in oral sex also engage in sexual intercourse.

12) In the context of adolescent sexuality, the term "noncoital activity" refers to A) vaginal intercourse. B) anal intercourse. C) touching or kissing a partner's body. D) oral sex.

13) Which of these points should psychology students keep in mind as they examine research

results on generational and historical differences in attitudes toward adolescent sexuality? A) The developmental progression of sexual behaviors has not changed much in the past century. B) The developmental progression of sexual behaviors has changed dramatically over the past 60 years. C) Data vary widely depending on which area of the country was surveyed. D) Data vary widely depending on how questions are phrased.

14) Estimates of the prevalence of sexual intercourse among adolescents A) are consistent across time. B) are consistent across samples. C) depend on the wording of the questions. D) depend on the gender of the researcher.

15) Research into sexual activity among adolescents has found that A) most adolescents only consider an activity that culminates in an orgasm to be sex. B) almost all adolescents define vaginal intercourse as sex, but very few consider other

forms of intercourse to be sex. C) there is wide variation in what activities adolescents think count as sex. D) adolescents largely agree that any activity that involves genital touching counts as sex.

16) Which of the following is typically considered to be autoerotic behavior during adolescence? A) sexual activity experienced with others B) sexual fantasies C) romantic fantasies D) sexual intercourse

17) When Ken is alone, he fantasizes about beautiful women and masturbates. Researchers refer

to this type of behavior as A) nocturnal stimulation. B) autoerotic. C) sociosexual. D) sensual stimulation.

18) Which of the following illustrates the typical sequence of sexual behavior among

adolescents? A) masturbation; kissing; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse B) kissing; masturbation; touching genitals through clothes; sexual intercourse C) holding hands; feeling breasts through clothes; feeling a penis under clothes; sexual intercourse D) kissing body parts; making out; sexual intercourse; oral intercourse

19) How does the average age of first intercourse vary by geographical region? A) It doesn't—the average age of first intercourse is similar around the world. B) The average age of first intercourse varies considerably around the world. C) The average age of first intercourse is roughly the same in industrialized countries. D) Because societies differ in their terminology, the average age of first intercourse is

extremely difficult to compare across nations.

20) According to research, which of the following adolescents is more likely to have intercourse

at an earlier age than most American adolescents? A) Sotoko, an Asian American adolescent B) Miranda, a Latinx adolescent C) Richard, a Black adolescent D) Torrie, a White adolescent

21) According to research, members of which of the following racial groups are most likely to

become sexually experienced at earlier ages? A) White adolescents B) Hispanic adolescents C) Asian-American adolescents D) Black adolescents

22) According to research, which of the following is true of ethnic differences in the age of

sexual initiation? A) For all ethnic groups, the average reported age of first sexual intercourse is significantly older among males than females. B) Ethnic differences in the age of sexual initiation are far smaller among females than males. C) 10 percent of White boys report having sex for the first time by age 13. D) Less acculturated Asian American are more likely to be sexually active than their more Americanized peers.

23) Adolescent females who had sex for the first time when they were younger than 13 are

especially likely to report that A) they were sexually curious. B) they were in love with their partner. C) their first sexual experience was involuntary. D) their sex partner was approximately the same age as they were.

24) Which of the following is historically true of sexual trends among American high school

students? A) The percentage of students who had engaged in intercourse increased significantly during the latter half of the 1990s. B) During the first decade of the twenty-first century, the percentage of students who had engaged in sexual intercourse exceeded 50 percent. C) Most forms of sexual activity between teens have declined in recent years. D) The percentage of students who had engaged in sexual intercourse accelerated during the 1970s.

25) Compared with studies conducted in the 1980s in the United States, A) more of today's American high school students are having romantic relationships. B) a higher percentage of today's American high schoolers are having intercourse. C) fewer of today's American high school students are having romantic relationships. D) a lower percentage of today's American high schoolers are having intercourse.

26) Researchers have found that with respect to reporting adolescents' sexual activity, A) if they are assured of confidentiality, it is unlikely that adolescents will give

misinformation. B) males tend to overstate their level of activity. C) females tend to overstate their level of activity. D) males and females both tend to understate their level of activity.

27) According to national surveys of adolescents, sexual activity that is not intercourse is

occurring________ it has in past decades. A) less commonly B) more commonly C) at the same rate as D) more commonly for boys but less for girls than

28) Current research suggests that sexual intercourse during the high school years A) has been slowly but steadily increasing over the past decade. B) is part of the normative experience of adolescence in America. C) has become increasingly traumatic for adolescents in the United States. D) is more likely among girls than among boys.

29) Approximately what percentage of American adolescents have had heterosexual vaginal

intercourse by the time they finish their sophomore year of high school? A) 20% B) 34% C) 55% D) 75%

30) Twenty-first century parents Luka and Casey are concerned about media reports of high rates

of sexual activity among teenagers. How realistic are their worries that their adolescent daughter may “hook up” with multiple partners? A) Their concern may be unwarranted. In fact, only 10 percent of high school students have had sex with four or more partners. B) Their concern may be warranted. Sexual promiscuity and precociousness have both increased in recent decades. C) They should be more concerned about sexual precociousness, which has increased among young teens, while promiscuity has actually decreased. D) Their concern may be warranted. While sexual precociousness is on the decline, almost 40 percent of teens have had sex with four or more partners.

31) The greatest increase in the prevalence of premarital intercourse has been among which

group? A) B) C) D)

males females minority males females from higher socioeconomic backgrounds

32) Jeannette, a 17-year-old, has decided to engage in sexual intercourse with her boyfriend.

Tammy, also 17, has decided to abstain from sex until she is older. Which adolescent is more likely to experience psychological disturbances? A) Jeannette B) Tammy C) Neither is likely. D) Both are likely.

33) Tim and Carol are upset because they recently discovered that their 13-year-old daughter has

already engaged in sexual intercourse. What other characteristics is their daughter likely to have? A) a willingness to experiment with drugs and alcohol B) a weaker orientation toward independence C) higher levels of religious involvement D) average interest in academic achievement

34) People who wait to have sex until they are in their twenties tend to A) have a strong religious commitment. B) live with a romantic partner before marrying. C) have lower marital satisfaction. D) marry at an earlier age.

35) Research assessing parent-adolescent communication about sex has found which of the

following to be true? A) Although adolescents may indicate that they talked to their parents about a topic, such as sexually transmitted diseases, their parents are likely to say they have not. B) Parents believe that their adolescents will be sexually active even if the parents express their disapproval of sexual activity. C) Parent-adolescent communication about sex significantly lowers adolescents' likelihood of being sexually active. D) Parent-adolescent communication about contraception lowers the rate of risky sex.

36) For adolescent girls, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the

onset of sexual intercourse? A) increased levels of androgens B) availability of birth control C) being in a social group that is permissive about sex D) participation in formal sex education classes

37) Which of the following is the most likely scenario for adolescent sexual activity? A) It takes place in the boy's home on a weekday after school. B) It takes place in the back of the boy's car on a weekend evening. C) It takes place in the girl's home on a weekend evening. D) It takes place at a friend's home on a weekday after school.

38) Which of the following is associated with risky sexual behavior in adolescents? A) having parents who engage in intense parental monitoring B) committing incidents of minor delinquency C) having a weaker orientation toward independence D) being exposed to pornography

39) In addition to parental supervision, what else might help decrease the probability of

adolescent sexual activity? A) insisting that adolescents come home right after school B) having adolescents participate in after-school programs C) having their fathers talk to them about the dangers of sexual involvement D) providing them with books on the risks of sexual involvement

40) Based on what researchers have found, if Nicky's parents want her to be well-educated about

sex, which of her parents should talk to her about sex? A) her mother B) her father C) Both of her parents should talk to her at the same time. D) Neither of her parents should talk to her about sex.

41) Which of the following statements about parent-adolescent communication about sex is true? A) Adolescents are more receptive to having one "big talk" about sex than having

multiple conversations over a period of time. B) Sexually active adolescents overestimate their parents' disapproval of sexual activity. C) Parents assume that if they disapprove of sexual activity, their adolescent is not likely to be sexually active. D) What parents say they have discussed with their adolescent child generally matches what adolescents say they have discussed with their parents.

42) Which aspect of parent-adolescent communication about sex is likely to have a meaningful

effect on the adolescent's behavior? A) parent-child communication specifically focused on the topic of contraception and risky sex B) parent-child discussion about whether the adolescent should have sex at all C) parent-child communication that involves an authoritarian approach with specific, rigid rules with respect to sexual activity D) parent-child communication that directly cautions their teenager against sex but avoids implying that sex is a moral or religious issue

43) Which of the following is a good predictor of whether adolescents will engage in sexual

activity? A) the adolescent's opportunity to have sex B) parent-adolescent communication C) having few friends D) abstaining from alcohol and other drugs

44) What do researchers believe explains why some individuals who engage in precocious,

promiscuous, or unprotected sex are also highly likely to engage in other types of delinquent behavior? A) It is likely that risky sexual behavior causes other types of risky and delinquent behaviors. B) It is likely that risky and delinquent behaviors cause risky sexual activity. C) It is likely that both types of behavior are symptoms of a certain behavioral profile. D) These two behaviors are likely related by a third, unrelated (and unmeasured) variable.

45) What family factor appears to predict adolescent sexual involvement, especially among girls? A) household composition B) mother's employment C) number of siblings D) father's employment

46) Based on research, which adolescent is more likely to be sexually active: Ingrid, who lives in

a single-parent home, or Leanne, who lives in a two-parent home? A) Ingrid B) Leanne C) Ingrid, but only immediately following her parents' divorce. D) Both girls are equally likely to be sexually active.

47) Which of the following is likely to explain why growing up in a single-parent home affects

girls' sexual behavior more than boys' sexual behavior? A) Social influences on sexual behavior are weaker for girls than for boys, thereby leading to fewer restraints on girls' sexual activities. B) Single mothers may be dating, thereby inadvertently acting as role models of sexual activity for their adolescent daughters. C) Single parents, especially single fathers, are more likely than two-parent households to supervise adolescents closely. D) Growing up in a single-parent home actually has the same impact on boys' sexual behavior and girls' sexual behavior.

48) An analysis of "virginity pledges" that encourage adolescents to promise to abstain from

premarital sex has found that A) pledging works equally well for adolescents of all ages. B) pledging has a significant positive effect, even in schools in which few students take the pledge. C) pledging works well in schools in which nearly everyone takes the pledge. D) a large majority of adolescents who take a virginity pledge will deny having done so five years later.

49) The sexual________ of males and females may be similar, but the sexual________ of males

and females is quite different. A) behavior; socialization B) socialization; behavior C) attitudes; experiences D) experiences; attitudes

50) Boys' initial interest in sex is motivated by________, whereas girls' initial interest in sex is

motivated by________. A) testosterone; estrogen B) androgens and estrogen; estrogen C) androgens; androgens and estrogen D) estrogen; testosterone

51) For adolescent boys, which of the following is the most important factor in determining the

onset of sexual intercourse? A) increased levels of androgens B) availability of birth control C) the attitudes of friends toward sexual activity D) receiving sex education in school

52) Boys' and girls' initial interest in sex is influenced primarily by the surge in levels of A) progesterone. B) estrogen. C) melatonin. D) testosterone.

53) Which of these statements about boys' sexual socialization would researchers most likely

agree with? A) Boys often feel anxious or uneasy about their first sexual encounter. B) Most boys fear negative reactions from peers when describing their first sexual encounter. C) Like girls, boys usually see their first sexual encounter as a chance for emotional connection. D) At first, boys tend to keep matters of sex and intimacy separate.

