Test Bank For Introduction to Criminology, Why Do They Do It 3rd Edition By Pamela, Stephen Tibbetts

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Multiple Choice 1. A crime that is considered “an act which is not inherently immoral, but becomes so because its commission is expressly forbidden by positive law” is called ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A crime that is considered “an act inherently and essentially evil, that is immoral in its nature and injurious in its consequence, without any regard to the fact of its being noticed or punished by the law of the state” is called ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Prostitution is illegal in most jurisdictions in the United States. However, prostitution is legal, and licensed, in most counties of Nevada. This type of crime would be considered ______. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. illegal d. civil wrongs Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Easy

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. ______ are not necessarily against the law but are considered atypical and may be deemed immoral rather than illegal. a. mala in se b. mala prohibita c. Deviant acts d. Civil wrongs Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ defined criminology as the body of knowledge regarding crime as a social phenomenon, which includes the process of making laws, of breaking laws, and of reacting toward the breaking of laws. a. Hirschi b. Gottfredson c. Durkheim d. Sutherland Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?

Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ often refers to the various criminal justice agencies and institutions, such as police, courts, and corrections, that are interrelated and work together toward common goals. a. Victimology b. Restorative justice c. Criminal justice d. Jurisprudence Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?

Difficulty Level: Easy 7. A ______ of crime views the formal system of laws, as well as the enforcement of those laws, as incorporating societal norms for which there is a broad normative consensus. a. conflict perspective b. symbolic interactionism c. consensus perspective d. traditionalism perspective

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The ______ maintains that there is conflict between various societal groups with different interests, and it is often resolved when the group in power achieves control. a. conflict perspective b. symbolic interactionism c. consensus perspective d. rational choice theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The structure of the criminal justice system is often presented as ______. a. police and corrections b. police and courts c. police, courts, and corrections d. police, victims, and courts Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ are designated as lower courts, and they do not have power that extends to the overall administration of justice; thus, they do not try felony cases and do not have appellate authority. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium

Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 11. ______ are designated as major trial courts. They have the power and authority to try and decide any case, including appeals from a lower court. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 12. ______ are designated as appeals courts. They are limited in their jurisdiction decisions on matters of appeal from lower courts and trial courts. a. Courts of limited jurisdiction b. Courts of general jurisdiction c. Courts of appellate jurisdiction d. The Supreme Court Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 13. According to conflict perspective, conflict is often resolved when the group in power achieves ______. a. control b. a truce c. defeat d. values Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The general purpose of the criminal justice system includes all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. control crime b. prevent crime c. community support d. provide and maintain justice Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The term criminal justice generally refers to all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. corrections b. military c. police d. courts Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The term criminology was first coined by ______. a. Raffaele Garafalo b. Paul Topinard c. Edwin Sutherland d. Joanne Belknap Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?

Difficulty Level: Medium 17. The federal court system is a three-tiered model including all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. U.S. Small Claims Court b. U.S. Supreme Court c. U.S. District Courts d. U.S. Courts of Appeals Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 18. In 2002, President George W. Bush created the ______ in an effort to protect and defend the United States from terrorist threats. a. Drug Enforcement Administration

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Department of Homeland Security c. Federal Bureau of Investigation d. U.S. Secret Service Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Historically, the primary objective of processing juveniles was to determine ______. a. guilt b. innocence c. what was in the best interest of the child d. if their parents had any responsibility Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 20. ______ is generally reserved for those convicted of more serious crimes with longer sentences who may be housed in a supermax, maximum, medium, or minimum security prison, based on security concerns. a. Jail b. Probation c. Parole d. Prison Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 21. ______ is a criterion of causality that requires a change in a predictor variable (X) to be consistently associated with some change in the explanatory variable (Y). a. Causation b. Spuriousness c. Validity d. Correlation Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Requirements for Determining Causality Difficulty Level: Medium 22. ______ is a relatively new area of criminology. a. Policing b. Victimology c. Research methods d. Statistical analysis Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Victimology Difficulty Level: Easy 23. ______ is given by the state/government, and restitution is given by the offender, typically as part of the sentence given. a. Compensation b. Restorative justice c. Victim impact statements d. Jurisdiction Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Compensation and Restitution Difficulty Level: Medium 24. In 1983, the ______ was established by the U.S. Department of Justice to implement recommendations from the President’s Task Force on Victims of Crime. a. Department of Victimology and Statistics b. Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention c. Department of Justice and Measurements d. Office of Compensation and Restitution Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The ______ task force program assists state and local enforcement in preventing and investigating technology-based sexual exploitation. a. Central Intelligence Agency

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Department of Homeland Security c. Internet Crimes Against Children d. Federal Bureau of Investigation Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Abuse and Neglect Difficulty Level: Medium 26. The American colonists followed the common law doctrine from England, which held that juveniles ______ years or older could be treated the same as adult offenders. a. 7 b. 12 c. 14 d. 18 Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The U.S. corrections systems include several residential sanctions, such as ______, work release programs, and study release programs. a. prisons b. halfway houses c. jails d. house arrest Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Medium 28. The United States has a three-tiered federal court system. The middle tier includes ______ circuit courts of appeal. a. 3 b. 13 c. 50 d. 94 Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 29. The U.S. corrections systems include several non-residential sanctions, such as ______, electronic monitoring, and day reporting centers. a. jails b. prisons c. halfway houses d. house arrest Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 30. The concept of parens patriae led the juvenile justice system to focus on determining what was in the best interests of the child. As a result, juvenile offenders in the United States ______. a. have always enjoyed the same due process rights as adults b. did not obtain due process rights until after the Civil War c. did not obtain due process rights until the 1960s. d. still have no recognized due process rights according to the Supreme Court Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 31. In the 1967 case In re Gault, the Supreme Court determined that juvenile defendants were entitled to certain due process guarantees, such as the right to be notified of charges, the right to counsel, the right to confront and crossexamine witnesses, and the right ______. a. against self-incrimination b. to guaranteed bail after arraignment c. to formally protest excessive fines d. to free speech during court hearings Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 32. In the juvenile justice system, a trial is called a/an ______. a. commitment b. adjudication hearing c. delinquent act d. detention Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Juveniles are usually confined to facilities called ______ on a short-term basis while awaiting trial. a. prisons b. jails c. detention centers d. work camps Ans: C Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Certain state statutes exclude certain juvenile offenders from juvenile court jurisdiction, such as when a juvenile has been tried and convicted as an adult on a previous occasion. These provisions are called ______. a. statutory exclusions b. concurrent jurisdictions c. detention hearings d. waiver provisions Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 35. A ______ is the authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court. a. disposition hearing b. temporal ordering c. judicial waiver d. jurisdiction Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ is attained by explaining a phenomenon, such as criminal activity, in the simplest way possible. a. Temporality b. Parsimony c. Criminology d. Exclusivity Ans: B Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 37. What is the trait that indicates how much of a given phenomenon a theory attempts to explain? a. testability b. correlation c. causation d. scope Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 38. ______ is the extent to which a theory can be empirically and scientifically evaluated for accuracy. a. Testability b. Correlation c. Causation d. Scope Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 39. ______ is the extent to which a theoretical model is supported by scientific research. a. Parsimony b. Scope

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. Testability d. Empirical validity Ans: D Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 40. The extent to which concepts and propositions of a theory make sense in terms of face value, consistency, and existing knowledge is called ______. a. logical consistency b. parsimony c. causality d. testability Ans: A Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Five Characteristics of Good Theories Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Some acts are moving from being deemed deviant to being declared illegal, such as using a cell phone while driving or smoking cigarettes in public.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Easy 2. There is one definition of what crime is, and it is the same in all countries.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Easy 3. While most mala in se activities are also considered highly deviant, this is not necessarily the case for mala prohibita acts.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. Criminology is the scientific study of crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?

Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Joanne Belknap states she prefers to use the terms crime processing, criminal processing, and criminal legal system, instead of the term criminal justice, given that “the processing of victims and offenders [is] anything but ‘just.’”

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?

Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Criminologists, such as Richard Quinney, William Chambliss, and Austin Turk, maintain that criminological theory has not placed enough emphasis on explaining criminal behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 7. The main goals of the criminal justice system are to control crime, to prevent crime, and to provide and maintain justice.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Unlike the court system, law enforcement doesn’t include various organizational levels at the federal, state, and local levels.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 9. An offender can be placed on probation, incarcerated, or transferred to some type of community-based corrections facility.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 10. An offender may have to comply with both general and specific conditions of probation.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The Postal Service and the Forest Service have no police power.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Hard 12. According to the text, journalists play a key role in examining crime by exploring what is happening in criminal justice and revealing injustices as well as new forms of crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?

Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The question “Why are some behaviors defined as criminal while others are not?” is considered part of the conflict perspective.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The United States has one judicial system.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courts

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 15. The U.S. Supreme Court has unlimited jurisdiction.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Studies show that victim impact statements in death penalty cases have virtually no impact on sentencing when the case involves a victim of low socioeconomic status.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Victim Impact Statements Difficulty Level: Medium 17. In the field of criminology, it is fairly easy to establish causality.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Three Requirements for Determining Causality Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Deviant acts are always considered atypical, and are universally illegal.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The term criminology was first coined by the Italian law professor Raffaele Garofalo in 1885.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?

Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The consensus perspective of crime is currently the prevailing explanation of criminal behavior that is accepted by most social scientists.

Ans: F

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The FBI and the DEA are both examples of federal law enforcement agencies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Agencies at the state level are divided into counties and municipalities.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Judges can sentence offenders to a combination of probation and incarceration.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Shock incarceration is a term that is interchangeable with life sentence.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Prisons are designated for offenders serving shorter terms, such as for those awaiting trial.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Corrections

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Give an example of a mala in se act and a mala prohibita act.

Ans: Murder; prostitution. Various examples.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Besides the study of crime, what else does the field of encompass?

Ans: Answers will vary, but generally speaking, it focuses on reasons why people engage or don't engage in criminal behavior.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Are Criminology and Criminal Justice?

Difficulty Level: Medium 3. What are the two models of state police departments?

Ans: State police and highway patrol.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Difficulty Level: Medium 4. What is a judicial waiver in the context of the juvenile justice system?

Ans: The authority to waive juvenile court jurisdiction and transfer the case to criminal court.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Give an example of a deviant act that is not illegal.

Ans: Belching in public, coughing without covering your mouth, putting your elbows on the table at a meal, etc. Various examples.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Hard

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 6. Give one example of a general condition that could be imposed upon an individual on probation.

Ans: Offenders regularly reporting to their supervising officer, obeying the laws, submitting to searches, and not being in possession of firearms or using drugs.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Corrections Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Why is the U.S. judicial system referred to as a dual court system?

Ans: Separate but interrelated systems of federal and state courts.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Courts Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Explain how some mala prohibita acts are not necessarily viewed as highly deviant.

Ans: Even though these acts may be considered illegal, they may not be deviant, as in the case with speeding or minor traffic violations. This is the case because many people engage in these acts and do not see them as necessarily wrong or deviant.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Studies show that victim impact statements have little impact on how judges sentence offenders. Why is this so?

Ans: These statements are only heard after the verdict is reached, so only the judge is evaluating the victim impact statement. Judges have been trained to set aside their emotions and only consider objective criteria when making rulings on evidence, motions, and even sentencing. These statements are highly emotional in nature, so judges may subconsciously negate the emotional aspects of them.

Learning Objective: 1.4: Identify key concepts and issues associated with victimology.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Victim Impact Statements Difficulty Level: Medium 10. According to several criminologists, we should shift focus from explaining criminal behavior to explaining criminal law. Do you believe this to be true? Why or why not?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Students should give original answers as to why we should focus on explaining criminal law. This may be along the lines of understanding processes by which certain behaviors and individuals are designated as criminal.

Learning Objective: 1.3: Identify and characterize a good theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Why is defining crime a difficult task? Give your definition of crime, and give two examples to illustrate your definition.

Ans: Scholars disagree on what should be considered a crime; it could be anything that violates a law or that causes harm. Students will give their definition of crime and two examples to illustrate their point.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Explain the difference between consensus and conflict perspectives and how they relate to the formation of laws. How would each of these perspectives view the formation of a new law, such as a “no texting while driving” law?

Ans: Consensus perspective assumes virtually everyone is in agreement on the laws and therefore assumes no conflict in attitudes regarding the laws and rules of society. This perspective would view the formation of this new law as incorporating societal norms and that everyone agrees with the new law. Conflict perspective assumes most people disagree on what the law should be and that law is used as a tool by those in power to keep down other groups. This perspective would view the new law as a way to keep a group of the population down and that not everyone agrees with the new law.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Consensus and Conflict Perspectives of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 13. How is the concept of parens patriae related to the juvenile justice system?

Ans: Why do we, as a nation, treat juveniles differently in the United States and many other countries? The criminal justice system treats juveniles differently because they are different not only physically but also psychologically as well.

The term parens patriae means the parent of the country, recognizing the state has both the right and obligation to intervene on behalf of and to protect its citizens who are impaired, have an impediment, or who are not as emotionally developed as an adult. Because juveniles lack psychological maturity, they fall within these boundaries.

Learning Objective: 1.2: Summarize the general structure and organization of the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: The Juvenile Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Using the terms mala in se and mala prohibita, explain why marijuana is now legalized in many jurisdictions, while other “hard drugs” like heroin and cocaine are not.

Ans: Marijuana is now considered relatively harmless by a large number of citizens and those who make the laws. Conversely, drugs like heroin and cocaine are considered harmful (mala in se). There are scientific studies to back up these perspectives. Back in the 1950s, citizens and lawmakers alike would never consider legalizing marijuana, even though there was scant evidence of it being physically addictive (mala prohibita). This example is the converse of how seatbelts used to be considered optional but are mandatory in many states.

Learning Objective: 1.1: Identify key concepts in understanding criminology.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: What Is a Crime?

Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 2: MEASURING CRIME

Multiple Choice 1. Instances when crimes do not come to the attention of law enforcement or some other criminal justice agency are referred to as ______. a. the iceberg b. unreported crimes c. dark figure of crime d. a, b, and c Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The UCR stands for ______. a. Uniform Cop Report b. Uniform Court Reports c. Uniform Crime Reports d. Uniform Corrections Reports Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The UCR is broken up into two different types of crime ______. a. violent crimes and corporate crimes b. felonies and misdemeanors c. Part I and Part II crimes d. white-collar crimes and street crimes Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. In the 1960s, the FBI developed the ______ to gain more information on victims and offenders of murder. a. Uniform Homicide Report b. National Homicide Report c. Supplementary Homicide Reports d. none of these Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The Supplementary Homicide Reports allow for ______ reporting. a. mandatory b. anonymous c. voluntary d. none of these Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The FBI developed an enhanced UCR Program which is named the ______. a. National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) b. Supplemental Homicide Report (SHR) c. National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) d. Hot Spot Data (HSD) Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The Hate Crimes Act of 1990 was created because ______. a. there was an increasing concern of these types of crimes b. this was when the first hate crime occurred c. Latinos protested against educational inequality d. a constitutional amendment mandated the act Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Hate Crime Data Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The Attorney General is required to develop guidelines and collect data about crimes that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ______. a. age b. state of origin c. ethnicity d. disability status Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Crime Data Difficulty Level: Easy 9. ______ collects data from participating agencies on officer line-of-duty deaths and assaults. a. NCVS b. NIBRS c. UCR d. LEOKA Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ type of death occurs when the officer is on or off duty and acting in an official capacity while reacting to a situation that would ordinarily fall within the scope of his or her official duties as a law enforcement officer. a. Felonious death b. Line-of-duty c. Thin blue line d. Accidental death Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 11. ______ type of death occurs when an officer is killed because of or while performing his or her official duties and as a direct result of a criminal act by a subject. a. Felonious death b. Line-of-duty c. Thin blue line d. Accidental death Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 12. ______ type of death occurs when an officer dies as a result of an accident he or she is involved in while performing his or her duties (e.g., an officer being struck by a vehicle while directing traffic, drowning during a rescue attempt). a. Felonious death b. Line-of-duty c. Thin blue line d. Accidental death Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Unofficial measures of crime, such as the ______, further broaden our understanding of crime with information from official measures of crime. a. NIBRS b. UCR c. NCVS d. SHR Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What criminal offense is not measured in the NCVS? a. rape b. robbery c. domestic violence/intimate partner violence

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. murder Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Surveys address four broad classes of questions, EXCEPT ______. a. the prevalence of attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors b. changes in these attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors over time c. differences between groups of people in their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors d. requests to condemn existing attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Which of the following is NOT a reason law enforcement would use the NCVS data? a. to enhance citizen cooperation with officials in deterring and detecting crime b. to develop street and park lighting programs in high crime areas c. to establish special police strike forces to combat those crimes d. to mandate curfews for juveniles Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Any individuals ______ and older are eligible to participate in the NCVS survey. a. 15 b. 10 c. 8 d. 12 Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 18. ______ collect data by asking respondents to provide information about themselves, usually as to whether they have engaged in certain forms of illegal behavior. a. Police officers b. Self-report surveys c. Judges d. Victim surveys Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Self-report information can be collected through all of the following except ______. a. law enforcement arrests b. surveys c. interviews d. all of these Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The ______ collects information to measure substance and alcohol use patterns among youths. a. NCVS b. NIBRS c. MTF d. UCR Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Describe additional data-collection methods used for more specific purposes or specific populations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Monitoring the Future (MTF) Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The primary objective of the ______ is to generate a consistent and reliable set of crime statistics that can be used in law enforcement administration, operation, and management. a. SHR b. UCR c. NIBRS

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. LEOKA Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Medium 22. In 2004, the FBI discontinued use of ______ because the way crimes were classified and scored under it resulted in inaccurate indicators of criminality in specific jurisdictions. a. The Crime Index b. The Department of Justice c. UCR d. Self-reporting surveys Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Medium 23. According to the hierarchy rule of UCR crime classification, if an offender committed a burglary by breaking into a home, vandalism by spray painting the outside of the home, and a larceny by stealing a laptop inside the home, only the ______ would be reported or scored. a. vandalism b. larceny c. burglary d. trick question; the hierarchy rule requires all three to be reported Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Exceptions to the hierarchy rule include human trafficking/commercial sex acts, human trafficking/involuntary servitude, and ______. a. burglary b. robbery c. aggravated assault d. arson Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Although the Summary Reporting System used by the UCR does not have detailed information, the ______ collects additional information about homicide cases. a. IRS b. SHR c. LEOKA d. CIA Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 26. In addition to the SHR, which two agencies collect data on homicides? a. CIA and DHHS b. CDC and NVSS c. DOJ and DOT d. IRS and ATF Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The UCR was primarily used by law enforcement agencies, and soon other agencies started to use the data for planning and policy. This led to a need for more detailed data and the establishment of the ______. a. NIBRS b. NVSS c. SHR d. LEOKA Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Easy 28. The FBI has a goal that is to transition the UCR Program to a NIBRS-only data collection by ______.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. 2021 b. 2031 c. 2051 d. 2071 Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The ______ is a primary measure of crime in the United States that is based on interviews with victims of crime. a. NIBRS b. NCVS c. UCR d. SHR Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Easy 30. The NCVS data are useful for identifying populations at risk for becoming crime victims, estimating multiple victimization rates, providing necessary data for crime prevention programs, and ______. a. helping victims prepare trial testimony b. assisting victims with calculating restitution c. referring victims to social service agencies d. comparing numbers, locations, and patterns of crime Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The UCR’s primary purpose was to provide reliable criminal justice data for law enforcement, while the NCVS was to collect information ______. a. that was previously unavailable and/or unreported b. from offenders themselves and not victims c. regarding sexually-based offenses only d. that pertains to juveniles only

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.3: Distinguish the major differences between the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Comparing the NCVS With Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The NCVS does not collect information on homicides, arson, commercial crimes, and ______. a. burglary in the nighttime b. larceny over $1,000 c. crimes against children under the age of 12 d. cybercrime Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.3: Distinguish the major differences between the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Comparing the NCVS With Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Both the UCR and the NCVS programs collect crime data, but there are several differences between the two. They use different methods to collect crime data and use different sample bases to calculate rates for different crimes. In addition, ______. a. the UCR gets data only from interviews b. the NCVS gets data primarily from law enforcement agencies c. the UCR never includes estimates about crimes d. their estimates of crime may contain variations Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.3: Distinguish the major differences between the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Comparing the NCVS With Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Generally, surveys address four broad classes of questions regarding the participants’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors. These include (1) the prevalence of them; (2) changes in them; (3) differences between groups of people regarding them; and (4) ______. a. causal propositions about them b. assumptions about them c. requests to reconsider them d. mandates to change them Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Easy 35. When were the earliest self-report studies conducted? a. the early 1800s b. the early 1900s c. the early 1940s d. the early 1990s Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Medium 36. ______ studies have been used to measure detailed data regarding drug and alcohol use, physical and sexual abuse, adverse childhood experiences, and intimate partner violence. a. SHR b, LEOKA c. UCR d. Self-report Ans: D Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Medium 37. The primary goals of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health are to provide state and federal estimates about the levels and patterns of substance abuse, as well as current trends, and future consequences, and to identify ______. a. the chemical makeup of future synthetic drugs b. groups at high risk for abuse c. the names of high-level drug dealers d. those with current immigration issues Ans: B Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) Difficulty Level: Medium 38. The NPS Program collects data on ______. a. the most commonly abused narcotics in a given year b. the number of crime victims in a geographical area c. data on state and federal prisoners d. data on federal correctional officers

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5: Describe additional data collection methods used for more specific purposes or specific populations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The National Prisoner Statistics (NPS) Program Difficulty Level: Easy 39. ______ analysis of crime focuses on crime places. One major aspect is mapping crimes which provide information as location, distance, direction, and pattern. a. Spatial b. Navigational c. Directional d. Incorporational Ans: A Learning Objective: 2.5: Describe additional data collection methods used for more specific purposes or specific populations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spatial Analyses of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Criminologists have also explored whether there is a relationship between criminal activity and location. These criminologists attempt to understand crime with what are called ______ theories. a. hate crime statistics b. bias characteristic c. social ecological d. criminalistics Ans: C Learning Objective: 2.5: Describe additional data collection methods used for more specific purposes or specific populations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spatial Analyses of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. The victims of the 9/11 terrorist attacks were classified as victims of murder.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Case Study Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 2. An outlier is an extreme value that significantly differs from the rest of the distribution.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: September 11, 2001, Victims Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The dark figure of crime is a count of the worst crimes in the United States in a given year.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Compiling and analyzing crime data can be used to justify programs and policies that try to address criminal activity.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Uniform Crime Reporting (UCR) Program Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Law enforcement agencies across the United States began collecting crime data in 2010.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Historical Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The UCR is a “summary-based system,” meaning these data are a summary, or total count, of crimes based on the reporting agencies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Limitations of the UCR Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 7. Homicides are more likely to be reported compared to other crimes counted in the UCR. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Compared to other offenses such as forcible rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, reports about homicide offenses are less likely to have details regarding the incident, such as data on the victims and/or offenders.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 9. SHR collects additional information pertaining to the incident, including details of the murder victim and offender, their relationship to one another, the weapon used, and the circumstances in each criminal homicide.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The NVSS data are a subset of the General Social Survey (GSS).

