TEST BANK For Data Visualization Exploring and Explaining with Data 2nd Edition by Jeffrey Camm, Jam by ACADEMIAMILL

TEST BANK Name: Class: Date: Data Visualization Exploring and Explaining with Data 2nd Edition by Jeffrey Camm, James Cochran, Michael Test Bank For Data Visualization Exploring and Explaining with Data 2nd Edition 2025 by Jeffrey D. Camm, James Fry, Jeffrey Ohlmann J. Cochran, Michael J. Fry, Jeffrey W. Ohlmann Chapter 1-9 chapter 1

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A _____ displays the location of shots attempted by a player during a basketball game with different symbols or colors indicating successful and unsuccessful shots. a. player plot b. basketball chart c. control chart d. shot chart 2. Sentiment analysis using text data such as tweets is an example of how data visualization can be used to support more effective _____. a. Auditing b. marketing c. stock pricing d. scientific research 3. The following chart is an example of a _____.

a. player plot b. basketball chart c. control chart d. shot chart 4. A _____ shows the progression of a numerical variable for various categories from larger to smaller values. a. time series plot

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b. bar chart c. control chart d. funnel chart 5. The following chart is an example of a _____.

a. high-low-close stock chart b. box and whiskers plot c. clustered bar chart d. control chart 6. What type of data is that for which categories of like items are identified by labels or names? a. Quantitative b. Numerical c. Categorical d. Arithmetic 7. A high-low-close stock chart is particularly useful for analysts in the _____ industry. a. Finance b. human resources c. professional sports d. Marketing 8. A _____ variable takes on values that are numbers on the real number line. a. qualitative b. quantitative c. categorical d. nominative 9. In the natural sciences, data are often _____, so maps are used frequently. a. geographic b. quantitative c. Ordinal d. weather-related

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10. If we collect data on the number of wins the Dallas Cowboys earned each of the past 10 years, we have __________ data. a. cross-sectional b. time series c. nonhistorical d. Survey 11. With the increased use of analytics in business, human resources management (HRM) has become much more datadriven. Indeed, HRM is sometimes now referred to as _____. a. hiring analytics b. people analytics c. human resources analytics d. data hiring 12. What field of analytics consists of techniques that use mathematical models constructed from past data to predict future events or better understand the relationships between variables? a. Descriptive analytics b. Predictive analytics c. Prescriptive analytics d. Restorative analytics 13. Which of the following is an example of time series data? a. VISA balances of 30 students on December 31 of this year b. Net earnings reported by Xena Corp. for the last 10 quarters c. Dollar exchange rates yesterday against 10 other world currencies d. Titles of the top 10 movies in total revenue last week 14. The scientific process of transforming data into insights for making better decisions is _____. a. Analytics b. visualization c. Surveying d. Sampling 15. Which of the following is an example of a categorical variable? a. Air temperature b. Whether a person has a traffic violation c. Bank account balance d. Value of company stock 16. Predictive analytics consists of techniques that use mathematical models constructed from past data to predict future events or __________. a. describe what has happened in the past b. better understand the relationships between variables c. determine a course of action for the future d. suggest a decision

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17. Data visualization can help which industry for planning and scheduling, inventory planning, and demand forecasting? a. Accounting b. Operations management c. Sports d. Scientific research 18. A _____ shows three numerical values: high value, low value, and closing value for the price of a share of stock over time. a. high-low-close stock chart b. box and whiskers plot c. clustered bar chart d. control chart 19. The following chart is an example of a _____.

a. scatter chart b. bubble chart c. clustered bar chart d. control chart 20. Mathematical or logical models that suggest a decision or course of action and include mathematical optimization models, decision analysis, and heuristic or rule-based systems are used in the field of _____. a. descriptive analytics b. predictive analytics c. prescriptive analytics d. restorative analytics 21. A key interest of human resources management professionals is employee churn, which refers to the _____. a. productivity of employees b. turnover in an organization’s workforce c. daily email count in the organization d. hiring standards of a company

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22. The class ranking of a college student is an example of a(n) ____ variable. a. categorical b. quantitative c. Ratio d. Interval 23. In accounting, data visualization is used to detect outliers that could be an indication of a data error or _____. a. Fraud b. high stock prices c. employee turnover d. an unusual weather pattern 24. The use of analytics for player evaluation and on-field strategy is now common throughout _____. a. accounting b. operations management c. professional sports d. scientific research 25. Which of the following is an example of a quantitative variable? a. Manufacturer of a cell phone b. A person’s gender c. Mileage of a car d. Whether a person is a college graduate 26. Analytics is used in the _____ industry for optimal pricing, markdown pricing for seasonal goods, and optimal allocation of budget. a. human resources management b. Marketing c. Sports d. engineering 27. If we collect data on the number of wins each team in the NFL had during the 2023–2024 season, we have __________ data. a. cross-sectional b. time series c. nonhistorical d. Survey 28. The change in the daily price of a stock is what type of variable? a. Categorical b. Quantitative c. Ordinal d. Random 29. A _____ displays a variable of interest plotted over time relative to lower and upper control limits. a. high-low-close stock chart b. funnel chart

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c. clustered bar chart d. control chart 30. Like accounting, _____ is numerical and data-driven and uses data visualization for recognizing trends, assessing risk, and tracking actual versus forecasted values of metrics of concern. a. engineering b. Finance c. human resources d. Sports 31. The set of analytical tools that describe what has happened and includes techniques such as data queries, reports, descriptive or summary statistics, and data visualization is _____. a. descriptive analytics b. predictive analytics c. prescriptive analytics d. diagnostic analytics 32. Based on the following chart, the type of data being graphed is _____.

a. quantitative b. categorical c. qualitative d. Cannot be determined. 33. The image shown below is an example of a _____.

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a. time series plot b. spaghetti chart c. control chart d. funnel chart 34. Because engineering relies heavily on mathematics and data, what is an important technique in every engineer’s toolkit? a. Data visualization b. Writing skill c. Artistic ability d. Scientific research 35. Prescriptive analytics are mathematical or logical models that __________. a. describe the past b. predict the future c. suggest a decision or course of action d. describe a relationship between two variables 36. Data for which numerical values are used to indicate magnitude, such as how many or how much, are referred to as: a. quantitative b. qualitative c. categorical d. ordinal 37. Any set of data that is too large or too complex to be handled by standard data-processing techniques using a typical desktop computer is referred to as _____. a. big data b. audio data c. video data d. text data 38. The following chart displays ______.

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a. high and low stock prices b. production timelines c. actual sales d. control limits 39. Which of these is an example of a categorical variable? a. Brand of jeans b. Price paid for pair of jeans c. Distance to store to purchase jeans d. Pairs of jeans owned 40. The following chart is an example of a _____.

a. time series plot b. bar chart c. control chart d. funnel chart

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41. A _____ depicts possible flows through a system using a line for each possible path. a. time series plot b. spaghetti chart c. control chart d. funnel chart 42. The following chart is an example of a _____.

a. stacked column chart b. scatter plot c. control chart d. funnel chart 43. Website analytics for understanding website traffic and sales is an example of how data visualization can be used to support more effective _____. a. auditing b. marketing c. stock pricing d. scientific research 44. Based on the following control chart, an engineer might be concerned with data point _____.

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a. 11 b. 8 c. 3 d. 18 45. The ______ industry uses data visualization and Benford’s Law to detect fraud. a. accounting b. finance c. human resources d. sports 46. Which of the following arithmetic operations can be performed on categorical data? a. Addition b. Subtraction c. Multiplication d. None of these choices 47. Descriptive analytics is the set of analytical tools that describe __________. a. what has happened b. what may happen c. a course of action to take d. future trends 48. Which of the following is NOT an example of time series data? a. Closing checkbook balances of 30 students on December 31 of this year b. Net earnings reported by Xena Corp. for the last 10 quarters c. Dollar/euro exchange rates at 12 noon GMT for the last 30 days d. Movie attendance at a certain theater for each Saturday last year 49. The graphical representation of data and information using displays such as charts, graphs, and maps is known as data

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_____. a. visualization b. mining c. analytics d. science 50. A type of big data is _____. a. text data b. video data c. audio data d. All of these choices are correct.

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Answer Key 1. d 2. b 3. d 4. d 5. a 6. c 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. b 11. b 12. b 13. b 14. a 15. b 16. b 17. b 18. a 19. a 20. c 21. b 22. a 23. a 24. c 25. c 26. b

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27. a 28. b 29. d 30. b 31. a 32. a 33. b 34. a 35. c 36. a 37. a 38. d 39. a 40. a 41. b 42. a 43. b 44. a 45. a 46. d 47. a 48. a 49. a 50. d

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chapter 2

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Bistra needs to compare the number of employees by job title for the last five years. Which of the following charts should she use? a. Scatter chart b. Bubble chart c. Clustered column (bar) chart d. Line chart 2. To create a choropleth map in Excel, by following the textbook’s suggested steps, step 3 is to click the ___________ button in the Charts group. a. Spatial b. Geographic c. Choropleth d. Maps 3. Correlation/relationship is _________. a. what makes up the whole of an entity under consideration b. the relative order of items c. how two variables are related to one another d. how items are dispersed 4. The following table shows the average monthly distance traveled (in billions of miles) by vehicles on urban highways for five different years. Year Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5

Jan. 4.22 4.31 4.38 4.45 4.51

Feb. 5.32 5.44 5.51 5.59 5.65

Mar. 5.21 5.34 5.41 5.5 5.62

Apr. 5.12 5.24 5.36 5.41 5.49

May 4.92 4.98 4.98 5.01 5.12

June 4.49 4.59 4.63 4.72 4.8

July 4.55 4.68 4.71 4.78 4.88

Aug. 4.49 4.65 4.78 4.79 4.82

Sept. 4.44 4.61 4.82 4.82 4.95

Oct. 4.39 4.68 4.88 4.92 5.12

Nov. 4.37 4.74 4.85 5.06 5.22

Dec. 4.35 4.79 4.89 5.11 5.44

Which chart would be suitable for gaining insight on the months and years that had the highest average distance traveled? a. Pie chart b. Scatter chart c. Heat map d. Bubble chart 5. Distribution is _________. a. what makes up the whole of an entity under consideration b. the relative order of items c. how two variables are related to one another d. how items are dispersed 6. The following graph is an example of a(n) _________ and should be avoided. To convey the same information but in a simpler, less cluttered way, use a __________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. area chart; line chart b. area chart; pie chart c. radar chart; line chart d. radar chart; pie chart 7. Approximately how much higher is the percentage of part-time employed 18- to 24-year-olds compared to full-time employed 35- to 44-year-olds?

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a. 10% b. 30% c. 50% d. 60% 8. The following clustered column chart is clustered by which variable?

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a. Employment status b. Age category c. Employment status % d. Color 9. Visual methods of displaying data are __________. a. tables b. charts c. Pivot Tables d. crosstabs 10. Ranking is _________. a. what makes up the whole of an entity under consideration b. the relative order of items c. how two variables are related to one another d. how items are dispersed 11. The two types of charts that are helpful in making comparisons between categorical variables are __________. a. bar charts and scatter charts b. scatter charts and line charts c. bar charts and column charts d. column charts and line charts

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chapter 2 12. The following line chart would be more appropriate than the bar chart if __________.

a. the minimums and maximums are important to display b. the variables are completely independent Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 c. the data collected have an important time series component denoted by the x-axis d. the x-variable data are older than the y-variable data 13. To achieve the colored and shading effect shown in this heat map, use the options in the ____________ menu.

a. Format Data Labels b. Chart Options c. Conditional Formatting d. Insert Chart 14. In order to visualize three variables in a two-dimensional graph, we use a __________. a. 2D chart b. 3D chart c. bubble chart d. column chart 15. The following chart shows the average monthly distance traveled (in billions of miles) by vehicles on urban highways for five different years. Urban Highways - Average Monthly Distance Traveled by Vehicles (Billion Miles) Years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 1 4.22 5.32 5.12 5.12 4.92 4.49 4.55 4.49 4.44 4.39 4.37 4.35 Year 2 4.31 5.44 5.24 5.24 4.98 4.59 4.68 4.65 4.61 4.68 4.74 4.79 Year 3 4.38 5.51 5.36 5.36 4.98 4.63 4.71 4.78 4.82 4.88 4.85 4.89 Year 4 4.45 5.59 5.41 5.41 5.01 4.72 4.78 4.79 4.82 4.92 5.06 5.11 Year 5 4.51 5.65 5.49 5.49 5.12 4.8 4.88 4.82 4.95 5.12 5.22 5.44 Whi Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 ch type of chart is being used here to display these data? a. Pie chart b. Scatter chart c. Heat map d. Bubble chart 16. In order to visualize hierarchical data along multiple dimensions, use a ____________. a. heat map b. hierarchical map c. treemap d. map of multiple hierarchy 17. Three months after the launch of five new products in the market, a consumer electronics company arrived at the following results. Products Profit (%) Market Share (%) Cost ($) A 19 18 4,500 B 28 12 3,000 C 15 25 8,750 D 22 35 6,250 E 16 10 2,500

An analyst has created a scatter chart of profit and market share variables. After reviewing it, the analyst also wants to include cost. Which type of chart should the analyst create? a. 2D chart b. 3D chart c. Bubble chart d. Column chart 18. Which chart type is most appropriate to summarize data about categories? a. Bubble chart b. Histogram c. Bar chart d. Scatter chart 19. A radar chart displays multiple quantitative variables on a polar grid with an axis for each variable and should be avoided. Which of these is an appropriate alternative to a radar chart? a. A choropleth b. A 3D bubble chart c. A treemap d. A clustered column chart 20. Based on the following chart types, what is the most appropriate intended goal?