54) "Sexual socialization" refers to A) a person's sexual orientation. B) a person's social skills in sexual relationships. C) the way in which an individual is exposed to and educated about sexuality. D) the degree to which an individual is comfortable with their sexuality.

55) Which of these statements about girls' sexual socialization is true? A) A majority of girls report more positive feelings than negative feelings about their

first sexual encounter. B) Unlike boys' sexual socialization, girls' sexual socialization has changed very little over time. C) Girls are less sexually oriented than previous studies suggested. D) Peers generally greet the news of a girl's first sexual encounter with celebration.

56) Amy, a 15-year-old, lost her virginity to her boyfriend last night. Which of the following is

Amy most likely to say? A) "I'm so in love with him!" B) "He's not worried about pregnancy, so why should I worry?" C) "I told my friends, and they all celebrated with me." D) "It felt good, but I'm not that serious about him."

57) Which of the following statements about boys' first sexual experiences is true? A) A boy's first sexual experience is rarely through masturbation. B) Boys are most likely to have reactions of excitement and satisfaction. C) A boy's first sexual partner is likely to be someone he's in love with. D) Boys are less likely than girls to keep sex and intimacy separate.

58) Early sexuality for males is tinged with elements of________, whereas for females it is more

linked to feelings of________. A) intimacy; recreation B) arousal; intimacy C) enjoyment; guilt D) guilt; enjoyment

59) Based on social science research, we can predict that Hannah, a 16-year-old female, is most

likely to have her first sexual encounter with a A) younger partner. B) classmate. C) casual acquaintance. D) steady boyfriend.

60) Kayleigh, age 13, tells her psychologist about sexual fantasies she has been having about a

female classmate. Which of these would most likely be the psychologist's reaction? A) "You are probably homosexual or bisexual." B) "Have you been sexually abused?" C) "That's fairly common." D) "This may be a symptom of a larger psychological issue."

61) Which of the following statements about sexual orientation in adolescence is true? A) More boys than girls report having had same-sex attractions, a non-heterosexual

orientation, or same-sex activity during adolescence. B) Approximately 2% to 5% of adolescents identify themselves as transgender. C) Researchers have been able to identify consistent predictors for adolescents who will later identify themselves as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgender. D) Most gay, lesbian, and bisexual adults engaged in some heterosexual activity during adolescence.

62) Todd would rather date men than women. A psychologist would describe this as Todd's A) bisexuality. B) sexual orientation. C) sex-role behavior. D) transgender behavior.

63) Dr. Akitunde is a school psychologist at a high school. What percentage of students at that

school are likely to identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual? A) 2% B) 5% C) 9% D) 11%

64) According to recent studies, what role does genetic heritage play in determining sexual

orientation? A) There is no substantial evidence indicating whether it plays a role. B) Genetic heritage has been ruled out as an influence on sexual orientation. C) Some evidence indicates that it plays a strong role. D) Since same-sex attraction spreads through adolescent social networks, its determinants seem to be largely environmental.

65) Studies suggest which of the following are antecedents of homosexuality? A) biological factors B) social and religious factors C) biological and social factors D) environmental factors

66) Which of these have researchers found to be a consistent predictor of which adolescents will

identify themselves as gay, lesbian, or bisexual later in life, as opposed to being exclusively heterosexual as an adult? A) the adolescent's characterization of his or her parents as cold and distant B) same-sex sexual encounters C) same-sex attraction D) Researchers have found no such predictor.

67) Researchers would most likely agree with which of these statements about sexual

orientation? A) Sexual orientation is an "either-or" attribute: people are either homosexual or heterosexual. B) More study is needed into the development of homosexuality among women. C) Few gays and lesbians engage in heterosexual activity during adolescence. D) More study is needed on the issue of why homosexuality is shaped exclusively by social behaviors.

68) According to researchers, which group is most likely to report problems in their early

relationships with their fathers? A) bisexual females B) bisexual males C) homosexuals D) heterosexuals

69) Sexual coercion is more likely to occur when A) the person being coerced has signed a purity pledge. B) there is a large age difference (3 or more years) between a girl and her partner. C) the girl and her partner are approximately the same age and have known each other

for many years. D) the parents of the coerced teen use an authoritarian style of parenting.

70) Professor MacTavish is conducting research on sexual harassment of adolescents. The

professor is likely to learn which of the following? A) Sexual harassment is no longer widespread within American public schools. B) A significant number of adolescents report having been sexually harassed by their teachers. C) School-based programs aimed at reducing sexual harassment, such as a program called Safe Dates, have had long-term success. D) The majority of adolescents who have been sexually harassed do not harass others.

71) The following adolescents are all sexual minorities. According to research, which of them is

likely to be subject to the most to hostility and harassment at school over their sexuality? A) Emily, a 16-year-old who attends a large, urban school B) Vikki, an 18-year-old who attends a school where almost all the students are Black C) Carlos, a 13-year-old who attends a small, rural school D) Joe, a 14-year-old who attends a school with an explicit student code of conduct

72) Which of these is a risk factor for sexual abuse? A) living apart from one's parents before age 16 B) living in a major city C) living in a rural area D) living apart from one's parents after age 16

73) Suzanne has just found out that her 13-year-old daughter had been sexually abused by her

piano teacher. According to research, what type of problems is Suzanne's daughter most likely to face? A) dissociative disorders B) psychopathic disorders C) academic difficulties D) infertility

74) What is the most common method of birth control among sexually active adolescents? A) condoms B) birth control pills C) withdrawal D) contraceptive implants

75) According to research, which of these options probably makes the most sense for preventing

pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases? A) taking a virginity pledge B) using birth control pills and either an intrauterine device or a contraceptive implant C) using condoms and the withdrawal method D) using condoms and either birth control pills or another long-acting form of birth control

76) Which of the following is strongly associated with increased contraceptive use among

adolescents? A) having a conservative religious orientation B) adopting a virginity pledge C) having access to a free, confidential family planning service D) requiring parental approval for access to contraceptives

77) Sexual activity in the United States is________ other industrialized countries, and the rate of

pregnancy is________. A) higher than in; higher B) lower than in; the same C) comparable to; the same D) comparable to; higher

78) The main reason that many adolescents rely on the withdrawal method is that it A) prevents sexually transmitted diseases but not pregnancy. B) does not require advance planning. C) is often more effective than birth control pills. D) is about as effective as condoms in "real world" conditions because so many

adolescents use condoms incorrectly.

79) Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a virus? A) gonorrhea B) herpes C) chlamydia D) trichomoniasis

80) Which of the following sexually transmitted diseases is caused by a parasite? A) gonorrhea B) herpes C) chlamydia D) trichomoniasis

81) Both________ are caused by bacteria, whereas________ are caused by a virus. A) chlamydia and herpes; gonorrhea and HPV B) gonorrhea and herpes; chlamydia and HPV C) HPV and gonorrhea; chlamydia and herpes D) gonorrhea and chlamydia; herpes and HPV

82) HIV is transmitted through A) casual contact. B) bodily fluids. C) coughing. D) mosquito bites.

83) Approximately what percentage of American young women between the ages of 14 and 19

have at least one of the following infections: HPV, gonorrhea, chlamydia, herpes, or trichomoniasis? A) 5% B) 25% C) 50% D) 75%

84) Professor Bertrande interviews many adolescents and learns that they are not likely to engage

in abstinence. Research has demonstrated that the next best way for adolescents to protect themselves against sexually transmitted diseases is A) effective condom use during sex. B) use of the withdrawal method. C) use of a contraceptive implant. D) taking antiviral drugs before and after having sex.

85) Research on promoting safe-sex behaviors among adolescents has suggested which of the

following? A) It is important to focus on adolescents' motives and social relationships as well as their knowledge about safe sex. B) In general, adolescents are willing to use condoms even if the adolescents believe that condoms slightly reduce pleasure. C) Being aware of the risk of STDs is enough to ensure safe sex practices among adolescents. D) Different strategies for are needed for educating sexually active adolescents and sexually inexperienced adolescents.

86) Which of the following actions would likely result in a population of adolescents decreasing

its rate of new STD infections by about 50%? A) consistent use of birth control pills B) widespread use of long-acting reversible contraceptives C) consistent and correct condom use D) sexual abstention by those who use needles to inject illegal drugs

87) The birth rate among adolescent women today is________ it was in previous eras. A) impossible to compare to what B) considerably lower than C) somewhat higher than D) about the same as

88) Which industrialized country has the highest rate of teen pregnancy? A) Sweden B) the United States C) Scotland D) Israel

89) Which statement about research into teen mothers is true? A) About 15% of teenage mothers defy common stereotypes by evading poverty. B) About 10% of teen mothers have relatively high rates of mental health problems but

are able to transition into adult roles with some degree of success. C) About 25% of teenage mothers make a successful transition into adult life. D) About 15% of teenage mothers exhibit antisocial behavior and have problems in many areas of life.

90) Although the rate of sexual activity among adolescents in the United States does not differ

much from that reported by other industrialized countries, the rate of teenage pregnancy in the United States is A) in the top third of all industrialized countries. B) in the bottom third of all industrialized countries. C) the highest in the world among industrialized countries. D) average as compared to other industrialized countries.

91) According to research, international disparities in rates of teenage childbearing are associated

with A) B) C) D)

income inequality and school attendance. average income and school attendance. the amount of independence a culture allows adolescents to have. the influence of the mass media.

92) Alice, a 16-year-old, is not actively trying to become pregnant, but she sometimes feels that

having a baby would make her feel less lonely. How is this likely to influence her sexual choices? A) She will be less likely to use contraception effectively. B) She is more likely to engage in intercourse with multiple partners. C) She is more likely to experience unwanted intercourse. D) She is more likely to choose an older partner.

93) Which of these choices provides the best explanations for the comparatively high rate of

teenage child bearing in the United States, compared to other developed countries?? A) the influence of the mass media B) income inequality and lower school attendance C) peer pressure and parental neglect D) declining religious practice

94) According to research, who is the most likely, after becoming pregnant, to have unrestricted

access to an abortion? A) Jamie, a White, middle-class female B) Kimberly, a Latinx female who dropped out of high school C) Dotty, a Black female who dropped out of high school D) Tara, a White female living in poverty

95) According to researchers, the male partner of an adolescent mother can have a healthy

influence on both mother and child if he is able to do what? A) get and keep a high-quality job B) complete his own schooling C) help his partner complete her schooling D) marry his partner

96) Compared to adolescent women who carry an unintended pregnancy to delivery, researchers

have found that adolescent women who abort A) socially and economically better off but psychologically worse off. B) more likely to have a child over the following 2 years. C) psychologically, socially, and economically better off. D) less likely to practice contraception.

97) Based on research, which of these approaches would be most likely to minimize the negative

effects of being a teenage parent? A) providing economic support for mother and child B) encouraging teen parents to marry if the age difference between them is 3 years or less C) providing religious instruction D) encouraging teen mothers to have a second child

98) Studies of the long-term consequences of adolescent parenthood indicate that the problems

associated with it A) are actually relatively minor, and research studies have difficulty replicating the findings. B) may actually be greater for the children than for their mothers. C) may actually be greater for the mothers than for their children. D) are likely limited to psychological and emotional domains.

99) Which of the following arrangements is likely to yield the best long-term outcome for a

teenage mother and her child? A) marrying and living with the teenage father of her child, regardless of his prospects B) moving in with her mother and relying on her to care for her child while she continues her schooling C) living in the home of her mother and father and caring for her child there while they support her financially D) living independently but relying on her parents for child care and emotional support

100)

Kate is a teen mom who has decided to marry her child’s father, a teenage classmate. Which of the following statements is most likely to be true? A) Kate will be less likely to have another child anytime soon. B) Her marriage is very likely to end in divorce. C) Her husband’s employment status will be of little relevance. D) Kate’s husband is more likely to impregnate other women.