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Medium 11. There is no separate reporting system or data collection on hate crimes across the United States.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Crime Data Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 12. On April 23, 1990, the president signed into law the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Crime Data Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Hate crimes are not separate, distinct crimes, but rather traditional offenses motivated by the offender’s bias.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The FBI does not collect data on the number of law enforcement officers killed and assaulted in the United States each year.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.5: Describe additional data collection methods used for more specific purposes or specific populations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) Statistics Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) is a supplementary data collection program of the UCR. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.5: Describe additional data collection methods used for more specific purposes or specific populations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data Collection Difficulty Level: Easy 16. In 2002, Dr. Paul Leighton, a professor of criminology, argued that the victims of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks should not be included in the annual report of Crime in the United States.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: September 11, 2001 Victims Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

17. Nationally, there are five different methods of gathering crime statistics.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Law Enforcement Agencies Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Most crimes are not reported to law enforcement agencies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Law Enforcement Agencies Difficulty Level: Easy 19. According to the FBI, Part II crimes are more serious than Part I crimes.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Historical Overview Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Using UCR data, one can obtain detailed information on individual crimes.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limitations of the UCR Difficulty Level: Easy 21. As of 2019, approximately 43% of U.S. law enforcement agencies participate in NIBRS. Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The primary purpose of the NCVS is to provide insight about crimes that are not reported to law enforcement agencies.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Crimes such as prostitution, drug dealing, and gambling are usually revealed in NCVS interviews.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limitations of the NCVS Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Crimes against businesses are not included in NCVS data.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limitations of the NCVS Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Prior to 2013, the UCR measured rape as a crime against women only, while the NCVS measures rape as a crime against both sexes.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 2.3: Distinguish the major differences between the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Comparing the NCVS With Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. What are some of the reasons your book states for measuring crime?

Ans: Measuring crime is necessary for various reasons. Some of these reasons include describing crime, explaining why crime occurs, funding programs, and evaluating programs and policies. Measuring crime is also needed for risk assessment of different social groups, including their potential for becoming offenders or victims.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Case Study

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 2. List at least three crime statistics compiled by law enforcement agencies throughout the United States.

Ans: They are the Uniform Crime Reports, the Supplementary Homicide Reports, the National Incident-Based Reporting System, Hate Crime Statistics, and the Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted Statistics.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Data From Law Enforcement Agencies Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Discuss three limitations to the UCR data.

Ans: The section Limitations of the UCR lists six reasons: Unreported crimes are not included; the UCR focuses on conventional street crime and ignores white collar crime; data can be misrepresented for political purposes; law enforcement agencies can submit reports that are inaccurate; clerical errors can occur while compiling data; and changes to the law can result in an inaccurate view of the crime picture in the United States.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Limitations of the UCR Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Describe the Supplemental Homicide Report and the information it collects on homicide victims and offenders.

Ans: SHR collects additional information pertaining to the incident, including details of the murder victim and offender, their relationship to one another, the weapon used, and the circumstances in each criminal homicide. For offenses of murder and nonnegligent manslaughter as well as manslaughter by negligence, reporting agencies include information such as the following: single or multiple victims; single, multiple, or unknown offenders; age, sex, race, and ethnicity of the victim and offender; description of weapon and how it was used (e.g., if a bottle was used in the commission of a murder, the reporting agency must note whether the person was killed by beating, cutting, or stabbing); relationship of victim to offender (e.g., in a murder incident where a wife is killed by her husband, the relationship must be reported as “wife”); and circumstances (e.g., lovers’ quarrels, drunkenness, arguments over money, revenge, narcotics, gangland killings).

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. Compare and contrast the SHR and NVSS data.

Ans: The NVSS tracks all deaths from data sent by medical examiners and state vital registrars who have to send such data. The SHR tracks all crime statistics from data voluntary sent by law enforcement officers and agencies. The two entities use different definitions of homicide and collect their data using different methods.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Supplementary Homicide Reports (SHR) Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Describe the two goals of the NIBRS data collection program.

Ans: There are two goals of the NIBRS data collection program: (1) to enhance the quantity, quality, and timeliness of crime statistical data collected by law enforcement entities and (2) to improve the methodology used for compiling, analyzing, auditing, and publishing the collected crime data.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Describe at least three limitations to NIBRS data.

Ans: (1) As with the UCR Program, NIBRS data only include crimes reported to law enforcement; unreported and unrecorded crimes are not included in NIBRS. (2) Since the NIBRS specifications were developed by a federal agency, participating local agencies may find it difficult to work with inflexible specifications and impose problems with reporting procedures. (3) Various organizations may have different goals and incentives. While the FBI and other national agencies are interested in a national monitoring system and nationallevel research applications, local and state agencies may have different organizational interests. For instance, local and state agencies may be more interested in local data collection requirements and analyses to support local operations such as the deployment of law enforcement areas in certain problem areas. (4) While NIBRS data include more detailed information than the UCR Program, this is also a drawback. With this detailed information, the NIBRS record structure is more complex; researchers and analysts may find collecting this detailed information quite a challenge. (5) Currently, little is known about the extent of the errors made when collecting NIBRS data. While some errors can be addressed, other types of errors will be noted only after the NIBRS data collection program is adopted on a more widespread basis.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Provide a scenario of a racially motivated hate crime and justify why it would be classified as a hate crime.

Ans: Various scenarios, but make sure they meet the standard for a hate crime (motivated by a bias).

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Hate Crime Data Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Describe the different ways in which the death of law enforcement officers is tracked by the UCR data.

Ans: In the line of duty, felonious, and accidental.

Learning Objective: 2.1: Identify and distinguish the various data from law enforcement agencies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted (LEOKA) Statistics Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Discuss reasons a victim may not report a crime to the criminal justice system.

Ans: Various. (1) The victim believed nothing could be done about the incident; (2) the victim felt that the crime incident was not important enough to report to the police; (3) the victim perceived the incident was too private or personal; and (4) the victim thought that the police would not want to be inconvenienced with the crime incident.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Discuss various reasons law enforcement may use data from the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS).

Ans: (1) To enhance citizen cooperation with officials in deterring and detecting crime, (2) to establish special police strike forces to combat those crimes that the NCVS reported as being most prevalent, and (3) to develop street and park lighting programs in those areas with high reported crime rates.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Data From Victims of Crime: The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Describe the limitations to the NCVS. Ans: Multiple answers.

Learning Objective: 2.2: Distinguish key features and some of the major limitations associated with the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Limitations of the NCVS Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Compare and contrast the NCVS and UCR. Ans: First, each program was developed to serve different purposes. Second, while both programs collect information on overlapping types of crimes, these types of crimes are not necessarily identical. Third, the UCR and the NCVS programs use different methods to collect crime data. Thus, for some crimes, they use different definitions. Various other answers are included in the chapter.

Learning Objective: 2.3: Distinguish the major differences between the Uniform Crime Reports and the National Crime Victimization Survey.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Comparing the NCVS With Uniform Crime Reports Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Explain how Monitoring the Future is considered a self-report survey.

Ans: It is an annual survey that asks kids to report on their drug use.

Learning Objective: 2.4: Identify different types of self-report surveys.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Data From Self-Report Surveys Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Explain the benefits of spatial analysis for the criminal justice field.

Ans: This interest in crime places “spans theory from the perspective of understanding the etiology of crime, and practice from the perspective of developing effective criminal justice interventions to reduce crime.” Thus, rather than attempting to understand crime from an individual perspective, spatial analysis also incorporates where and when crimes occur. This perspective can then assist in efforts to reduce future criminal activity.

Learning Objective: 2.5: Describe additional data collection methods used for more specific purposes or specific populations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Spatial Analyses of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 3: THE CLASSICAL SCHOOL OF CRIMINOLOGICAL THOUGHT

Multiple Choice 1. When was the concept of human decision-making and natural culpability acknowledged? a. Renaissance b. Age of Enlightenment c. Reformatory movement d. Classical School Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A government, according to Cesare Beccaria, should strive for the greatest amount of happiness shared by the greatest number of people. This concept is termed ______. a. free will b. utilitarianism c. culpability d. authoritarianism Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Influences on Beccaria and His Writings Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The first rational choice theory that arose during the Age of Enlightenment period was ______. a. social control theory b. general behavior c. deterrence theory d. none of these Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A period of the late-17th century to 18th century in which philosophers and scholars began to emphasize the rights of individuals in society is known as ______. a. Post-classical period of time b. Age of Deterrence c. Age of Enlightenment d. Pre-Classical time period Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. According to Beccaria, perfecting ______ is the “surest but most difficult way to prevent crimes.” a. punishment b. taxes c. family structures d. education Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Classical School theories emphasize individual decision-making regardless of ______. a. extraneous influences b. free will c. culpability d. deterrence Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 7. This is an agreement of citizens promising to abide by the rules or laws set forth by a given society in return for protection. a. utilitarian perspective b. social contract c. hedonistic calculus d. conflict principle Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Thomas Hobbes wrote ______. a. On Crimes and Punishments b. The Hedonistic Calculus c. Leviathan d. The Principles of the Constitution Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Beccaria was behind all of the following modern-day criminal justice beliefs EXCEPT ______. a. cross-examination of witnesses b. offender should be tried by a panel of his or her peers or fellow citizens c. court proceedings should remain private d. laws should be understandable by the public Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 10. ______ is used as the basis for U.S. policies on punishment for criminal activity because it focuses on individual responsibility. a. Evolutionary theories b. Classical School c. Metaphysical theories d. Neoclassical perspective Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Beccaria set the standard for most modern systems of justice in guaranteeing rights to defendants when he reformed certain practices by doing away with ______. a. secret accusations b. public processing c. formal trials d. cross-examination of witnesses Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 12. In many ancient societies, what was the common response if an individual committed a criminal act? a. public shaming b. imprisonment c. perform an exorcism or surgery d. restitution Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 13. One of the unintended outcomes of public trials and punishment was ______. a. deterrence b. public backlash c. involvement in the justice system

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. increases in crime Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What book, written by Thomas Hobbes, proposed one of the first rational theories as to why people committed crime? a. Leviathan b. On Crimes and Punishments c. Criminals in the Making d. The Criminal Man Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The treatment of Jean Valjean in Les Miserables (Valjean receives a lengthy prison sentence after stealing a loaf of bread for his starving loved ones) is an example of what type of government? a. utilitarian b. free will c. authoritarian d. culpability Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 16. U.S. citizens sometimes take for granted the right to a trial by their peers.

During Lenin’s rule, the bench-trials of the old system in Russia produced a conviction rate of almost ______. a. 100% b. 75% c. 50% d. 25% Ans: A

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 17. According to Hobbes, ______ motivates individuals to cooperate in the formation of government and inspires them to obey the laws the government creates. a. compassion b. fear c. anger d. cheerfulness Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Cesare Beccaria is known as all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. Father of Criminal Justice b. Father of the Classical School of Criminology c. Father of Deterrence Theory d. Father of Policing Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Classical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 19. All of the following are explanations given by Beccaria against the death penalty EXCEPT ______. a. violation of social contract b. inhumane punishment c. negative example for society d. ineffective deterrent Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Beccaria’s Ideas of the Death Penalty Difficulty Level: Medium 20. ______ was a form of punishment in which the limbs of a convicted criminal were tied to four horses and ripped from his torso as the horses were made to run in opposite directions. a. Beheading b. Flogging c. Quartering d. Bleeding Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The vital deterrent characteristics of punishment postulated by Beccaria are all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. conforming b. celerity c. severity d. certainty Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Concept of Deterrence and the Three Key Elements of Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 22. The characteristic of punishment postulated by Beccaria that he believed to be the most important was ______. a. conforming b. celerity c. severity d. certainty Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Certainty of Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 23. The modern example of the Three Strikes Rule is given in relation to what characteristic of punishment? a. conforming b. celerity c. severity d. certainty Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Severity of Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Punishment given to an individual meant to prevent or deter other potential offenders from engaging in such criminal activity in the future is called ______ deterrence. a. general b. prevention c. individual d. specific Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Conceptualization of Specific and General Deterrence Difficulty Level: Easy 25. The book The Origin of Species, written by ______, cast doubt on Classical and Neoclassical theories. This book introduced the concept that other influences of human behavior beyond free will and choice were at play. a. Jeremy Bentham b. Cesare Beccaria c. Thomas Hobbes d. Charles Darwin Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Decline of Classical/Neoclassical Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 26. When an individual has ______, they are thought to be oblivious to many of the risks that may result from their behavior.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. unconscious decision-making b. bounded rationality c. ignorant prudence d. reasonableness Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 27. The ______ is the predicted tendency of homicides to increase after an execution, particularly after high-profile executions. a. excitatory effect b. barbarity effect c. brutalization effect d. deterrent effect Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Ideas of the Death Penalty Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Other than free will and rational choice, what other influences on human behavior would Darwin use to explain criminal behavior? a. genetics, psychological defects b. evil spirits, demonic possession c. lack of discipline and self-control d. lack of faith and/or religion Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Decline of Classical/Neoclassical Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Which one of the following punishments is NOT an example of the deterrence framework? a. the death penalty b. three-strikes laws c. scared straight programs d. neighborhood watch programs

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 30. The Neoclassical perspective ______. a. does not take free will into account b. ignores mitigating and aggravating factors c. is the current model for most Western criminal justice systems d. rejects all Classical perspective ideals Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The deterrence theory of crime proposes that ______. a. individuals are not in control of their impulses b. individuals will make rational decisions regarding their behavior c. genetics dictate criminality d. faith in a higher power will reduce criminal urges Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The Panopticon prison design consists of ______. a. a rectangular structure with four floors and an external observation point b. a large square structure with one floor and an internal observation point c. a wagon-wheel design, including a 360-degree central observation point d. a triangular design with an observation point at the point of the triangle Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Impact of Beccaria’s Work on Other Theorists Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 33. Select the aggravating factor below. a. The offender used extreme cruelty and violence when committing a robbery. b. The offender suffered from a severe psychological condition when committing a robbery. c. The offender was only 15 years old when he committed a robbery. d. The offender did not have a weapon and caused no injury when he committed a robbery.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Which statement would a Neoclassical School proponent agree with regarding mitigating and aggravating factors? a. They should never be taken into account. b. They should be taken into account. c. They should only be taken into account for adult offenders. d. These factors do not exist.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Currently, when law enforcement wants to reduce gang activity and drugs in a specific neighborhood, they will usually use ______. a. neighborhood watch groups b. restorative justice c. reduced patrols d. enhanced punishments Ans: D Learning Objective: 3.6: Summarize the impact that the Classical/Neoclassical perspective had on modern criminal justice systems, and identify some of the policy implications that have been implemented based on this theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 36. The deterrence model assumes that individuals ______. a. are rational and think carefully before committing crimes b. are not in control of their emotions or actions c. are incapable of making a cost–benefit analysis d. are driven by spiritual forces to act a certain way Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.6: Summarize the impact that the Classical/Neoclassical perspective had on modern criminal justice systems, and identify some of the policy implications that have been implemented based on this theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Which government applied Beccaria’s ideas most strictly? a. the United States b. Germany c. France d. Russia Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Which one of Beccaria’s ideas was rejected by the French? a. the concept of deterrence b. ignoring the intent of offenders c. punishment should be swift d. public knowledge of punishments Ans: B Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which two crimes did Beccaria consider the most heinous? a. treason and espionage b. murder and rape

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. robbery and assault d. kidnapping and arson Ans: A Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Summary of Beccaria’s Ideas and Influence on Policy Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Which selection is NOT one of Beccari’s reasons for advocating public punishments? a. It serves as a form of checks and balances on government. b. Citizens are entitled to know these punishments. c. They can serve as entertainment for the public. d. They can have a deterrent effect.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. The death penalty serves as a very effective deterrent against murder crimes.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Of any other perspective to date, deterrence theory has had the most profound impact on justice systems in our nation.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 3. The most important distinction of the Classical School theories is that they emphasize individual decision-making regardless of any extraneous influences on a person’s free will, such as the economy or bonding with society.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The emphasis on individual responsibility is why the Classical School theories are used as the basis for U.S. policies on punishment for criminal activity.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 5. For the vast majority of human civilization’s history, people believed that criminal activity was caused by either supernatural or religious factors.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Utilitarianism is the ideal of the greatest happiness shared by the greatest number.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Influences on Beccaria and His Writings Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Beccaria supported capital punishment.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Beccaria’s Ideas of the Death Penalty Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Beccaria claimed that torture should not be used against defendants.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Ideas of the Death Penalty Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Paradigms before the Enlightenment and contemporary times tended to focus on the human ability to choose one’s own behavior and destiny.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Exorcisms are still used today by some religious institutions, including the Catholic Church.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 11. All the Enlightenment philosophers had one common belief: punishment.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment Difficulty Level: Medium 12. One of the most common supernatural beliefs of primitive cultures was that the moon, in its fullest state, was a trigger for criminal activity.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Beccaria claimed torture should not be used against defendants. Although some countries still use torture, the former U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzalez wrote a memo stating that torture of terrorist suspects by the U.S. military was not to be condoned.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Beccaria claimed to know the most certain way to reduce crime: “The surest but most difficult way to prevent crimes is by perfecting education.”