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a. Goal: To Show a Relationship b. Goal: To Show Distribution c. Goal: To Show Composition d. Goal: To Show Ranking 21. An alternative for a stacked column chart when comparing more than two quantitative variables in each category is a __________. a. stacked bar chart b. clustered column chart c. pie chart d. clustered bar chart 22. Jordan needs to display data over time. Which of the following charts should he use? a. Scatter chart b. Pie chart c. Bar chart d. Line chart 23. Should you use a bar chart or a pie chart to display categorical data? a. A bar chart, since science has shown that we are better at assessing differences in length than angle and area. b. A pie chart, since science has shown that we are better at assessing differences in angle and area than length. c. A bar chart, as it has more color aspects. d. A pie chart, because it is simpler to create. 24. The following chart plots miles per gallon (MPG) versus weight of the car for a particular data set. Which type of chart is this?

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a. Scatter chart b. Bubble chart c. Stock chart d. Line chart 25. Based on the following chart types, what is the most appropriate intended goal?

a. Goal: To Show a Relationship b. Goal: To Show Distribution c. Goal: To Show Composition d. Goal: To Show Ranking 26. In which year did South Sales surpass North Sales?

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a. During Year 7 b. At the start of Year 8 c. During Year 6 d. South Sales did not surpass North Sales 27. By following the textbook’s suggested steps, what is the first step in creating a scatter chart in Excel? a. Click the Chart Elements button. b. Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon. c. Select cells where data are contained. d. Click the Insert Scatter (X, Y) or Bubble Chart button. 28. This bar chart displays the demographics of a business analysis class. How many male students are in the class?

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a. 30 b. 50 c. 80 d. 130 29. Based on the following chart types, what is the most appropriate intended goal?

a. Goal: To Show a Relationship b. Goal: To Show Distribution c. Goal: To Show Composition d. Goal: To Show Ranking 30. In the line chart creation process, which chart editing option suggests continuity between the connection points and makes it easier for the reader to see and interpret changes that have occurred over time? a. Scatter with Straight Lines and Markers b. Clustered Column c. Series Bubble Size d. Monochrome Color Scheme 31. Once a bubble chart has been created in Excel, one can edit which variables correspond to the various dimensions Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 (horizontal, vertical, or bubble size) by first ___________. a. right-clicking any bubble b. reselecting the data in a different order c. deleting the chart and starting over d. clicking the Insert Column or Bar Chart button 32. Which chart type is most appropriate to visualize the relationship between two quantitative variables? a. Column chart b. Pie chart c. Bar chart d. Scatter chart 33. By following the textbook’s suggested steps, what is the first step in creating a bar chart in Excel? a. Click the Chart Elements button. b. Click the Insert tab on the Ribbon. c. Select cells where data are contained. d. Click the Insert Column or Bar Chart button. 34. Composition is _________. a. what makes up the whole of an entity under consideration b. the relative order of items c. how two variables are related to one another d. how items are dispersed 35. Based on the following chart types, what is the most appropriate intended goal?

a. Goal: To Show a Relationship b. Goal: To Show Distribution c. Goal: To Show Composition d. Goal: To Show Ranking 36. The following graph is an example of a __________.

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a. sparkline b. trendline c. gridline d. line chart 37. This Excel stacked bar chart displays the demographics of a business analysis class. Approximately how many students are in the class?

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a. 175 b. 150 c. 105 d. 130 38. Which editing option has been applied to a standard bar chart to create the following comparative bar chart?

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a. Edit the bar chart and select Stacked Column b. Edit the bar chart and select Clustered Column c. Edit the bar chart and select Scatter with Straight Lines and Markers d. Edit the bar chart and select Series Bubble Size 39. The following heat map shows the average monthly distance traveled (in billions of miles) by vehicles on urban highways for five different years. Urban Highways - Average Monthly Distance Traveled by Vehicles (Billion Miles) Years Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year 1 4.22 5.32 5.12 5.12 4.92 4.49 4.55 4.49 4.44 4.39 4.37 4.35 Year 2 4.31 5.44 5.24 5.24 4.98 4.59 4.68 4.65 4.61 4.68 4.74 4.79 Year 3 4.38 5.51 5.36 5.36 4.98 4.63 4.71 4.78 4.82 4.88 4.85 4.89 Year 4 4.45 5.59 5.41 5.41 5.01 4.72 4.78 4.79 4.82 4.92 5.06 5.11 Year 5 4.51 5.65 5.49 5.49 5.12 4.8 4.88 4.82 4.95 5.12 5.22 5.44 Which months tend to have the highest average monthly distance traveled, regardless of the year? a. February, March, and April b. June, July, and August c. March, April, and May Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 d. August, September, and October 40. Fantasia would like to create a graph to display the number of males and females in her class who scored an A, B, C, D, or F on the last test. Which of the following types of graph should she use? a. Stacked column chart b. Scatter chart c. Pie chart d. Heat map 41. This clustered bar chart represents the performance of a call center.

The chart allows the IT manager to identify __________. a. how often a problem is related to hardware b. the frequency of a particular type of problem by location c. which city contains the most customers d. the percent of customers who do not have one of the listed problems

42. A survey on the average pass percentage achieved by four of the top-ranked colleges in a city for five different years was conducted to rate the quality of teaching in each of these colleges. The following table gives the survey results. Colleges Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year 5 College 1 65 67 63 68 70 College 2 70 75 77 82 75 College 3 88 95 90 97 98 College 4 55 57 53 59 55 a. Construct a line chart for the time series data for Years 1 through 5 showing the average pass percentage in each college. Show the time series for all four colleges on the same graph. b. What does the line chart indicate about the average pass percentage of the colleges between Years 1 through 5? Discuss. c. Construct a clustered column chart showing average pass percentage in each college using the data for Years 1 through 5. Represent the years along the horizontal axis, and cluster the average pass percentages for the four colleges in each year. Which college is leading in each year? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 43. Research was conducted on a sample of 1,000 males and 1,000 females to study the kind of movie most men and women prefer to watch. The results are shown in the following table. Movie Type Male Female Action 294 226 Comedy 264 276 Horror 237 200 Romance 205 298 a. Construct a clustered column chart with the type of movie as the horizontal variable. b. What can be inferred from the clustered column chart in part (a)? 44. The data on the distance walked per week by 20 people of different age groups are given in the following table. Age Distance Walked/Week 18 25 20 22 21 20 25 23 26 18 29 15 38 19 34 16 42 14 23 21 32 24 45 13 50 11 53 9 44 10 19 28 28 26 35 17 49 12 27 27 a. Create a scatter chart for these 20 observations. b. What can you say about the relationship between the two quantitative variables? 45. The total number of runs scored by the top five players in a cricket match is 198. The following pie chart shows the percentage of runs scored by each player.

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a. What are the problems with using a pie chart to display these data? b. What type of chart would be preferred for displaying the data in this pie chart? c. Use a different type of chart to display the percentage of runs scored by each player that conveys the data better than the pie chart. Format the chart and add data labels to improve the chart’s readability. 46. Consider the following data on 30 different investments and their maturity values after 15 years. Investment Future Value $1,500 $ 3,119 2,000 4,158 2,200 4,574 2,480 5,156 2,850 5,925 3,250 6,757 3,560 7,401 3,890 8,088 4,180 8,690 4,390 9,127 4,550 9,460 4,800 9,979 5,150 10,707 5,320 11,060 5,510 11,455 5,760 11,975 6,140 12,765 6,300 13,098 6,480 13,472 6,590 13,701 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 6,712 6,900 7,110 7,480 7,590 7,670 7,700 7,840 8,010 8,500

13,954 14,345 14,782 15,551 15,780 15,946 16,008 16,299 16,653 17,671

a. Prepare a scatter chart to show the relationship between the variables of investment and future value. Comment on any relationship between the variables. b. Create a trendline for the relationship between investment and future value. What does the trendline indicate about this relationship? 47. A local search service company conducts surveys on the number of service centers available in three major cities for different brands of automobiles with an objective to improve services to customers. Using the graph below, identify which manufacturer has the most service centers.

48. Growth is the primary focus for many companies. A key factor in analyzing the growth of a company is the number of resources/employees working for the company over a period of time. A start-up company’s growth in terms of the increase in number of employees per month over a span of two years is shown in the following table. Number of Month Employees 1 40 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

48 50 52 49 54 57 53 60 64 68 70 73 76 72 75 79 80 84 82 86 89 94 100

a. Create a line chart for these time series data. What can you conclude about the increase in the number of employees over these 24 months? b. Fit a linear trendline to the data. What does the trendline indicate about the increase in number of employees over these 24 months? 49. The data on the runs scored in a match by the top five players of a cricket team are given in the following table. Players Runs Scored Player 1 42 Player 2 35 Player 3 53 Player 4 29 Player 5 39 a. Create a column chart to display the information for the cricket team. Format the column chart to best display the data by adding axes labels, a chart title, etc. b. Sort the values in Excel so that the column chart is ordered from most runs scored to fewest. c. Insert data labels to display the runs scored by each player above the columns in the column chart obtained in part (b). 50. Consider the following survey results regarding marital status by age. Age Category Never Married (%) Married (%) Divorced (%) 18–24 49 35 16 25–34 44 35 21 35–44 28 45 27 45–54 22 58 20 a. Construct a stacked column chart to display the survey data on marital status. Use age category as the variable on the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 horizontal axis. b. Construct a clustered column chart to display the survey data on marital status. Use age category as the variable on the horizontal axis. c. What can be inferred about the relationship between age and marital status from the column charts in parts (a) and (b)? Which column chart (stacked or clustered) is most helpful for interpreting this relationship? Why?

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chapter 2 Answer Key 1. c 2. d 3. c 4. c 5. d 6. a 7. b 8. b 9. b 10. b 11. c 12. c 13. c 14. c 15. c 16. c 17. c 18. c 19. d 20. d 21. b 22. d 23. a 24. a 25. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 26. a 27. c 28. b 29. a 30. a 31. a 32. d 33. c 34. a 35. b 36. d 37. d 38. a 39. a 40. a 41. b 42. a.

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b. College 3 has the highest average pass percentage for Years 1 through 5 followed by College 2, College 1, and College 4. This performance has been consistent throughout the five years. c.

We observe that College 3 consistently leads in each year. 43. a. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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b. From the chart, we observe that most men prefer to watch action movies and most women prefer to watch romance movies. However, the references for comedy movies are almost evenly distributed across the genders, and a horror movie is preferred more by men when compared to women. 44. a.

b. There appears to be a negative linear relationship between the person’s age and the distance they walked. 45. a. In the pie chart, it is difficult to perceive differences in area. It can also be difficult to distinguish the different colors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 2 in the pie chart. Finally, it takes a lot of work for the reader to match the players to the different pieces of the pie chart. b. A sorted column or bar chart would be preferable to display the data in this pie chart. c.

46. a.

There appears to be a positive linear relationship between investment and future value. As investment increases, future value also increases. b.

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The trendline confirms that there is a positive linear trend between investment and future value. 47. Mercedes-Benz has the most service centers. 48. a.