101)

According to researchers, which of the following American adolescents is the least likely to bear her first child while married? A) Maria, who is Mexican American B) Alisha, who is Black C) Ying, who is Chinese American D) Sylvia, who is White

102)

Research on teenage mothers indicates that A) their children are at heightened risk for school problems and other behavior problems. B) most of them unconsciously "wanted" to have a baby. C) within 2 to 3 years, their lives are similar to those of their peers who did not bear a child. D) they are better off psychologically than teenagers who aborted a pregnancy.

103)

Based on research, what can you predict about a program that expects to reduce the number of adolescents who have risky sex by helping them learn to avoid other risky behaviors, such as drug use and drinking? A) It will be effective because teens can learn the same strategies to cope with different forms of risk. B) It will be ineffective because these types of behaviors may not be that closely related. C) It will be effective with younger adolescents (ages 14-16) but ineffective with older adolescents (ages 17-19). D) It will be effective for adolescents who live in poor neighborhoods but ineffective for adolescents who live in affluent neighborhoods.

104)

Based on research, which of these approaches is most likely to reduce teen pregnancy? A) Spend more money to prevent pregnancy. B) Make sure that each high school has some type of sex education program. C) Use sex education programs that have proven to be effective. D) Focus on peer norms and attitudes rather than on sexually transmitted diseases.

105)

According to research, why do some sex education programs fail? A) Schools introduce them too early, before youngsters have started thinking about sex. B) Many teachers are uncomfortable talking about the subject with students. C) Many programs focus primarily on changing students' knowledge rather than their behavior. D) They focus on many issues instead of or in addition to abstinence.

106)

Although sex education programs have not been particularly successful in reducing the high rates of adolescent pregnancy, there is current optimism that________ may be effective. A) encouraging sexual abstinence B) comprehensive sex education C) providing instruction on the withdrawal method D) advocating teen marriage

107)

If a school begins using a comprehensive sex education program, which of these outcomes is most likely? A) Most students will choose abstinence once they understand the risks of sexual behavior for adolescents. B) Fewer students will have risky sex. C) Students will be more likely to marry their sexual partners. D) More students will have sex.

108)

Comprehensive sex education has which of the following elements? A) It must teach adolescents how to refuse unwanted sex and avoid unintended sex. B) It must have a singular focus on sexual abstinence. C) It must match students' existing perceptions about peer norms and attitudes. D) It must avoid discussions of risky sex so that students are not encouraged to have risky sex.

109)

Imagine that your cousin Chris has come to you for advice about sex. Chris is a 16-yearold virgin and a heterosexual. Chris wants to know if their sexual impulses are normal, when (or if) someone is truly ready to engage in sexual behaviors, and what the potential risks are. Give Chris advice based on what scientists have learned about adolescent sexuality. Explain to Chris everything you wish you had known about sex when you were younger.

110)

Michelle, a 16-year-old female, is the only one in her circle of friends who has not yet had sex. She is beginning to feel pressure to have sex. Discuss two ways that her friends are likely influencing her attitude toward sex.

111)

How have attitudes changed about premarital intercourse during adolescence? Describe historical trends related to adolescent sexuality and explain why these trends may have happened.

112)

Provide four reasons, supported by research, that growing up in a single-parent home affects girls' sexual behavior more than boys' sexual behavior.

113)

You have been asked to address a group of parents about the most effective way to talk to their adolescents about sexual behavior. Their two major concerns are pregnancy and contracting sexually transmitted diseases. They want to know how they can best protect their teens. What can you tell them?

114)

One of your friends, Tom, has come to the realization that he is attracted to both males and females. He is worried that he is the only one who feels attracted to peers of his same sex. He knows that you have just taken a class on adolescent sexuality and asks you for some information regarding the prevalence of lesbian, gay, and bisexual adolescents. He also wants to know what factors make a person more likely to be homosexual or bisexual. What would you tell him?

115)

You have been asked to talk to a group of educators about sex education programs, describing what does and what does not work. They have asked you to address "virginity pledges" and to include a discussion of the major features of a good sex education program. What do you say in your talk?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 11 1) A 2) C 3) B 4) A 5) A 6) C 7) D 8) B 9) D 10) D 11) D 12) C 13) D 14) C 15) C 16) B 17) B 18) C 19) B 20) C 21) D 22) B 23) C 24) D 25) D 26) B 27) B 28) B 29) B 30) A 31) B 32) C 33) A 34) A 35) D 36) C 37) A

38) B 39) B 40) A 41) C 42) A 43) A 44) C 45) A 46) A 47) B 48) D 49) A 50) C 51) A 52) D 53) D 54) C 55) A 56) A 57) B 58) B 59) D 60) C 61) D 62) B 63) C 64) C 65) C 66) D 67) B 68) C 69) B 70) B 71) C 72) A 73) C 74) A 75) D 76) C 77) D

78) B 79) B 80) D 81) D 82) B 83) B 84) A 85) A 86) C 87) B 88) B 89) D 90) C 91) A 92) A 93) B 94) A 95) A 96) C 97) A 98) C 99) D 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115)

B B A B C C B B A Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 12:__________ 1) Achievement concerns the development of motives, capabilities, interests, and behavior that

relate to________ in evaluative situations. A) performance B) outcomes C) emotional response D) stress level

2) Industrialized societies place a great deal of emphasis on which of the following? A) performance, competition, and success B) cooperation, collaboration, and harmony C) mental and physical purity D) mental and physical toughness

3) Why does achievement during the adolescent years deserve special attention? A) This is a period when adolescents prepare for and sort themselves into occupational

roles. B) Adolescence is the first time that differences in school performance and achievement become noticeable. C) Development in the realm of achievement begins and ends during adolescence. D) There are fewer educational and occupational decisions being made during adolescence, so each decision becomes more important.

4) According to research, how is puberty connected to achievement? A) To the extent that puberty changes what is important for maintaining status in the peer

group, it may lead adolescents to try hard in school to make themselves more attractive to their classmates. B) Puberty brings cognitive changes that make individuals less likely to think about what is "appropriate" achievement-related behavior for each of the sexes. C) The transition into secondary school is usually marked by a temporary rise in achievement while adolescents struggle to establish social dominance through achievement. D) Puberty affects how adolescents maintain status in the peer group and what they consider "appropriate" achievement-related behavior for each of the sexes.

5) The transition from school to work is a(n)________ defined transition. A) educationally B) socially C) personally D) environmentally

6) Adolescents who come from family environments in which parents harshly criticize their

children's performance when it does not meet their standards are more likely to develop A) mastery motivation. B) fear of failure. C) Type-A personality characteristics. D) a high achievement motivation.

7) Amber believes that success and failure both come from within. A psychologist would

categorize this belief as a A) noncognitive factor. B) social-emotional learning. C) performance mindset. D) fear of failure.

8) How do the cognitive changes of adolescence affect achievement? A) The cognitive changes of adolescence allow individuals to engage in longer-term,

hypothetical thinking that affects many decisions about college and work plans. B) Adolescents develop the cognitive skills to be able to fantasize about a life in a highprofile career, such as a rock star or famous athlete. C) The cognitive changes of adolescence enable individuals to become part of cliques and crowds, and this social development means that work and educational plans get put on hold until early adulthood. D) Adolescents tend to focus on the here and now, which makes it difficult to think about and plan long-term educational and occupational goals.

9) What is the main reason that many achievement-related issues take on new significance

during adolescence? A) biological transitions B) social transitions C) cognitive limitations D) environmental limitations

10) Which of the following statements about social roles and achievement is true? A) Adolescence is the period when almost all individuals focus on academic success

instead of making educational and occupational decisions. B) In most industrialized societies, adolescents lack the status necessary to decide whether they will continue or end their formal education. C) In most industrialized societies, adolescents are allowed to enter the labor force in an official capacity. D) During adolescence, most individuals begin working in their career of choice.

11) Amy gets extremely nervous during exams and never does as well as she should because of

these anxious feelings. She has a very strong A) fear of rejection. B) resistance to cognitive demands. C) fear of failure. D) resistance to societal norms.

12) Evelyn always scored at the top of her class in elementary and high school. Now, as an adult,

she is a successful executive. If Evelyn had taken part in the "marshmallow study" conducted nearly 50 years ago, what would researchers most likely have discovered about Evelyn? A) She has always been skilled at delaying gratification. B) It is likely that Evelyn was securely attached in preschool. C) It is likely that Evelyn scored relatively high on an IQ test in elementary school. D) Evelyn achieves consistently high scores on tests of impulsivity.

13) The extent to which an individual strives for success is referred to as A) mood composition. B) achievement motivation. C) personality structure. D) self-orientation.

14) One disturbing finding is that there appears to be a drop in students'________ motivation as

they transition from elementary into secondary school. This drop could be happening because________. A) mastery; teachers become more performance-oriented during this time B) performance; teachers become more mastery-oriented during this time C) mastery; students have better ways to derive pleasure than love of learning D) performance; peers become much more important than schoolwork at this time

15) Which of the following adolescents is likely to develop a mastery orientation? A) Tia, whose parents give her cash when she gets As on her exams B) Leslie, whose parents ground her when she does not do well in her courses C) Rachel, whose parents carefully check her homework every night D) Autumn, whose parents encourage her independent interests

16) Students' motivation and school performance tend to________ when they enter into

secondary school. A) remain the same B) increase C) decrease D) increase sharply and then plateau

17) An explanation of why students' motivation and school achievement changes as they

transition into secondary school is that A) the subject matter becomes more difficult. B) teachers focus on grades (performance goals) rather than mastery of the material. C) they are intimidated by the older students. D) there is a decline in their use of self-handicapping strategies.

18) Bella works hard in school because she enjoys figuring out difficult problems and

accomplishing complex tasks. Arielle works hard in school because she loves the feeling of getting the highest grades in her class. A psychologist would say that these two adolescents differ in what? A) social promotion B) self-handicapping C) delay of gratification D) achievement goal orientation

19) Even though Chloe works very hard in school, she gives her classmates the impression that

she is uninterested in school in order to have an excuse for her poor performance. What type of behavior is this? A) learned helplessness B) self-handicapping C) need for fulfillment D) need for success

20) Alice has worked all evening on a psychology assignment that is not being graded. A

psychologist would most likely say that she has a very strong A) need for approval. B) mastery motivation. C) need for status. D) performance motivation.

21) Al's parents expect him to receive all As on his report card, play quarterback for the football

team, and win the election for senior class president. When Al comes home with a B+ on his report card, his parents ground him for a month. Because of his parents' actions, Al is likely to develop A) intrinsic motivation. B) performance motivation. C) mastery motivation. D) learned helplessness.

22) Sarah and Jacob want their children to develop a strong achievement motivation. In addition

to using an authoritative parenting style, they also should A) punish their children's failures by taking away privileges. B) support success in school without providing material rewards for that success. C) compare their children to other children who are successful. D) support success in school and provide material rewards for that success.

23) Juan is an intelligent youngster who avoids challenging situations because of his intense fear

of failure. Despite his innate ability, he gets low grades and has trouble persisting even with easy tasks. A psychologist would most likely say that Juan is A) developmentally delayed. B) an underachiever. C) performance oriented. D) helpless.