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The legal term for intent is known as actus reus.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Some of the primitive theories of crime and delinquency accurately predicted who would commit offenses.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Celerity of sentencing is related to the deterrence aspect of punishment, according to Beccaria.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Beccaria’s Concept of Deterrence and the Three Key Elements of Punishment Difficulty Level: Medium 18. The idea of hedonistic calculus was proposed by Beccaria and was an idea from the Classical School of thought.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Impact of Beccaria’s Work on Other Theorists Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Most of the Western world still uses the Classical/Neoclassical frameworks for their criminal justice systems.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Decline of Classical/Neoclassical Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The Classical/Neoclassical perspective fell out of favor with researchers and academics in the field of criminology more than a century ago.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.5: Discuss why the Classical School explanation of crime fell out of favor in the late 19th Century.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Cesare Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham were both proponents of pre-classical theories of criminal behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Classical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 22. States with the death penalty have lower murder rates than states with the death penalty.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The majority of Americans polled were in favor of the death penalty for those convicted of murder.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 24. All primitive forms of punishment, such as stoning and flogging, have been eradicated worldwide.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Utilitarianism is a philosophical concept that relates to the idea of the greatest good for the greatest number.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. What was considered the first rational theory of criminal activity? Provide an example.

Ans: Deterrence theory. Various examples.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What is hedonistic calculus?

Ans: Weighing of pleasure versus pain by individuals during decision-making process.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Impact of Beccaria’s Work on Other Theorists Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Explain the idea of a social contract. Give an example of a liberty we give up in order to maintain acceptance of the social contract.

Ans: An unspecified arrangement among citizens in which they promise the state or government not to commit offenses against other citizens, and in turn, they gain protection from being violated by other citizens. Examples include following traffic codes, giving up of any liberties that are forbidden by law. Students must come up with original answers of a liberty we give up for protection.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment Difficulty Level: Hard 4. All Classical School theories share what important common theme?

Ans: Individuals commit crimes because they identify certain situations and actions as beneficial due to a perceived lack of punishment and likelihood of profit.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Cesare Beccaria believed that the social contract should be fair for all (a fair deal). Discuss what this means.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: The social contract should be fair for both the government and the people; therefore, actions or punishments carried out by the government that violate the overall sense of unity will not be accepted by the populace.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Influences on Beccaria and His Writings Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Although the Pre-Classical perspective is that a full moon causes primitive and violent behavior, the Classical School and modern studies contend that the moon affects crime in a different way. How? Ans: There are simply more opportunities to commit crime when the moon is full: more light.

Learning Objective: 3.1: Identify the early theories as to why individuals have committed violent and other deviant acts for most of human civilization.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Pre-Classical Perspectives on Crime and Punishment Difficulty Level: Hard 7. The idea that laws should be more understandable for the public is related to what Enlightenment ideal?

Ans: The idea that individuals have free will and if they understand the laws and consequences correctly, they will choose not to commit crime.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 8. “The impression of pain may become so great that, filling the entire sensory capacity of the tortured person, it leaves him free only to choose what for the moment is the shortest way of escape from pain.” Explain what Beccaria was saying in this quote.

Ans: Beccaria doubted the relevance of any information obtained via torture and believed it to be truly barbaric.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 9. Describe how you think Beccaria would react to our current criminal justice system’s high incarceration, use of the death penalty, incarceration of mentally ill, and racial and social class disparities.

Ans: Beccaria would not approve of the current U.S. system because it goes against his philosophy. There are various explanations that can be used.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Classical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Beccaria states, “Of two men, equally innocent or equally guilty, the strong and courageous will be acquitted, the weak and timid condemned.” Is this true of the U.S. modern criminal justice system?

Ans: Students should give original answers to why they believe this to be true or false.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Medium 11. How is Classical theory different from Neoclassical theory?

Ans: They have the same key propositions, except neoclassical theory takes into account mitigating and aggravating factors when deciding the sentence for a given criminal activity.

Learning Objective: 3.4: Explain what the Neoclassical School of criminology contributed to the propositions of the Classical School that led most of the Western world (including the United States) to embrace this model as the major paradigm for the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 12. According to Hobbes, if a government does not punish those individuals that break their laws, what can happen?

Ans: Breakdown of social order.

Learning Objective: 3.2: Summarize how the Age of Enlightenment drastically altered the theories of how and why individuals commit crimes, as well as how it changed criminal justice policies.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Age of Enlightenment Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 13. According to Beccaria, how can too much or too little severity in punishment lead to more crime? Explain both.

Ans: The penalty must outweigh the potential benefits. If severity is too little, individuals will not be deterred; if the punishment is too severe, individuals may take extreme measures to not be captured, even killing people to avoid apprehension.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Severity of Punishment Difficulty Level: Hard 14. How has deterrence theory shaped our criminal justice system? Explain what deterrence theory is and give examples of how it has shaped the way we have responded to crime as a nation.

Ans: Students should give original answers to why deterrence theory has shaped our criminal justice system, something along the lines of we believe that punishment will deter individuals from committing crime in the first place or from committing more crimes. This thought process has been the cornerstone of why we have developed sanctions and punishments.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: The Neoclassical School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Cesare Beccaria states that, “The true measure of crimes is namely the harm done to society.” Explain how this statement relates to his ideas concerning free will, the social contract, individual choice, utilitarianism, and Enlightenment ideals overall.

Ans: Beccaria believed that all individuals have the free will and choice to either commit crime or not. Based on the social contract, individuals give up some liberties and rights in order to be protected by their government from other individuals and unfair treatment. A government should strive for equal protection and the greatest good for the greatest number of people (utilitarianism).

Therefore, crimes should be viewed as harming society as a whole, not just the individual harm done.

Learning Objective: 3.3: Describe how Cesare Beccaria’s work influenced criminal justice systems throughout the world, and discuss the concepts and propositions recommended in his book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Beccaria’s Proposed Reforms and Ideas of Justice Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 4: CONTEMPORARY CLASSICAL AND DETERRENCE RESEARCH

Multiple Choice 1. ______ is an explanation of crime that assumes crime and victimization are highest in places where three factors come together in time and place: motivated offenders, suitable or attractive targets, and absence of a guardian. a. Lifestyle theory b. Deterrence theory c. Neoclassical theory d. Routine activities theory Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Routine Activities Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ assumes that individuals are rational and weigh the potential benefits against the potential costs of engaging in a criminal act. a. Rational choice theory b. Traditional deterrence theory c. Classical theory d. Routine activities theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The three elements of routine activities theory are ______. a. capable guardian, poverty, and gangs b. attractive targets, absence of a guardian, and motivated offender c. capable guardian, poverty, and businesses d. little kids, absence of a guardian, and motivated offender Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Three Elements of Routine Activities Theory Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. All of the following are considered formal controls or sanctions EXCEPT ______. a. community acceptance b. courts c. jail or prison d. law enforcement Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Formal Versus Informal Deterrence Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Studies have shown that informal sanctions provided the most deterrent effects for individuals considering crime and led to the creation of ______ theory. a. routine activities b. lifestyle c. rational choice d. deterrence Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formal Versus Informal Deterrence Difficulty Level: Medium 6. ______ are a collection of studies, generally on a particular topic. These types of studies were popular in the late 1960s to test the deterrence model. a. Longitudinal studies b. Aggregate studies c. Cross-sectional studies d. Scenario studies Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aggregate Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Identification of the experiential effect was the primary contribution of ______ studies of deterrence. a. longitudinal b. aggregate c. cross-sectional

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. scenario Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Deterrence research has shifted away from aggregate level units of analysis and toward ______ level. a. family b. national c. group d. individual Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Aggregate Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 9. When research is conducted or data collected at one point in time, it is termed ______. a. longitudinal studies b. aggregate studies c. cross-sectional studies d. scenario studies Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Cross-sectional studies usually involve data collection in ______ format. a. survey b. observational c. secondary data d. group Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Studies Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 11. Cross-sectional studies have found that the ______ of punishment was strongly associated with intentions to commit future crimes. a. certainty b. severity c. celerity d. conformity Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Peers have a profound impact on individual perceptions of the pros and cons of offending. When one sees one’s friends getting away with crimes, the perceived risk of punishment ______. a. is increased b. is decreased c. remains stagnant Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Your textbook discusses the ______ study, which applied routine activities theory. a. Oregon Hot Spots b. Colorado Hot Spots c. Nebraska Hot Spots d. Minneapolis Hot Spots Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Minneapolis Hot Spots Study Difficulty Level: Easy 14. According to the Minneapolis, Minnesota, study, of the top 10 locations police were called, half were ______. a. bars or places alcohol was served b. malls c. vacant house d. bus depots Ans: A

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Minneapolis Hot Spots Study Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Global positioning systems (GPS) have been used by authorities to predict all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. areas with low fear of crime b. where chronic offenders will strike next c. serial killer locations d. areas needing increased police presence Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crime Mapping and Geographic Profiling Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Which one of the following groups of people are the least likely to be victimized? a. young males b. individuals in their teens through 20s c. elderly d. individuals with “deviant lifestyles” Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Lifestyles Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Many researchers content that lifestyle theory is merely an extension of ______, offering no new revelations for why some individuals are victimized more than others. a. routine activities theory b. rational choice theory c. deterrence theory d. lifestyle theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Lifestyles Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Aggregate studies have shown evidence that an increased certainty of punishment was associated with ______ crime for most serious offenses. a. more b. no change in

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. less d. white collar Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aggregate Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 19. This type of research asks individuals to estimate their immediate intent to commit a criminal act in a given situation and their immediate perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment. a. longitudinal studies b. aggregate studies c. cross-sectional studies d. scenario studies Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scenario/Vignette Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Robert Martinson’s review of ______ concluded that “nothing works” because offending was not reduced. a. corrections b. courts c. rehabilitative programs d. criminal justice systems Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Rebirth of Deterrence Theory and Contemporary Research Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Which theory is NOT influenced by Beccaria’s emphasis on free will and choice? a. routine activities theory b. rational choice theory c. lifestyles perspective d. trait theory Ans: D

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Which statement most closely conforms with the lifestyles perspective? a. Crime can happen anywhere at any time; no matter what a person does, there is no avoiding it. b. People who choose to drink to excess at a bar every night are asking to be mugged. c. Some people are just born to be criminals and some are just born to be victims. d. A person’s upbringing can have a strong influence on whether or not they become successful later in life.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Lifestyles Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Crime mapping and geographical profiling is an application of which theory? a. lifestyles perspective b. routine activities theory c. rational choice theory d. trait theory Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crime Mapping and Geographic Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Which theory matches the statement, “Eliminating visible signs of crime helps reduce crime”? a. rational choice theory b. lifestyles perspective c. broken windows perspective d. neoclassical perspective Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 25. One study from California suggested that “three strikes” laws reduced crime, but studies conducted elsewhere showed that they ______. a. either had no effect on crime or actually increased it b. only reduced crime during the summer months c. only reduced juvenile crime d. always increased violent crimes Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Longitudinal research done in the 1980s and 1990s indicated that behavior was influencing perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing behavior. This was due to the ______. a. rational choice theory b. experiential effect c. aggregate effect d. extraneous effect Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Studies have consistently shown that official deterrence is highly ineffective against criminal acts that involve immediate payoff for ______. a. elderly females b. middle-aged males c. young males d. young females Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Research indicates that chronic offenders are the least likely to be deterred by the threatened punishments of our society because they ______. a. aren’t aware of any official punishments b. have a high exoneration rate c. have a subconscious desire to be caught d. have so little to lose Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 29. What do we call studies that involve providing participants with specific hypothetical scenarios and then asking them what they would do in each situation? a. scenario research b. longitudinal studies c. aggregate studies d. cross-sectional studies Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scenario/Vignette Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Studies have shown a/an ______ correlation between what one reports doing in a given scenario and what one would do in real life. a. low b. high c. non-existent d. converse Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Scenario/Vignette Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Which group is most likely to avoid crime due to informal deterrence? a. Caucasians b. African-Americans c. females

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. males Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formal Versus Informal Deterrence Difficulty Level: Medium 32. The most significant work that brought rational choice theory into the mainstream of criminological research was The Reasoning Criminal: Rational Choice Perspectives on Offending written by ______. a. Cornish and Clarke b. Gottfredson and Hirschi c. Sampson and Laub d. Cohen and Felson Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Jack Katz’ Seductions of Crime emphasized the ______ committing crime for the first time, mostly the inherent physiological pleasure of committing crime. a. negative effects b. benefits of c. psychosis of d. financial losses of Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 34. What is a “motivated offender”, according to the routine activities theory? a. someone who is likely to commit a crime, statistically speaking b. a criminal who scores high on tests that measure ambition c. a criminal who is highly educated d. an offender who has a history of financial success Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Motivated Offender(s)

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Which group below is least likely to be deemed a “suitable target” according to the routine activities theory? a. a bar that serves alcohol b. a vacant home (owners are on vacation) c. a woman riding on a crowded train during rush hour d. an unlocked car Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Suitable Targets Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Examples of guardianship in the context of routine activities theory include: police officers, security guards, household dogs, alarms, and ______. a. increased lighting b. gang members c. a crowded subway d. a strip mall Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lack of Guardianship Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Many cities applied the broken windows perspective from the late 1990s to the mid-2000s and cracked down on minor offenses to reduce major crime. The result was ______. a. crime actually increased in these cities b. crime decreased in only these cities and rose elsewhere c. crime decreased in these cities and elsewhere equally d. crime stayed the same in these cities Ans: C Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Three-strikes policies are severe, but they ______. a. always reduce crime b. are not always swift or certain c. never have any effect on crime d. always increase crime

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 39. A teenager who is forced to wear a sign that says “Smoked pot, got caught!

Don’t I look cool? NOT!” is participating in a shaming strategy and is being influenced by a/an ______. a. informal form of deterrence b. formal form of deterrence c. motivated offender d. suitable target Ans: A Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Although the Classical/Neoclassical model fell out of favor in terms of criminological theorizing for about 100 years, it experienced a rebirth in ______. a. the 1910s and 1920s b. the 1920s and 1930s c. the 1940s and 1950s d. the 1960s and 1970s Ans: D Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Rebirth of Deterrence Theory and Contemporary Research Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, the Beccarian model of offending experienced a rebirth largely due to scientific reviews showing that the rehabilitation programs popular during the 1960s had virtually no impact in reducing recidivism among offenders, especially chronic offenders.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Rebirth of Deterrence Theory and Contemporary Research Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Aggregate studies are a collection of studies, generally on a particular topic.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aggregate Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Aggregate studies conducted in the 1960s showed evidence that increased risk or certainty of punishment was not associated with less crime for most serious offenses.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aggregate Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Studies that collect data primarily from one point in time are known as crosssectional studies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Longitudinal research studies found behavior was influencing perceptions of the risk and severity of punishment more than perceptions were influencing behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The experiential effect is the extent to which previous experience affects individuals’ perceptions of how severe criminal punishment will be when deciding whether or not to offend again.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Vignettes are short interviews.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scenario/Vignette Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 8. An example of informal deterrent effects would be the involvement of law enforcement, courts, and corrections.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 9. People who fear punishment cannot be effectively deterred.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Informal sanctions and controls matter the most to the majority of society, as compared with other sanctions.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Formal Versus Informal Deterrence Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Most offenders who are arrested are arrested again throughout their lifetime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aggregate Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The physiological pleasures of committing crime were emphasized for the first time in Jack Katz’s 1988 publication Seductions of Crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Males are more influenced by shame and moral beliefs when deciding to commit offenses as compared with females.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Global positioning systems (GPS) used by police departments have been used to catch serial killers in the past.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crime Mapping and Geographic Profiling Difficulty Level: Easy 15. According to studies, most people who have never driven drunk have an unrealistically high likelihood of arrest.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Run down motels and strip malls are examples of “hot spots”.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Minneapolis Hot Spots Study Difficulty Level: Easy 17. The aggregate studies of the 1960s resulted in a complete rejection of Beccaria’s ideas.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Aggregate Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Cross-sectional studies focus on individual perceptions of certainty and severity of sanctions.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cross-Sectional Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The modern classical school theories are highly consistent with the conservative “get tough” movement that started in the mid-1970s.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Vignettes are short, descriptive sketches used in scenario studies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scenario/Vignette Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Scenario research relies on individual perceptions across long stretches of time.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Scenario/Vignette Studies

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 22. A person’s fear of being assaulted in prison is a formal deterrent.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formal Versus Informal Deterrence Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Rational choice theory assumes that individuals are in control of their impulses.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Rational Choice Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 24. No correlation exists between excessive alcohol consumption and committing crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Routine Activities Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Most experts agree that the risk of getting caught driving drunk is very high.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Aggregate studies revealed a new interest in deterrence and supported the importance of what two Beccarian ideas?

Ans: Certainty and severity Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aggregate Studies

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Why do individuals who have been arrested for driving drunk predict the future chances of being caught as low?

Ans: Chronic drunk drivers have typically been driving under the influence for many years, most of the time without being caught.

Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Develop a vignette for use in a scenario research project. How would this vignette help determine individual perceptions of certainty and severity of punishment?

Ans: Students must develop their own original answers for a vignette.

Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Scenario/Vignette Studies Difficulty Level: Hard 4. What is the experiential effect? Give an example. Can this effect be combated or changed, and if so, how?

Ans: Extent to which previous experience affects individuals’ perceptions of how severe criminal punishment will be when deciding whether or not to offend again.

An example given in the text is drunk driving. Students must give original answers as to how this may be combated or changed.

Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What is a hot spot? How do police departments use GPS (global positioning systems) software in relation to hot spots, and what can it help to predict? How can police departments use this information to serve the public better?

Ans: A hot spot is where all three factors from routine activities theory converge, areas that have high crime rates or specific types of crime in the area. Police departments use GPS to identify and plot exact locations of every crime to solve and/or predict various crimes. It is also used to predict where certain chronic offenders will strike next. GPS helps authorities determine where they should concentrate their efforts.

Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Minneapolis Hot Spots Study

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What is one of the major issues concerning deterrence theory?

Ans: Some populations cannot be deterred because of their social or economic standings; the individuals we most want to deter are the least likely to be deterred.

Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Longitudinal Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Provide examples of informal and formal social control.

Ans: Formal/official deterrence: deterrent effects of law enforcement, courts, and corrections. Informal deterrence: factors like family, church, or friends that do not involve official aspects of criminal justice, such as police, courts, and corrections (e.g., prisons).

Learning Objective: 4.2: Name the components of rational choice theory that were not included or emphasized by traditional Classical/deterrence theory in explaining criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Formal Versus Informal Deterrence Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Give two (2) examples of a hot spot.

Ans: Bars, malls, bus depots.

Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Minneapolis Hot Spots Study Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Explain lifestyles theory.

Ans: The lifestyles theory claims that individuals increase their probability of becoming victims (as well as offenders) according to the type of lifestyle they choose. However, some recent reviews of the literature have noted the strong, perhaps even redundant, relationship between lifestyles theory and the more established routine activities theory.

Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Lifestyles Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Create a policy implication that can be derived from the theories and scientific findings of this chapter.

Ans: Multiple, but begins talking about ideas on page 102.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 4.4: Provide examples of modern-day applications and policies that most apply Beccaria’s principles and the Classical/Neoclassical school.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard 11. How can increased lighting be considered a form of guardianship?

Ans: Having increased lighting protects a place from being victimized because it deters offenders by not providing them a place to hide from the view of others.

Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lack of Guardianship Difficulty Level: Hard 12. Why are establishments that serve alcohol, such as a bar, a typical target for motivated offenders?

Ans: They are full of suitable targets (intoxicated individuals are easier to steal from as compared to those that are not) and typically have a lower level of guardianship.

Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Lack of Guardianship Difficulty Level: Medium 13. How is certainty of punishment typically measured in studies (name one of the two)?

Ans: Ratio of crimes reported to police compared with the number of arrests in a given jurisdiction or percentage of arrests that result in convictions.

Learning Objective: 4.1: Explain why modern deterrence research underwent a rebirth, and identify the four waves of modern deterrence research.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Aggregate Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 14. According to routine activities theory, crime and victimization are highest in places where what three (3) factors come together? Explain each factor and give an example of a crime where all three (3) factors are present.

Ans: Motivated offender—certain individuals tend to be motivated to commit crime or be delinquent. Example: drunk male. Suitable or attractive targets— places that have higher rates of victimization because they are easier to target.

Example: unlocked car. Absence of a guardian—no police or security are present. This can even mean a house alarm, dog, home owner, or even increased lighting. Example: no police or security.

Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Routine Activities Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Create a scenario of a crime that was committed that would be supported under routine activities theory.

Ans: Multiple scenarios.