There was a slight change in the number of employees for the first 9 months. The number of employees increased steadily through the first 14 months before falling in the 15th month and then increasing again up to 24 months. Overall, the number of employees increased over the 24 months. b. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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The trendline confirms that there is an overall linear trend in the increase in the number of employees over these 24 months. 49. a.

b. Sorting can be done by selecting the data in Excel and then using the Sort function in the Sort & Filter group under the Data tab.

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c. Data labels can be added by right-clicking on one of the columns in the chart and selecting Add Data Labels.

50. a.

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c. Younger respondents are more likely to never be married, and older respondents are more likely to be married. The clustered column chart makes it easier to compare the relative percent values within an age category. The percentage of respondents who were never married is high in the age groups 18–24 and 25–34. The percentage of respondents who are married is high in the age group 45–54 and those who are divorced is high in the age group 35–44. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Decluttering can be achieved by all of the following EXCEPT: a. using a legend to identify color coding. b. eliminating all grid lines. c. removing redundant information. d. decreasing the saturation. 2. Which of the following is not a common mistake in data visualization design? a. Using wrong type of visualization b. Trying to display too much information c. Using Excel default settings for charts d. Using 2D when 3D could be used 3. The process of increasing the data-ink ratio in charts is also known as __________. a. white spacing b. decluttering c. desaturating d. erasing 4. We can minimize cognitive load required by the audience by __________. a. maximizing the eye travel b. minimizing the eye travel c. minimizing the data-ink ratio d. minimizing the white space 5. Which preattentive attribute is being used in the following chart to draw the reader’s attention?

a. Size b. Color c. Length d. Orientation 6. Which of these options would increase the data-ink ratio of this chart?

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a. Adding labels to the axes b. Removing the gridlines c. Changing the hue of the line d. Including a subheading below the chart 7. Which of these options would decrease the data-ink ratio of this chart?

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a. Removing the column labels b. Adding gridlines c. Changing the hue of the bars d. Eliminating the chart title 8. Which of these is the most likely reason the following chart is not particularly useful?

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chapter 3 a. Use of serif font b. Use of too many attributes c. Use of a high data-ink ratio d. Use of 2D when 3D could be used 9. Which Gestalt principle is often applied to time-series data? a. Similarity b. Proximity c. Enclosure d. Connection 10. The data-ink ratio measures the ___________. a. total amount of “data-ink” used in a table or chart b. amount of white space left in a table or chart c. proportion of “data-ink” to the total amount of ink used in a table or chart d. proportion of “data-ink” to the amount of white space left in a table or chart 11. Which color attribute is illustrated here?

a. Hue b. Saturation c. Luminance d. Form 12. Which Gestalt principle states that people interpret objects that are connected in some way as belonging to the same group? a. Similarity b. Proximity c. Enclosure d. Connection 13. What font type is being used in the following chart?

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a. Sans-serif b. Serif c. Times d. Courier 14. Which Gestalt principle states that people consider objects that are physically close to one another as belonging to a group? a. Similarity b. Proximity c. Enclosure d. Connection 15. Which Gestalt principle is being applied in the following chart?

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a. Similarity b. Shading c. Enclosure d. Connection 16. The following letter is an example of what type of font style?

a. Sans-serif b. Serif c. Times d. Courier 17. Due to the difficulty most people have in estimating relative differences in two-dimensional size, it is generally not recommended to use a __________. a. pie chart b. bar chart Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 c. scatter chart d. control chart 18. In a data visualization, most experts agree that text fonts should be _______ instead of _________. a. sans-serif; serif b. serif; sans-serif c. larger; smaller d. bold; italic 19. Removing gridlines is an example of __________. a. cluttering b. decluttering c. a Gestalt principle d. preattentive attribute 20. Which of these options would increase the data-ink ratio of this chart?

a. Adding labels to the axes b. Removing the gridlines c. Changing the hue of the line d. Including a subheading below the chart 21. Which color attribute is illustrated here?

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chapter 3 a. Hue b. Saturation c. Luminance d. Form 22. The most quickly processed form of memory is __________. a. visual perception b. iconic memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory 23. Preattentive attributes are those features that can be processed by __________. a. visual perception b. iconic memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory 24. Decluttering can be achieved by removing unnecesary gridlines and thus their removal would __________. a. decrease the data-ink ratio b. increase the data-ink ratio c. increase the saturation d. decrease the saturation 25. A common type of chart that makes use of the preattentive attribute of spatial positioning is a __________. a. pie chart b. bar chart c. scatter chart d. control chart 26. Which preattentive attribute is used to differentiate Group 4 from the other groups?

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a. Length b. Color c. High data-ink ratio d. Width 27. The process through which our brains interpret the reflections of light that enter our eyes is known as ________. a. visual perception b. iconic memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory 28. Which of these charts minimizes eye travel? Chart A

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Chart B

a. Chart A b. Chart B c. Both charts have the same eye-travel time. d. Cannot be determined 29. Which Gestalt principle is being applied in the following chart?

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a. Similarity b. Proximity c. Enclosure d. Connection 30. The portion of a data visualization that is devoid of markings is known as __________. a. data-ink b. white space c. non-data-ink d. hue 31. Which of these charts has a higher data-ink ratio? Chart A

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Chart B

a. Chart A b. Chart B c. Both charts have the same data-ink ratio. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 d. Cannot be determined 32. The Gestalt principle of similarity is being applied to which preattentive attribute in the following chart?

a. Color b. Shape c. Orientation d. Size 33. Why might the preattentive attribute in the following chart be a poor choice?

a. Because the orientation of rounded objects is difficult to perceive b. Because the position of dots makes it difficult to determine the spacing c. Because some individuals suffer from colorblindness, which affects their ability to differentiate between some colors d. Because most people dislike the color red 34. Data-ink is the ink used that __________. a. gives color to a chart or table b. serves no useful purpose in conveying the data to the audience c. is necessary to convey the meaning of the data to the audience Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 d. cannot be black and white 35. Which Gestalt principle states that people consider objects with characteristics such as color, shape, size, and orientation as belonging to the same group? a. Similarity b. Proximity c. Enclosure d. Connection 36. Non-data-ink is the ink used that __________. a. gives color to a chart or table b. serves no useful purpose in conveying the data to the audience c. is necessary to convey the meaning of the data to the audience d. cannot be black and white 37. A chart that has a higher data-ink ratio and more white space __________. a. is more difficult for the audience to interpret b. is easier for the audience to interpret c. has no effect on how the audience interprets it d. is less visually appealing 38. Which color attribute is illustrated here?

a. Hue b. Saturation c. Luminance d. Form 39. Which preattentive attribute is being used in the following chart to draw the reader’s attention?

a. Size b. Color c. Length d. Orientation Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 40. The Gestalt principle of similarity is being applied to which preattentive attribute in the following chart?

a. Color b. Shape c. Orientation d. Size 41. Which preattentive attribute is being used in the following chart to draw the reader’s attention?

a. Size b. Color c. Length d. Orientation 42. Which preattentive attribute is being used in the following chart to help the reader count the total number of 4s?

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a. Form b. Color c. Movement d. Spatial positioning 43. Which of these has to do with how people interpret and perceive what they see? a. Gestalt principles b. Iconic memory c. Short-term memory d. Visual perception 44. The process of repetition and rehearsal, or clever use of storytelling, forms __________. a. visual perception b. iconic memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory 45. Which Gestalt principle states that objects that are physically enclosed together are seen as belonging to the same group? a. Similarity b. Proximity c. Enclosure d. Connection 46. When our minds chunk, or group, similar pieces of information together and hold that information for about a minute, this is called __________. a. visual perception b. iconic memory c. short-term memory d. long-term memory

47. Explain why the following chart is not particularly useful. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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48. Which of these charts has the highest data-ink ratio and why?

49. Explain why the following three-dimensional chart is not useful in practice.

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50. An analyst is considering turning this 2D bar chart into a 3D bar chart for added effect before her presentation. Is this a good idea? Why or why not?

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chapter 3 Answer Key 1. b 2. d 3. b 4. b 5. c 6. b 7. b 8. b 9. d 10. c 11. a 12. d 13. a 14. b 15. c 16. a 17. a 18. a 19. b 20. b 21. c 22. b 23. b 24. b 25. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 26. b 27. a 28. b 29. b 30. b 31. b 32. b 33. c 34. c 35. a 36. b 37. b 38. b 39. d 40. a 41. a 42. b 43. a 44. d 45. c 46. c 47. All of the information the company wants to consider is shown in the chart: the number of billable hours for each consultant (on the vertical axis), the length of time at the company (on the horizontal axis), the consultant’s job title (indicated by the color of the marker in the chart), and the highest degree attained by the consultant (indicated by the shape of the marker in the chart). This figure uses several preattentive attributes, including spatial positioning, shape, and color. However, because many different preattentive attributes are used, this chart is difficult for an audience to process. It requires the audience to scan back and forth between the markers in the chart, the legends, and the vertical and horizontal axes. Therefore, this is probably not a particularly useful chart. 48. Most people find Design D, with the fewest gridlines, easiest to read. In this table, gridlines are used only to separate Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 3 the column headings from the data and to indicate that a calculation has occurred to generate the Profits row and the Total column. 49. Because the third dimension is not used to display any useful information, it only serves to decrease the data-ink ratio of the chart and make it more difficult for the audience to interpret. Even when the third dimension is used to display unique information, 3D charts are difficult to interpret. Therefore, the use of 3D charts for data visualization is generally not recommended. 50. Because a third dimension would not be used to display any useful information in this chart, it would only serve to decrease the data-ink ratio of the chart and make it more difficult for the audience to interpret. Even when a third dimension is used to display unique information, 3D charts are difficult to interpret. Therefore, the use of 3D charts for data visualization is generally not recommended.

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Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Orange is an example of a ___________. a. primary color b. secondary color c. tertiary color d. luminous color 2. The most common form of colorblindness is __________. a. red-green b. blue-yellow c. red-blue d. green-blue 3. Which type of color scheme does this chart show?

a. Diverging color scheme b. Categorical color scheme c. Monochromatic color scheme d. Sequential color scheme 4. All other hues are derived from which of these three hues? a. Red, green, and blue b. Black, white, and red c. Black, white, and blue d. Red, green, and black 5. Which common color usage mistake is illustrated in this chart?

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a. Unnecessary color b. Excessive color c. Insufficient contrast d. Neglecting colorblindness 6. Which type of hue is considered to be soothing, calming, and reassuring? a. Cool hues b. Warm hues c. High luminance hues d. Low luminance hues 7. Which common color usage mistake is illustrated in this chart?

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a. Unnecessary color b. Excessive color c. Insufficient contrast d. Neglecting colorblindness 8. When adjusting the HSL in Excel, the slider identified on the right side of this screenshot controls the __________.

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a. hue b. saturation c. luminance d. None of these choices are correct. 9. Which common color usage mistake is illustrated in this chart?

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a. Unnecessary color b. Excessive color c. Insufficient contrast d. Neglecting colorblindness 10. The property of an object that results from the way the object reflects or emits light is __________. a. color b. shape c. radiance d. perception 11. Which of these attributes measures the relative degree of black or white within a color? a. Hue b. Saturation c. Luminance d. Perception 12. The two colors indicated on this color wheel are ___________.

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a. analogous colors b. complementary colors c. cool hues d. contrasting hues 13. In a sequential color scheme, to create a gradient that represents the relative value of the variable, use the relative degree of __________. a. saturation or luminance of a single hue b. saturation or luminance of several hues c. saturation or hue of a single luminance d. hue or luminance of a single saturation 14. Which color system is being used in Excel to edit the color in this screenshot?

a. HSL Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 b. RGB c. Sequential d. Analytical 15. Which common color usage mistake is illustrated in this chart?

a. Unnecessary color b. Excessive color c. Insufficient contrast d. Neglecting colorblindness 16. One of the less common forms of colorblindness is __________. a. red-green b. blue-yellow c. red-blue d. green-blue 17. The gray color shown here could be described as red with __________.

a. 0% saturation b. 100% saturation c. 0% luminance Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 d. 100% luminance 18. People associate green with envy in the United States, but yellow symbolizes envy to the French and Germans, which is an example of color __________. a. psychology b. symbolism c. perception d. analysis 19. In addition to RGB (red, green, blue), what other color model is available in Excel to customize color options? a. HSL b. CMYK c. Sequential d. Analytical 20. These colors are examples of __________.

a. warm hues b. cool hues c. bold hues d. symbolic hues 21. In which figure does the red have a higher percentage of luminance? Figure A:

Figure B:

a. Figure A b. Figure B Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 c. Both figures have the same saturation. d. Cannot be determined 22. As the value of the Hue parameter increases, the indicator

_______________.

a. moves horizontally from left to right b. moves vertically from top to bottom c. moves horizontally from right to left d. does not move 23. Blue symbolizes masculinity in Europe and North America and femininity in China, which is an example of color __________. a. psychology b. symbolism c. perception d. analysis 24. When the values of a variable can be arranged in ascending or descending order, which of these should be used? a. Sequential color scheme b. Distinct and colorful scheme c. Complementary color scheme d. Warm color scheme 25. These colors are examples of __________.