24) Professor Stein wants to test the stereotype threat effect. What if the following scenarios

accurately illustrates this phenomenon? A) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants actually perform better than participants in the control group. B) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform poorly on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group. C) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that members of their ethnic group perform extremely well on the type of task that he is asking them to perform, and these participants perform more poorly than participants in the control group. D) Professor Stein tells participants in the experimental group that participants in the control group do not like them because of their ethnic background, so the experimental group members act aggressively toward members of the control group.

25) Alicia has trouble persisting at tasks and fears failure. Her grades are far lower than one

would expect based on her intellectual ability. A psychologist would most likely classify her as A) emotionally disturbed. B) an underachiever. C) a delinquent. D) a normal adolescent.

26) Grace believes that intelligence is fixed. Which of the following is most likely true for her? A) She is likely to be performance oriented. B) Her school or task performance is not likely to be affected by fluctuations in her

confidence. C) She is likely to be mastery oriented. D) She is likely to seek opportunities to engage in challenging tasks.

27) According to research, which of the following is true in classrooms in which teachers are

very performance oriented? A) Students feel less alienated from school than those whose teachers emphasize mastery. B) Students have higher feelings of self-efficacy than those whose teachers emphasize mastery. C) Students are more likely to engage in self-handicapping behavior. D) Students' motivation increases consistently over the school year.

28) Which statement about underachievement is true? A) Many underachievers receive far worse grades in school than you would expect based

on intelligence tests. B) Some students choose to appear interested in school to get more respect from their peers. C) They often are very persistent at their work, but their low ability holds them back. D) Some students use "self-handicapping" strategies to increase the importance of academics as a response to their poor performance.

29) Mastery motivation is most similar to A) intrinsic motivation. B) mastery anxiety. C) evaluation anxiety. D) extrinsic motivation.

30) Performance motivation is most similar to A) intrinsic motivation. B) mastery motivation. C) evaluation anxiety. D) extrinsic motivation.

31) Motivation based on the pleasure one will experience from becoming proficient at a task is

called A) B) C) D)

extrinsic motivation. mastery motivation. intuitive motivation. performance motivation.

32) Leroy plays video games not because he will win anything by doing well or because anyone

approves of his increasing skill, but because he enjoys getting better at the games. His behavior is an example of A) mastery motivation. B) temperament. C) learned helplessness. D) extrinsic motivation.

33) Motivation based on the rewards one will receive for successful execution of a task is called A) performance motivation. B) reward-punishment theory. C) extraneous achievement. D) mastery motivation.

34) Whitney's present goal is to get good enough at spelling to earn the school's spelling trophy.

Whitney's ambition is an example of A) intrinsic motivation. B) mastery motivation. C) self-regulation. D) performance motivation.

35) Jacob and Stephen just got a project that they worked on together back from their teacher.

They received a D on the project. Jacob said that it was because the project was too hard. Stephen said it was because they had not spent enough time on the project. Which adolescent is most likely to try harder on future projects? A) Stephen B) Jacob C) Both boys will try harder next time. D) Neither boy will try hard next time because they did so poorly this time.

36) Margie sees herself as competent and genuinely enjoys learning. Manny experiences a great

deal of anxiety and hesitation when facing a challenge because he doubts his abilities. All he wants to do is receive high grades so his parents will not punish him. Both are A students. Margie is most likely________ motivated and Manny is most likely________ motivated. A) mastery; intrinsically B) mastery; performance C) extrinsically; intrinsically D) performance; extrinsically

37) Current research addressing sex differences in achievement suggests that A) girls still lag far behind boys on science and math, both in the United States and

elsewhere. B) if differences in math and science are found between American boys and girls today, they are very slight. C) girls have closed the math/science gap and have now become better in these subjects than boys. D) there were so many methodological flaws in the earlier research that the differences in boys' and girls' math and science abilities were unduly exaggerated.

38) Shawn's teacher tells him that the task he is working on is too difficult for him. Therefore,

Shawn believes that failure is inevitable. He is likely to develop A) learned helplessness. B) stereotype threat. C) self-efficacy. D) a growth mindset.

39) Marta tells her therapist, "All my life, my mom has told me I will never amount to anything

in school or in life. She knows me better than anyone else, so why should I try hard in school or sign up for extracurriculars?" Marta's therapist would most likely conclude that she is showing A) fear of failure. B) challenge fixation. C) a growth mindset. D) learned helplessness.

40) The belief or expectation that one cannot influence events is called A) underachievement. B) fear of failure. C) learned helplessness. D) temperament.

41) Ms. Kumin wants to help her lower-achieving students. She should A) acknowledge that they do not have the ability to achieve and stop pressuring them. B) help them learn to attribute their performance to factors that are under their control. C) have them placed into special education classes. D) assign them each another classmate as a "buddy" to monitor their progress.

42) Paul will not even try to learn how to swim because when he has tried before, he has not

done very well. He is now convinced that no matter what he does, he will never learn to swim. Paul's situation is an example of A) ego deflation. B) Type-A behavior. C) learned helplessness. D) temperament.

43) Janelle is told that, no matter how hard she tries, she will likely not pass the exam. As a

result, she believes that failure is inevitable and stops "wasting" her time studying. What has Janelle developed? A) scapegoating B) inflated self-efficacy C) fear of failure D) learned helplessness

44) How can school personnel help students who show signs of learned helplessness? A) Reclassify them as a high-achieving group to provide them with new challenges. B) Reclassify them as a "low need for achievement" group to lessen the stress they are

experiencing. C) Help them see what aspects of their performance and grades are under others' control. D) Help them see what aspects of their performance and grades are under their control.

45) When Sonya was a child, her teachers told her that she would always have to work very hard

in school because she wasn't as smart as the other children. Now Sonya is an adolescent who scores well on IQ tests yet gets below-average grades in school. Which of these statements about Sonya is most likely to be true? A) She doesn't care about school. B) She has a growth mindset. C) She is the child of authoritative parents. D) She has developed learned helplessness.

46) In general, adolescents from poorer families tend to experience more________ and have

worse________ than their more affluent peers. A) stress; coping skills B) self-efficacy; interventions C) mastery motivation; coping skills D) growth mindset; learned helplessness

47) Bill's neighborhood is not wealthy, but it has many neighbors who babysit one another's

children and have strong ties to the community. A psychologist would say that Bill's neighborhood is rich in A) social capital. B) cultural capital. C) educational attainment. D) social attainment.

48) Parents' and adolescents' expectations influence each other over time. Adolescents who grow

up with parents who expect a lot A) come to expect a lot of themselves. B) have difficulty reaching parental expectations. C) have few expectations for themselves D) tend to rebel against parental expectation.

49) When Frank was younger, his parents and grandparents took him to children's theater

performances and free concerts. Frank's family provided him with A) social capital. B) mastery motivation. C) performance motivation. D) cultural capital.

50) Which of these is one of the factors that researchers study in connection with how home

environment positively influences adolescents' level of achievement? A) parenting style B) peer achievement C) learned helplessness D) achievement attributions

51) Which adolescent is least likely to exhibit high academic achievement? A) Barney, whose parents set high scholastic standards and expect him to go to college B) Beto, whose parents go to all of his school programs and help him select his classes C) Benny, whose parents do not want to pressure him, but argue with his teachers about

his grades D) Bob, whose parents join with other parents who stay involved in school activities

52) According to research, which of the following is an effective form of parental involvement? A) helping with homework B) providing cash rewards for high grades C) criticizing harshly when students perform poorly D) being involved in school-based activities

53) Which of the following has been linked to authoritative parenting? A) fear of failure B) positive academic self-conceptions C) unhealthy achievement attributions D) a decline in school attendance

54) Two characteristics of authoritative parents that positively influence their children's school

performance are________ and________. A) healthy beliefs about the child's achievement; less tendency to be over-controlling B) realistic beliefs about the child's achievement; greater tendency to be controlling C) varying beliefs about their child's achievement; involvement in their child's academic pursuits D) staying aloof rather than smothering the child emotionally; demanding extremely high standards

55) Lydia's family is always going to art shows, concerts, and poetry readings. Her family has a

large amount of A) societal influence. B) social capital. C) cultural capital. D) monetary success.

56) The resources provided within a family that allow the exposure of the adolescent to art,

music, and literature are called A) special education. B) social cultivation. C) artistic refinement. D) cultural capital.

57) During the school year, Titus's parents took him to the theater and the opera. In addition, they

bought him books and a magazine subscription for his birthday. The treatment Titus is receiving is an example of A) special education. B) social cultivation. C) artistic refinement. D) cultural capital.

58) Which of the following is the best example of cultural capital? A) Art's father takes him to museums during the summer. B) Chip's parents bought him a computer. C) Henry's mother has a master's degree in Shakespearean drama. D) Crystal's parents take her to fine restaurants.

59) Nita's community does a lot to support and encourage adolescents' success in school. This

community therefore has a large amount of A) societal influence. B) social capital. C) cultural capital. D) monetary success.

60) Ivan has worked hard in school, and as a result, his grades have improved significantly this

year. Based on this information, what is likely to happen with Ivan's relationships with his peers? A) He is likely to befriend his classmates who also earn high grades. B) He is likely to befriend lower-achieving classmates to appear indifferent about academic performance. C) Peers from high-achieving and low-achieving groups are likely to shun him. D) Peers from high-achieving and low-achieving groups are likely to befriend him in equal numbers.

61) Parents influence adolescents more in terms of________, but friends influence adolescents

more in terms of________. A) day-to-day school activities; long-term educational plans B) long-term educational plans; day-to-day school activities C) educational goals; educational realities D) educational realities; educational goals

62) The impact of friends on adolescents' school performance depends on A) the academic orientation of the peer group. B) the number of extracurricular activities in which they participate. C) the socioeconomic status of the peer group. D) the duration and quality of the friendships.

63) In the United States today, the peer group is most likely to have________ influence on an

adolescent's academic achievement. A) a positive B) a negative C) little D) a stabilizing

64) If adolescents are unusually dependent on the opinions, beliefs, and actions of their peers,

what prediction can you make about their academic performance? A) It most likely will be average for the first few years of secondary school but then improve dramatically. B) It most likely will be excellent for the first few years of secondary school but then get slightly worse. C) It is likely to be better than it should be based on the adolescent's performance on IQ tests. D) It is likely to be poorer than it should be based on the adolescent's performance on IQ tests.

65) Ms. Wexler plans to reward her students' skill and hard work by showcasing the academic

achievements of a different student each month. The student's work will be on display in a trophy case where all students, staff, and visitors can see it. Based on social science research, what is a problem with this plan? A) Other students will be uninterested in the showcase. B) Students whose grades are not as high will desire the same type of recognition. C) Many high-achieving students will compete ruthlessly with one another to be the one whose work is showcased. D) Many high-achieving students will not want evidence of their top grades being made public.

66) Research on the interaction of the influence of parents and peers suggests which of the

following? A) Family environment rarely affects adolescents' choice of friends. B) Friends who do not value school cannot overcome the positive effects of authoritative parenting. C) Peers and parents have a stronger influence on adolescents' school achievement in countries (such as the United States) in which schools serve heterogeneous groups of students. D) In countries where students attend different schools based on whether they plan to attend college, peers have a significantly stronger influence on adolescents than their families do.

67) Which of the following is an accurate statement about students overcoming socioeconomic

disadvantages to achieve academic success? A) Having parents who take an interest in their children’s academic progress can help the children overcome socioeconomic disadvantages. B) Having parents who use an authoritarian approach can help their children overcome socioeconomic disadvantages. C) Having parents who have low aspirations for their children’s academic goal can help the children overcome socioeconomic disadvantages. D) Having parents who downplay the importance of education can help their children overcome socioeconomic disadvantages.