Learning Objective: 4.3: List the three key elements of routine activities theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Routine Activities Theory Difficulty Level: Hard

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 5: EARLY POSITIVISM: BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF CRIME

Multiple Choice 1. Scientists and academics became aware that the Classical School of criminology and deterrence framework did not explain ______. a. what could stop individuals from committing crime b. where most crimes were occurring c. why individuals committed crime d. the distribution of crime Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 2. The emphasis on science in criminology started in the ______ and provided a basis for what continues today. a. mid-1700s b. mid-1800s c. mid-1900s d. beginning of the 21st century Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ is the perspective that assumes individuals have no free will to control their behavior. a. Classical School b. Positive School c. Evolutionary theory d. Neoclassical School Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Later studies of craniometry revealed ______ between size of the skull/brain and certain behaviors or personality traits. a. a small correlation b. a large correlation c. no correlation d. an unknown correlation Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Craniometry Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ is the science of determining human disposition based on distinctions (bumps) in the skull. a. Craniometry b. Phrenology c. Atavism d. Physiognomy Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Phrenology Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Darwin’s theory laid the groundwork for what major scientific theory of crime? a. rational choice b. craniometry c. routine activities d. born criminals Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Physiognomy Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 7. Sheldon’s theoretical approach, which was based on body typing, was largely known as ______. a. endotyping b. cromotyping c. somatotyping d. phrenology Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Medium 8. According to Sheldon, all embryos must develop ______ distinct tissue layers, which are still acknowledged by perinatal medical researchers. a. four b. five c. three d. six Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The lowest group on the ranked order of low IQ individuals according to Goddard was the ______. a. morons b. idiots c. imbeciles d. fools Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Easy 10. When Goddard determined that his IQ measurement was flawed, he lowered the criteria for mental age from 12 to ______. a. 4 b. 5

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. 8 d. 10 Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Easy 11. According to Goddard, the biggest threat to the progress of humanity and the genetic pool was the ______. a. moron b. idiot c. imbecile d. fool Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Which researcher first developed the measurement we know today as IQ? a. Goddard b. Darwin c. Lombroso d. Binet Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: After Lombroso: The IQ-Testing Era Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Lombroso’s model of stigmata as predictors of antisocial problems is more accepted by ______ than they are by ______. a. criminologists; political science b. modern medical science; criminologists c. criminologists; modern medical science d. political science; criminologists Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Several perspectives were created in the mid-1800s that were focused on determining which individuals or groups were most likely to commit crime. These perspectives were likely developed in relation to ______. a. women’s rights b. class relationships c. slavery d. prisoner rights Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is the ______. a. occipital lobe b. right temporal lobe c. left temporal lobe d. frontal lobe Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Phrenology Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Stigmata not only consisted of deviant facial and bodily features that a person could be born with but also some extra physiological features that were not congenital, such as ______. a. tattoos b. simian crease c. malformed ears d. head circumference Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 17. Which individual is known for labeling low IQ as feeble-mindedness? a. Goddard b. Binet c. Sheldon d. Lombroso Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Which individual is known for saying people were born criminal? a. Goddard b. Binet c. Sheldon d. Lombroso Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 19. All of the following are policy implications derived from the theories and findings discussed in Chapter 5 EXCEPT ______. a. medical screening at birth for MPAs b. mandatory co-ed classes at all grade levels c. mandatory health insurance for pregnant mothers and children d. youth screening for abnormal levels of hormones, neurotransmitters, and toxins Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium Questions 20–40 written by Bastien.

20. MPAs are red flags signaling problems, especially in ______ ability, that are likely to significantly impact criminal behavior. a. cognitive b. athletic c. economic

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. tactile Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Certain school districts have implemented same-sex classes in response to the influence of Lombroso’s theories. What is the likely reason why? a. So teachers can screen for MPAs, such as malformed ears and the simian crease. b. Because research has shown that males and females are predisposed to excel and/or fail in different academic areas. c. To test hypotheses of Social Darwinism, such as “survival of the fittest” and natural selection. d. To start administering surveys about future criminality as soon as possible.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard 22. What do we call the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction?

Ans: a. atavism b. phrenology c. eugenics d. physiognomy Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 23. What is the belief that the size of the brain or skull represents the superiority or inferiority of certain individuals or ethnic/racial groups? a. etymology b. phrenology c. craniometry d. physiognomy Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Craniometry Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Which tenet of phrenology turned out to be correct? a. The shape of the skull conforms to the shape of the brain. b. Certain parts of the brain are responsible for specific tasks. c. Human dispositions can be predicted by bumps on the skull. d. A bump on an individual’s skull indicates a brain abnormality.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Phrenology Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Modern scientific studies show that perhaps the most vital part of the brain in terms of criminality regarding trauma is in the area ______. a. above the left ear b. above the right ear c. at the base of the skull d. at the top of the skull Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Phrenology Difficulty Level: Medium 26. What is the study of facial and other bodily aspects to identify developmental problems, such as criminality? a. phrenology b. physiognomy c. entomology d. epistemology Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Physiognomy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Who is considered the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School for his contributions to the field in the late 19th century? a. Charles Darwin b. Robert D. Hare c. Enrico Ferri d. Cesare Lombroso Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Which statement below is consistent with Lombroso’s Theory of Crime? a. Environmental factors, such as pollution and climate, are the strongest predictors of future criminal behavior. b. People who are serious criminals are manifestations of lower forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression. c. Governments should create alternative ways of punishing criminals, such as community service or restorative justice. d. Individuals under the age of 18 should not face penalties for engaging in criminal behavior.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 29. According to Lombroso, what is the best way for societies to prevent crime? a. by identifying born criminals through stigmata b. by treating future criminals through psychotherapy c. by offering service to parents of targeted children d. by paying criminals not to reproduce Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Physical manifestations of the atavism of an individual that indicate features of a prior evolutionary stage of development are called ______.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. adaptism b. stigmata c. etiology d. attribution Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 31. The manifestation of more than ______ stigmata indicates that an individual is atavistic and thus a born criminal. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9 Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The statement, “Human behavior and the choices we make are not purely the result of free will and choice,” is best supported by the idea of ______. a. deterrence b. rationalism c. determinism d. classicalism Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School.

Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Malformed ears, a furrowed tongue, and a simian crease are all examples of ______. a. MPAs b. encoding c. habituation d. craniography Ans: A

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 34. The quantified measure of IQ was originated by ______. a. Cesare Lombroso b. Charles Darwin c. H.H. Goddard d. Alfred Binet Ans: D Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Who believed IQ was static and could not be changed. a. Cesare Lombroso b. Charles Darwin c. H.H. Goddard d. Alfred Binet Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Medium 36. What term did Goddard use to call people with below-average intelligence? a. savants b. feeble-mindedness c. sapere d. prodigy-mindedness Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Easy 37. An important study conducted in the 1970s by Travis Hirschi and Michael Hindelang found that even among youths in the same race and social class the IQs of delinquents or criminals were ______. a. about 10 points lower than those of noncriminals

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. no different than those of noncriminals c. about 10 points higher than those of noncriminals d. unable to be tested due to question bias Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reexamining Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 38. Scoring low on ______ intelligence has been found to be a predictor of future criminality. a. mathematical b. spatial c. verbal d. kinesthetic Ans: C Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reexamining Intelligence Difficulty Level: Medium 39. The ranking of body type and linking it to the risk of criminal behavior is called ______. a. phrenology b. somatotyping c. physiotyping d. body-mapping Ans: B Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Sheldon claimed that obese people were endomorphic and had this type of jolly and lazy personality. a. viscerotonic b. somatotonic c. cerebrotonic d. entemotonic Ans: A Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Eugenics is the study of and policies related to improvement of the human race via control over selective reproduction.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Atavism is the belief that certain characteristics or behaviors of a person are throwbacks to an earlier stage of evolutionary development.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Lombroso’s documentation of some of the tattoos he saw on known criminal offenders included many tattoos that featured female names or some motto such as “born under an unlucky star” or “man of misfortune.” ______ Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The front portion of the brain is called the splenium.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Craniometry Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Lombroso examined the bodies of captured war criminals in his research concerning the born criminal.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata Difficulty Level: Easy 6. According to modern-day criminologists, Darwin’s theory is very relevant to today’s society.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals Difficulty Level: Hard 7. If people are born criminals, we can prevent them by medicating them at birth.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The Positive School is a perspective that assumes individuals have free will to control their behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Biological Theories of Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 9. According to Lombroso, people who are serious criminals are manifestations of higher forms of humanity in terms of evolutionary progression.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Lombroso was called as an expert witness in criminal trials to determine the guilt or innocence of the suspects.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 11. According to modern science and the creator of the measure, IQ cannot be changed. Whatever IQ individuals are born with stays with them the rest of their lives.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: After Lombroso: The IQ-Testing Era Difficulty Level: Easy 12. The various bumps in the skull used to determine human dispositions were believed to conform to the shape of the brain.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Phrenology Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Most entering freshmen in Ivy League schools, especially Harvard, were asked to pose in three positions for photos in Sheldon’s studies. Many politicians who have been in the news in the past few years were participants in his studies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Sheldon tested his theory using poor methodology, and his validity was weak.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 15. Lombroso claimed that his list of stigmata could identify a born criminal by his or her facial features.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Lombroso’s theories were published a decade before any of Darwin’s writings.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Lombroso is considered the Father of the Positive School of criminology because he was the first to gain prominence in identifying factors beyond free will as the reason for criminal behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School.

Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Studies show that more than 90% of the world’s population have chosen the same religious affiliation as their parents or caretakers.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School.

Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Lombroso’s ideas had little influence or impact during his lifetime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 20. No modern scientific studies support the idea that MPAs indicate future behavioral problems.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Alfred Binet believed that a person's IQ could change over one’s lifetime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: After Lombroso: The IQ-Testing Period Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Goddard believed men were better than women at detecting feeblemindedness.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Goddard called the least intelligent group in the feeble-mindedness category “idiots”.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Easy 24. There were two groups of people in Goddard’s feeble-mindedness category.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 25. In the 1920s, the Supreme Court banned the practice of sterilizing feebleminded individuals.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 5.5: Identify and explain some of the policy implications that used Lombroso’s theory and IQ testing as a theoretical framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sterilization Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. Explain Lombroso’s idea of the born criminal and atavism. What did the concept of the born criminal mean for the criminal justice system? Can they be reformed or rehabilitated? Why or why not.

Ans: Born criminals are those that are born deviant and antisocial and are the most serious and violent criminal in a society. These individuals cannot deviate from their natural tendencies. These individuals cannot be reformed because they will always revert back to their natural-born tendencies to commit crime.

They should be singled out by the criminal justice system and identified early to prevent or reduce crimes. An atavist is a person or particular feature of an individual that is a throwback to an earlier stage of evolutionary development.

They are similar to the earlier stages of humankind, like the missing link.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Explain what positivism and determinism are. How is Lombroso associated with this school of thought? Give two (2) examples of real-life situations in which determinism has affected individual decisions and explain.

Ans: Positivism and determinism are based on the idea that most human behavior is determined by factors beyond free will and free choice. This assumes human beings do not decide how they will act by rationally thinking through costs and benefits of the situation. Lombroso’s idea of the born criminal assumes individuals do not decide whether or not to be criminal; they are born with that predisposition. Students must give real-life examples. Career paths or religion are the examples listed in the book.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School Difficulty Level: Hard

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 3. Explain determinism.

Ans: Determinism is the idea that most human behavior is determined by factors beyond free will and free choice (i.e., the Classical School). In other words, determinism (i.e., the Positive School) assumes that human beings do not decide how they will act by rationally thinking through the costs and benefits of a given situation. Rather, the Positive School is based on the fundamental belief that factors outside of free will and choice—such as biological, psychological, and sociological variables—determine the choices we make regarding all types of behavior, especially decisions of whether or not to engage in criminal activity.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain the three (3) different body types according to William Sheldon and how they relate to individual personality traits and temperament. What group had the highest propensity for criminality, and why?

Ans: The three groups were called endomorph, mesomorph, and ectomorph.

Endomorphs are obese. Mesomorphs are muscular or athletic build. Ectomorphs are thin. The endomorph tended to be more jolly or lazy. The mesomorph typically had risk-taking and aggressive temperament. The ectomorph tended to be introverted and shy. Mesomorphs had greatest propensity for criminality due to their risk-taking and aggressive dispositions.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Lombroso’s theory was largely based on certain groups being atavistic. What did this mean?

Ans: A person or particular feature of an individual is a throwback to an earlier stage of evolutionary development.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lombroso’s Theory of Atavism and Born Criminals Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What is craniometry? What did craniometry studies find concerning ethnic groups and portions of the brain?

Ans: Craniometry emphasized the belief that the size of the brain or skull reflected superiority or inferiority, with larger brains and skills being considered

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 superior. White, Western European individuals were far superior to other ethnic groups in terms of larger circumference or volume in skull or brain size. The front portion of the brain was larger in superior individuals or groups, with the hind portion of the brain being larger in lesser individuals and groups.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Craniometry Difficulty Level: Medium 7. How did Goddard use the concept of IQ testing? How was his concept of the IQ different than the original premise of the measure? How could these ideas and assumptions affect policies and practices of the criminal justice system?

Ans: Goddard twisted the assumptions and propositions for use in deporting, incapacitating, sterilizing, and ridding society of low-IQ individuals, tested immigrants. Goddard believed IQ did not change and could not be changed, even with training. He believed it passed from generation to generation. Students must give original answers to how this may affect the criminal justice system. The system could identify individuals who have low IQs and single them out for programs or as criminals at an early age. They would deal with individuals with low IQs differently than the general public.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Should an individual’s IQ be taken into account when they have committed a crime? Make sure your argument ties in Goddard’s theories.

Ans: Varies dependent on perspective. If student agrees with Goddard, he or she should talk about his IQ theory with pros, and if he or she disagree, cons.

Learning Objective: 5.3: Discuss the shift to more psychological areas, namely IQ testing, and how it affected the field in terms of policy and thinking about individuals’ risk of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Goddard’s IQ Test Difficulty Level: Medium 9. How does examining the tattoos of criminals not coincide with Lombroso’s born criminal theory?

Ans: Individuals are not born with tattoos.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Application

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Lombroso’s List of Stigmata Difficulty Level: Hard 10. How can identifying young children on the basis of observed stigmata be detrimental to the child?

Ans: The child is labeled from that point on as having these stigmata; this leads to tracking and isolating these children, not allowing them equal development as compared with other children.

Learning Objective: 5.2: Identify the key assumptions, propositions, and weaknesses of Lombroso’s theory of atavism and the born criminal.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard 11. How was Sheldon’s research on body types and temperament flawed?

Ans: His measures were subjective and lacked validity and reliability. Even his trained staff did not agree on the somatotype of each individual. They also did not have the technology we have today, such as a caliper or submersion water tanks.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Can you think of any modern-day examples that are similar to Sheldon’s research on body types, often referred to as somatotyping?

Ans: Various, but the idea that people “look” a certain way and may “look criminal.” One example could be the creepy sex offender.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Medium 13. What two (2) political movements of the early 1900s did Lombroso’s theory coincide with?

Ans: Fascist and Nazi movements.

Learning Objective: 5.4: Evaluate the key propositions, concepts, and weaknesses of Sheldon’s body type theory and how he measured the various body types of this perspective.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Body Type Theory: Sheldon’s Model of Somatotyping Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 14. How important is timing in relation to social acceptance of a theory or proposition?

Ans: Timing is everything. Lombroso’s work took off and became popular because it came after the success of Darwin’s research. If Darwin’s research had not been published and socially accepted as it was before Lombroso’s work was released, society may not have been so accepting of Lombroso's work.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Lombroso as the Father of Criminology and the Father of the Positive School Difficulty Level: Hard 15. According to Darwin, what is natural selection?

Ans: Some species are selected by their ability to adapt to the environment, while others do not adapt and die off or become inferior.

Learning Objective: 5.1: Explain how the early, pre-Darwinian theories, such as craniometry and phrenology, are different from (and similar to) post-Darwinian theories, such as Lombroso’s theory of offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Physiognomy Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 6: MODERN BIOSOCIAL PERSPECTIVES OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR

Multiple Choice 1. ______ studied a family, the Kallikaks, to determine if there is a link between heredity and criminality. a. H. H. Goddard b. Richard L. Dugdale c. Sarnoff Mednick d. Patricia A. Jacobs Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Children who were studied in the adoption studies were given up for adoption prior to ______ of age, which is important when understanding the parental impact. a. 6 months b. 1 year c. 5 years d. 10 years Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adoption Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Although adoption studies have been criticized concerning selective placement, the ultimate findings of these studies are still ______. a. completely valid b. somewhat valid c. completely invalid d. unknown Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adoption Studies

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The environments in which the “twins separated at birth” individuals were raised in were often ______. a. extremely similar b. similar c. unknown d. extremely different Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The findings of “twins separated at birth” studies have shown that ______ have/has a significant impact on human behavior, especially regarding criminal behavior. a. genetics b. environment c. social bonds d. stigmata Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Individuals with this type of chromosomal abnormality are often very tall but slow in terms of social and intelligence skills. a. XYY b. XXY c. XXX d. XO Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Easy 7. In one study, the more the chromosomal mutation produced ______ hormones, the less likely individuals were to commit criminal acts. a. feminine b. masculine

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. both A and B are correct d. stress Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Easy 8. After the twin studies of the mid-1900s were heavily criticized, researchers moved on to which other methodological approach to examine the nature versus nurture debate? a. twin studies b. family studies c. adoption studies d. twins separated at birth studies Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adoption Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Adoption studies have found that the adopted children for whom ______ were the least likely to become criminal. a. both sets of parents were criminal b. their biological parents were not criminal while the adoptive parents were criminal c. their biological parents were criminal while the adoptive parents were not criminal d. neither set of parents were criminal Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adoption Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The first major study concerning chromosomal abnormalities found that the genetic mutation of XYY occurs in about 1 of every ______ males. a. 100 b. 1000 c. 100,000 d. 1,000,000 Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Easy 11. ______ examined male children born in Copenhagen and adopted early in life to determine the influence of nature versus nurture. a. H. H. Goddard b. Richard L. Dugdale c. Sarnoff Mednick d. Patricia A. Jacobs Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adoption Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Virtually all individuals perform better on ______ tasks in the afternoon or evening, when they have relatively high levels of estrogen or other female hormones in their system, which can be important for policy development. a. spatial b. verbal c. mathematical d. analytical Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The process of differential levels of hormones begins early in life, specifically in about the ______ week after conception. a. first b. second c. fifth d. ninth Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Most illicit drug use brings forth pleasurable sensations through enhancing the levels of ______ in an individual’s system. a. serotonin b. estrogen c. testosterone d. dopamine Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Most of the executive functions of the brain, such as problem solving, take place in the ______. a. occipital lobe b. frontal lobe c. temporal lobe d. parietal lobe Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brain Injuries Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Typically, the chromosomal mutations that occur in individuals are largely due to ______. a. environmental factors b. random mutations c. heredity d. toxins Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 17. Studies that examine the relative concordance rates for monozygotic and dizygotic twins are ______. a. twin studies b. adoption studies c. twins separated at birth studies d. cytogenetic studies Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Twin Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 18. All of the following are possible consequences of high levels of testosterone EXCEPT ______. a. increased sensitivity to pain b. enhanced seeking of sensory stimulation c. higher levels of spatial aptitude d. lower levels of verbal reasoning and empathy Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Studies of behavioral genetics regarding criminality or antisocial behaviors consistently show that heritability/genetic factors explain about ______ of the variance in antisocial behavior. a. 25% b. 50% c. 75% d. 100% Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 20. ______ studies of crime focus on the genetic makeup of individuals, with a specific focus on abnormalities in their chromosomal makeup. a. Family

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Twin c. Cytogenetic d. Stigmata Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Chromosomal mutations that have been studied (such as XYY) are ______. a. always the result of genetics b. due to random mutations in chromosomal formation c. usually the result of a fetus ingesting toxins in utero d. have only occurred in the past 10 years Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The normal chromosomal makeup for women is ______. a. XY b. XXY c. XYY d. XX Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Easy 23. One cytogenetic study examined the relative criminality and deviance of a group of individuals in each category of chromosomal mutations and discovered that ______. a. the more the chromosomal mutation produced male hormones, the more likely the individuals were to commit crimes b. any chromosomal mutation resulted in an increased likelihood that the individuals would commit crimes c. all chromosomal mutations resulted in a decreased chance that the individual would commit a crime d. chromosomal mutations make no difference regarding the risk of future criminal behavior Ans: A