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a. warm hues b. cool hues c. bold hues d. symbolic hues 26. Which common color usage mistake is illustrated in this chart?

a. Unnecessary color b. Excessive color c. Insufficient contrast d. Neglecting colorblindness 27. When the groups of the categorical variable have no inherent ascending or descending order, the variable is well suited for representation by __________. a. a sequential color scheme for each of its unique groups b. a distinct color for each of its unique groups c. analogous colors for each of its unique groups Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 d. warm hues for each of its unique groups 28. The two colors circled on this color wheel are ___________.

a. analogous colors b. complementary colors c. cool hues d. contrasting hues 29. Which of these hues cannot be derived from any other hues? a. Red b. Black c. Purple d. Gray 30. Which common color usage mistake is illustrated in this chart?

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a. Unnecessary color b. Excessive color c. Insufficient contrast d. Neglecting colorblindness 31. Which common color usage mistake is illustrated in this chart?

a. Unnecessary color b. Excessive color c. Insufficient contrast d. Neglecting colorblindness 32. Which type of hue evokes energy, passion, and danger? a. Cool hues b. Warm hues Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 c. High luminance hues d. Low luminance hues 33. The instinctive relationships between color and human behavior refer to color ____________, while the learned relationships between color and human behavior refer to color __________. a. psychology; symbolism b. symbolism; psychology c. perception; analysis d. analysis; perception 34. The white color shown here could be described as red with __________.

a. 0% saturation b. 100% saturation c. 0% luminance d. 100% luminance 35. Yellow is associated with success and power in many African cultures and conveys refinement to the Japanese, which is an example of color __________. a. psychology b. symbolism c. perception d. analysis 36. In which figure does the red have a higher percentage of saturation? Figure A:

Figure B:

a. Figure A b. Figure B c. Both figures have the same saturation. d. Cannot be determined 37. Which of these is not a common color usage mistake in data visualization? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 a. Inconsistency across related charts b. Not considering the mode of delivery c. Insufficient contrast d. Reusing the same color scheme for multiple charts 38. Which of these attributes is the base of a color? a. Hue b. Saturation c. Luminance d. Perception 39. The cultural meanings and significance associated with color refers to __________. a. color psychology b. colorology c. data visualization d. color symbolism 40. The black color shown here could be described as red with __________.

a. 0% saturation b. 100% saturation c. 0% luminance d. 100% luminance 41. The study of the innate relationships between color and human behavior is called __________. a. color psychology b. colorology c. data visualization d. color symbolism 42. As the value of the Sat parameter increases, the indicator

_______________.

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a. moves horizontally from left to right b. moves vertically from top to bottom c. moves vertically from bottom to top d. does not move 43. What three hues cannot be mixed or formed by any combination of other hues? a. Red, green, and blue b. Black, white, and red c. Black, white, and blue d. Red, green, and black 44. The color scheme shown here would be an appropriate choice for a __________.

a. categorical variable having groups with no inherent ascending or descending order b. categorical variable having groups with inherent ascending or descending order c. quantitative variable in which the magnitudes of value need to be expressed d. quantitative variable in which the magnitudes of value do not need to be expressed 45. The color scheme shown here would be an appropriate choice for a __________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. categorical variable having groups with no inherent ascending or descending order b. categorical variable having groups with inherent ascending or descending order c. quantitative variable in which the magnitudes of value need to be expressed d. quantitative variable in which the magnitudes of value do not need to be expressed 46. The set of colors (hues, saturations, and luminances) that are to be used in a data visualization or a series of related data visualizations is called a(n) __________. a. analogous scheme b. color scheme c. visual palette d. complementary scheme 47. The colors used in this chart are _________.

a. warm hues b. cool hues c. bold hues d. symbolic hues 48. The colors used in this map are _________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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a. warm hues b. cool hues c. bold hues d. symbolic hues 49. Which of these is the amount of gray in a color and determines the intensity or purity of the hue in the color? a. Hue b. Saturation c. Luminance d. Perception

50. Copy these data into Excel and create a line chart. Then adjust the color of the line to have HSL: 200, 100, and 100. x 1 3 2 5 4 3 2

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chapter 4 Answer Key 1. b 2. a 3. a 4. a 5. b 6. a 7. b 8. c 9. c 10. a 11. c 12. b 13. a 14. a 15. c 16. b 17. a 18. b 19. a 20. a 21. a 22. a 23. b 24. a 25. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 4 26. a 27. b 28. a 29. a 30. a 31. d 32. b 33. a 34. d 35. b 36. a 37. d 38. a 39. d 40. c 41. a 42. c 43. a 44. a 45. c 46. b 47. b 48. a 49. b

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50.

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chapter 5

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. A researcher wants to calculate the width of each interval by using the approximation formula. They first created a frequency distribution with 5 bins. The minimum and maximum for the variable are −32.40 and 65.42, respectively. Calculate the width of each interval for the researcher. a. –19.56 b. 6.604 c. 13.84 d. 19.564 2. The following strip chart displays individual tips a server receives categorized by meal time at a particular

restaurant. Approximately what was the highest tip received at dinner time?

a. 4 b. 7 c. 8 d. 10 3. The difference between the minimum and maximum observation of a variable is called the __________. a. range b. variable c. interquartile Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 d. mode 4. The upper and lower 95% PI regions in the following chart represent the __________.

a. uncertainty in a model’s predicted values of future observations b. variance in the data c. interquartile range d. confidence in a model’s accuracy based on the past data 5. The frequency of each class with categorical data is displayed by a _____________, while the frequency of each class with quantitative data is displayed by a __________. a. histogram; pie chart b. bar chart; pie chart c. bar chart; histogram d. pie chart; scatter chart 6. Which of the following graphical tools is used with quantitative data? a. Pie plot b. Bar chart c. Pareto chart d. Histogram 7. What is indicated by the red arrow in the following box plot displaying the distribution of exam scores?

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a. Outlier b. Median c. 25th percentile d. 3rd quartile 8. A graphical summary of the distribution of data developed from the quartiles of a set of values is a(n) ____________. a. scatter chart b. box and whisker chart c. frequency polygon d. interquartile range 9. The following chart displays individual tips a server receives categorized by which meal is served at a

particular restaurant. What type of chart is used to display these data?

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a. Strip chart b. Scatter chart c. Box plot d. Prediction chart 10. Approximately what percent of the data are contained in the purple shaded part of the following box plot?

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a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. Cannot be determined 11. The interquartile range is IQR = Q3 − Q1. Thus, it can be thought of as the __________. a. 75% interquartile range b. quartile or 25% of the distribution of the variable’s values c. middle 50% of the distribution of the variable’s values d. incorporation of all observations 12. What does the red arrow indicate in the following box plot displaying the distribution of exam scores?

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a. Outlier b. Median c. 25th percentile d. 3rd quartile 13. A total of 822 recently purchased books were randomly selected from all recent book purchases over the Internet. The following chart shows the breakdown of book types. What percentage of books in the sample were either mystery or science fiction/fantasy?

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a. 17.8% b. 18.6% c. 24.3% d. 36.5% 14. The average monthly price of regular gasoline in the United States was recorded for the years 1998–

2005. Each year’s distribution of average monthly regular gasoline prices is shown in the following box plots.

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About what percentage of monthly gasoline prices in 2005 exceed all the other years’ monthly gasoline prices? a. 0% b. 25% c. 50% d. 75% 15. The average monthly price of regular gasoline in the United States was recorded for the years 1998–2005.

Each year’s distribution of average monthly regular gasoline prices is shown in the following box plots.

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chapter 5 What is the shape of the distribution of gasoline prices in 2001? a. Symmetric b. Right skewed c. Left skewed d. Uniform 16. In a statistics class, the following 10 scores were randomly selected: 74, 73, 77, 77, 71, 68, 65, 77, 67, 66. What is the median? a. 71.5 b. 72 c. 73 d. 77 17. Quality control is an important issue at a manufacturing company that manufactures Product Z. To test the lifetime of Product Z, the company randomly sampled nine products and measured how many days they lasted (mean = 346.6). 378, 361, 350, 375, 200, 391, 375, 368, 321 What is the standard deviation? a. 10.609 b. 58.5 c. 191 d. 342 18. The average monthly price of regular gasoline in the United States was recorded for the years 1998–

2005. Each year’s distribution of average monthly regular gasoline prices is shown in the following box plots.

Which two consecutive years saw the least amount of change in monthly gasoline prices? a. 1998–1999 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 b. 1999–2000 c. 2000–2001 d. 2001–2002 19. Using the following table, what is the percent frequency of a blue car being observed? Car Color

Frequency

Black Red Blue Silver a. 19.9% b. 1.99% c. 18.400% d. 0.199%

251 198 184 293

Relative Frequency 0.271 0.214 0.199 0.316

20. Which values were observed and how often those values appear in the data being analyzed describes the __________. a. variation of a variable b. population of a variable c. frequency distribution of a variable d. sample of a variable 21. A frequency distribution can be created for __________. a. only quantitative variables b. only categorical variables c. both a categorical variable and a quantitative variable d. neither categorical nor quantitative variables 22. What would be the approximate shape of the following histogram?

a. Symmetrical b. Uniform c. Skewed left d. Skewed right 23. Which visualization tool is useful for comparing multiple distributions, particularly for quantitative variables? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 a. Frequency polygon b. Scatter chart c. Histogram d. Pie chart 24. In a statistics class, the following 10 scores were randomly selected: 74, 73, 77, 77, 71, 68, 65, 77, 67, 66. What is the mode? a. 71.5 b. 72 c. 73 d. 77 25. If a small set of values needs to be displayed in a manner that shows the individual values, a useful visualization is a ________. a. frequency polygon b. scatter chart c. strip chart d. trellis display 26. What does the red arrow indicate in the following box plot displaying the distribution of exam scores?

a. Outlier b. Interquartile range Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 c. 25th percentile d. 3rd quartile 27. The following strip chart displays individual tips a server receives categorized by meal time at a particular restaurant. Approximately what was the highest tip received at lunch time?

a. 7 b. 10 c. 4 d. 2 28. The following strip chart displays individual tips a server receives categorized by meal time at a particular

restaurant. What meal time had higher variability?

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a. Dinner b. Lunch c. Dinner and lunch had an equal amount of variability. d. Cannot be determined 29. What is the arithmetic mean (rounded to two decimal places) in the following table on the variable score? Student ID Score R304110 0.98 R304003 0.88 R102234 0.65 R209939 0.92 a. 0.92 b. 0.88 c. 0.76 d. 0.86 30. The following charts comparing multiple distributions of a data set are an example of a __________.

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a. frequency polygon b. scatter chart c. bar chart d. trellis display 31. Quality control is an important issue at a manufacturing company that manufactures Product Z. To test the lifetime of Product Z, the company randomly sampled nine products and measured how many days they lasted (mean = 346.6). 378, 361, 350, 375, 200, 391, 375, 368, 321 What is the sample variance? a. 10.609 b. 58.5 c. 342 d. 3424.3 32. The following chart is an example of a __________.

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a. frequency polygon b. scatter chart c. strip chart d. trellis display 33. The following chart is an example of a __________.

a. frequency polygon b. scatter chart c. strip chart d. trellis display 34. The average monthly price of regular gasoline in the United States was recorded for the years 1998–2005. Each year’s distribution of average monthly regular gasoline prices is shown in the following box plots.

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Which year had the highest median monthly gasoline price? a. 2005 b. 2004 c. 1999 d. 2002 35. What does the red arrow indicate in the following box plot displaying the distribution of exam scores?

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chapter 5

a. Outlier b. Median c. 25th percentile d. 3rd quartile 36. The average monthly price of regular gasoline in the United States was recorded for the years 1998–2005. Each year’s distribution of average monthly regular gasoline prices is shown in the following box plots.