68) Which of the following is a measure of academic achievement? A) Keiko is enrolled in the pre-college track of courses. B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs. C) Mel has been in school for 11 years. D) Vinny takes six classes each school day.

69) Which of these accurately describes how socioeconomic status affects the education of

youth? A) Poor children and rich children begin school with the same level of basic academic

competence. B) Poor adolescents tend to have more stress in their lives than adolescents from wealthy families do. C) Parents from higher social classes are less involved in their adolescent's education, probably because they work so many hours. D) Affluent youngsters and poor youngsters receive about the same nutrition and health care.

70) According to research, which ethnic group, on average, has the highest level of educational

achievement? A) Blacks B) Asian Americans C) Whites D) Hispanic Americans

71) Taylor comes from an economically disadvantaged household. Her mother went to the school

counselor to find out what could be done to help Taylor overcome her disadvantage. Based on social science research, what would the counselor most likely recommend? A) positive relations and encouragement at home B) strict control and precisely enforced rules at home C) an after-school job for Taylor to reduce the family's economic stress D) switching Taylor to easier classes so her grade-point average will be higher

72) According to research,________ students are likely to have higher academic achievement

than students from other groups because________. A) Asian Americans; they believe in the value of school success B) Blacks; they experience little stress about negative repercussions of not doing well in school, so they perform better C) Hispanic Americans; on average, they spend less time studying than other students, but their study techniques are more effective D) Whites; they feel a sense of obligation to their parents

73) Parents with greater economic resources are able to provide their children with

more________, which is an important contributor to school success. A) cultural capital B) social capital C) ethical capital D) moral capital

74) Adolescents’ hopes and aspirations for the future are________ across ethnic groups. A) B) C) D)

very similar somewhat similar very different somewhat different

75) Although Miguel and Luis both consider themselves to be Hispanic, Miguel was born in

Mexico and moved to the United States as a 10-year-old, while Luis's family has been in the United States for three generations. Based on social science research, what do you predict about these youths' school engagement and performance? A) Miguel is more likely to devalue academic success. B) Luis is likely to achieve more in school than Miguel. C) Luis's stronger sense of family obligation will contribute to his school success. D) Miguel is more likely to be cognitively engaged than Luis is.

76) What would a social scientist find useful about NAEP data? A) It allows social scientists to see how students in the United States compare with

students in other industrialized nations. B) It allows social scientists to see how the performance of students in the United States has improved or worsened over multiple generations. C) NAEP tracks the academic and career achievements of students who completed apprenticeships and students who did not. D) NAEP has tracked the performance of one cohort (group of individuals) in the United States for more than 50 years.

77) Which of the following is an example of school performance? A) Kelly received a C on her report card. B) Naomi received a 1200 on the SATs. C) Mel has been in school for 7 years. D) Vinny has an IQ of 105.

78) Which term refers to the number of years of schooling completed by an individual? A) school performance B) academic achievement C) educational attainment D) social promotion

79) Which of the following has been cited as a possible explanation for low achievement scores

among American students? A) Teachers spend too much time teaching writing and not enough teaching coding and other forms of technology. B) Teachers push students too hard academically, which causes anxiety and burnout. C) Parents do not encourage academic pursuits at home. D) The reading level of textbooks has become too challenging.

80) Which term refers to achievement that is measured by standardized tests? A) school performance B) academic achievement C) educational attainment D) social promotion

81) The gap between American students' performance and that of students from other

countries________ as they move from elementary to middle to high school. A) widens B) shrinks C) stays the same D) disappears

82) Which type of educational achievement has the most important effect on later earnings? A) school performance B) academic achievement C) educational attainment D) cultural capital

83) Compared with their counterparts from previous decades, today's adolescents have________

levels of educational attainment and________ levels of academic achievement. A) lower; lower B) lower; higher C) higher; higher D) higher; lower

84) Why do some experts say that dropping out of school is a public health problem? A) High school dropouts work in jobs that are more likely to expose them to infectious

diseases. B) High school dropouts earn less money, which means they can rarely afford to buy medicine. C) High school dropouts are more likely to have poor health and to use illicit drugs. D) College dropouts tend to have more emotional and physical problems than their counterparts who finish college.

85) Who is probably most likely to drop out of high school? A) Luanne, whose parents are consistently authoritative B) Dierdre, whose parents are consistently authoritarian C) Bobby Jo, whose parents are inconsistent D) Sally, whose parents are consistently permissive

86) High school dropouts are more likely than high school graduates to do which of the

following? A) experience poverty and unemployment B) wait until their 20s or 30s to become pregnant C) join a union D) "job-hop" in several occupations instead of choosing one area of interest

87) High school dropout rates would most likely be highest A) in schools that emphasize academic achievement because those schools fail a higher

percentage of students. B) in schools where few faculty members are supportive of or committed to their students. C) when students who are having difficulties are allowed to change schools. D) when students are promoted from one grade to the next based on achievement rather than age.

88) Which of the following is the best predictor of occupational success? A) school performance B) educational attainment C) academic achievement D) motivation

89) The economic, social, and cultural resources provided by the family are called family A) support. B) education. C) capital. D) sharing.

90) Under what circumstances would a student be most likely to drop out of school because of

poor health? A) if the student has limited cultural capital B) if the student's family is poor C) if the student's family speaks a language other than English at home D) if the student grew up in a high-crime neighborhood

91) Who is likely to attain the most occupational success? A) Francesca, who earned good grades in college B) Luke, who received a high score on the SAT C) Karen, who has a master's degree D) Ruben, who has a high IQ

92) The practice of advancing adolescents to the next grade level in school based on age rather

than their successful completion of the grade level is known as A) peer group promotion. B) age mate promotion. C) social promotion. D) upward social comparison.

93) Which of the following is an accurate statement about dropping out of high school? A) It is the culmination of a long process. B) It is the result of a quick decision. C) It is a discrete decision made by the adolescent. D) It is a discrete decision made by the parents.

94) Harry has failed ninth grade this year and has not learned the material he needs to go on to

higher grade levels. However, his teachers are debating letting him go on to tenth grade next year so that he does not feel left behind or lose touch with his same-age friends. This practice is called A) disengagement promotion. B) teacher-based social support. C) achiever dropout prevention. D) social promotion.

95) For many Americans today, development of occupational plans takes place A) in the first years of high school. B) in the final years of high school or years after high school graduation. C) in the final years of college or years after college graduation. D) at about age 35.

96) Charlie's father and grandfather were lawyers. Charlie is interested in becoming a lawyer too,

even though his grades are average. What would a social scientist most likely say about Charlie? A) Charlie's identification with familial role models means that his career path is likely to change as he grows older. B) Charlie's failure to identify with familial role models may lead to conflict within his family. C) Charlie's development of an occupational identity is profoundly influenced by his peer environment. D) Charlie's development of an occupational identity is profoundly influenced by his social environment.

97) Work experiences in adolescence, in general, have________ on adolescents’ plans or

aspirations for adult work. A) the most impact B) a significant impact C) a moderate impact D) little or no impact

98) Dr. Clemens, a high school career counselor, wants to place students in summer jobs that will

help them develop their career interests. Based on social science research, into which of these jobs should Dr. Clemens place students? A) office work B) fine-dining restaurants C) fast-food restaurants D) retail stores

99) How has occupational planning changed in the past several decades? A) It depends less on adolescents' emotional health and more on their physical health. B) It depends more on adolescents' emotional health and less on their physical health. C) For most people in industrialized nations, it now happens much earlier. D) For most people in industrialized nations, it now happens much later.

100)

Which of the following statements regarding work values is true for adolescents? A) Adolescents tend to give high ratings to very few work rewards. B) Adolescents believe that they can find jobs that satisfy many rewards at the same time. C) Adolescents are able to focus on what they want from a job and identify a few rewards that are most important to them. D) Adolescents rarely believe that they can "have it all" from future occupational choices.

101)

Which of the following is most likely to influence (both directly and indirectly) a teenager's occupational choice? A) parents B) part-time work C) courses in school D) peers

102)

According to research, which of the following is a reason that adolescents' ambitions are consistent with the socioeconomic status of those around them? A) Occupational attainment depends strongly on educational attainment, but educational attainment is not greatly influenced by socioeconomic status. B) Middle-class parents are more likely than lower-class parents to foster the development of strong achievement orientation and career exploration in their children. C) Peers, not parents or siblings, serve as models for adolescents' occupational choices. D) Many employers will not hire people from certain socioeconomic groups.

103)

In recent years, which academic discipline has awarded the highest percentage of its bachelor's degrees to males? A) mathematics B) business C) computer science D) psychology

104)

Contemporary young people are more likely than past generations to say that if they had enough money they would A) not work. B) work in low-paying jobs. C) work as entrepreneurs. D) work more.

105)

Adolescents' occupational plans are influenced by their A) anticipation of future economic downturns. B) perceptions of the labor market. C) social position within their peer group. D) ability to make and maintain friendships.

106)

Which of the following is a problem that most young adults face as they crystallize their occupational plans? A) obtaining accurate information about the labor market needs of the past B) being tempted to drop out of school because of high-paying jobs that are available C) forming educational plans that are consistent with the educational requirements of the jobs they hope to enter D) being overly pessimistic about their chances for success in the labor market

107)

Augusta wants to be a museum director because she wants a career where she will constantly be learning new things. Based on this information, which work value is likely most important to her? A) social status B) extrinsic rewards C) intrinsic rewards D) social rewards

108)

Valerie, who is 18, is interested in becoming a lawyer. She does not mind working long hours as long as she can make a great deal of money. A psychologist would refer to this desire as Valerie's A) intrinsic forces. B) performance orientation. C) extrinsic forces. D) mastery orientation.

109)

What misunderstanding do many adolescents today have about work values? A) They believe that one career is likely to fulfill many work values. B) They believe that few careers fulfill any work values. C) They fail to see the connection between work values and career satisfaction. D) They fail to see the connection between work values and monetary success.

110)

Compared to how his grandfather felt when he was an adolescent 50 years ago, how does Jacob most likely feel about work? A) Jacob is more likely to see work as a central part of his life than his grandfather did. B) Jacob is less likely to say that if he had enough money, he would not work. C) Jacob is more likely to work overtime to make sure his job is done well. D) Jacob is more likely to say that it is important to have a job that allows enough time for leisure.

111)

Which long-term career goal would you recommend for an adolescent who lists altruistic rewards and influence as his highest work values? A) construction worker B) investment banker C) director of nursing D) entertainment director on a cruise ship

112)

Which of the following explanations for the effect of parents on adolescents' occupational ambitions and subsequent success is true? A) Working-class families are less likely to raise their children to value attributes such as obedience and conformity, which affects the types of jobs that appeal to these adolescents. B) Middle-class and upper-class adolescents are likely to have important family connections that are less available in poorer families. C) Because so many career paths are available today, parents and siblings rarely serve as models for adolescents' occupational choices. D) Parents indirectly encourage certain occupational values, but they do not actively discourage any occupational values.

113)

Which of the following is a reason that career counselors (especially on college campuses) have come to play an increasingly important role in individuals' career decision making? A) The labor market is changing so quickly that it is difficult for adolescents to get accurate information about careers from their families. B) New government-subsidized programs require career counselors to steer qualified students toward certain jobs and careers. C) Most adolescents have become increasingly apathetic about career choices and want others to decide their careers for them. D) The labor market changes so slowly that it is easy for career counselors to gather information and recommend the careers with the greatest chance of success.