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Damage to the frontal lobe or the ______ has the highest correlation with future criminal activity. a. cerebellum b. brain stem c. temporal lobe d. occipital lobe Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brain Injuries Difficulty Level: Easy 25. ______ twins are also called fraternal twins; they share the same amount of DNA as any other type of siblings. a. Monozygotic b. Dizygotic c. Superfecundation d. Superfetation Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Twin Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 26. ______ would most likely be more active in an individual’s brain when making moral decision, compared to ______, which would be more active when making logical decisions. a. medial frontal gyrus, prefrontal cortex b. corpus callosum, brain stem c. parietal lobe, putamen d. occipital lobe, amygdala Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Brain Injuries Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 27. Which chromosomal mutation represents Turner Syndrome? a. XXX b. XY c. XYY d. XO Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: the XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Medium 28. Otherwise known as Klinefelter’s syndrome, this mutation results in a higher likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked to criminality. a. XXX b. XXY c. XYY d. XO Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: the XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Studies have shown that a high percentage of women committed crimes during their premenstrual cycle, a time when they had low levels of ______ compared with progesterone. a. cortisol b. estrogen c. prolactin d. serotonin Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Nervous system chemicals in the brain and body that help transmit electric signals from one neuron to another are called ______. a. neurotransmitters b. thyroxines c. medullas

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. adrenaline Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 31. High levels of ______ and other androgens tend to “masculinize” the brain toward risk-taking behavior. a. serotonin b. progesterone c. estrogen d. testosterone Ans: D Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Studies have shown that individuals given shots of androgens before ______ tests tend to do significantly better on spatial and mathematics tests than they would otherwise. a. verbal b. science c. math d. writing Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 33. ______ is a feel good chemical in the brain that is increased by illicit drugs, such as cocaine. a. Serotonin b. Dopamine c. Testosterone d. Cortisol Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 34. The interaction of maternal ______ and a father’s absence in the household, especially early in life, is associated with criminal behavior. a. cigarette smoking b. fast food consumption c. excessive dieting d. obesity Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Which toxin is most associated with future criminal behavior after exposure? a. tetanus b. dioxin c. lead d. diphtheria Ans: C Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Toxins Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ iron and other minerals are significantly related to criminality. a. Dietary deficiencies in b. Food high in c. Nutritional supplements containing d. Baby formula containing Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diet/Nutrition Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 37. The behavioral genetics approach estimates both the environmental and genetic influences on a given ______, such as criminal behavior. a. genotype b. phenotype c. prototype d. zenotype Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 38. An observed manifestation of the interaction of genotypical traits with the environment, such as height is ______. a. genotype b. prototype c. phenotype d. zenotype Ans: B Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Behavioral Genetics Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 39. What do proponents of biosocial explanations of criminal behavior blame for deviant behavior? a. genetics and environment b. chromosomal disorders only c. mainly child abuse and neglect d. moral defects in the criminal Ans: A Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Proponents of the biosocial explanations of criminality contend that ______ is the most effective way to reduce future criminality in society. a. mandatory enrollment in kindergarten b. maternal/infant health care c. screening for CNS disorders in early childhood d. testing for cytogenetic disorders in adolescence Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 6.8. Evaluate how modern biosocial perspectives have informed policies to reduce the likelihood of individuals in becoming criminal offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Criminality tends to cluster in certain families; however, this tendency is not solely the result of genetics.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The family studies showed that criminality in the mother (or head female caretaker) had a much stronger influence on future criminality of the children than did the father’s criminality.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Concordance is a count based on whether two people (or a twin pair) share a certain trait (or lack of a certain trait); for our purposes, the trait is criminal offending.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Twin Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The highest predictability for future criminality was for adopted youths whose biological parents and adoptive parents were not convicted criminals.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adoption Studies

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Selective placement is when adoptees are placed with their biological families so they are taken out of the home.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adoption Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The Kallikak and Jukes family studies did not have similar findings concerning criminality and heredity.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Investigations into Goddard’s research found that he altered many photographs to make the family members appear more evil and fit into the definition of stigmata.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Although the Kallikak family study provides proof that criminality is more common in some families, subsequent studies have proven otherwise.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Family Studies Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter largely responsible for good feelings in the brain.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Otherwise known as Klinefelter’s syndrome, the XYY mutation results in higher likelihood for homosexuality and other behaviors but is not typically linked to criminality.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Easy 11. A high proportion of females in prison for committing violent crimes did so while on their premenstrual cycle when they experience an influx of testosterone.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Doctors typically prescribe individuals diagnosed with ADHD a stimulant because these individuals have significantly low levels of ANS arousal.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Some children do not feel anxiety when being physically punished (e.g., spanked) and are likely to have lower-than-average levels of ANS functioning and are also likely to become chronic offenders if this disorder is not addressed.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 14. Research has consistently found both genetics and environment influence behavior, particularly the interaction between the two.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 15. For every dollar spent on maternal/infant health care, studies show that not only will many dollars in criminal justice processing and prison time be saved, but also many lives, due to the reduction in violence.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 16. A study of male Scottish mental patients showed that they had fewer XYY chromosomes than the general population.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: the XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Triple X syndrome has not been linked with criminality.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.3: Identify the hormones that play a key role in individuals who tend to engage in chronic offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: the XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Damage to the right side of the temporal lobe, as opposed to the left side of the temporal lobe, is highly associated with criminal offending.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Brain Injuries Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 19. Criminal acts an individual finds morally offensive will likely be governed by the medial frontal gyrus, whereas the crimes he or she finds less morally offensive will be governed by the prefrontal cortex.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.5: Identify the regions of the brain that criminological studies implicate for both structural trauma and functioning disorders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Brain Injuries Difficulty Level: Hard 20. The central nervous system is mainly made up of the brain and spinal cord.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The central nervous system is responsible for only our involuntary physical activities.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Psychopaths have faster brain waves than “normal” individuals.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Central vs. Autonomic Nervous System Activity Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Biosocial theories of explaining criminal behavior look to both genetics and environment as causes.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.7: Discuss the current emphasis on biosocial interactions that have advanced the understanding of the development of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Biosocial Approaches to Explaining Criminal Behavior

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Most experts in the field of criminology contend that maternal and infant health care during the first years of life is the most effective way to deter future criminal behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 6.8: Evaluate how modern biosocial perspectives have informed policies to reduce the likelihood of individuals in becoming criminal offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Women in the United States who do not receive any prenatal care have the same risk of birth and delivery complications of women who do receive such care.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 6.8: Evaluate how modern biosocial perspectives have informed policies to reduce the likelihood of individuals in becoming criminal offenders.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. What are neurotransmitters and what do they do? How are neurotransmitters different from hormones? How can the neurotransmitter serotonin be related to criminality?

Ans: Chemicals released when a neuron wants to send an electric message to a neighboring neuron. Neurotransmitters are the way messages are passed through the body. They regulate mood and behavior. Hormones carry a signal that is not electric, but neurotransmitters are electric. Low levels of serotonin are linked to criminality. Serotonin is important in all information processing and is vital in interactions with the environment. Low levels of serotonin may make individuals have problems communicating.

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 2. Explain the nature versus nurture debate. Design a hypothetical study to test these competing ideas.

Ans: Nature versus nurture is the debate between the influences of heredity versus the environment an individual grows up in. This debate aims at determining which influence has the strongest effect on predicting criminality in people. This debate discusses how much criminality is inherited from our parents and other ancestors versus how much is due to cultural norms, such as family, community, and so forth. Students should give original answers on how to test these ideas.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Nature vs. Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of Genetics and Environment Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Explain findings on diet and nutrition connections to criminality.

Ans: Studies have shown that when incarcerated juveniles were assigned to diets with limited levels of simple carbohydrates (e.g., sugars), their reported violations during incarceration declined by almost half (45%). Such recent reviews of the existing studies on nutrition and criminal offending concluded that dietary deficiencies in iron, zinc, protein, riboflavin, and omega-3 are significantly related to criminality. Furthermore, other studies have reported that various food additives and dyes, such as those commonly found in processed foods, can also have a significant effect on criminal behavior. Thus, the old saying “You are what you eat” appears to have some scientific weight behind it, at least regarding criminal behavior.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diet/Nutrition Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain findings on toxins and connections to criminality.

Ans: Additional studies have found that high levels of certain toxins, particularly lead, cadmium, and manganese, can have a profound effect on behavior, including criminality. Recent studies have found a consistent, strong connection between criminal behavior and exposure to high levels of lead. The populations (e.g., poor, urban, etc.) most susceptible to biosocial interactions are also the most likely to be exposed to high levels of lead, largely due to old paint in their homes and other household products that contain dangerous toxins.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Toxins Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Of the parents, who is more likely to be a stronger influence concerning the criminality of the children? Explain the two (2) reasons presented in the text.

Make a case for or against this finding.

Ans: The mother is more likely to be the stronger influence on criminality of the children. First, the father is often absent while the children are being raised. More important, it takes much more time for a woman to transgress social norms and become a convicted offender, which indicates that the mother is highly antisocial and gives some credence to the argument that criminality is inherited.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Family Studies Difficulty Level: Hard 6. What were the overall findings of the twin studies conducted in the mid-1900s?

Why were these findings strongly criticized?

Ans: MZ twins were far more similar in the trait of criminality than were DZ (fraternal) twins. Identical twins are typically dressed the same by their parents, as well as treated the same by the public and are generally expected to behave the same. This is not true for fraternal twins, namely those of different genders.

Also, the identification of twins as fraternal or identical was flawed because it was determined by sight (not a scientific measure).

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Twin Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 7. What were the findings of the “twins separated at birth” studies? How was the phenomenon found in these studies explained by researchers? What are the criticisms presented in relation to these studies?

Ans: Twin pairs often showed extremely similar tendencies for criminality, sometimes more than those seen in concordance rates for identical twins raised together. Researchers stated that generally, identical twins that are raised together go out of their way to deviate from their natural tendencies in an effort to form their own identity. No significant criticism has been presented.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Twins Separated at Birth Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Cytogenetic studies focus specifically on what?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Abnormalities in chromosomal makeup that randomly occur in the population.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The effect of the XYY chromosome abnormality on criminality is more linked with what type of crime?

Ans: Property crime.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Medium 10. If genetics play a major role in determining the criminality of individuals, then what will twin studies find?

Ans: MZ twins will be expected to have a significantly higher concordance rate for criminal offending than will DZ twins.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Twin Studies Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Explain the first major study that examined the influence of XYY factor.

Ans: The first major study that examined the influence of XYY sampled about 200 men in the mental hospital, which would have predicted (assuming general population occurrences) about 1 occurrence. However, the study found 13 individuals who were XYY, which suggested that individuals who have mental disorders are more likely to have XYY chromosomes than those who do not have mental disorders. In other words, males who have XYY are at least 13 times (or 1300%) as likely to have behavioral disorders as are those without this chromosomal abnormality.

Learning Objective: 6.2: Describe the various types of cytogenetic disorders and which type(s) puts a person at highest risk for criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cytogenetic Studies: The XYY Factor Difficulty Level: Medium 12. What is the primary job of dopamine on the brain?

Ans: Dopamine is the neurotransmitter most commonly linked to feeling good.

For example, dopamine is the chemical that tells us when we are experiencing good sensations, such as delicious food, sex, and other pleasurable activities.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 13. What do hormones do in the body?

Ans: Carry chemical signals to the body as they are released from certain glands and structures.

Learning Objective: 6.4: Explain how neurotransmitters differ from hormones, and note which of the former are the most often implicated in criminality at either high or low levels.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hormones and Neurotransmitters: Chemicals That Determine Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 14. How could the findings of cytogenetic studies be applied to criminal justice policies?

Ans: Students must provide original answers. The text does not state policy implications.

Learning Objective: 6.6: Identify the ways the central nervous system and the autonomic nervous system play an important part in individuals’ decisions to engage in criminal activity.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Name the four (4) waves of research developed from the testing of the nature versus nurture debate.

Ans: Family studies, twin studies, adoption studies, and identical twins separated at birth studies.

Learning Objective: 6.1: Discuss the role of nature and nurture in exploring risk factors for offending.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Nature vs. Nurture: Studies Examining the Influence of Genetics and Environment Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 7: PSYCHOLOGICAL/TRAIT THEORIES OF CRIME

Multiple Choice 1. Sociological theories of crime look at shared factors that may increase crime in society, while ______ theories focus on factors that may cause a specific individual to commit a crime. a. conflict b. interaction c. psychological d. symbolic Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Psychological theories of crime focus on ______. a. the role of schools and courts on criminality b. the impact of deterrence and retribution on criminality c. the influence of an individual’s experiences, emotional adjustment, or personality on criminality d. the impact of governmental structures and other large institutions on criminality Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The ______ evolves during individual development when restrictions, mores, and values of society are learned. a. id b. superego c. ego d. libido Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ developed the controversial concept of psychoanalysis, founded on the perception of resistance used by individuals when therapists attempt to make them conscious of their unconscious. a. August Aichhorn b. Albert Fish c. Sigmund Freud d. Erik Erikson Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ is considered a warning of looming danger or a painful experience and results in the individual attempting to fix the situation. a. Stress b. Defense mechanism c. Unconscious d. Anxiety Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Delinquency is considered ______ when it results in antisocial behavior. a. latent b. manifest c. dormant d. hysteric Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 7. According to Kohlberg, the ______ is characteristic of designating what is considered “right” and “wrong” according to those in authority; rewards and punishments are key components. a. preconventional level of morality b. conventional level of morality c. subconventional level of morality d. postconventional level of morality Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Difficulty Level: Easy 8. According to Eysenck, for neurotics, the biological link is in the sympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system, which involves ______. a. pain and punishment b. excitement c. fight and flight reactions d. antisocial behavior Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Individuals with low psychoticism are characterized as being all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. egocentric b. empathetic c. peaceful d. altruistic Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 10. A central feature of Lawrence Kohlberg’s theory is that moral development occurs in ______. a. isolation b. ages c. groups d. stages

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Difficulty Level: Easy 11. ______ attachments are enduring and persistent. These attachments can sometimes last throughout a person’s life. a. Specificity b. Engagement of emotion c. Organization d. Duration Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John Bowlby: Attachment Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 12. All of the following are considered levels of low IQ by Goddard EXCEPT ______. a. moron b. imbecile c. fool d. idiot Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: IQ and Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 13. People with low IQ scores are somewhat destined to be all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. commit crime b. unsuccessful in school c. produce illegitimate children d. employed Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: IQ and Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 14. The dominant ______ political climate of the 1960s was one of optimism with the perception that any social problem could be solved. a. independent b. liberal c. conservative d. libertarian Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Easy 15. ______ refers specifically to antisocial personalities that are due to social or familial dysfunction. a. Psychopath b. Sadist c. Sociopath d. Masochist Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychopathy and Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The term insanity is a ______ term. a. legal b. medical c. social d. psychological Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Easy 17. ______ examined adolescents struggling to discover their own ego identity while negotiating, learning, and understanding social interactions, as well as developing a sense of morality and right and wrong. a. August Aichhorn b. Albert Fish c. Sigmund Freud d. Erik Erikson

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 18. The ______ is a standard for the insanity defense where offenders can claim that, due to mental disease, they were unable to control their behavior. a. M’Naghten Rule b. irresistible impulse test c. Durham test d. American Law Institute’s Model Penal Code Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Which of the following states does not allow an insanity defense? a. Texas b. Kansas c. Florida d. North Dakota Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Easy 20. ______ is in the first nine (9) months of an infant’s life when he or she develops an attachment to a primary figure. a. Course of development b. Biological function c. Engagement of emotion d. Duration Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John Bowlby: Attachment Theory Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 21. Some have referred to the “in and out” of prison and/or jail among offenders with mental health disorders as “______.” a. the recidivism problem b. the repetition issue c. the revolving door d. the insanity paradigm Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the policy implications associated with psychological explanations of criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications of Psychological/Trait Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 22. What would be an example of primarily prevention? a. a family member or teacher making a referral for an individual who is not deemed at-risk to offend b. a probation condition that mandates substance abuse treatment c. a mandatory program within a prison that provides psychotherapy d. a guidance counselor intervening on behalf of an “at risk”’ student and making a referral to a therapist Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the policy implications associated with psychological explanations of criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications of Psychological/Trait Theories Difficulty Level: Hard 23. What would be an example of tertiary prevention? a. an elective course at a high school that promotes physical and mental wellness b. an alternative high school for at risk teens that provides targeted supports for all students c. CPR and First Aid classes for young mothers at the local community center d. an aftercare program upon release from prison Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the policy implications associated with psychological explanations of criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications of Psychological/Trait Theories Difficulty Level: Hard 24. Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention programs have resulted in offenders demonstrating improved behavioral functioning and ______. a. reductions in criminal recidivism b. increases in criminal recidivism c. lowered employment rates

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. a higher divorce rate Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the policy implications associated with psychological explanations of criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications of Psychological/Trait Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 25. The ______ is a subconscious domain of the psyche that is responsible for our innate desires and drives, such as libido. a. ego b. id c. superego d. conscience Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 26. In addition to the id, ego, and superego, anxiety, ______, and the unconscious are also key principles of Freud’s psychoanalytical perspective. a. stages of childhood development b. levels of moral development c. defense mechanisms d. societal realizations Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 27. August Aichhorn attempted to use psychoanalysis to uncover the unconscious motives of ______ engaging in delinquent behavior. a. women b. juveniles c. mental patients d. the elderly Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 28. According to Kohlberg’s stages of moral development, which stage would say, “an eye for an eye; a tooth for a tooth”? a. Stage 1 b. Stage 2 c. Stage 3 d. Stage 4 Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Difficulty Level: Medium 29. When faced with the Heinz Dilemma, an individual might decide that it is morally right to steal the medicine for his wife because preserving life is of utmost importance. Such an individual is at Stage ______ of moral development. a. 1 b. 2 c. 4 d. 6 Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Attachment theory has seven basic features: specificity, duration, engagement of emotion, course of development, learning, organization, and ______. a. biological function b. neuroticism c. maternal bonding d. paternal affection Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John Bowlby: Attachment Theory Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 31. Although Wilson and Herrnstein didn’t give their theories a name, some scholars have suggested ______ theory of criminality. a. militant attachment b. operant-utilitarian c. narcissist adaptive d. hereditary-impulsive Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Wilson and Herrnstein attempted to explain street crime by demonstrating how human nature develops and evolves from the interaction of social environment, family relationships, and ______. a. governmental influence b. cultural bias c. biological makeup d. gender stereotypes Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Medium 33. What was the most controversial aspect of Wilson and Herrnstein’s theoretical perspective? a. social environment b. family relationships c. governmental influence d. biological makeup Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Easy 34. What term refers to individuals whose antisocial behavior may be a result of a defect or abnormality within themselves? a. psychopath

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. sociopath c. schizophrenic d. manic-depressive Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychopathy and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Which type of psychopath is more prone to extensive symptoms of psychological turmoil and emotional reactivity? a. primary b. secondary c. first degree d. second degree Ans: B Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Psychopathy and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 36. ______ is an integrated cognitive behavioral change program that includes cognitive restructuring, social skill development, and the development of problem-solving skills. a. Cognitive Reset Program b. Skills Development for Life c. Thinking for a Change d. Problem Solvers Inc. Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Treatment Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, bipolar disorder, severe depression, and anxiety disorders are examples of the severe and persistent disorders that qualify offenders to participate in ______ courts. a. drug b. mental health c. juvenile d. district Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Mental-Health Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 38. The M’Naghten rule, the Irresistible Impulse Test, the Durham Test, and American Law Institute’s Model Penal Code test are all standards for establishing a/an ______ defense in court. a. insanity b. self-defense c. automatism d. duress Ans: A Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Offenders are not criminally responsible, even if they are aware of their conduct, if this behavior was the “product of mental disease or defect,” according to the ______ defense. a. M’Naghten b. Irresistible Impulse c. Durham Test d. Model Penal Code Ans: C Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Which insanity defense contends that a person is not responsible for criminal conduct if, at the time of such conduct, as a result of mental disease or defect, s/he lacks substantial capacity either to appreciate the wrongfulness of the conduct or to conform the conduct to the requirements of the law? a. M’Naghten b. Irresistible Impulse c. Durham Test d. Model Penal Code Ans: D Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: The Insanity Defense Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. In most instances, the ego can cope with anxiety through rational measures.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The ego is the moderator between the demands of an instinct (i.e., the id), the superego, and reality.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The preconventional level of morality is characteristic of designating what is considered “right” and “wrong” based on the rules of those in authority.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Difficulty Level: Easy 4. In ancient history, according to lex talionis—or the “an-eye-for-an-eye” philosophy when dealing with offenders—the father of a raped daughter was allowed to rape the rapist’s wife.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Applying Theory to Crime: Rape Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Freud used the term sex in a broader context; thus, sex included those things, such as painting, that give people pleasure.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 6. In early childhood, girls often gravitate toward the morality of justice, while boys gravitate toward the morality of care.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Heinz’s Dilemma Difficulty Level: Medium 7. During the 1960s and 1970s, biological explanations of crime lost favor and environmental or sociological explanations became palatable.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Goddard believed that intelligence, or IQ, was static or innate and could not change over time.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: IQ and Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Attachment theory was influenced heavily by the work of Freud and other psychoanalytic theorists.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John Bowlby: Attachment Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Psychoticism includes traits such as being sociable, lively, active, assertive, dominant, and carefree.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Originally, Eysenck focused on the two personality dimensions of neuroticism and extroversion.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality Difficulty Level: Easy 12. It is more difficult to condition extroverts than introverts.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Some of the most intense and passionate emotions are associated with attachment relationships.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John Bowlby: Attachment Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 14. A child being from a broken home or a single-parent household is not necessarily an influential factor; rather, it is the parent’s failure to teach the child the consequences of his or her actions.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Wilson and Herrnstein contend that at any time, a person can choose between committing a crime and not committing a crime.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Freud insisted that the ego and superego can never operate at an unconscious level.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Most sociological theories of crime focus on shared factors that may influence offenders to commit crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Goddard believed an individual's IQ could change over time.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: IQ and Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 19. In the 1960s, biological explanations of criminal behavior were the most accepted explanations of criminal behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 20. Wilson and Herrnstein contend that at any time, a person can choose between committing a crime and not committing a crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Wilson and Herrnstein tested their ratio of rewards through extensive empirical research.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: James Q. Wilson and Richard J. Herrnstein: Crime and Human Nature Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The percentage of people who have mental illnesses is higher in correctional facilities than the general populations.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Mental Health and the Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Easy 23. The number of criminal offenders with mental disorders decreases every year.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the policy implications associated with psychological explanations of criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications of Psychological/Trait Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Robert Morgan’s research indicated that targeted treatments and interventions could improve mental illness and criminality.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the policy implications associated with psychological explanations of criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications of Psychological/Trait Theories Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 25. Lykken contended that psychopaths have a low fear quotient.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Psychopathy and Crime Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. List and describe the key features that distinguish a psychopath from other criminal offenders.