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chapter 5

Which year had the smallest interquartile range (IQR) of monthly gasoline prices? a. 2005 b. 1998 c. 1999 d. 2002 37. The process of collecting sample data to make estimates of, or draw conclusions about, one or more characteristics of a population is called __________. a. statistical inference b. descriptive statistics c. data visualization d. sampling 38. Which of these is the only meaningful measure of the central location for a categorical variable? a. Mean b. Median c. Mode d. Variance 39. Which of the following divides quantitative measurements into classes and graphs the frequency, relative frequency, or percent frequency for each class? a. Pie chart b. Box plot c. Histogram d. Scatter chart 40. A company collected the ages from a random sample of its middle managers. What would be the approximate shape Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 of the relative frequency histogram for the following frequency distribution? Bin Interval 20 to 25 25 to 30 30 to 35 35 to 40 40 to 45 45 to 50

Frequency 8 6 5 12 15 7

a. Symmetrical b. Uniform c. Skewed left d. Skewed right 41. What type of relationship is being displayed on the following scatter chart?

a. Negative linear relationship b. Positive linear relationship c. No relationship d. Nonlinear relationship 42. A measure of variation, that is based on the two extreme values and may reflect an extreme measurement that is not entirely representative of the data set’s variation, is easy to understand and compute through the sample __________. a. standard deviation b. range c. variance d. interquartile range 43. Based on the following strip chart, which month has the lowest temperature?

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chapter 5

a. June b. July c. September d. May 44. We collect data from a subset of the population known as a __________. a. random variable b. bin c. frequency distribution d. sample 45. What would be the approximate shape of the following histogram?

a. Symmetrical b. Uniform c. Skewed left d. Skewed right 46. What would be the approximate shape of the following histogram? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5

a. Symmetrical b. Uniform c. Skewed left d. Skewed right 47. A vertical or horizontal arrangement of individual charts of the same type, size, scale, and formatting that differ only by the data they display is a __________. a. frequency polygon b. scatter chart c. histogram d. trellis display 48. A total of 822 recently purchased books were randomly selected from all recent book purchases over the Internet. The following chart shows the breakdown of book types. What percentage of books in the sample were self-help books?

a. 0.1144% b. 11.44% c. 17.88% Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 d. 18.61% 49. What type of relationship is represented in the following scatter chart of two numeric variables?

a. Negative linear relationship b. Positive linear relationship c. Nonlinear relationship d. No relationship 50. The difference in a variable measured over observations is called __________. a. variation b. a population c. a frequency distribution d. perception

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chapter 5 Answer Key 1. d 2. d 3. a 4. a 5. c 6. d 7. b 8. b 9. a 10. a 11. c 12. c 13. d 14. d 15. b 16. b 17. b 18. c 19. a 20. c 21. c 22. d 23. a 24. d 25. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 5 26. a 27. a 28. a 29. d 30. d 31. d 32. c 33. c 34. a 35. d 36. b 37. a 38. c 39. c 40. c 41. b 42. b 43. d 44. d 45. c 46. a 47. d 48. b 49. a 50. a

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chapter 6

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Examining two or more variables at a time to explore relationships is called __________. a. multivariate analysis b. univariate analysis c. exploratory data analysis d. predictive analysis 2. A tabular summary of the statistical measure of a variable of interest with respect to two or more (typically categorical) variables is called a __________. a. crosstabulation b. univariate analysis c. box plot d. predictive analysis 3. Using the following table, what is the percent of the relative frequency of a blue car being observed? Relative Car Color Frequency Frequency Black 251 0.261 Red 198 0.206 Blue 220 0.229 Silver 293 0.305 a. 0.229% b. 2.29% c. 22% d. 22.9% 4. The following chart is an example of a __________.

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chapter 6 a. cartogram b. choropleth map c. heatmap d. box plot 5. A data set of five employees recording their gender, age, college education, beginning salary, address, and years with the company is an example of ____________. a. wide data b. tall data c. big data d. small data 6. Which scatter chart illustrates a correlation closer to +1? Scatter Chart A:

Scatter Chart B:

a. Scatter Chart A b. Scatter Chart B c. Both scatter charts are similarly close to a correlation of +1. d. Cannot be determined 7. The accompanying data set contains two variables: x1 and x2. Observation 1 2 3 4

x1 0.46 0.41 0.96 0.48

x2 4 1 4 2

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chapter 6 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

0.79 0.70 0.14 0.49 0.84 0.90 0.04 0.19 0.06 0.23

3 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 2

How many observations have x2 values equal to 2? a. 0 b. 3 c. 5 d. 15 8. Aspect ratio is the ratio of the __________. a. width of a chart to the height of a chart b. data ink to total ink used in a chart c. data ink to white space in a chart d. range of one variable to the range of another 9. Missing completely at random (MCAR) is __________. a. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value for a variable is related to the value of some other variable(s) in the observation b. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value for a variable is entirely random and does not depend on either the missing value or the value of any other variable in the observation c. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value of a variable is related to the missing value d. None of these choices is correct. 10. A third variable associated with two variables being studied that results in a correlation between the two variables, falsely implying a causal relationship between the pair, is a(n) _________. a. lurking variable b. response variable c. independent variable d. dependent variable 11. A bar chart can be used in exploratory data analysis for a __________. a. categorical variable b. quantitative variable c. numerical variable d. predictive variable Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 12. The process of ensuring data are accurate and consistent through the identification and correction of errors and missing values refers to __________. a. data cleansing b. exploratory data analysis c. data visualization d. descriptive statistics analysis 13. At the end of their final exam, 550 students answered an additional question in which they rated their instructor’s teaching effectiveness, with the following results. Students Rating of Instructor Student's Final Grade A B C D F

Very or Somewhat Very or Somewhat Effective Ineffective 190 85 75 120 20 17 9 18 1 15

What proportion of the students who rated their instructor as very or somewhat effective received a C or lower in the class? a. 0.031 b. 0.068 c. 0.102 d. 0.155 14. Missing a data point because a weighing scale ran out of batteries unexpectedly is an example of _________. a. MCAR b. MNAR c. MAR d. lost data 15. If there are a relatively small number of observations with missing values, discarding the observations with missing values may be a good choice if a variable has observations for which the missing values are _________. a. MCAR b. MNAR c. MAR d. None of these choices is correct. 16. The closer the points on a scatter chart fall to the trendline, the __________ between the variables. a. higher the correlation b. lower the correlation c. more likely the correlation doesn’t change Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 d. more effective the chart is 17. At the end of their final exam, 550 students answered an additional question in which they rated their instructor’s teaching effectiveness, with the following results. Students Rating of Instructor Student's Final Grade A B C D F

Very or Somewhat Very or Somewhat Effective Ineffective 190 85 75 120 20 17 9 18 1 15

What proportion of the students who rated their instructor as very or somewhat effective received a B or better in the class? a. 0.254 b. 0.345 c. 0.482 d. 0.898 18. A statistical measure of the strength of the linear relationship between variables is called __________. a. correlation b. causation c. covariance d. dependence 19. During exploratory data analysis of the single variable, Age of Best Actress Award Winners, the analysts created the following box plot.

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chapter 6

The distribution of this variable is __________. a. left skewed b. right skewed c. symmetrical d. unidentifiable 20. During exploratory data analysis of the single variable, Age of Best Actress Award Winners, the analysts created the following box plot.

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chapter 6

This variable has __________. a. no outliers b. a maximum of 50 c. a median greater than 30 d. a minimum of 0 21. The accompanying data set contains two variables: x1 and x2. Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

x1 0.46 0.41 0.96 0.48 0.79 0.70 0.14 0.49 0.84 0.90 0.04 0.19

x2 4 1 4 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 3

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chapter 6 14 15

0.06 0.23

2 2

How many missing x1 observations are there? a. 0 b. 1 c. 3 d. 15 22. Using the following table, what is the percent of the relative frequency of a silver car being observed? Relative Car Color Frequency Frequency Black 251 0.261 Red 198 0.206 Blue 220 0.229 Silver 293 0.305 a. 20.6% b. 22.9% c. 26.1% d. 30.5% 23. Which of these statements is not true of a choropleth map? a. A choropleth map may mask substantial variation of the variable within an area of the same color shading. b. A choropleth map may suggest abrupt changes in the variable between region boundaries. c. A choropleth map is a geographic visualization that uses shades of a color to represent values of a variable. d. A choropleth map represents map regions in a manner that does not necessarily correspond to land area. 24. A data set of 10,000 employees recording their gender and age is an example of ____________. a. wide data b. tall data c. big data d. small data 25. Recently, an advertising company called 200 people and asked them to identify the company that was in an ad running nationwide. The following results were obtained. Female Male Total Correctly recalled the company 66 50 116 Incorrectly recalled the company 44 40 84 Total 110 90 200 What percentage of those surveyed were female and could not recall the company? a. 22.0% b. 40.0% c. 52.4% Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 d. 66.7% 26. The following table contains data for the variable x and has one missing value completely at random. Rather than discarding the observations, estimate the missing value using the median. x 248 124 150 196 — a. 179.5 b. 173.0 c. 212.1 d. None of these choices is correct. 27. The following table shows data for products sold based on their time. Calculate the moving average with m = 3 for Period 5. Time Products Period Sold 1 3 2 5 3 9 4 20 5 12 a. 5.66 b. 11.33 c. 12.33 d. 13.66 28. A respondent dropping out of a study before its completion is an example of __________. a. illegitimately missing data b. legitimately missing data c. unavoidable missing data d. lost data 29. The process of using summary statistics and visualization to gain an understanding of the data, including the identification of patterns, refers to __________. a. data cleansing b. exploratory data analysis c. data visualization d. statistics analysis 30. During exploratory data analysis of the single variable, Age of Best Actress Award Winners, the analysts created the Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 following box plot.

This variable has __________. a. no outliers b. several outliers c. a median less than 30 d. a minimum of 0 31. Quantitative scales refer to the __________. a. range of quantitative values along the horizontal and vertical axes in a chart b. number of categories in a categorical variable c. width and height of a chart d. range of one variable to the range of another 32. A scatter chart __________. a. has to do with electron scatter b. is a graph of paired x and y values c. must be linear d. is a frequency graph of x values 33. The following scatter chart indicates __________.

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chapter 6

a. a strong negative relationship between x and y b. a strong positive relationship between x and y c. no relationship between x and y d. a lurking variable between x and y 34. If a relationship is linear, _________. a. the relation can be most accurately represented by a straight line b. all the points fall on a curved line c. the relationship is best represented by a curved line d. all the points must fall on a straight line 35. When the number of records (rows) is large, the data are referred to as ____________. a. wide data b. tall data c. big data d. small data 36. Which of the following charts would not be used in exploratory data analysis for a quantitative variable? a. Histogram b. Bar chart c. Box plot d. Scatter chart 37. An apparent association between two variables that is not causal but is coincidental or caused by the third (lurking) variable is a __________. a. spurious relationship b. positive relationship c. negative relationship d. spatial relationship 38. The following scatter chart indicates __________.

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a. a strong negative relationship between x and y b. a strong positive relationship between x and y c. no relationship between x and y d. a lurking variable between x and y 39. A pattern in time series data that recurs periodically over a regular time interval refers to __________. a. seasonality b. trend c. cross-sectionality d. correlation 40. The more spread out the points on a scatter chart are away from the trendline, the __________ between the variables. a. higher the correlation b. lower the correlation c. more likely the correlation doesn’t change d. more effective the chart is 41. In a positive relationship, __________. a. as x increases, y increases b. as x increases, y decreases c. x and y are not related d. as x increases, y remains constant 42. Missing not at random (MNAR) is __________. a. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value for a variable is related to the value of some other variable(s) in the observation b. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value for a variable is entirely random and does not depend on either the missing value or the value of any other variable in the observation c. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value of a variable is related to the missing value d. None of these choices is correct. 43. In a negative relationship, __________. a. as x increases, y increases Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 b. as x increases, y decreases c. x and y are not related d. as x increases, y remains constant 44. The accompanying data set contains two variables: x1 and x2. Observation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

x1 0.46 0.41 0.96 0.48 0.79 0.70 0.14 0.49 0.84 0.90 0.04 0.19 0.06 0.23

x2 4 1 4 2 3 2 3 3 3 2 3 1 3 2 2

How many missing x2 observations are there? a. 0 b. 1 c. 3 d. 15 45. Missing at random (MAR) is __________. a. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value for a variable is related to the value of some other variable(s) in the observation b. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value for a variable is entirely random and does not depend on either the missing value or the value of any other variable in the observation c. missing data for which the tendency for an observation to be missing a value of a variable is related to the missing value d. None of these choices is correct. 46. When the number of variables (columns) is large, the data are referred to as ____________. a. wide data b. tall data c. big data d. small data 47. Recently, an advertising company called 200 people and asked them to identify the company that was in an ad running Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 nationwide. The following results were obtained.