114)

Matthew is calm during exams and works hard on all school assignments—even when assignments are not going to be graded. However, his girlfriend, Maria, tends to have high feelings of anxiety in evaluative situations (especially when dealing with new information) and often performs poorly because of this anxiety. Discuss the underlying issues you think are most likely causing these two behavioral profiles and how these issues are related. Also, why do you think Mathew and Maria have developed these idiosyncrasies? Focus on parenting issues rather than on issues related to Matthew and Maria's gender or their peers.

115)

Miguel and Selma are the parents of 13-year-old Luisa. They understand that the home environment they create can affect their daughter's achievement. What steps can they take to positively influence Luisa's achievement?

116)

The head of a relatively poor (lower socioeconomic status) school district has asked you to explain possible reasons why the district's students are not performing as well as students from other, more affluent communities. The goal, of course, would be to overcome the problems and help these students become more successful. What information can you share to both explain the tendency of more affluent children to have greater educational achievement and to offer suggestions for how to combat this disparity in the lowersocioeconomic school district?

117)

As a guidance counselor at a large public high school, you notice that achievement test scores for your school are very low. From your knowledge of the recent research, suggest the main reasons for this disturbing fact.

118)

Ricky is 16 years old, yet he is just a first-year student in high school because he was held back a grade in elementary school. Recently, Ricky has decided to drop out of school. Discuss the likely origins of his decision and the general factors that lead students to drop out, and give your thoughts on what may be done to keep students like Ricky in school.

119)

As you come into the campus cafeteria, you join your friends who are discussing how people make occupational choices. One friend believes that we choose our careers based on the importance we place on various work rewards, a second says we are pushed into our jobs through the social influence of parents and peers, and a third says there are much more potent forces in the broader social environment that affect where we end up occupationally. They ask you what you think. How do you respond?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 12 1) A 2) A 3) A 4) D 5) B 6) B 7) A 8) A 9) B 10) C 11) C 12) A 13) B 14) A 15) D 16) C 17) B 18) D 19) B 20) B 21) B 22) B 23) B 24) B 25) B 26) A 27) C 28) A 29) A 30) D 31) B 32) A 33) A 34) D 35) A 36) B 37) B

38) A 39) D 40) C 41) B 42) C 43) D 44) D 45) D 46) A 47) A 48) A 49) D 50) A 51) C 52) D 53) B 54) A 55) C 56) D 57) D 58) A 59) B 60) A 61) B 62) A 63) B 64) D 65) D 66) C 67) A 68) B 69) B 70) B 71) A 72) A 73) A 74) A 75) D 76) B 77) A

78) C 79) C 80) B 81) A 82) C 83) D 84) C 85) D 86) A 87) B 88) B 89) C 90) B 91) C 92) C 93) A 94) D 95) C 96) D 97) D 98) A 99) D 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117)

B A B C A B C C C A D C B A Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer

118) 119)

Short Answer Short Answer

Chapter 13:__________ 1) Which scenario best represents adolescent alcohol use in today's society? A) Dahlia started using alcohol at age 17 and by age 19 had stopped drinking

completely. B) Brian first tried alcohol at the beginning of high school and now, at 17, uses it only occasionally. C) Julia, a high school senior, has never tried alcohol. D) Michael, a 13-year-old, drinks alcohol almost every day with his friends.

2) Approximately how many teenagers develop drinking problems or permit alcohol to

adversely affect their schooling or personal relationships? A) about half B) relatively few C) the vast majority D) almost none

3) Parker's parents caught him drinking alcohol with a couple of his friends, and now they're

worried. They think his alcohol use might turn into a long-term problem. What does research say about situations like Parker's? A) Many adolescents experiment with alcohol in high school without growing into adult alcoholics. B) Adolescent alcohol use is the first sign of long-term problems with drugs. C) Parker's alcohol use is a clear indication of that his parents are too permissive. D) Parker's behavior is a strong sign that he has been physically or sexually abused.

4) Denise has just been caught vandalizing public property for the fourth time this year. What

statement is most likely to be true of her? A) Her problems have emerged only during adolescence. B) Her early home and school life were average. C) She probably had problems at home and school at an early age. D) Her home and school life are not connected to her delinquency.

5) According to a study of more than 10,000 American adolescents, approximately________ of

teenagers report having an anxiety disorder by age 18 and________ of these individuals had already developed an anxiety disorder before turning 12. A) two-thirds; almost none B) one-third; almost all C) 50%; over 90% D) 15%; just over half

6) Most problems of adolescence, such as substance abuse and delinquency, A) are never resolved. B) intensify briefly during adulthood. C) are resolved in middle age. D) are resolved during adolescence.

7) Which of the following is the best explanation of serious problem behavior during

adolescence? A) Problem behavior is the result of the hormonal changes that accompany puberty. B) Problem behavior is a manifestation of an inherent adolescent need to rebel against authority. C) Problem behavior results from having an identity crisis. D) Problem behavior is likely a signal that something is wrong.

8) Carol has just learned that her son, Liam, has been caught shoplifting for the fifth time. Carol

told the police that Liam is just reacting to the stress of going through puberty. How accurate is Carol's idea? A) Carol is probably correct; adolescence is a very confusing time. B) Carol is correct; hormones make adolescents behave uncontrollably and rebel against authority. C) Carol is incorrect; problem behavior is virtually never a direct consequence of the normative adolescent changes. D) Carol is incorrect; Liam's problem behavior is almost certainly a result of her parenting style.

9) The maladaptive use of drugs often associated with externalizing and internalizing disorders

is known as A) vaping. B) substance abuse. C) conduct disorder. D) delinquency.

10) Dara suffers from depression. What type of disorder does Dara's condition reflect? A) an externalizing disorder B) a psychosomatic disorder C) an internalizing disorder D) a personality disorder

11) Which of the following is considered an internalizing disorder? A) drug abuse B) anxiety C) truancy D) delinquency

12) Theodore has been referred to as an "acting-out" adolescent. He engages in delinquent

behavior. Theodore most likely had a(n)______ disorder. A) externalizing B) internalizing C) anhedonic D) eating

13) ________ is an example of an internalizing disorder;________ is an example of an

externalizing disorder. A) Depression; psychosomatic disturbance B) Anxiety; delinquency C) Drug and alcohol abuse; delinquency D) Truancy; psychosomatic disturbance

14) Raven suffers from depression. She also gets in fights at school to express her anger and

sadness. Raven's problems fall into which category? A) internalizing disorder B) externalizing disorder C) comorbid disorders D) substance abuse

15) Alyssa has a substance abuse problem. This means she is A) most likely to also have internalizing disorder. B) most likely to also have externalizing disorder. C) equally likely to have internalizing or externalizing disorder. D) unlikely to have either internalizing or externalizing disorder.

16) Generally, people associate substance abuse problems in teens with externalizing disorders

because A) these disorders are more visible to observers. B) substance abuse problems rarely accompany internalizing disorders. C) substance abuse is an externalizing disorder. D) substance abuse problems start as externalizing disorders and eventually become internalized.

17) When two problems occur together, such as substance abuse and depression, they are

referred to as being A) comorbid. B) covert. C) a coterminous disorder. D) a parallel diagnoses.

18) When an individual has more than one problem at the same time, it is called A) an external issue. B) an internal issue. C) comorbidity. D) psychosomatic.

19) Researchers have found, regarding problem behavior in adolescence, that A) adolescents never exhibit one specific problem, such as depression, without

exhibiting any others. B) adolescents may exhibit only one problem within the same general category, such as depression and anxiety. C) adolescents may exhibit both internalizing and externalizing problems, such as depression and delinquency. D) adolescents with severe behavior problems are likely to have followed similar pathways to deviance.

20) The term "________ syndrome" refers to comorbidity among various types of externalizing

disorders that results from an underlying trait of unconventionality found in the adolescent's personality and social environment. A) problem behavior B) biological risk C) social control D) gateway

21) The cause of adolescent risk-taking behaviors A) is environmental. B) is inherited. C) may be genetic or environmental. D) is culturally specific.

22) Greg suffers from depression. His friend Matthew also suffers from depression as well as

conduct disorder. According to the theory of problem behavior syndrome, this means A) Greg is more likely than Mathew to come from an unconventional home environment. B) Matthew is more likely than Greg to come from an unconventional home environment. C) Nether boy is likely to come from an unconventional home environment. D) Both boys probably come from unconventional home environments.

23) Problem behavior syndrome involves A) unconventionality. B) recurrent depression. C) close connections to social institutions. D) low tolerance for socially deviant ideas.

24) Which of the following individuals is most likely to engage in problem behaviors? A) Marco, who does not approve of deviance from the norm B) Karen, who is highly connected to her school and a religious institution C) Patrick, who is very conservative in his social views D) Laura, who is not involved in any extra-curricular activities or organizations

25) A researcher who believes that problem behaviors cluster together is most likely to argue that A) a predisposition toward deviance may be inherited. B) biologically based differences account for differences in arousal and sensation-

seeking. C) defiance develops in deviance-prone children who are reared in hostile environments. D) involvement in a given problem behavior may lead to involvement in other problem

behaviors.

26) According to social control theory, delinquency is caused by A) unconventionality in the adolescent's personality. B) an inherited predisposition toward deviance. C) biologically based differences in arousal and sensation-seeking. D) a lack of bonds to the family, the school, or the workplace.

27) What would a social control theorist say about adolescents who engage in risk-taking

behavior? A) They have a biological predisposition toward risky behavior. B) They are inherently unconventional. C) They have a weak attachment to society. D) They have authoritative parents.

28) One recent international study found that countries________ are likely to have adolescents

whose alcohol use is not predictive of violence. A) with developing economies B) with large income disparities C) that have relatively few adolescents compared to other generations D) where adolescents are more likely to drink in settings where adults are present

29) The common factor with respect to comorbidity in internalizing disorders is A) the subjective state of distress. B) acting-out behaviors. C) depression. D) withdrawal.

30) Which of the following statements about comorbidity is true? A) Co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems are exhibited identically in

males and females. B) Some experts question whether it makes sense to draw distinctions between anxiety

and depression because rates of comorbidity are so high. C) There is little comorbidity among different psychosocial problems during adolescence within or across the broad categories. D) Substance abuse problems are unlikely to be comorbid, exhibiting distinctly externalizing or internalizing problems.

31) Externalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect a problem behavior syndrome, just as

internalizing problems are hypothesized to reflect the common underlying factor of A) negative emotionality. B) social control. C) risk-taking behaviors. D) comorbidity.

32) The message society sends to teenagers about tobacco, drugs, and alcohol A) heavily promotes their usage as a normal and necessary part of adulthood. B) clearly discourages their usage in most circumstances. C) is contradictory and unclear about whether they should or should not be used. D) implies that it is fine for boys to use them, but wrong for girls to do so.

33) Which of the following is one of the popular stereotypes of contemporary adolescents? A) They use drugs less than their counterparts did in previous generations. B) The main reason adolescents use drugs is peer pressure. C) The "epidemic" of substance use by American adolescents is separate from the other

problems associated with adolescents. D) Most adolescents try drugs only one time and then quit.

34) Which substance is most commonly used and abused by adolescents? A) alcohol B) inhalants C) amphetamines D) cocaine

35) Alcohol is the substance that rates highest in terms of________ of use. A) gender differences B) purchase price C) prevalence and recency D) overall safety

36) Approximately________ percent of high school seniors have tried alcohol, and

approximately________ percent have tried marijuana. A) 60; 45 B) 40; 65 C) 90; 50 D) 30; 20

37) Since 1991, a survey assessing the use and abuse of a variety of drugs has been distributed to

a nationwide sample of 8th graders, 10th graders, and high school seniors every year. The name of this survey is A) Examining the Future. B) Monitoring Tomorrow. C) Monitoring the Future. D) Focus on the Future.