Ans: Cleckley maintained that psychopaths are intelligent, self-centered, glib, superficially charming, verbally shallow, and manipulative. In terms of emotions, these individuals lack essential human characteristics such as empathy and remorse. Behaviorally, psychopaths engage in irresponsible behavior, are prone to seek novelty and excitation, and often engage in moral transgressions or antisocial acts. The interpersonal, affective, and behavioral features of psychopathy place them at a high risk for aggression and violence. Sociopaths, on the other hand, have antisocial personalities due to familial and/or societal dysfunction. Many say that psychopaths and born and that sociopaths are “made.”

Learning Objective: 7.2: Summarize the modern psychological perspectives of criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Psychopathy and Crime Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Describe the three dimensions associated with Hans Eysenck’s theory of crime and personality.

Ans: The first dimension is psychoticism. Individuals considered to have high psychoticism are associated with being aggressive, cold, egocentric, impersonal, impulsive, antisocial, unempathic, creative, and tough-minded; individuals with low psychoticism are characterized as being empathic, unselfish, altruistic, warm, peaceful, and generally more pleasant. The second dimension is extroversion, with the associated traits of being sociable, lively, active, assertive, sensationseeking, carefree, dominant, surgent, and venturesome. Introverts are usually characterized with the opposite type of traits (e.g., passive, cautious). The third dimension is neuroticism, or instability, which is linked with such traits as anxiety, depression, guilty feelings, low self-esteem, tension, irrationality, shyness, moodiness, and emotionality.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Identify the general principles of psychoanalysis and how psychoanalysis applies to criminal behavior.

Ans: (1) An individual’s behavior is presumed to be due to the three aspects of his or her personality: the id, ego, and superego. (2) Anxiety, defense mechanisms, and the unconscious are also key principles of the psychoanalytical perspective.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Hard 4. What is the M’Naghten rule?

Ans: The oldest rule for determining insanity. It later influenced how some states devise a test for insanity in the United States. The legal standard is that the offender didn't know what s/he was doing or didn't know that it was wrong. The three presumptions are: (1) every person is presumed sane unless the contrary can be proven; (2) a person suffering a partial delusion should be dealt with as if the circumstance of delusion is real; (3) to establish defense on the grounds of insanity, it must be proved that at the time of committing the act, the accused was laboring under such a defect of reason from a disease of the mind as not to know the nature and quality of the act he was doing, and if he did know it, that he did not know what he was doing was wrong.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The M’Naghten Rule Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What is the Irresistible Impulse Test?

Ans: Offenders can claim that, due to a mental disease, they were unable to control their behavior. Example of Lorena Bobbitt example could be mentioned.

Conduct must be due to an existing mental disease.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension, Knowledge, Analysis Answer Location: The Irresistible-Impulse Test Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What is the PEN model, and who developed it? Write a sample question that could be used to test individuals for every dimension of the PEN model.

Ans: The PEN model, developed by Hans Eysenck, emphasizes that human personality can be viewed in three dimensions: psychoticism, extroversion, and

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 neuroticism. Students must give original answers in developing questions for every dimension of the PEN model.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 7. What types of studies most frequently reference attachment theory? What are some real life applications of these studies?

Ans: The effects of separation on mother and infant monkeys. Bowlby noted that these studies show that the attachment behavior of young non-human primates is very similar to that of young children. Also, their responses to separation are very similar.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: John Bowlby: Attachment Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 8. According to attachment theory, an infant develops an attachment to a “primary figure.” What type of person is considered the primary figure?

Ans: The person who provides the most fulfilling and pleasing social interaction.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: John Bowlby: Attachment Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 9. To achieve an ideal level of arousal, what do extroverts need, according to Eysenck?

Ans: More excitement and stimuli in their environment.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Neuroticism is linked to many traits. List three (3) different traits an individual may exhibit when considered neurotic.

Ans: Anxiety, depression, guilty feelings, low self-esteem, tension, irrationality, shyness, moodiness, and emotionality Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Hans Eysenck: Theory of Crime and Personality

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Hard 11. According to Gilligan, why may girls fail to develop within the constraints of Kohlberg’s system of moral development?

Ans: Women may construct a problem differently than do men. Kohlberg’s system of moral development was based on study of boys. Gilligan discovered that in early childhood, girls often gravitate towards the morality of care, whereas boys often gravitate towards the morality of justice.... Males and females alike can develop an awareness of both care and justice; but because of widespread patterns of early experience, girls often orient more towards the former and boys towards the latter Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Heinz’s Dilemma Difficulty Level: Medium 12. According to Freud, what can happen if unconscious experiences are not brought to awareness by the individual?

Ans: The individual could engage in irrational and destructive behavior.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Freud’s Model of the Psyche and Implications for Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Explain the three (3) levels of moral development according to Kohlberg and the several stages of reasoning within these levels.

Ans: (1) The preconventional level designates what is considered right and wrong; Stage 1: right is obedience to power and avoidance of punishment; Stage 2: right is taking responsibility and leaving others to be responsible for themselves; (2) the conventional level is considered the normal adult approach used to maintain the family and social order; Stage 3: right is being considerate; Stage 4: right is being good, with the values and norms of family and society at large; (3) the postconventional level is when a person attempts to balance between individual rights and societal rights; Stage 5: right is finding inner universal rights balance between self-rights and societal rules—a social contract; Stage 6: right is based on a higher order of applying principles to all humankind.

Learning Objective: 7.1: Describe how the early psychological theories explained criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Lawrence Kohlberg: Moral Development Difficulty Level: Medium 14. What is the Durham rule?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: In the 1954 case Durham v. United States, the court included a volitional or free-choice component to the insanity defense. Thus, according to the Durham rule, offenders are not criminally responsible, even if they are aware of their conduct, if this behavior was the “product of mental disease or defect.” Judge David Bazelon noted that the M’Naghten rule was too narrow. Different states use different tests for insanity in their courts.

Learning Objective: 7.3: Explain the relation between mental health and the criminal justice system.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Durham Rule Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What are the policy implications that could be developed based upon this research in this chapter?

Ans: Mental health courts, programs to reduce criminal recidivism, cognitive behavior therapies, adopting prevention programs (primary, secondary, and tertiary), and funding for additional research.

Learning Objective: 7.4: Describe the policy implications associated with psychological explanations of criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications of Psychological/Trait Theories Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 8: SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES OF CRIME I: EARLY DEVELOPMENT AND STRAIN MODELS OF CRIME

Multiple Choice 1. All of the following are considered important European researchers from which social structure theories were developed EXCEPT ______. a. Andre-Michel Guerry b. Thomas Hobbes c. Adolphe Quetelet d. Auguste Comte Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Who is credited with coining the term sociology? a. Andre-Michel Guerry b. Thomas Hobbes c. Adolphe Quetelet d. Auguste Comte Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Easy 3. When law enforcement “cracks down” on gangs in relatively inactive periods, researchers claim it results in making the gang ______. a. stronger b. experience no change c. weaker d. break apart Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 4. When law enforcement cracks down on gangs, especially during relatively inactive periods, gangs will be stronger due to ______. a. giving members a common enemy b. making drug access easier c. providing more guns to gang members d. police corruption Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Durkheim claimed that in order to reduce excessive control of citizens and stagnation in creative thought, there has to be deviation from established moral boundaries in society, especially societies in the more ______. a. industrial stage b. mechanical stage c. historic stage d. post-industrial stage Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Durkheim emphasized that human beings, unlike other animal species that live according to their ______, have no internal mechanism to signal when their needs and desires are satiated. a. natural needs b. spontaneous needs c. instinctual needs d. none of these Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Criminal gangs primarily commit what types of crimes?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. sexual or violent assaults b. economic or property crimes c. vandalism d. murder or attempted murder Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Durkheim showed that the rate of suicide was lower among individuals that had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ______. a. adherents of religions that were more interactive and communal b. young c. married d. had children Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Guerry found that ______ crimes were higher in wealthy areas but ______ crime was higher in poor areas. a. property; violent b. property; economic c. economic; violent d. violent; property Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Easy 10. One thing all forms of strain theory have in common is their emphasis on a sense of ______ in crime causation. a. gratification b. frustration c. satisfaction d. contentment Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Merton’s Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 11. According to the text, providing an individual with a/an ______ is key to building a more stable life, leaving the individual less likely to feel stressed or “strained.” a. money b. education c. job d. mentor Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.6: Identify some ways the various models of strain theory have informed the making of policies intended to reduce criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 12. All of the following are considered conventional means of success EXCEPT ______. a. hard work b. dealing drugs c. getting an education d. employment Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain Difficulty Level: Medium 13. All of the following are considered categories of strain within the general strain theory proposed by Agnew EXCEPT ______. a. failure to conform to conventional means b. noxious stimuli c. failure to achieve goals d. removal of positive stimuli Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.5: Discuss how Robert Agnew’s proposed model of general strain added more sources of strain to Merton’s original framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: General Strain Theory

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Which of the following would fit best with Merton’s adaptation of ritualism? a. corner boy b. delinquent boy c. criminal boy d. college boy Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 15. A type of gang that forms in lower-class neighborhoods with an organized structure of adult criminal behavior (highly organized and stable) is ______. a. retreatist gangs b. conflict gangs c. criminal gangs d. organized crime gangs Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Who created differential opportunity theory? a. Merton b. Durkheim c. Hirschi d. Darwin Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Who is credited with being the most influential theorist in modern structural perspectives of criminality? a. Andre-Michel Guerry b. Thomas Hobbes c. Adolphe Quetelet d. Émile Durkheim

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: E Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Quetelet stated that individuals who were more likely to commit crime than their counterparts had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT ______. a. educated b. male c. young d. unemployed Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The ______ is a type of lower-class male youth who responds to strains and status frustration by joining with similar others in a group to commit crime. a. college boy b. corner boy c. criminal boy d. delinquent boy Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 20. ______ showed that certain types of individuals were more likely to commit crime. a. Andre-Michel Guerry b. Thomas Hobbes c. Adolphe Quetelet d. Auguste Comte Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Easy 21. What or who can provide the mechanism for limiting human individuals’ insatiable appetite for more? a. media b. individual ego c. society d. family Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 22. According to Cohen, youths begin to value destruction of property and skipping school because these behaviors ______. a. defy the conventional order b. lead to success in the conventional world c. lead to a payoff in the unconventional world d. defy the means and goals of society Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Cohen’s theory of reaction formation is related to what theorist’s defense mechanisms? a. Merton b. Freud c. Agnew d. Durkheim Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 24. Studies focused on reducing crime among high-risk youth concluded that providing an individual with a/an ______, or the preparation for such, is key to building a more stable life. a. automobile b. parental figure c. after-school mentor d. job Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.6: Identify some ways the various models of strain theory have informed the making of policies intended to reduce criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 25. What do we call the perception that results when relatively poor people live in close proximity to relatively wealthy people? a. comparative disparity b. relative deprivation c. strained comparison d. faulty esteem Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Similarities in daily routine and constant interaction with like members of society lead to a strong uniformity in values that Durkheim called ______. a. cultural conformity b. collective conscience c. outlier avoidance d. societal uniformity Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 27. What did Durkheim call primitive societies with a simple distribution of labor and high level of agreement about social norms and rules? a. organic societies b. collective societies c. mechanical societies

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. nirvana societies Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 28. This imbalance in emphasis between the ______ and _______ of societies is what Merton called anomie. a. goals; means b. rich; poor c. criminals; non-offenders d. government; citizens Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Merton’s Concept of Anomie and Strain Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Merton identified conformity, innovation, rebellion, retreatism, and ritualism as ______. a. the pathway to crime b. adaptation to strain c. main personality types d. family archetypes Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Merton’s Concept of Anomie and Strain Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Which adaptation to strain would most likely lead someone to become a predatory street criminal? a. rebellion b. retreatism c. innovation d. ritualism Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain Difficulty Level: Medium 31. Cohen’s “college boy” is best matched with Merton’s ______ type of adaptation to strain. a. retreatism b. rebellion c. ritualism d. conformity Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 32. A Freudian defense mechanism applied to Cohen’s theory of youth offending, which involves adopting attitudes or committing behaviors that are opposite of what is expected. a. delinquent boy b. reaction formation c. rebellion d. revolt Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Cloward and Ohlin’s Differential Opportunity Theory is similar to Merton and Cohen’s theories in many ways; however, it recognizes ______ and _______ opportunities. a. educational, vocational b. urban, rural c. legal, illegal d. economic, emotional Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 34. According to differential opportunity theory, the three types of gangs are criminal gangs, conflict gangs, and ______ gangs. a. economic b. juvenile c. variation d. retreatist Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Easy 35. According to Cloward and Ohlin, what type of gang fits Merton’s rebellion the best due to striving for status and being blocked from legitimate and illegitimate opportunities for making money? a. criminal b. conflict c. retreatist d. juvenile Ans: B Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Medium 36. According to Cloward and Ohlin, what type of gangs fit Merton’s retreatist adaptation the best, violates the law most through drug usage, and is blocked from both legitimate and illegitimate opportunities for making money? a. criminal b. conflict c. retreatist d. juvenile Ans: C Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Which theory takes the basic ideas of Merton, Cohen, Cloward, and Ohlin and adds two additional theories of strain: presentation of noxious stimuli and removal of positively valued stimuli. a. differential opportunity

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. lower-class status frustration c. Merton’s concept of anomie and strain d. general strain theory Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.5: Discuss how Robert Agnew’s proposed model of general strain added more sources of strain to Merton’s original framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: General Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 38. General Strain Theory has three categories of strain: presentation of noxious stimuli, removal of positively valued stimuli, and ______. a. failure to achieve goals b. breaking the law c. anger at the world d. drug use Ans: A Learning Objective: 8.5: Discuss how Robert Agnew’s proposed model of general strain added more sources of strain to Merton’s original framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: General Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Which type of program is NOT supported by empirical research on strain theory? a. educational programs b. vocational opportunities c. developing coping mechanism d. strict parole conditions Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.6: Identify some ways the various models of strain theory have informed the making of policies intended to reduce criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Which statement is NOT a criticism of General Strain Theory mentioned in the chapter? a. More study on subjective feelings of frustration is needed. b. There is only mixed support for the idea certain events lead to anger. c. There is only mixed support for the idea anger leads to crime. d. All criminologists deny its face validity.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 8.5: Discuss how Robert Agnew’s proposed model of general strain added more sources of strain to Merton’s original framework.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: General Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Cohen emphasized youths’ internalization of the American Dream and fair chances for success, leading to frustration when they fail to be successful according to this middle-class standard.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Reaction formation involves adopting attitudes or committing behaviors that are the opposite of what is expected—a form of defiance and avoidance of guilt for not living up to the assumed standards.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Cohen stated that he believed the tendency to reject middle-class values is the primary cause of gangs.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 4. What distinguishes Cloward and Ohlin’s theory from the previous strain theories is that they emphasized five different types of gangs that form based on the characteristics of the social structure in the neighborhood.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Examples of criminal gangs are seen in movies depicting highly organized neighborhoods (often consisting of primarily one ethnicity)—movies such as The Godfather, A Bronx Tale, State of Grace, Sleepers, New Jack City, Clockers, Goodfellas, Better Luck Tomorrow, and many others that were partially based on real events.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Easy 6. According to Durkheim, in primitive mechanical societies virtually everyone experiences essentially the same daily routine.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Conflict gangs are highly organized and turn a tremendous profit.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Easy 8. A key policy implication of strain theories is the need to develop healthy coping mechanisms.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.6: Identify some ways the various models of strain theory have informed the making of policies intended to reduce criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The first modern national crime statistics were published in England in the early 1800s.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Easy 10. According to Cohen, lower-class male youths will adopt a normative value system that defies the very values they are expected to live up to by changing their normative beliefs to value authority, school achievement, and respect for authority.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Easy 11. One type of activity that has shown relatively consistent success in relieving stress is laughter.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.5: Discuss how Robert Agnew’s proposed model of general strain added more sources of strain to Merton’s original framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: General Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Organic societies in the Durkheimian model are those that have a high division of labor and thus a low level of agreement about societal norms.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Durkheim was clear in stating that crime is not only normal but necessary in all societies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 14. According to Cloward and Ohlin, conflict gangs are blocked not only from legitimate opportunities but also from illegitimate opportunities.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Easy 15. According to Merton, innovation, retreatism, and rebellion are adaptations to strain that are the least likely to lead to criminal offending.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Merton’s ritualists do not seek to achieve the goals of material success.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Ritualists, in strain theory, buy into both the conventional means of success and the conventional goals.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Using a basketball analogy to explain adaptations to strain, a retreatist wouldn’t care about winning the game and wouldn’t want to play the game either.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain Difficulty Level: Medium 19. There has been little criticism of Merton’s theories.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence and Criticisms of Merton’s Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 20. The age at which offenders tend to commit predatory street crimes, such as robbery, rape, murder, and burglary, tends to peak sharply in their teenage years to early 20s, and then drop off quickly.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Evidence and Criticisms of Merton’s Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 21. A young man who feels he doesn’t live up to the “middle-class measuring rod,” and then develops a system of values that is contrary to middle-class values would fit Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Cohen’s “corner boy” best fits with Merton’s type of adaptation called ritualism.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Although some studies have criticized General Strain Theory, for the most part, studies have supported it.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.5: Discuss how Robert Agnew’s proposed model of general strain added more sources of strain to Merton’s original framework.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Evidence and Criticisms of Merton’s Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 24. In the Durkheimian model, mechanical societies have a high division of labor and thus a low level of agreement about societal norms.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Empirical studies of strain theories support programs that involve education, vocational opportunities, and developing healthy coping mechanisms.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 8.6: Identify some ways the various models of strain theory have informed the making of policies intended to reduce criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Identify some ways the various models of strain theory have informed policy making in attempts to reduce criminality.

Ans: Educational and vocational opportunities and programs that develop healthy coping mechanisms to deal with stress. Another key area of recommendations from this perspective involves developing healthy coping mechanisms to strain, such as anger management.