Correctly recalled the company Incorrectly recalled the company Total

Female 66 44 110

Male 50 40 90

Total 116 84 200

What percentage of those surveyed could not recall the company? a. 40.0% b. 42.0% c. 52.4% d. 66.7% 48. The following scatter chart indicates __________.

a. a strong negative relationship between x and y b. a strong positive relationship between x and y c. no relationship between x and y d. a lurking variable between x and y 49. Examining one column of a data set and focusing on the distribution of a variable’s values is called __________. a. univariate analysis b. column analysis c. exploratory data analysis d. predictive analysis 50. The following table contains data for the variable x and has one missing value completely at random. Rather than discarding the observations, estimate the missing value using the mean. x 248 124 150 196 — a. 179.5 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 b. 150.0 c. 212.1 d. None of these choices are correct.

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chapter 6 Answer Key 1. a 2. a 3. d 4. a 5. a 6. a 7. c 8. a 9. b 10. a 11. a 12. a 13. c 14. a 15. a 16. a 17. d 18. a 19. b 20. c 21. b 22. d 23. d 24. b 25. a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 6 26. b 27. b 28. a 29. b 30. b 31. a 32. b 33. a 34. a 35. b 36. b 37. a 38. b 39. a 40. b 41. a 42. c 43. b 44. a 45. a 46. a 47. b 48. c 49. a 50. a

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chapter 7

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. When creating an effective story for a presentation, which of the following should be considered to tailor the message to the audience? a. The audience's needs and analytical comfort level b. The complexity of the data visualizations used c. The length of the presentation d. The number of speakers presenting the information 2. The following dot matrix chart displays the total votes cast regarding a ballot issue in a city. Blue highlighted dots indicate a vote against the issue.

Approximately how many votes were there against Issue 1? a. 35,000 b. 7 c. 35 d. 60,000 3. Presenting a clear argument on how the data and the analysis being presented to help the audience make better decisions is a way to create what with your audience? a. Ethos b. Logos c. Pathos d. Movement 4. Which of these represents the ability to show credibility in a story to your audience? a. Logos b. Pathos c. Ethos Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 d. Empathy 5. A common challenge for creating empathy with data is that audiences can lose the ability to associate meaning when considering __________. a. large numerical values b. small numerical values c. colorful visualizations d. gray-scale visualizations 6. Proper use of ______________ in a data visualization can greatly help in focusing the attention of the audience to explain specific insights and help craft a story from the data. a. preattentive attributes b. color c. form d. spatial position 7. The Rhetorical Triangle is a visual illustration defining what three ways in which a story can connect to the audience? a. Ethos, logos, and pathos b. Color, form, and movement c. Empathy, color, and logos d. Spatial positioning, movement, and font 8. The following visualizations are an example of __________.

a. a trellis board b. a storyboard c. a matrix d. Freytag’s Post-its 9. The following chart shows the enrollment years for different class ranks of a school in the current year and compares them to the previous year. An alternative chart to show this would be a __________.

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chapter 7

a. pie chart b. slope chart c. heat map d. stacked horizontal bar chart 10. The best way to display information such as unemployment data over time is to use a _______. a. dot matrix chart b. bar chart c. line chart d. geographic map 11. Which of the following is an example of using preattentive attributes to emphasize insights in a data visualization? a. Using a descriptive title to summarize the main insight b. Including a legend to explain the meaning of different colors c. Changing the color of a specific data point to draw attention to it d. Displaying the data source below the visualization 12. To draw the audience’s attention to NYC, the following chart uses the preattentive attribute of __________.

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chapter 7

a. movement b. color c. form d. spatial position 13. A common mistake made by novice presenters is to present all the analysis that has been done for a project in the __________. a. chronological order b. Freytag’s Pyramid order c. reverse order d. Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle 14. The ability to build a narrative from the data that is meaningful for the audience, is memorable for the audience, and is likely to influence the audience refers to __________. a. storytelling b. charting c. data visualization d. exploratory data analysis 15. The stage of climax in Freytag’s pyramid __________. a. explains the obstacles that are facing the protagonist b. explains the necessary background information so that the audience can understand the story c. is where the audience is exposed to the major conflict in the story d. is when the audience can start to anticipate how the story will reach its conclusion during the falling action Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 16. The following chart displays the total votes cast regarding a ballot issue in a city.

This is an example of a _________. a. choropleth b. line chart c. scatter chart d. dot matrix chart 17. Including a photo in this chart is an effective way to __________.

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chapter 7 a. appeal to the pathos of the audience b. appeal to the ethos of the audience c. appeal to the logos of the audience d. focus on the aggregate statistics rather than just the individual numbers 18. Which of the following types of data visualizations is most appropriate for an audience with a low analytical comfort level and needing only high-level insights? a. Box and whisker chart b. Pie chart c. Scatter chart d. Treemap 19. Understanding data well enough to communicate the insights clearly and succinctly best describes knowing your __________. a. audience b. limitations c. message d. audience’s limitations 20. Using examples of individuals rather than just talking about aggregate statistics, using pictures in your data visualizations, and creating context for large numerical values are all efforts to appeal to the audience using __________. a. ethos b. logos c. pathos d. movement 21. A visual illustration defining the three ways (ethos, logos, and pathos) in which a story can connect to the audience is the __________. a. Freytag's pyramid b. gestalt principles c. rhetorical triangle d. spatial positioning 22. Which of the following is a key advantage of using sticky notes for storyboarding compared to using presentation software? a. Sticky notes are more visually appealing b. Sticky notes allow for easy collaboration and idea sharing c. Sticky notes can be directly converted into digital slides d. Sticky notes require less time to create 23. Freytag’s Pyramid divides a story into what five distinct elements? a. Introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and conclusion b. Introduction, action, climax, reaction, and conclusion c. Introduction, initiation, response, recovery, and conclusion d. Introduction, problem, conflict, resolution, and conclusion Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 24. Which of the following is an example of using the preattentive attribute of spatial position to draw attention to insights in a data visualization? a. Placing the most important data point in the center of the chart b. Using contrasting colors for different data series c. Sizing data points proportionally to their value d. Displaying data in alphabetical order 25. The following chart would be best suited for ________.

a. an audience with low comfort with analytics b. an audience with high comfort with analytics c. any audience d. no audience 26. Clearly explaining the origin of the data used in the data visualizations and by being open about any assumptions made in the analysis and presenting alternative interpretations when necessary is a way to create what with your audience? a. Ethos b. Logos c. Pathos d. Movement 27. The following chart shows the change in GDP over two years for Countries A, B, C, and D. This is an example of a __________.

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a. slope chart b. pie chart c. heat map d. stacked horizontal bar chart 28. The following dot matrix chart displays the total votes cast regarding a ballot issue in a city. Blue highlighted dots indicate a vote against the issue.

What proportion of votes was in favor of Issue 1? a. Approximately 50% b. More than 50% c. Less than 25% d. More than 75% Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 29. Connecting with the audience using emotion refers to the idea of __________. a. pathos b. storytelling c. logos d. ethos 30. Which of the following chart types is most appropriate for displaying the distribution of a dataset, including outliers? a. Line chart b. Bar chart c. Pie chart d. Box and whisker chart 31. The ability to understand and share in the feelings of others refers to __________. a. pathos b. empathy c. logos d. ethos 32. Which of the following is a key consideration when storyboarding a data-driven presentation? a. Ensuring that each slide has the same layout and design b. Focusing primarily on the aesthetic appeal of the visuals c. Organizing the key insights and messages into a logical narrative flow d. Including as much text as possible on each slide 33. Which of the following is a key benefit of using storyboarding when creating a presentation? a. Ensures the presentation has a logical flow b. Helps create visually appealing slides c. Reduces the time needed to create the presentation d. Eliminates the need for rehearsing the presentation 34. The change over time of a single variable for multiple entities by connecting pairs of data points for each entity refers to a __________. a. slope chart b. pie chart c. heat map d. stacked horizontal bar chart 35. To best present data to an audience, not only should you be able to explain what the data mean to the audience, but you should also be able to explain __________. a. the limitations in the data b. what data visualization is used for c. how the visualizations were created d. how long it took to create the visualizations 36. Adding an individualized photo to a chart is an effective way to __________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 a. appeal to the ethos of the audience b. appeal to the logos of the audience c. focus on aggregate statistics rather than just individual numbers d. create empathy with the audience 37. What type of title should you use for a proper data story? a. A descriptive title b. A predictive title c. An arbitrary title d. No title 38. What is a number associated with the visualization that is displayed in very large font? a. Big associated number b. Oversized texting c. Sans serif font d. Serif font 39. Including a photo in this chart is an effective way to __________.

a. appeal to the ethos of the audience b. appeal to the logos of the audience c. create empathy with your audience d. focus on the aggregate statistics rather than just the individual numbers 40. A good way to provide a sense of scale to the audience for large numbers is to use a __________. a. dot matrix chart Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 b. larger version of a chart c. trellis chart d. larger font 41. The goal of all analytical methods is to influence the audience in a way that facilitates better __________. a. decisions b. understanding of the data c. salaries d. statistical knowledge 42. In addition to understanding an audience’s needs, another primary goal in effective storytelling is to ensure we understand __________. a. our visualization limitations b. the level of analytical comfort in our audience c. statistical limitations d. predictive analysis 43. The first goal in effective storytelling is to ensure we understand __________. a. our audience b. our visualization limitations c. statistical limitations d. predictive analysis 44. Which of the following statements describes the element of falling action in Freytag’s Pyramid? a. It explains the obstacles that are facing the protagonist. b. It explains the necessary background information so that the audience can understand the story. c. It is where the audience is exposed to the major conflict in the story. d. It is when the audience can start to anticipate how the story will reach its conclusion during the falling action. 45. Which of the following is an effective way to create empathy with the data in a presentation? a. Using technical jargon b. Focusing on aggregate statistics c. Providing examples of individuals impacted by the data d. Using a neutral color palette 46. The following chart would be best suited for ________.

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chapter 7

a. an audience with low comfort with analytics b. an audience with high comfort with analytics c. any audience d. no audience 47. According to Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle, which element focuses on establishing the credibility and trustworthiness of the presenter or data? a. Ethos b. Logos c. Pathos d. Kairos 48. The following visualizations are an example of what type of storyboard creation method?

a. Low-tech b. High-tech c. PowerPoint Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 d. Freytag’s Pyramid 49. Which of the following scenarios is most appropriate for using a slope chart? a. Comparing the distribution of sales across different product categories b. Showing the change in market share for competing companies over time c. Displaying the hierarchy of employees in an organization d. Illustrating the relationship between advertising spend and revenue 50. When creating a storyboard for a data-driven presentation, which of the following should be the primary focus? a. Designing visually stunning slides b. Ensuring the presentation follows a clear narrative structure c. Including as many data points as possible d. Minimizing the number of slides in the presentation 51. Which of the following is an effective way to provide context for large numerical values in a data visualization? a. Using scientific notation b. Comparing the value to a familiar reference point c. Using a logarithmic scale d. Displaying the value in a small font 52. The following dot matrix chart displays the total votes cast regarding a ballot issue in a city. Blue highlighted dots indicate a vote against the issue.

What proportion of votes was against Issue 1? a. Approximately 50% b. More than 50% c. Less than 25% d. Approximately 75% Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 53. Which of these typically refers to the logic or reasoning in the story or presentation? a. Ethos b. Logos c. Pathos d. Empathy 54. Which of the following is useful when you have two time periods or points of comparison and want to quickly show relative increases and decreases or differences across various categories between the two data points? a. Pie chart b. Heat map c. Stacked horizontal bar chart d. Slope chart 55. It may be useful to use more sophisticated charts that provide additional details and insight for audiences that have __________. a. low comfort with analytics b. high comfort with analytics c. no education in statistics d. no experience with data visualization 56. The following chart depicts __________.

a. Freytag’s Pyramid b. Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle c. the Gestalt principles d. storyboarding 57. Using a representative protagonist to which the audience can relate is an example of using _______ because it strengthens the _______ attachment with the audience. a. logos; logical b. ethos; credible c. BAN; understanding Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 d. pathos; emotional 58. The following chart depicts __________.

a. Freytag’s Pyramid b. Aristotle’s Rhetorical Triangle c. the Gestalt principles d. storyboarding 59. A simple visual organization of the main points of the story used to provide structure of the narrative that you intend to create for the audience is called __________. a. a storyboard b. a trellis board c. a matrix d. Freytag’s Pyramid 60. To draw the audience’s attention to the number of children adopted in the current year, the following chart uses __________.