38) Studies of adolescent drug use suggest that A) a large majority of adolescents have serious drug dependence problems. B) a large majority of adolescents use hard drugs. C) drug and alcohol use are the underlying cause of most adolescent problems. D) the drug of choice among adolescents is alcohol.

39) Jace and his mom are in an argument because his mom found out that he has smoked

marijuana. Jace's defense is, "Half the senior class is doing it!" How accurate is Jace's statement? A) It is very inaccurate—only 10% of high school seniors have tried marijuana. B) It is inaccurate—half of Americans have tried marijuana, not half of high school seniors. C) It is almost accurate—about 44% of all high school seniors have tried marijuana. D) Statistics about marijuana use are too inconsistent to know.

40) Which list correctly ranks substances used by high school seniors from most to least popular? A) alcohol, marijuana and vaping nicotine, cigarettes B) cigarettes, alcohol, cocaine, marijuana C) alcohol, vaping nicotine, cocaine, marijuana D) cigarettes, alcohol, marijuana, inhalants

41) Alcohol and tobacco use among adolescents is more common________; however, illicit drug

use (mainly marijuana) is more common________. A) in most European countries than in the United States; in the United States than in European countries B) in the United States than in European countries; in most European countries than in the United States C) among males; among females D) among females; among males

42) Eduardo was caught binge drinking on Saturday night. This means that he A) drinks alcohol every day. B) drinks alcohol every weekend. C) had more than five alcoholic drinks in a row. D) lost consciousness from alcohol poisoning.

43) Studies of alcohol use have shown that A) about 6% of high school seniors report having driven a car after drinking at least once

in the past month. B) most adolescents who use alcohol before their senior year of high school are likely to be alcoholics by the age of 30. C) about 40% of eighth graders have abused alcohol in the past month. D) less than 10% of high school seniors have ever drunk alcohol.

44) Which of the following statements about adolescent cigarette use is true? A) The huge increase in the price of cigarettes over the last 25 years has led to a sharp

decrease in the percentage of smoking adolescents. B) Antismoking campaigns have contributed to the steady decline of cigarette use among adolescents. C) The most effective way to reduce adolescent smoking has been to enforce laws that restrict sales of cigarettes to minors. D) Despite changes in tobacco industry policies, the percentage of smoking adolescents has remained stable over the past two decades.

45) Most adolescents believe that e-cigarettes A) make them look bad. B) are more dangerous than regular cigarettes. C) are more addictive than opiates. D) are less harmful than cigarettes.

46) Vaping e-cigarettes is addictive because they contain A) nicotine. B) alcohol. C) cannabis. D) opioids.

47) Researchers believe that changes in rates of adolescent drug use A) are in opposition to messages they receive from parents and teachers. B) are in opposition to messages they receive from the media. C) may relate to adolescent perceptions of how harmful and disapproved of the drug is. D) show a consistent gap in drug use between males and females.

48) Which statement is most likely true about American adolescents today? A) Adolescents are experimenting with drugs at later ages. B) Marijuana is the only substance used by a substantial number of high school seniors

daily. C) Experimentation with drugs is less common among younger teens than it has been in the past. D) A large proportion of adolescents use hard drugs.

49) Corrina is concerned because she learned that her 13-year-old son, Henry, and her 17-year-

old son, Hector, were caught drinking. Are either of these teenagers likely to become addicted to alcohol? A) Yes, Hector is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult. B) Yes, Henry is likely to be addicted to alcohol as an adult. C) Both boys will be addicted and continue drug use into adulthood. D) Neither boy; these are both cases of adolescent experimentation.

50) Alejandra, a Latinx adolescent, is best friends with Mina, a foreign-born Latinx adolescent.

Which statement best describes their likelihood of drug use? A) Alejandra is likely to use fewer drugs than Mina. B) Alejandra and Mina are likely to use the same amount of drugs. C) Alejandra and Mina are likely to use more drugs than their friend Sue, a Native American adolescent. D) Mina is likely to use fewer drugs than Alejandra.

51) According to research, which of the following adolescents is least likely to use drugs? A) Mike, a White adolescent B) Li, an exchange student from China C) Emily, an Asian-American adolescent D) Hector, a Black adolescent

52) Alcohol and marijuana are considered________ drugs because they are almost always used

before harder drugs. A) gateway B) passage C) ritual D) experimental

53) Tina smoked cigarettes, drank alcohol, and used drugs moderately in early adolescence, then

quickly increased her use between early and middle adolescence, and continued to increase her use throughout high school and late adolescence. Tina is a(n) A) low escalator. B) early starter. C) high escalator. D) delinquent.

54) Of the following adolescents, who will be the most well-adjusted? A) Mavis, who is a frequent drug user B) Jennifer, who began experimenting with drugs and alcohol at age 12 C) Vicki, who has experimented with alcohol D) Selma, who has had alternating periods of addiction and recovery

55) Which is considered a risk factor for substance abuse in adolescence? A) psychological factors B) hormonal factors C) political factors D) educational factors

56) Which adolescent has a personality trait associated with developing drug and alcohol

problems? A) Aaron, who is a slow learner B) Tareq, who started puberty late C) Dennis, who is impulsive D) Sergio, who is very focused

57) Which of the following is a risk factor for developing substance abuse problems? A) having excessively permissive parents B) finding it difficult and challenging to obtain drugs C) having friends who condemn the use of drugs D) being involved in a sexual relationship

58) Which of the following characteristics is a protective factor that decreases the likelihood of

an adolescent engaging in substance abuse? A) close friendships with peers B) participation in sports C) after-school employment D) close family relationships

59) Studies have shown experiences with alcohol and drugs in early adolescence can

permanently affect the way the brain functions due to changes in the________ system. A) digestive B) respiratory C) limbic D) opioids

60) The neurotransmitter associated with the experience of pleasure that is implicated in

substance abuse problems is known as A) serotonin. B) dopamine. C) acetylcholine. D) norepinephrine.

61) Based on prior successful methods, which of the following methods is likely to be most

effective in reducing drug and alcohol use? A) drug and alcohol education B) raising the price of alcohol and cigarettes C) scare tactics D) laws restricting the sale of these items to minors

62) Evaluations of individual-focused approaches to drug prevention programs have found that A) these programs are largely ineffective. B) these programs are more effective for changing adolescents' sexual behaviors than

their drug use. C) scare tactics are more effective than rational information for changing behavior. D) random drug testing in schools has been the only effective strategy for reducing adolescents' use of drugs.

63) Which prevention program is most likely to be successful? A) one that focuses on individual adolescents B) one that combines social competence training with environmental changes C) one that focuses on drug testing in schools D) one that does not differentiate use from abuse in its treatment plan

64) What is a reason why many youth do not receive substance abuse treatment? A) These programs are rarely offered during times that do not interfere with a typical

public school schedule. B) There are many stigmas attached to seeking drug or alcohol treatment. C) Many families, especially ethnic minority families, cannot afford (or do not have adequate health insurance) to send their adolescent to treatment. D) It is difficult to actually meet the clinical criteria for "substance abuse"; therefore, it is hard to be accepted into one of these programs.

65) Evaluations of adolescent treatment programs suggest A) placing adolescents who experiment with drugs into treatment programs has been

effective in preventing escalation to drug abuse. B) drug treatment programs for adolescent substance abuse are more effective when the adolescent's family is involved in therapy with the adolescent. C) the most effective programs are those that deal with substance abusing adolescents in a private setting, away from their families and friends. D) most substance abuse treatment programs for adolescents have strict admission guidelines so they accept only adolescents who are seriously abusing drugs.

66) A repetitive and persistent pattern of antisocial behavior that results in problems at school or

work or in relationships with others is called A) conduct disorder. B) oppositional defiant disorder. C) psychopath syndrome. D) antisocial personality disorder.

67) A disorder of childhood and adolescence characterized by excessive anger, spite, and

stubbornness, but not necessarily aggression, is called A) conduct disorder. B) oppositional defiant disorder. C) psychopathic disorder. D) antisocial personality disorder.

68) A disorder of adulthood characterized by antisocial behavior and persistent disregard for the

rules of society and the rights of others is called A) conduct disorder. B) oppositional defiant disorder. C) psychopathic disorder. D) antisocial personality disorder.

69) Individuals who not only have antisocial personality disorder but are also manipulative,

superficially charming, impulsive, and indifferent to the feelings of others A) have conduct disorder. B) have oppositional defiant disorder. C) are psychopaths. D) are bipolar.

70) Which of the following is the main reason some experts advise against applying the term

psychopath to people under 18? A) Most young people who engage in antisocial behavior as teenagers do not continue to do so after their mid-20s. B) Those with a "psychopath" label are likely to receive lesser sentences. C) It is very rare for adolescents to exhibit any psychopathic traits. D) The label makes them even better at hiding their disorder and antisocial sentiments.

71) Which of the following is a category of externalizing problems during adolescence? A) depression B) aggression C) psychosomatic disturbances D) anxiety

72) The category of aggression is far-reaching, but psychologists are primarily concerned with

adolescents whose aggression A) gets them into trouble at school. B) is persistent and causes serious injury to others. C) happens occasionally among peers. D) is directed towards their parents and teachers.

73) Cliff is 16 years old, is truant from school, drinks alcohol regularly, and has run away from

home. Legally speaking, Cliff is a(n) A) ADHD child. B) habitual criminal. C) sociopath. D) status offender.

74) Which of the following would be considered a status offense? A) committing arson B) being truant from school C) vandalizing property D) sexual assault

75) According to the age-crime curve, when does offending peak? A) in high school B) in childhood C) in adulthood D) in old age

76) Individuals under the age of 18 account for approximately________ of violent crime in the

United States. A) one-quarter B) one-tenth C) one-half D) two-thirds

77) A look at the commission of violent crimes by adolescents in the United States shows that A) today, the male-to-female ratio in juvenile arrests for violent crime is about 8 to 1. B) violent crime among young people has doubled since 1980. C) in general, violent crime among young people has increased since 1993. D) as of 2016, violent crime among adolescents was at its lowest level since the 1970s.

78) What do researchers believe is the most likely reason why the male-to-female arrest ratio has

decreased in recent years? A) Girls are being arrested more frequently for the same things they did in the past but were not arrested for. B) The proportion of females who engage in violent crimes has increased substantially. C) The public is rejecting stereotypes that females do not commit crimes. D) Police departments have added divisions to focus on female crime.

79) According to research, who is the most likely to be a victim of a crime such as theft, robbery,

rape, and assault? A) Jeffrey, a Black adolescent living in the suburbs B) Rose, an adult White woman living in a large city C) Elaine, a White adolescent living in a rural area D) Mitch, a Hispanic adolescent living in the inner city

80) Which of the following statements is true about school shootings? A) They are more rare than street shootings. B) They are more likely to occur in urban communities. C) Perpetrators typically use illegally obtained weapons. D) Substance use is often associated with them.

81) What is likely an effective way to prevent school shootings? A) limiting young people’s access to firearms B) predicting which teenagers with a mental illness will commit a shooting C) closely monitoring adolescents with violent histories D) preventing adolescent drug and alcohol use

82) Confidential surveys of adolescents suggest that A) between 15% and 20% of adolescents have engaged in delinquent behavior at one

time or another. B) ethnic differences in the prevalence of delinquent and criminal activity are greater than what would be expected from information in official records. C) nearly two-thirds of American 17-year-old boys have committed a violent crime in the past year. D) nearly half of all males report being responsible for an assault sometime during adolescence

83) In general, the earlier an adolescent's criminal career begins, A) the easier it is for that person to be treated. B) the more likely it is the adolescent will stop the criminal behavior on their own. C) the less likely they are to be arrested. D) the more likely they are to become a chronic offender.