Learning Objective: 8.6: Identify some ways the various models of strain theory have informed the making of policies intended to reduce criminality.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard 2. Explain how Merton altered Durkheim’s version of what “anomie” means, a definition we will explore below.

Ans: Merton claimed that an ideal society would feature an equal emphasis on the conventional goals and means in society. However, in many societies, one of these aspects would be emphasized more than the other. Merton claimed that the United States epitomized the type of society that emphasizes goals far above means. This disequilibrium in emphasis between the goals and means of societies is what Merton called anomie. So, like Durkheim, Merton’s anomie was a negative state for society; however, the two men had different explanations for how this state of society came about. While Durkheim believed that anomie was

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 primarily caused by a society transitioning too fast to maintain its regulatory control over members, for Merton, anomie represented too much focus on the goals of wealth in the United States, at the expense of the conventional means.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cultural Context and Assumptions of Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Strain theories all trace their origin to the theory of what criminologist?

Ans: Durkheim Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Merton’s Strain Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain the concept of relative deprivation.

Ans: Areas that exhibited large differences in wealth, with many poor and many wealthy in close proximity, had the biggest problem.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What is reaction formation?

Ans: Freudian defense mechanism applied to Cohen’s theory of youth offending that involves adopting attitudes or committing behaviors that are opposite of what is expected.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What are the adaptations to strain Merton proposed? Explain the five (5) different adaptations to strain and give an example of each.

Ans: Adaptation to strain—ways individuals deal with feelings of strain; (1) conformity—individual buys into the conventional means of success and also buys into conventional goals; (2) ritualism—individual buys into the conventional means of success but does not buy into the conventional goals; (3) innovation—

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 individual buys into conventional goals of success but not the conventional means; (4) retreatism—individual does not buy into conventional goals of success or means; (5) rebellion—individuals buy into the idea of conventional means and goals of success but not into current conventional means or goals.

Students must provide original examples.

Learning Objective: 8.3: Explain why Robert K. Merton’s theory of strain become popular when it did, as well as how his conceptualization of “anomie” differed from Durkheim’s.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Adaptations to Strain Difficulty Level: Hard 7. Explain Durkheim’s concept of anomie and how it relates to societal changes.

Give an example of a time of anomie in the United States and how society was affected.

Ans: Anomie means normlessness or chaos that takes place when a society changes very rapidly; with rapid change, the ability of society to serve as a regulatory mechanism breaks down and the selfish, greedy tendencies of individuals are uncontrolled, causing anomie. Examples include after the American and French Revolutions, Industrial Revolution, Great Depression.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Hard 8. Explain Cohen’s model of status frustration.

Ans: This strain that they feel due to failure in school performance and respect among their peers, often referred to as “status frustration,” leads them to develop a system of values that is contrary to middle-class standards and values.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cohen’s Theory of Lower-Class Status Frustration and Gang Formation Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Émile Durkheim discussed the idea of collective conscience. Explain what this is in relation to individuals in a society as well as the two (2) different types of societies also discussed by Durkheim. How is crime affected by the strength of the collective conscience in a community, and why?

Ans: Collective conscience is the extent to which people in a society share similarities or likenesses; the stronger the collective conscience, the less crime in that community. Mechanical societies are rather primitive with a simple distribution of labor and thus a high level of agreement regarding social norms and rules because nearly everyone is engaged in the same roles. Organic

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 societies are societies that have a high division of labor and thus a low level of agreement about societal norms, largely because everyone has such different roles in society.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Medium 10. What was Auguste Comte credited with emphasizing and researching?

Ans: Concepts based on more macro-level factors, such as social institutions.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Medium 11. What did Andre-Michel Guerry ultimately conclude from his report examining the first modern national crime statistics?

Ans: Opportunity was the primary cause of property crime; more to steal from wealthier areas, and poor individuals use opportunities to steal goods and currency.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Why do criminal gangs use youth for their “dirty work”?

Ans: Youth do not get punished as seriously as adults by the criminal justice system.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cloward and Ohlin’s Theory of Differential Opportunity Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Why was Quetelet’s model controversial at the time he proposed it?

Ans: Theorists were focusing on free will and deterrence. Quetelet stated that individuals do not exercise free will but are products of social structures; his theory was opposite of the prevailing theories of the time.

Learning Objective: 8.1: Describe the early theories of social structure presented in the 19th century.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Early European Theorists of Social Structure: Comte, Guerry, and Quetelet Difficulty Level: Medium 14. What does Durkheim mean when he states that humans have no internal mechanism to signal when their needs and desires are satiated?

Ans: Humans are greedy by nature and their selfish desires are limitless; the more an individual has, the more he or she wants.

Learning Objective: 8.2: Identify Émile Durkheim’s contributions to the evolution of social structure theories.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Durkheim and the Concept of Anomie Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What strengths and weaknesses do you see in social structural theories?

Provide examples.

Ans: Varies depending on the student’s perspective.

Learning Objective: 8.4: Identify some of the revisions or variations of strain theory and note how they differ from Merton’s original theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Found throughout the chapter Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 9: SOCIAL STRUCTURE THEORIES OF CRIME II: SOCIAL DISORGANIZATION AND SUBCULTURES

Multiple Choice 1. ______ claimed that much of human behavior, especially the way cities grow, follows the basic principles of ecology that had already been documented and applied to wildlife. a. Charles Darwin b. Ernest W. Burgess c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay d. Robert E. Park Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Medium 2. By the late 1800s, ______ was largely made up of citizens who did not speak a common language and did not share one another’s cultural values. a. Denver b. Detroit c. Los Angeles d. Chicago Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The term eminent domain is used in this chapter to describe how urban sprawl takes place; in this context, it means that local government can ______. a. take land from low-income homeowners to build luxury, high-income homes b. give land to low-income families to build on c. take land from homeowners to rezone and import businesses d. reassign land from commercial use to residential use Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ is a modern example of an area or zone invading another area or zone, and the previously dominant area must succeed or die off. a. White flight b. Gentrification c. Urban sprawl d. Migration Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Business or industrial development in suburban or rural areas can devastate all of the following controls EXCEPT ______. a. social bonds b. family ties c. neighborhood networks d. local laws Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Medium 6. The breakdown in the conditions of a neighborhood leads to social disorganization, which in turn leads to delinquents learning criminal activities from whom? a. adults b. younger youth c. older youth d. parents Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The center circle according to Burgesses zone model is called ______. a. Zone I b. Zone II c. Zone III d. Zone IV Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The development of the Chicago School of criminology was the epitome of using theoretical development and ______ to help improve conditions in society when it was most needed. a. individual knowledge b. scientific testing c. collaborative efforts d. test cities Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Ecological School and the Chicago School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 9. What ethnic group did not show high delinquency rates in Shaw and McKay’s longitudinal data? a. Caucasians b. Hispanics c. African Americans d. Asians Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 10. ______ proposed a framework that began with the assumption that certain neighborhoods in all cities have more crime than other parts of the city. a. Charles Darwin

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Ernest W. Burgess c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay d. Robert E. Park Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 11. ______ proposed a theory of city growth in which cities were seen as growing not simply on the edges but from the inside outward. a. Charles Darwin b. Ernest W. Burgess c. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay d. Franco Ferracuti and Marvin E. Wolfgang Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Shaw and McKay’s findings rejected ______ because it is obvious that the culture is not what influences crime and delinquency but rather the criminogenic nature of the environment. a. the Chicago School of criminology b. social Darwinism c. concentric circles d. natural areas Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The area most significantly subjected to the ecological principles suggested

by Park (invasion, domination, etc.) is ______. a. Zone I b. Zone II c. Zone III d. Zone IV Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Some critics of Shaw and McKay have stated that their original research did not actually measure their primary construct of ______. a. concentric zones b. culture c. environment d. social disorganization Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reactions and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 15. According to cultural theories of crime in the United States, what large group blatantly denies the middle-class norms of society? a. Arian Brotherhood b. Gothic subculture c. environmental activists d. no such groups exist Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criticism Difficulty Level: Easy 16. According to the text, most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values, such as all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. delayed gratification b. respect authority c. hard work d. autonomy Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criticism Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 17. ______ model assumes that all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones. a. Zones in transition b. Natural areas c. Concentric circles d. Urban sprawl Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 18. All of the following are considered part of the six (6) focal concerns proposed

by Miller EXCEPT ______. a. autonomy b. trouble c. smartness d. engagement Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 19. According to Shaw and McKay, the neighborhoods that have the highest rates of crime typically have all of the following common problems EXCEPT ______. a. poverty b. permanent population c. physical dilapidation d. heterogeneity Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 20. What is the name of a recent program that focuses on children in early grades and has been shown to be effective in producing gains in conflict resolution, development of prosocial values, and reductions in aggression? a. Peace Builders

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. Start Now c. Conciliation Corp. d. Lean In Inc. Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.5: Evaluate policies that have come from the Chicago/social-disorganization theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 21. What city did experts identify as the fastest-growing city in the United States due to it growing from about 5000 people in the early 1800s to more than 2 million people by 1900? a. Boston b. New York c. Chicago d. Baltimore Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s Difficulty Level: Easy 22. In the Chicago School, this zone was once residential but is becoming more industrial because of invading factories; it tends to have the highest crime rates and is also known a Zone II. a. zone of affect b. zone in transition c. combat zone d. crisis zone Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Which theorist devised the theory of concentric circles? a. McKay b. Shaw c. Burgess d. Miller Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 24. According to Burgess’s theory of concentric circles, Zone ______ was the “workingmen’s homes,” largely made up of relatively modest homes and apartments; Zone ______ consisted of higher-priced family dwellings and more expensive apartments. a. V; VI b. IV; V c. I; II d. III; IV Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Within the zone in transition, Shaw and McKay believed that a breakdown in informal social controls existed and that children began to learn offending norms from their interactions with peers on the street through what they called ______. a. play activities b. petty crimes c. misdemeanor experiments d. anti-norms Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 26. According to Shaw and McKay, cities with the highest rates of crime have at least three factors: physical dilapidation, poverty, and ______. a. large police forces b. homogeneity c. heterogeneity d. housing shortages Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 27. What is an example of heterogeneity? a. a city where most people are from the same ethnic background b. a city where the people are from a variety of ethnic backgrounds c. a small community where most people are over the age of 64 d. a large community where most people are under the age of 14 Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 28. In addition to poverty, heterogeneity, and physical dilapidation, what two additional factors did Shaw and McKay notice in high crime areas? a. gangs and lots of single-family homes b. hunger and lots of apartment complexes c. transient residents and unemployment d. curfew laws and anti-loitering rules Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Which statement is false? a. Shaw and McKay conducted research and provided data to support their theories. b. Social disorganization occurs when the older youth in a community provide a system of organization for juveniles that is often unlawful. c. Some of the antecedent social ills that are part of the system of social disorganization are infant mortality, high rates of disease, and unemployment. d. The theory of social disorganization supports and reinforces all of the claims of Social Darwinism.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 30. What is one general criticism of Shaw and McKay mentioned in the chapter?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. It focuses too much on the macro level of offending and ignores the micro level. b. It has been virtually ignored by other researchers and criminologists. c. Research in the field and data collected have refuted their theories. d. Modern-day, high-crime cities do not have dilapidated structures, poverty, or heterogeneity.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions and Research Difficulty Level: Medium 31. What criticism has been made against Shaw and McKay regarding Zone II? a. Data shows other zones have higher crime rates and social problems. b. They did not focus on slowing down the invasion of factories and businesses. c. Only the wealthy lived in this zone, and it got all of their attention. d. No other researchers recognized these zones.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions and Research Difficulty Level: Medium 32. Cultural/subcultural theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in society that socialize their children to believe that ______. a. there are groups in society that socialize their children to believe that certain activities that break the law are good ways to behave. b. other cultural groups are inferior to them and are the cause of all criminal violations in society. c. the police are to be feared and that they should obey the law at all costs to avoid interacting with them. d. laws are to be obeyed despite what personal opinions one might have about them.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cultural and Subcultural Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 33. What did Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s claim was a culturally learned adaptation to deal with negative life circumstances? a. manipulation b. violence

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. apathy d. ambition Ans: B Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 34. A pocket of individuals who may have a set of norms that deviate from conventional values are a ______. a. sample b. culture c. subculture d. division Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 35. Walter Miller contended that the lower-class had its own cultural value system based on six ______. a. theories b. commandments c. credos d. focal concerns Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Walter Miller’s six focal concerns are: fate, autonomy, trouble, toughness, ______ and _______. a. excitement; smartness b. sex; independence c. success; intelligence d. money; prestige Ans: A

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 37. Which theorist wrote a significant book on inner-city, African-American subculture titled The Code of the Streets? a. Burgess b. Darwin c. Park d. Anderson Ans: D Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Which statement is true? a. Many large groups in the United States blatantly deny the middle-class norms of society. b. Studies lend ample support to Miller’s model of lower-class focal concerns. c. Most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values. d. Subcultures now make up a majority of the population.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criticisms Difficulty Level: Medium 39. Which one of Miller’s focal concerns concerns itself with luck, or whatever life dealt you; it disregards responsibility and accountability for one’s actions? a. fate b. toughness c. autonomy d. excitement Ans: A Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Which one of Miller’s focal concerns concerns itself with the ability to con others? a. toughness b. autonomy c. smartness d. excitement Ans: C Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Despite the criticisms and weaknesses of the Chicago School perspective on criminology, this theory resulted in one of the largest programs to date attempting to reduce delinquency rates.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions and Research Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Cultural/subcultural theories of crime assume that there are unique groups in society that socialize their children to believe that certain activities that violate conventional law are good and positive ways to behave.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criticisms Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s primary conclusion was that violence is a culturally learned adaptation to deal with negative life circumstances and that learning such norms occurs in an environment that emphasizes violence over other options.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The Chicago School’s idea that all cities contain identifiable clusters, such as a Chinatown or Little Italy, and neighborhoods that have low or high crime rates is labelled “major areas”.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Zone II was identified as the transition zone or zone in transition.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The theoretical framework of concentric circles no longer has support from theorists.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Shaw and McKay’s formulation of social disorganization focused on the micro level of analysis, which has been criticized in recent years.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Shaw and McKay’s model demonstrated that the prevalence and frequency of various social ills tend to overlap with higher delinquency rates.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The Chicago School of criminology can be generalized to other cities.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Ecological School and the Chicago School of Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Geographers and urban planners have long acknowledged the detriment caused to traditionally stable residential areas when businesses move in.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Shaw and McKay’s longitudinal data showed that in terms of delinquency rates, it mattered which ethnic group lived in Zone II. Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Shaw and McKay’s social disorganization model does not attempt to explain why some youths in the best neighborhoods choose to commit crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reactions and Research Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The term code of the streets was developed by Anderson.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The code of the streets theory by Anderson focused on African Americans and claims that due to deprived conditions in the inner cities, black Americans feel a sense of hopelessness, isolation, and despair.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 15. By the mid-1800s, most U.S. cities had ample social service agencies designed to handle the problems of urbanization.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Park claimed that all cities contain identifiable clusters, which he called natural areas, where the group has taken on a life or organic unity by itself.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Radial growth refers to development that begins on the outside and ripples inward.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 18. Zone I in Chicago is known as the Loop.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Concentric circles are models of growth that assume all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Easy 20. According to Anderson, “the code of the streets” is to maintain one’s reputation and demand respect; to be disrespected is considered grounds for a physical attack.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Asians commit more crime than any other group.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Disparities of Race in Regard to Subcultural Theories of Crime.

Difficulty Level: Easy 22. U.S. studies on cultural theories of crime show that no large groups blatantly deny the middle-class norms of society.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Criticisms Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 23. Empirical evidence suggests neighborhood watch groups are the most effective method to deter crime in inner-city areas.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.5: Evaluate policies that have come from the Chicago/social-disorganization theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 24. The more general the goals of a neighborhood regarding crime reduction, the more effective implementation will be.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 9.5: Evaluate policies that have come from the Chicago/social-disorganization theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Statistically speaking, intraracial crime is more common than interracial crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Disparities of Race in Regard to Subcultural Theories of Crime.

Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. To what does the term code of the streets refer?

Ans: Maintaining one’s reputation and demanding respect.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Discuss Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization.

Ans: Shaw and McKay proposed a framework that began with the assumption that certain neighborhoods in all cities have more crime than other parts of the city—most of them located in Burgess’s Zone II, which is the zone in the transition from residential to industrial, due to the invasion of factories. The neighborhoods that have the highest rates of crime typically have at least three common problems: physical dilapidation, poverty, and heterogeneity (which is a

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 fancy way of saying a high cultural mix). Shaw and McKay noted other common characteristics, such as a highly transient population, meaning that people constantly move in and out of the area, as well as unemployment among the residents of the neighborhood.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Discuss the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Ans: The studies on cultural theories of crime, at least in the United States, show that no large groups blatantly deny the middle-class norms of society.

Specifically, Miller’s model of lower-class focal concerns simply does not exist across the entire lower class. Studies consistently show that most adults in the lower class attempt to socialize their children to believe in conventional values, such as respect for authority, hard work as positive, delayed gratification, and so forth, and not the focal concerns that Miller specified in his model. So there are likely small groups or gangs that have subcultural normative values, but that does not constitute a completely separate culture in society. Therefore, it can be concluded that if there are subcultural groups in our society, they seem to make up a small percentage of the population, which somewhat negates the cultural/subcultural perspective of criminality.

Learning Objective: 9.4: Evaluate the criticisms of cultural theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Criticisms of Cultural Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Give an example of the focal concern of trouble.

Ans: Pregnancy, legal problems, personal difficulties.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 5. Most citizens in Chicago in the late-1800s did not speak a common language or share cultural values. How could this be an issue?

Ans: It was almost impossible for these citizens to organize themselves to solve community problems, resulting in chaos and anomie.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What were Ferracuti and Wolfgang’s primary conclusions from their research?

What did they base their primary conclusions on? What does their cultural/subcultural theory assume?

Ans: Violence is a culturally learned adaptation to deal with negative life circumstances and that learning such norms occurs in an environment that emphasizes violence over other options. Based on an analysis of data that showed great differences in rates of homicide across racial groups. Assumes that many offenders believe in a normative system distinctly different from and often at odds with the norms accepted by conventional society.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 7. What are the six focal concerns in Miller’s theory?

Ans: Fate, autonomy, trouble, toughness, excitement, and smartness.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Explain the concept of social disorganization. Design an experiment to test the theory of social disorganization. What would you hope to find?

Ans: Social disorganization is when a society experiences a breakdown in organization, which in turn leads to crime and delinquency. Students should design experiments measuring social disorganization in an effective manner.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Shaw and McKay’s Theory of Social Disorganization Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Why was Chicago chosen as the area for the development of these theories?

What was going on in this city in the mid- to late-1800s? Who ran the town, and what did this lead to?

Ans: Chicago needed theoretical guidance to develop solutions to their problems, particularly regarding the high rates of delinquency. Youth gangs ran the town with no repercussions from early law enforcement. This led to a sense of anomie or normlessness for the area that resulted in a breakdown in the social structure.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cultural Context: Chicago in the 1800s and Early 1900s Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Distinguish between a culture and subculture.

Ans: The distinction between a culture and a subculture is that a culture represents a distinct, separate set of norms and values among an identifiable group of people that are summarily different from that of the dominant culture.

There is a substantial difference between a culture and a subculture, which is typically only a pocket of individuals who may have a set of norms that deviate from conventional values.

Learning Objective: 9.3: Identify some current, modern-day examples of specific cultures or subcultures in the United States and how they relate to crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Early Theoretical Developments and Research in Cultural/Subcultural Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Describe the Chicago Area Project and criticisms of the project.

Ans: It established centers in the most crime-ridden neighborhoods of Chicago.

These neighborhood centers sought to create activities for youth, as well as to establish ties between parents and officials in the neighborhood. Although this program was never scientifically evaluated, it still exists, and many cities have implemented programs based on this model. Programs like this typically fail to prevent criminal behavior.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Reactions and Research Difficulty Level: Hard 12. What policy recommendations would you make based upon theories discussed in this chapter?

Ans: Specific goals of neighborhoods regarding crime reduction, such as more careful monitoring of high-level offenders (e.g., more intensive supervised probation) and better lighting in dark places. Peace Builders, anti-aggression programs for foster youth, programs that promote prosocial norms and culture, especially among those at-risk.