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chapter 7 a. a big associated number b. color c. form d. spatial position 61. According to Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle, which of the following refers to the use of logic and reasoning to persuade the audience? a. Ethos b. Logos c. Pathos d. Kairos 62. Simple charts that can be easily explained and highlight a single insight should be used for audiences that have __________. a. low comfort with analytics b. high comfort with analytics c. education in statistics d. experience with data visualization 63. Which of these refers to connecting with the audience using emotion? a. Ethos b. Logos c. Pathos d. Empathy 64. According to Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle, which of the following refers to the ability to connect with the audience using emotion? a. Ethos b. Logos c. Pathos d. Kairos 65. Which of these statements describes the rising action element of Freytag’s Pyramid? a. It explains the obstacles that are facing the protagonist. b. It explains the necessary background information so that the audience can understand the story. c. It is where the audience is exposed to the major conflict in the story. d. It is when the audience can start to anticipate how the story will reach its conclusion during the falling action. 66. What is the main purpose of using Aristotle's Rhetorical Triangle when crafting a data-driven story? a. To create a visually appealing presentation b. To ensure the data is accurate and unbiased c. To persuade the audience by appealing to ethos, logos, and pathos d. To organize the presentation into a clear structure 67. Which of the following is an important consideration when creating an effective story for a presentation? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 a. Using a variety of colors in the slides b. Including complex statistical analyses c. Focusing on the needs and background of the audience d. Using humor throughout the presentation

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chapter 7 Answer Key 1. a 2. a 3. b 4. c 5. a 6. a 7. a 8. b 9. b 10. c 11. c 12. b 13. a 14. a 15. c 16. d 17. a 18. b 19. c 20. c 21. c 22. b 23. a 24. a 25. a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 26. a 27. a 28. d 29. a 30. d 31. b 32. c 33. a 34. a 35. a 36. d 37. a 38. a 39. c 40. a 41. a 42. b 43. a 44. d 45. c 46. b 47. a 48. a 49. b 50. b 51. b Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 7 52. c 53. b 54. d 55. b 56. a 57. d 58. b 59. a 60. a 61. b 62. a 63. c 64. c 65. a 66. c 67. c

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chapter 8

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Dashboards that are typically used by analysts to identify and investigate trends, predict outcomes, and discover insights in large volumes of data are referred to as __________. a. analytical dashboards b. strategic dashboards c. tactical dashboards d. operational dashboards 2. A dashboard that provides information on an organization’s KPIs that may periodically be updated manually as new data and information are collected is referred to as a __________. a. KPI dashboard b. dynamic dashboard c. static dashboard d. trellis dashboard 3. Which of the following is a common mistake in data dashboard design? a. Creating a data dashboard that is too cluttered b. Using the Gestalt principles in visualization creation c. Creating a dashboard with a high data-ink ratio d. Applying Freytag’s Pyramid to the presentation 4. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying KPIs of number of employees, employee performance, and participation in training. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Investment organization b. Manufacturing organization c. Marketing organization d. Human resources organization 5. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying KPIs of blood pressure, distance traveled, and BMI. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Donor organization b. Personal fitness organization c. Law enforcement organization d. Technical support organization 6. The following Excel data dashboard displays the grade distribution for a college course.

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chapter 8

How many total students were in the College of Musical Arts program? a. 5 b. 2 c. 105 d. Cannot be determined. 7. A dashboard that provides information on an organization’s KPIs and regularly receives and incorporates new and revised data and incorporates these data is referred to as a __________. a. KPI dashboard b. dynamic dashboard c. static dashboard d. trellis dashboard 8. A dashboard design team should understand the needs of the __________. a. dashboard’s end users b. entire organization c. chief executive officer d. customers 9. Which of the following is not a common mistake in data dashboard design? a. Creating a data dashboard that is too cluttered b. Using the Gestalt principles in visualization creation c. Neglecting to obtain sufficient input from the actual users throughout the data dashboard design process d. Not considering the organizations’ and users’ potential future needs 10. The data dashboard for a police chief may include KPIs related to __________. a. sales by region b. potential donors c. the current financial standing of the company d. the crime rate in different neighborhoods 11. A dynamic dashboard would be appropriate for an organization when __________. a. its KPIs change rapidly b. its KPIs change slowly c. it doesn’t have a lot of time or money to invest in the dashboard Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 d. its information needs are continuously updated 12. Which of the following is a common mistake in data dashboard design? a. Using the Gestalt principles in visualization creation b. Creating a dashboard with a high data-ink ratio c. Not considering the reason the organization wants to develop a data dashboard d. Applying Freytag’s Pyramid to the presentation 13. The data dashboard for a chief financial officer may include KPIs related to __________. a. sales by region b. potential donors c. the current financial standing of the company d. the crime rate in different neighborhoods 14. Which Excel tool works in the same way as a slicer but works exclusively with date fields? a. Timeline b. Drill Down c. Developer d. Date Formula 15. Rather than requiring the user to scroll vertically and horizontally to see the entire dashboard, it is better to __________. a. create multiple dashboards of related KPIs b. reduce the amount of data visualizations to fit on one screen c. create an auto-scrolling display of the dashboard d. None of these choices 16. Which of the following is not an example of a key performance indicator? a. Current level of inventory b. Pending customer orders c. Status of accounts d. Forecasted sales 17. The KPIs displayed in the data dashboard should __________. a. provide an overview of every area of the company b. be very detailed and analytical c. be displayed across several screens d. be related to decisions the user makes 18. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying the KPIs of number of students enrolled and student test scores. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Donor organization b. Personal fitness organization c. Technical support organization d. Education organization Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 19. Dashboards that are typically used by executives to monitor the status of KPIs’ relevant to overarching organizational objectives are referred to as __________. a. analytical dashboards b. strategic dashboards c. tactical dashboards d. operational dashboards 20. The following Excel data dashboard displays the grade distribution for a college course.

The slicer is applied to which attribute? a. Class Level b. Official Grade c. Program and Plan d. Total Grades 21. Dashboards that are typically used by lower-level managers to monitor rapidly changing critical business conditions are referred to as __________. a. analytical dashboards b. strategic dashboards c. tactical dashboards d. operational dashboards 22. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying the KPIs of number of arrests and number of police reports. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Donor organization b. Personal fitness organization c. Law enforcement organization d. Technical support organization 23. The data dashboard for a university foundation officer may include KPIs related to __________. a. sales by region b. potential donors c. the current financial standing of the company d. the crime rate in different neighborhoods Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 24. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying KPIs of current price, recent rate of return, and relative rate of risk of the portfolio. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Investment organization b. Manufacturing organization c. Marketing organization d. Human resources organization 25. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying KPIs of time to resolution, downtime, and scheduled maintenance. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Donor organization b. Personal fitness organization c. Law enforcement organization d. Technical support organization 26. A static dashboard would be appropriate for an organization when __________. a. its KPIs change rapidly b. its KPIs change slowly c. it has a lot of time and money to invest in the dashboard d. its information needs are continuously updated 27. The following Excel data dashboard displays the grade distribution for a college course.

How many total students were in the class? a. 63 b. 60 c. 105 d. Cannot be determined. 28. To add a slicer to a PivotChart or PivotTable in Excel, one way is to access the __________. a. Analyze tab b. Design tab c. Format tab d. Conditional Formatting tool 29. Dashboards that are typically used by mid-level managers to identify and assess the organization’s strengths and weaknesses in support of the development of organizational strategies are referred to as __________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 a. analytical dashboards b. strategic dashboards c. tactical dashboards d. operational dashboards 30. A feature that provides the user with more specific and detailed information on a particular element, variable, or KPI is referred to as __________. a. pivoting b. data mining c. drilling down d. a time interval widget 31. A strategy for reducing unnecessary complexity in a dashboard is __________. a. avoiding inclusion of information that will not be useful to the end users b. organizing the information into subsets that each address a different need of the end users c. using interactive dashboard tools d. all of these choices 32. An interactive Excel crosstabulation that allows the user to interact with the data by applying filters to select various aspects of the data is referred to as a __________. a. slicer b. PivotChart c. dashboard d. PivotTable 33. A dashboard that does not allow users to customize the data dashboard display is referred to as a(n) __________. a. noninteractive dashboard b. interactive dashboard c. static dashboard d. dynamic dashboard 34. A feature that allows the user to specify the time period to be displayed on the dashboard is referred to as ________. a. pivoting b. hierarchical filtering c. drilling down d. a time interval widget 35. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying the KPIs of campaign status, cash flow, and contributions. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Donor organization b. Personal fitness organization c. Law enforcement organization d. Technical support organization 36. A feature that provides the user with the capability to restrict the data displayed to a specific segment by Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 systematically selecting values of several categories or values of variables in a nested manner is referred to as __________. a. pivoting b. hierarchical filtering c. drilling down d. a time interval widget 37. A dashboard that allows users to customize the data dashboard display, effectively allowing a user to filter the data displayed, is referred to as a(n) __________. a. noninteractive dashboard b. interactive dashboard c. static dashboard d. dynamic dashboard 38. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying KPIs of quantity produced, quality of units produced, and rate of production. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Investment organization b. Manufacturing organization c. Marketing organization d. Human resources organization 39. An interactive data dashboard is appropriate when __________. a. the data do not change frequently b. customization is not necessary c. the user wants to drill down and filter the data d. the organization’s KPIs change slowly 40. Which of the following is an example of a key performance indicator? a. Current level of inventory b. An employee’s starting salary c. Projected market share for next quarter d. Forecasted sales 41. A data dashboard should present all KPIs related to some aspect of the organization’s operations on __________. a. a large trellis display to scroll through horizontally b. a large trellis display to scroll through vertically c. None of these choices d. a single screen 42. A noninteractive data dashboard is appropriate when the __________. a. data do not change frequently b. data change frequently c. user wants to drill down and filter the data d. organization’s KPIs change rapidly Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 43. A data visualization tool that gives multiple outputs and may update in real time is referred to as a __________. a. key performance indicator b. data dashboard c. trellis display d. matrix 44. An interactive Excel chart that allows the user to interact with the data by applying filters to select various aspects of the data is referred to as a __________. a. slicer b. PivotChart c. dashboard d. PivotTable 45. A value a manager uses to operate and maintain their businesses effectively and efficiently is referred to as a __________. a. key performance indicator b. data dashboard c. trellis display d. matrix 46. PivotTables and PivotCharts can be filtered by using __________. a. a slicer b. updated data sources c. the Customization tab d. an extracter 47. The KPIs displayed in the data dashboard should __________. a. quickly and clearly convey meaning to its user b. provide an overview of every area of the company c. be very detailed and analytical d. be displayed across several screens 48. Imagine a data dashboard is displaying KPIs of quantity sold, quality delivered, and prices of current products. Which type of organization would most likely utilize this dashboard? a. Investment organization b. Manufacturing organization c. Marketing organization d. Human resources organization 49. The data dashboard for a marketing manager may include KPIs related to __________. a. potential donors b. the current financial standing of the company c. sales by region d. the crime rate in different neighborhoods Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 50. A feature that allows the user to tailor the dashboard to specific needs is referred to as ________. a. pivoting b. hierarchical filtering c. a customization tool d. a time interval widget

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chapter 8 Answer Key 1. a 2. c 3. a 4. d 5. b 6. d 7. b 8. a 9. b 10. d 11. a 12. c 13. c 14. a 15. a 16. d 17. d 18. d 19. b 20. c 21. d 22. c 23. b 24. a 25. d Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 8 26. b 27. c 28. a 29. c 30. c 31. d 32. d 33. a 34. d 35. a 36. b 37. b 38. b 39. c 40. a 41. d 42. a 43. b 44. b 45. a 46. a 47. a 48. c 49. c 50. c

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chapter 9

Indicate the answer choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. In Excel, to control what a user can enter into a cell, limiting the ability to create data errors from manual entries, you can use the __________. a. Data Validation tool b. Conditional Formatting tool c. COUNTBLANK formula d. ISERROR formula 2. Determine the formula being used to calculate the inflation-adjusted price in cell D2. A

Year

Product Z

Price Index

Inflation adjusted price (Base year 2018)