84) Vince engaged in delinquency as a pre-adolescent and has continued to be in trouble with the

law ever since. Now, as a young adult, Vince would most likely be characterized as a(n)________ offender. A) life-course-persistent B) comorbid C) externalizing D) adolescence limited

85) Some people who are delinquent as adolescents grow up to be law-abiding adults. What type

of pattern is this? A) transitory delinquency B) negative affectivity C) diathesis-stress model D) adolescence-limited offender

86) When contrasting life-course-persistent offenders with adolescence-limited offenders,

researchers agree that A) both types of offenders have similar antecedents but different outcomes. B) the causes and consequences of the two are very different. C) although males and females are equally as likely to be life-course persistent offenders, males are more likely to be adolescence-limited offenders. D) the risk factors for life-course-persistent offenders differ for males and females.

87) One of the most consistent predictors of chronic delinquency appears to be rooted in A) poor relations with peers during childhood. B) coming from disorganized families with hostile, inept, or neglectful parenting. C) academic failure in junior high school. D) pessimistic attitudes about employment prospects due to learned helplessness.

88) Persistent offenders who display impulsiveness, inattentiveness, restlessness, and

inappropriately high levels of activity likely have A) schizophrenia. B) nervosa. C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. D) oppositional defiant disorder.

89) As a child, Carlos had a hard time sitting still and was highly aggressive. As an adolescent,

he is extremely impulsive and has difficulty controlling his anger. Carlos probably suffers from A) antisocial nervosa. B) obsessive/compulsive disorder. C) attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. D) oppositional defiant disorder.

90) Individuals high in callous-unemotional (CU) traits A) experience distress more easily and often than others. B) are less likely to empathize with others. C) show a heightened response to emotional and painful stimuli. D) are likely to be career criminals.

91) The tendency to interpret ambiguous interactions with others as deliberately antagonistic is

called A) B) C) D)

attention deficit disorder. negative affectivity. hostile attributional bias. oppositional defiant disorder.

92) While Alan is waiting in line for tickets to the show, the man behind him bumps into him.

Even though the man apologizes, Alan becomes extremely upset and pushes him roughly. Alan is probably suffering from A) attention deficit disorder. B) negative affectivity disorder. C) hostile attributional bias. D) status offense syndrome.

93) Which statement about adolescence-limited offenders’ experiences in adulthood is true? A) They are more likely to have mental health and substance abuse problems than those

who were never delinquent. B) They are unlikely to have any problems during adulthood. C) They have an equal likelihood of mental health and substance abuse problems as lifecourse-persistent offenders. D) They tend to be less popular with their peers and have trouble establishing healthy relationships.

94) Treating juvenile externalizing problems with programs and therapies that have a proven

scientific basis is known as using A) anhedonic practices. B) group therapy. C) evidence-based practices. D) individual-focused interventions.

95) Research shows that every dollar spent on multisystemic family therapy A) costs society ten dollars. B) saves taxpayers five dollars. C) prevents one child from going to jail. D) subtracts one day from the required treatment time of one juvenile.

96) Interventions that put delinquent adolescents together A) often lead to socialization of new offenders into a more delinquent lifestyle. B) are the best programs to end delinquency quickly. C) are the lowest-cost programs to society. D) work by removing adolescents from the stresses of the outside world.

97) Which type of intervention has been proposed for adolescence-limited offenders? A) teaching them how to resist peer pressure and settle conflict without resorting to

aggression B) training parents to avoid monitoring their children too closely C) incarcerating them until they become more responsible in adulthood D) placing them in group facilities with other offenders

98) Long terms of incarceration for juvenile offenders have been shown to be A) ineffective in preventing recurring crime. B) the most cost-effective option for society. C) the strongest deterrent to future criminal activity. D) effective in battling both internalizing and externalizing problems.

99) "Decreased enjoyment of pleasurable activities" and "low self-esteem" would be examples of

what type of depressive symptoms? A) cognitive B) emotional C) motivational D) physical

100)

Which would be considered a cognitive symptom of depression? A) dejection B) apathy C) pessimism D) fatigue

101)

Depression is the most common psychological disturbance experienced by adolescence and afflicts approximately________ of individuals by the time they are 18. A) 15% B) 30% C) 50% D) 75%

102)

The period of life span with the highest risk of depression is A) early adolescence. B) middle adolescence. C) late adolescence. D) early adulthood.

103)

The higher prevalence of depression among girls leads to what kind of pattern during adulthood? A) Girls who experience depression during adolescence are unlikely to experience it as adults. B) Men and women are equally likely to experience depression as adults. C) Men are more likely than women to develop depression during adulthood. D) Rates of depression are about twice as high in women as in men.

104)

Sex differences in the level of the hormone________ may play a role in making females both more invested in close relationships, and more vulnerable to adverse consequences of interpersonal problems. A) dopamine B) serotonin C) oxytocin D) leptin

105)

According to recent research, what percent of high school students attempt suicide each year? A) fewer than 1% of both males and females B) approximately 11% of females and 7% of males C) approximately 25% of females and 10% of males D) approximately 20% of females and 35% of males

106)

Most teenagers who have thought about suicide have A) gotten sufficient support from family and friends. B) been diagnosed with depression. C) also made a serious suicide attempt. D) gone so far as to make a plan.

107)

Which of the following statements about suicide is true? A) Most suicide attempts by adolescents are successful. B) The rate of attempted suicide is higher among males than females. C) The suicide rate among 15- to 19-year-olds increased alarmingly between 1950 and 1990. D) Suicide is a much more common cause of death among adolescents than adults.

108)

Many adolescents commit acts of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI). This is a behavior A) such as deliberately burning or cutting oneself. B) such as deliberately burning or cutting another person. C) that appears to be a suicide attempt but deliberately does not succeed. D) that appears to be a suicide attempt but accidentally fails.

109)

Approximately how many adolescents have engaged in acts of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI)? A) nearly 5% B) nearly 20% C) nearly 45% D) nearly 65%

110)

Which of the following has research identified as a risk factor for suicide attempts during adolescence? A) having a close relationship with family members B) being resilient to stress C) having a psychiatric problem D) having multiple siblings

111)

Suicide risk among adolescent girls may be higher during A) menstruation. B) the premenstrual phase. C) the perimenstrual phase. D) post menstruation.

112)

Toby's friend died by suicide, and not long after, Toby attempted suicide. This is an example of A) suicide contagion. B) non-suicidal self-injury. C) suicidal ideation. D) suicidal diathesis.

113)

Many experts endorse a model of depression that suggests individuals who are predisposed toward internalizing problems will develop depression when they are exposed to chronic or acute stressors. This is called A) emotion-focused diagnosis. B) the diathesis-stress model. C) epidemiology. D) antecedent diagnosis.

114)

In the diathesis-stress model, the diathesis is a A) powerful life event. B) predisposition to develop a condition. C) close associate. D) technique to lessen stress.

115)

Adolescents with a depressed parent A) are less likely to get depressed. B) tend to have high resiliency levels. C) are three times more likely to develop depression. D) are more likely to display externalizing behavior.

116)

The breakup of a romantic relationship is a common trigger for A) suicide. B) NSSI. C) substance abuse. D) depression.

117)

To treat depression, anxiety disorders, and social phobia in adolescence, a class of drugs known as________ has been shown to be effective, especially when used in conjunction with cognitive behavioral therapy. A) selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) B) selective dopamine blockers (SDBs) C) selective norepinephrine inhibitors (SNEIs) D) selective melatonin reuptake inhibitors (SMRIs)

118)

Margaret has been able to withstand many stressors in her life without showing negative effects. Margaret's behavior would be considered an example of A) resilience. B) internalizing behavior. C) externalizing behavior. D) withdrawal strategies.

119)

Bailey's employer has been sexually harassing her. Bailey has found a new job, which she will start next week, and she also has filed sexual harassment charges against her current employer. Bailey is using________ strategies to deal with her stress. A) primary control B) secondary control C) emotion-focused D) scapegoating

120)

What would be a situation where a secondary control strategy would be most effective? A) having to plan a complex project B) feeling discouraged about a cluttered bedroom C) learning your parents are getting a divorce D) realizing that you have a final exam on Friday

121)

________ strategies are more effective in situations that are clearly uncontrollable. A) Secondary control B) Primary control C) Avoidance D) Disengagement

122)

Discuss several points of confusion that often surface in discussions of adolescent problem behavior and that lead to exaggerations of its prevalence and seriousness.

123)

As an expert on adolescent psychology, you have been asked to address a group of parents, teachers, and high school administrators concerning the prevention and treatment of substance use and abuse. They want to discuss what attempts have not worked (so they can avoid them), as well as what has been effective in preventing what they see as an epidemic of alcohol and drug use. What will you tell them?

124)

Leesa has gone to a friend's house for a study session and, when she enters the living room, she hears some of her classmates talking about how ethnic minority groups are "ruining" our country and how a large proportion of ethnic minority individuals are chronic offenders. They claim that most crimes are committed by ethnic minority people and that White individuals end up being the victims of their violence. What evidence from research can Leesa present to counter their claims?

125)

You are a school counselor. One day, an early adolescent is brought into your office by his concerned parents because he has been caught doing things that would be considered against the law. They want to know why these problems may have developed and whether this pattern of problem behavior will likely persist in adulthood. What can you tell them about the two types of adolescent offenders to answer their questions?

126)

You overhear two of your classmates talking about Mona, another classmate who has been diagnosed with depression. One of your classmates contends that the root of Mona's depression is biological, since her mother is also clinically depressed. However, your other classmate argues that Mona is depressed because her parents are going through a divorce. With whom do you agree? How can research inform this debate?

127)

John's sister scores extremely high in depressive symptoms. He wants to know why, although they have lived very similar lives, she might be at an increased risk for depression during adolescence?

128)

Robert and Antonio have both recently been diagnosed with a serious chronic illness that will most likely present itself in late adulthood. Discuss how Robert and Antonio, similarly aged peers who are exposed to the same stressor, may respond to hearing this news very differently. What are the "best" ways to cope with this news?

Answer Key Test name: Chapter 13 1) B 2) B 3) A 4) C 5) B 6) D 7) D 8) C 9) B 10) C 11) B 12) A 13) B 14) C 15) C 16) A 17) A 18) C 19) C 20) A 21) C 22) B 23) A 24) D 25) D 26) D 27) C 28) D 29) A 30) B 31) A 32) C 33) B 34) A 35) C 36) A 37) C

38) D 39) C 40) A 41) A 42) C 43) A 44) A 45) D 46) A 47) C 48) C 49) B 50) D 51) B 52) A 53) C 54) C 55) A 56) C 57) A 58) D 59) C 60) B 61) B 62) A 63) B 64) C 65) B 66) A 67) B 68) D 69) C 70) A 71) B 72) B 73) D 74) B 75) A 76) B 77) D

78) A 79) D 80) A 81) A 82) D 83) D 84) A 85) D 86) B 87) B 88) C 89) C 90) B 91) C 92) C 93) A 94) C 95) B 96) A 97) A 98) A 99) B 100) 101) 102) 103) 104) 105) 106) 107) 108) 109) 110) 111) 112) 113) 114) 115) 116) 117)

C A B D C B D C A B C C A B B C D A

118) 119) 120) 121) 122) 123) 124) 125) 126) 127) 128)

A A C A Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer Short Answer