2014

51.9

128.75

2015

70.2

128.87

2016

122

97.5

128.63

2017

135

108.5

127.91

2018

128

102.8

128.00

a. =B2*C2/C6 b. =B2*C6/C2 c. =C6*B6/C2 d. =C6*C2/B2 3. Which of these is the most serious deceptive graphical technique? a. Using a vague source b. Using bold colors c. Using nonzero origin d. Not labeling data points 4. Determine the formula being used to calculate the inflation-adjusted price in cell D5. A

Year

Product Z

Price Index

Inflation adjusted price (Base year 2018)

2014

51.9

128.75

2015

70.2

128.87

2016

122

97.5

128.63

2017

135

108.5

127.91

2018

128

102.8

128.00

a. =B5*C6/C5 b. =B5*C5/C6 c. =C5*B5/C6 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 d. =C5*C5/B6 5. The following chart may be misleading and difficult for an audience to interpret because _________.

a. the colors are difficult to differentiate b. of the intersection of the two lines c. it has dual vertical axes d. the lines diverge as time passes 6. If a polling firm attempts to contact potential voters using only landline phone numbers, then the resulting sample is likely to be biased in terms of the age of respondents since older people are much more likely to have landline phones in their homes. This is an example of __________. a. selection bias b. survivor bias c. inflation d. recency bias 7. Raw values that have not been adjusted for inflation or other important factors refer to _________. a. nominal values b. real values c. inflated values d. deflated values Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 8. What occurs when a sample data set consists of a disproportionately large number of observations corresponding to positive outcomes for a particular event? a. Selection bias b. Survivor bias c. Inflation d. Recency bias 9. The following chart is misleading because of the __________.

a. nonzero origin b. labeled axis scales c. 3D bar charts d. rotated axis 10. How can a scatter chart help identify instances of Simpson's paradox? a. By showing missing data points b. By adjusting for inflation c. By revealing trends in subsets of data that differ from the overall trend d. By using a dual-axis format 11. Determine the price index for the year 2015 based on the information given in the following table.

a. 50.2 b. 65.0 c. 51.9 d. 89.4 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 12. What is the appropriate formula to determine the number of missing values of x in this abstract data set in Excel?

a. =COUNTBLANK(B2:B8) b. =COUNTBLANK(A2:A8) c. =COUNTIF(B2:B8,0) d. =COUNTIF(A2:A8,0) 13. Which numerical value would the function =COUNTBLANK(A2:A8) return in this abstract data set in Excel?

a. 1 b. 6 c. 0 Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 d. 7 14. Which of these Excel tools can help identify missing data? a. Format Painter b. Conditional Formatting c. Custom Font d. CTRL F 15. Why is this graph showing the results of a survey to determine customers’ favorite products misleading?

a. The slices are the wrong color. b. The slices are not the correct size. c. The percentages do not add up to 100. d. The data would be better displayed in a bar chart. 16. Why might Simpson's paradox occur in a dataset? a. The data have been adjusted for inflation. b. The data are displayed using a dual-axis chart. c. The data contain missing values. d. The relationships between variables differ across subgroups. 17. Calculate the inflation-adjusted price for the year 2014 based on the information given in the following table.

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chapter 9

a. 126.00 b. 128.65 c. 127.89 d. 128.75 18. What is the effect of using a low temporal frequency (e.g., annual vs. daily) in a time series chart? a. It reveals cyclical patterns. b. It emphasizes short-term fluctuations. c. It smooths out short-term fluctuations. d. It has no effect on the insights gained from the chart. 19. Which numerical value would the function =COUNTBLANK(B2:B8) return in this abstract data set in Excel?

a. 1 b. 0 c. ERROR d. 8 20. Beginning the vertical scale of a graph at a value different from zero to make increases look more dramatic is an Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 example of __________. a. Simpson’s paradox b. unbiased data c. sampling bias d. deceptive design 21. The general increase in prices over time that is measured by tracking the changes in the price of a standard set of products and services refers to _________. a. deflation b. inflation c. Simpson’s paradox d. price tracking 22. In most cases, when creating choropleth maps, it is best to use a value __________. a. relative to the population of the region b. that is categorical c. relative to the entire population of the data d. that corresponds to associated values 23. Values that have been adjusted for inflation are called _________. a. nominal values b. real values c. inflated values d. deflated values 24. By tracking the changes in the price of a standard set of products and services, an inflation in prices over time refers to a general __________. a. decrease b. increase c. exaggeration d. tracking 25. What occurs when data are drawn from a sample that has not been properly randomized to represent the intended population? a. Selection bias b. Missing data c. Data errors d. Survivor bias 26. What exists when the sample data are not representative of the population data that are under study? a. Missing data b. Biased data c. Data errors d. Population errors Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 27. Which of these may reduce the variability shown in a chart, which can be misleading to the audience? a. Increasing the temporal frequency b. Keeping the temporal frequency c. Decreasing the temporal frequency d. Doubling the temporal frequency 28. We can use the Excel Conditional Formatting tool to help us identify any missing values by __________. a. counting the number of blank cells in a column b. changing the appearance of cells on the basis of conditions that you specify c. estimating the value of missing data cells d. removing any data errors 29. Which tool is being used to identify the missing data in this abstract data set in Excel?

a. =COUNTBLANK b. Conditional Formatting c. Custom Font d. CTRL F 30. The following chart is an example of a dual-axis chart because __________.

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chapter 9

a. it has both vertical and horizontal axes b. the axes labels do not start with zero c. the y-axis represents sales and profit margin d. there are two axes 31. What is a potential consequence of selection bias in a study? a. More accurate results b. Overestimation or underestimation of treatment effects c. A more diverse perspective d. No impact on results 32. How can a choropleth map be improved to better represent a variable across geographic regions? a. Use a dual-axis format. b. Display the variable as a rate or percentage of the population in each region. c. Truncate the scale of the color gradient. d. Use a wider range of data. 33. Simpson’s paradox occurs when a specific trend that appears in subsets of data ____________ when the subsets are aggregated. a. is strengthened b. disappears or reverses c. has no effect d. is overly represented

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chapter 9 34. The rate at which time series data are displayed in a chart refers to __________. a. the x-axis intervals b. temporal frequency c. horizontal spacing d. timing 35. The following graph makes it look as if Region A had double the sales that Region B had. Is this a valid conclusion?

a. Yes, because Region A had about twice as many sales as Region B. b. No, because the x-axis doesn’t start at 0, the scale is misleading. c. Yes, because the bar for Region A is twice the length of the bar for Region B. d. No, because the sales are recorded at two different times in history. 36. In most cases, dual-axis charts are __________. a. difficult for audiences to interpret b. simple for audiences to interpret c. too empathetic for audiences d. too colorful for audiences 37. What is the key characteristic of Simpson's paradox? a. Results are adjusted for inflation. b. Results differ between subgroups and the overall population. c. Results are displayed using a dual-axis chart. d. Results are biased due to missing data. 38. What is an example of a situation where a choropleth map showing totals could be appropriate? Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 a. Comparing population density across regions b. Comparing total GDP across countries c. Comparing the prevalence of a health condition across states d. Comparing voter turnout rates across districts 39. What is the appropriate formula to determine the number of missing values of y in this abstract data set in Excel?

a. =COUNTBLANK(B2:B8) b. =COUNTBLANK(A2:A8) c. =COUNTIF(B2:B8,0) d. =COUNTIF(A2:A8,0) 40. What is the best way to collect time series data? a. At the highest temporal frequency possible b. At the lowest temporal frequency possible c. At a random temporal frequency d. Temporal frequency does not matter for time series data. 41. Excel’s Data Validation tool can be used to control what a user can enter into a cell, limiting __________. a. miscalibration of sensors that automatically collect data b. biased data c. the ability to create data errors from manual entries d. the quality of responses 42. What is a disadvantage of using a very short time period (e.g., 1 day) for the horizontal axis of a stock price chart? a. It violates the principle of data-ink ratio. b. It can make long-term trends more apparent. c. It can make short-term fluctuations appear more significant. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 d. It does not allow for the inclusion of trading volume data. 43. Which of these statements is true of outliers? a. Outliers should only be removed after careful consideration of their cause and their effect on the insights drawn from the data. b. Outliers are always real data points. c. Outliers are never data entry errors. d. Outliers should immediately be removed for accurate analysis. 44. Excel’s COUNTBLANK function can help assess the quality of data by __________. a. determining which observations have missing values b. returning the number of blank cells in a column c. deleting any data errors d. returning the number of cells that meet a specific criterion 45. What kind of chart makes use of a secondary axis to represent one of the variables so that both variables can be shown on the same chart? a. Dual-axis chart b. Multidimensional chart c. Condensed chart d. Bi-axis chart 46. Which of these Excel formulas can help identify missing data? a. =DATABLANK b. =COUNTBLANK c. =COUNTMISSING d. =MISSING 47. Calculate the inflation-adjusted price for the year 2015 based on the information given in the following table.

a. 126.00 b. 128.87 c. 128.65 d. 127.89 48. Survivor bias and selection bias are related because __________. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 a. the sample data set consists of a disproportionately large number of observations corresponding to positive outcomes for a particular event b. the sample data are not representative of the population that is being studied c. the sample has not been properly randomized to represent the intended population d. they both institute an equal amount of error into the study 49. Which type of bias occurs when a sample consists of a disproportionately large number of observations corresponding to positive outcomes for a particular event? a. Selection bias b. Simpson's paradox c. Inflation bias d. Survivor bias 50. What is a recommended alternative to using a dual-axis chart? a. Adjusting the data for inflation b. Changing the aspect ratio of the chart c. Creating two separate charts, one for each data series d. Truncating the vertical axis 51. Why are dual-axis charts often confusing for audiences? a. They do not adjust for inflation. b. They always have the wrong aspect ratio. c. They require the audience to match each data series to its corresponding axis. d. They cannot display time series data. 52. When a sample that does not represent the population is chosen, Simpson’s paradox is also a form of __________. a. survivor bias b. missing data c. data error d. selection bias 53. The following chart is misleading because __________.

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chapter 9

a. a line graph should not use percents b. the x-axis does not have equal intervals c. the y-axis does not have equal intervals d. location is not provided 54. A simple alternative to using a dual-axis chart is to __________. a. use a frequency table for each variable instead b. replace the dual-axis chart with two charts where each variable is shown on a different chart c. make the axes contrasting colors d. use a scatter chart with the same variables 55. An example of manipulating a graphical display to distort reality is ________. a. making the bars in a histogram equal width b. stretching the axes c. starting the axes at zero d. adding an unbiased caption 56. What is the main characteristic of biased data? a. The sample data accurately represent the population under study. b. The sample data are not representative of the population under study. c. The sample data contain missing values. d. The sample data have been adjusted for inflation. 57. Which of the following statements about Charts A and B is true? Chart A:

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chapter 9

Chart B:

a. Neither graph is misleading. b. Chart A is misleading because the y-axis does not start at zero. Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 c. Chart B is misleading because the difference in the bar heights should be more than what the graph shows. d. Both graphs are misleading. 58. Studies of market performance often exclude companies that collapse and only focus on successful businesses. This can distort statistics and make success seem more probable than it truly is. This is an example of __________. a. survivor bias b. selection bias c. inflation d. bias of positive outcomes 59. What type of data is most appropriate to display on a choropleth map? a. Time series data b. Nominal data c. Ordinal data d. Ratio data 60. What is a potential problem with using a dual-axis chart to compare two variables with different units? a. The chart will not adjust for inflation. b. The viewer may incorrectly compare the magnitudes of the two variables. c. The chart will be too cluttered. d. The chart will not display time series data. 61. Which of these is measured by tracking the changes in the price of a standard set of products and services? a. Price index b. Inflation c. Deflation d. Tracking

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chapter 9 Answer Key 1. a 2. b 3. c 4. a 5. c 6. a 7. a 8. b 9. a 10. c 11. c 12. b 13. c 14. b 15. c 16. d 17. d 18. c 19. a 20. d 21. b 22. a 23. b 24. b 25. a Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 26. b 27. c 28. b 29. b 30. c 31. b 32. b 33. b 34. b 35. b 36. a 37. b 38. b 39. a 40. a 41. c 42. c 43. a 44. a 45. a 46. b 47. b 48. b 49. d 50. c 51. c Copyright Cengage Learning. Powered by Cognero.

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chapter 9 52. d 53. b 54. b 55. b 56. b 57. b 58. a 59. d 60. b 61. a

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