Learning Objective: 9.5: Evaluate policies that have come from the Chicago/social-disorganization theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 13. Explain what a natural area is and give two examples of such areas. How is this related to the idea of symbiosis and crime rates?

Ans: Natural area—all cities contain identifiable clusters and neighborhoods that have low or high crime rates; examples include Little Italy, Chinatown, Hell’s Kitchen, Times Square, Harlem, Inner Harbor, Fells Point. All the areas complement one another and work together as a whole to produce a unique identity for the area. Crime rates can either be higher or lower in these areas depending on the culture and social structure within the natural areas.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Hard 14. What did the text cite as the reason why Shaw and McKay did not focus on slowing the invasion of factories and businesses into Zone II as a recommendation to decrease criminality in those areas?

Ans: Political and financial concerns. Owners of the factories and businesses were financing their research and later funded their primary policy implementation.

Learning Objective: 9.2: Discuss Shaw and McKay’s theory of social disorganization.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions and Research Difficulty Level: Medium 15. How did Park relate the ecological principle of symbiosis to society?

Ans: Everyone is better off working together as a whole; they depend on each other.

Learning Objective: 9.1: Describe how the model presented by Chicago theorists explains the development of cities and the causes of crime in varying regions of a city.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Ecological Principles in City Growth and Concentric Circles Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 10: SOCIAL PROCESS AND CONTROL THEORIES OF CRIME

Multiple Choice 1. ______ is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory. a. Sheldon b. Tarde c. Shaw and McKay d. Sutherland Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Sutherland introduced ______ theory. a. differential access b. learning c. differential association d. trait Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Sutherland was interested in explaining ______. a. why the elderly were not involved in criminal activity b. how criminal values and attitudes could be culturally transmitted from one generation to another c. why firearms offenses were higher in the United States compared to other nations d. why males committed more crimes than females Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. Sutherland’s theory of differential association had ______ different elements. a. seven b. eight c. nine d. four Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 5. In the process of classical conditioning, the organism, animal, or person is a/an ______ actor in the process, simply receiving stimuli and responding. a. passive b. involved c. active d. dynamic Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 6. What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of differential association theory? a. family b. media c. friends d. community Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 7. ______ is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action. a. Modeling b. Classical conditioning c. Imitation d. Operant conditioning Ans: D

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Akers and Burgess integrated Sutherland’s work with contributions from the field of ______. a. sociology b. psychiatry c. social psychology d. psychology Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Reinforcement Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Differential associations vary in all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. duration b. frequency c. priority d. moderation Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Studies testing differential reinforcement theory have used four groups of variables or factors. Choose the one below that is not considered one of these variables. a. associations b. modeling c. punishments d. definitions Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 11. The neutralizing techniques found primarily in corporate settings is ______, which essentially is the belief that an individual or group has done so much good that he or she is entitled to mess up by doing something illegal. a. appeal to higher loyalties b. defense of necessity c. condemning the condemner d. metaphor of the ledger Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Neutralization theory is associated with ______ theorists. a. Sutherland and Hirschi b. Alex and Leonar c. Sykes and Matza d. Darwin and Maslow Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Neutralization theory Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The text states it is arguable that ______ may have the most empirical validity of any contemporary (nonintegrated) model of criminal offending. a. neutralization theory b. differential reinforcement theory c. power-control theory d. containment theory Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 14. ______ theory emphasizes various types of social learning, specifically classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation or modeling. a. Differential association b. Differential reinforcement c. Differential identification

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. Neutralization Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Reinforcement Theory Propositions Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Tarde introduced imitation theory, which incorporated three laws of imitation.

Which law below is not part of the laws of imitation? a. the inferior is imitated by the superior b. people imitate one another in proportion as they are in close contact c. when two mutually exclusive methods come together, one method can be substituted for another d. superior is imitated by the inferior Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Bandura demonstrated, through a series of theoretical and experimental studies, that a significant amount of learning takes place ______. a. absent virtually any form of conditioning or responses to a given behavior b. with lots of conditioning or responses to a given behavior c. due to repeated and consistent rewards d. as the result of continuous punishments Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Bandura’s Theory of Imitation/Modeling Difficulty Level: Easy 17. All of the following are considered learning theories EXCEPT ______. a. differential reinforcement theory b. differential association theory c. collective conscience theory d. neutralization theory Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Émile Durkheim’s Idea of Collective Conscience.

Difficulty Level: Medium 18. ______ consist of a wide range of constraints on individual propensities to commit deviant acts. a. Internal controls b. Indirect controls c. Direct controls d. External controls Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Nye’s Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Spanking is considered an example of ______. a. positive reinforcement b. negative punishment c. negative reinforcement d. positive punishment Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The four constructs of social bonding theory is made up of all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. conformity b. attachments c. involvement d. commitment Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 21. The gray area between free will and determinism is called ______. a. soft determinism

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. drift c. classical determinism d. hard determinism Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Matza’s Drift Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 22. ______ assumes that in households where the mother and father have relatively similar levels of power at work, mothers will be less likely to exert control over their daughters. a. Neutralization theory b. Differential reinforcement theory c. Power-control theory d. Containment theory Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hagan’s Power-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Matza’s drift theory is highly consistent with several of the ideas presented by control theorists, including all of the following assumptions EXCEPT ______. a. selfish tendencies are universal b. selfish tendencies appear at times when controls are weakest c. selfish tendencies are inhibited by socialization and social controls d. selfish tendencies appear only during the teenage years Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Matza’s Drift Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 24. ______ assumes that all people would naturally commit crimes if not for restraints on the selfish tendencies that exist in every individual. a. Neutralization theory b. Differential reinforcement theory c. Control theory d. Learning theory Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control Difficulty Level: Easy 25. ______ theory takes into account associations with persons and images presented in the media. a. Differential association b. Differential reinforcement c. Differential identification d. Containment Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Glaser’s Concept of Differential Identification Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Learning theories focus on why and how individuals are socialized into criminal activity; by contrast, control theories focus on why and how ______. a. criminals succeed in learning difficult crime techniques b. individuals are not socialized into conforming behavior c. abusive parents might increase criminality d. abusive siblings might increase criminality Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 27. Tabula rasa means ______. a. blank slate b. criminal mind c. criminal act d. deviant type Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Glaser’s Concept of Differential Identification Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 28. Which type of conditioning is concerned with how behavior is influenced by reinforcements and punishments? a. classic b. operant c. stimulus d. control Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 29. Virtually all learning theories assume that our attitudes and behavioral decisions are acquired via ______. a. genetics before we are born b. formal learning in school c. observation only d. communication after we are born Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Select the false statement below. a. Differential association theory is just as deterministic as theories that believe biology is the cause of criminality. b. Sutherland believed criminality is learned just as other things are learned. c. Sutherland was influenced by McKay, Shaw, and Tarde. d. Differential association theory contends that people learn about crimes more from the media than from those close to them.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 31. According to Sykes and Matza, when it comes to choosing between complete conformity or complete nonconformity, youths ______ these two extremes. a. make a consistent choice to one of b. vacillate or drift between c. completely reject both of

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. express they are confused by Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neutralization Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Why is it called neutralization theory? a. People justify and rationalize behavior by through “neutralizing” it, making excuses for behavior they know is wrong. b. People usually follow an illegal act with a virtuous act in order to “neutralize” the effects of their crimes. c. When people commit crimes, the negative consequences of their acts are neutralized” by the good acts of those who never commit crimes. d. When people commit crimes, they try to pick one that society has a “natural” attitude about.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neutralization Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Which statement is not one of the recognized techniques of neutralization? a. denial of responsibility b. denial of the victim c. assessment of gain d. appeal to higher loyalties Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neutralization Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 34. What two techniques of neutralization are most commonly used by white collar criminals? a. denial of the victim and denial of responsibility b. defense of necessity and metaphor of the ledger c. appeal to higher loyalties and condemnation of the condemners d. denial of responsibility and assessment of gain Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neutralization Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Two wide criticisms of neutralization theory mentioned in the chapter are that it has not been properly measured and ______. a. more research is needed about whether neutralization occurs both before and after a crime b. existing research has only been conducted on elderly individuals c. existing research has only been conducte on juveniles d. no anecdotal evidence exists regarding this theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neutralization Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Control theories assume that all people would naturally commit crimes if not for ______. a. a genetic predisposition to obey the law b. restraints like social attachments and investments in society c. illness, injury, and death d. intellectual and psychological disabilities Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Control Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 37. The low self-control theory of crime, also known as the general theory of crime, assumes that ______. a. lack of control over behavior is inevitable, and that no amount of discipline of good parenting can overcome this fact b. individuals are born predisposed to self-centered activities and only effective child rearing and socialization can overcome this fact c. the media has created such a violent culture that only parental interferece with media influence can cancel out this negative influence d. most people are born with great self-control, but that a small percentage are born with none

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control Difficulty Level: Medium 38. The general theory of crime contends that if a child has not learned selfcontrol by age ______, then s/he will never have it. a. 10 b. 12 c. 14 d. 18 Ans: A Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control Difficulty Level: Easy 39. A select group of individuals appear to derive physiological and psychological pleasure from engaging in risky behaviors while simultaneously ______. a. having less pain receptors in their neurons b. having higher IQ’s than the general population c. being less inhibited by internal emotional sanctions d. being more likely to experience embarrassment Ans: C Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Physiological Aspects Difficulty Level: Medium 40. When it comes to gender roles and self-control, studies show ______. a. no differences between males and females regarding behavior b. males have more self-control than females c. males are more likely to experience inner emotional sanctioning d. females are more likely to experience inner emotional sanctioning Ans: D Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Theory of Low Self-Control Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. People learn rules, morals, and values through a process of socialization.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Sutherland was greatly influenced by Shaw and McKay’s concept of social disorganization.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Classical conditioning assumes that animals, as well as people, do no learn through associations between stimuli and responses.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Sutherland was adamant that people learned about how and why to commit crime occurred through media role models, such as those in movies or on the radio.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 5. When criminal behavior is learned, understanding the techniques of committing the crime is always very complicated.

Ans: F

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Burgess and Aker’s theory addresses the idea that delinquent associations could occur after criminal activity takes place.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Control theories focus on social or personal factors that explain how and why individuals learn criminal behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Proponents of learning theories contend that individuals enter the world with a blank slate, or tabula rasa.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Sutherland’s differential association theory is hard to test because it uses too many different types of learning models.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Non-social reinforcement is considered self-reinforcement.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The weaker the collective conscience in a society, the more crime in that community.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Émile Durkheim’s Idea of Collective Conscience Difficulty Level: Medium 12. The notion of collective conscience can be seen as an early form of the idea of social bonding.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Émile Durkheim’s Idea of Collective Conscience Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The idea that criminal behavior is learned was a radical idea at the time it was presented.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The assumption that people have innate antisocial tendencies is a controversial one because it is nearly impossible to test.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Control Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Low self-control theory proposes that individuals either develop self-control by age 10 or do not. Those who do not will manifest criminal or deviant behaviors throughout life.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Sutherland believed that and individual’s propensity to commit crimes is largely inherited.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 17. According to differential association theory, criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication that is usually verbal.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Sutherland believed that a person will engage in criminal behavior when there is an excess of available definitions of legal codes that favor violating the law.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Differential associations rarely, if ever, vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 20. If an individual stole a car because s/he needed money, Sutherland would agree that the offenders needs and motives for this crime are adequate because no other explanations exist for criminal behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 21. The experiment involving Pavlov’s dogs demonstrated classical conditioning.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Bandura coined the term “white collar crime”.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Daniel Glaser’s theory of differential identification has been largely ignored in the field of criminology.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Glaser’s Concept of Differential Identification Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Differential reinforcement theory emphasizes a wider variety of social learning compared to differential association theory.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Glaser’s Concept of Differential Identification Difficulty Level: Medium 25. Sykes and Matza argued that most criminals have completely rejected the dominant social order.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: F Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Neutralization Theory Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Apply the five techniques of neutralization to an example of your choice.

Ans: Students should select an example of a crime and then apply denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim, condemnation of the condemners, and appeal to higher loyalties. Examples can vary.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Techniques of Neutralization Difficulty Level: Hard 2. How do learning theories differ from other theories?

Ans: Unlike other theories that assume we are born with offending tendencies, learning theories assume that our attitudes and behavioral decisions are acquired via communication after we are born.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Learning Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Give two (2) examples of a positive reinforcement.

Ans: Giving a child a toy, candy, praise, etc. Students must present their own original examples.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Operant Conditioning Difficulty Level: Hard 4. Explain low self-control theory by Gottfredson.

Ans: A theory that proposes that individuals either develop self-control by age 10 or do not. Those who do not will manifest criminal or deviant behaviors throughout life.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A General Theory of Crime: Low Self-Control Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Explain the theory of drift and give two (2) examples of when drift may occur.

Ans: Individuals offend at certain times in their lives when social controls, such as parental supervision, employment, and family ties, are weakened. Students must provide original examples.

Learning Objective: 10.1: Explain what distinguishes learning theories of crime from other perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Matza’s Drift Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Learning criminality is likened to learning everyday activities. Give an example of an everyday activity learned from others as criminality is learned.

Ans: Students must give original examples.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 7. At the time differential association theory was developed, what did most academics and society believed about why offenders committed crimes?

Ans: Something was abnormal or different about criminals.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Elements of Differential Association Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Explain classical conditioning.

Ans: Assumes animals as well as people learn through associations between stimuli and responses.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Classical Conditioning Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What does the term collective conscience mean?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Extent of similarities or likenesses that people share. Almost everyone can agree that homicide is a serious and harmful act that should be avoided in any civilized society.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Émile Durkheim’s Idea of Collective Conscience Difficulty Level: Medium 10. How did Bandura think individuals learned their attitudes and behaviors?

Ans: Through observing the behavior of others or mimicking others.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Bandura’s Theory of Imitation/Modeling Difficulty Level: Easy 11. What are the two (2) propositions related to control-balance theory?

Ans: The amount of control to which one is subjected and the amount of control one can exercise determine the probability of deviance occurring.

Learning Objective: 10.4: Explain the key tenets of integrated social control theories, with special focus on low self-control theory, such as what personality traits are involved.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Tittle’s Control-Balance Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Explain five (5) of the seven (7) propositions of differential reinforcement theory.

Ans: (1) Criminal behavior is learned through operant conditioning; (2) criminal behavior is learned both in non-social situations and through social interaction; (3) the principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs in those groups that comprise the individual’s major source of reinforcements; (4) learning criminal behavior is a function of the effective and available reinforcers and the existing reinforcement contingencies; (5) the specific class of behaviors which are learned and their frequency of occurrence are a function of the reinforcers that are effective and available, and the rules or norms by which these reinforcers are applied; (6) criminal behavior is a function of norms that are discriminative for criminal behavior, the learning of which takes place when such behavior is more highly reinforced than noncriminal behavior; (7) the strength of criminal behavior is a direct function of the amount, frequency, and probability of its reinforcement.

Learning Objective: 10.2: Distinguish differential association theory from differential reinforcement theory.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Reactions to Differential Reinforcement Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Explain what the Bo-Bo doll experiment was and how it was related to Bandura’s theory. What implications did Bandura’s findings have? How could these findings be applied to a real-world issue or problem?

Ans: Bo-Bo doll experiment: A randomized experimental group of children watched a video of adults acting aggressively toward a Bo-Bo doll (plastic blowup doll), and a control group of children did not watch. The different groups were then sent to a room with a Bo-Bo doll in it. The experimental group mimicked the adult behavior they had seen by acting far more aggressively as compared with the control group. Bandura believed people learn behavior by watching others or mimicking (“monkey see, monkey do”). Applies to modeling and imitation not only for criminal behavior of individuals but also for the influence of television, movies, video games, etc. Students must come up with original examples.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi. Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Bandura’s Theory of Imitation/Modeling Difficulty Level: Hard 14. Explain how having a stake in conformity would prevent most people from committing crime.

Ans: This is the extent to which individuals are invested in conventional society; how much is a person willing to risk by violating the law. If an individual buys into societal conventions, they are less likely to break the laws that govern the society they are invested in. If someone has nothing to lose, they are more likely to commit crime.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Toby’s Concept of Stake in Conformity Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Explain Hirschi’s four elements of social bonding theory.

Ans: Social bonding is a control theory that assumes that individuals are predisposed to commit crime and that conventional bonds prevent or reduce offending. This bond is made up of four constructs: attachments, commitment, involvement, and moral beliefs regarding committing crime.

Learning Objective: 10.3: Discuss early models of social control theory, especially the theoretical frameworks presented by Nye, Reckless, Matza, and Hirschi.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hirschi’s Social Bonding Theory Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 11: LABELING THEORY AND CONFLICT/MARXIST/RADICAL THEORIES OF CRIME

Multiple Choice 1. ______, in labeling theory, is the type of minor, infrequent offending people commit before they are caught and labeled as offenders. a. Looking-glass self b. Primary deviance c. Secondary deviance d. Dramatization of evil Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Edwin M. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The ______ is a concept proposed by Tannenbaum in relation to labeling theory that states when relatively minor laws are broken, the community tends to dramatize it. a. looking-glass self b. primary deviance c. secondary deviance d. dramatization of evil Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil Difficulty Level: Easy 3. ______ assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and branded as offenders. a. Consensus theory b. Conflict theory c. Labeling theory d. Left realism theory Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Foundation Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. ______, in labeling theory, is the more serious, frequent offending people commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders. a. Looking-glass self b. Primary deviance c. Secondary deviance d. Dramatization of evil Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Edwin M. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______’s theory focused on the process that occurs after an individual has been caught and designated as violating the law. a. Lemert b. Tannenbaum c. Cooley d. Becker Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Outsiders: Studies in the Sociology of Deviance was written by ______ about the labeling perspective. a. Lemert b. Becker c. Tannenbaum d. Cooley e. Mead Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Deviance is created by ______. a. law makers b. politicians c. individuals d. society Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a new light. a. retrospective interpretation b. stereotyping c. status-degradation ceremony d. negotiation Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Criminologists from the consensus perspective maintain all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that helps individuals resolve their conflicts b. law reflects the need for social order c. law is a product of value consensus d. law is a partial system that protects private interests Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Group conflict theory focuses only on those situations in which criminal behavior is a result of conflicting group interests, which includes all of the following types of crimes EXCEPT ______. a. crimes arising from racial and ethnic clashes b. crimes arising from labor disputes c. crimes arising from robbery d. crimes arising from political protest Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The philosophy and teachings of Karl Marx influenced the development of ______. a. labeling theory

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. consensus theory c. radical conflict theory d. group conflict theory Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Radical Conflict Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy 12. ______ argues that part of human nature is that people’s lives are a part, and a product, of their group associations. a. Labeling theory b. Critical-radical theory c. Consensus theory d. Group conflict theory Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Group conflict theory was introduced by ______. a. Sutherland b. Cooley c. Becker d. Vold Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Cooley noted that primary groups are those characterized by intimate and personal interactions. Some of the most important primary groups are all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. neighborhood b. play groups c. family d. celebrities Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Foundation

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Generally, criminologists have incorporated Marxist ideology in three ways.

Choose the answer below that is NOT one of the three ways Marxist ideology is incorporated. a. law is a tool of the ruling class b. scholars need to address the relationships between mode of production and understanding crime c. all crime in capitalist countries is a product of class struggle d. laws are made by the proletariat and followed by the bourgeoisie Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Marxist Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 16. The integrated structural-Marxist theory incorporates all of the following theories EXCEPT ______. a. labeling theory b. biological theory c. control theory d. strain theory Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Colvin and Pauly’s Integrated Structural-Marxist Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 17. ______ contends that society should attempt reconciliation through mediation and dispute settlement. a. Left realism b. Peacemaking criminology c. Restorative justice perspective d. Consensus perspective Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Peacemaking Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 18. Restorative justice emphasizes all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. criminal justice system

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. victim c. offender d. community Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Peacemaking criminology incorporates all of the following intellectual traditions EXCEPT ______. a. feminist b. religious c. critical d. consensus Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Peacemaking Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Traditional theories of criminology tended to support the status quo. Critical theories of criminology ______. a. also support the status quo but condemn criticizing it b. are a critique of those who disagree with the government c. are a critique of the state and the political economy d. are a critique of those who disagree with large corporations Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 21. A class or status Marx assigned to the dominant, oppressing owners of the means of production. a. proletariat b. dialectics c. bourgeoisie d. idealists Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Marxist Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 22. A labeling mechanism by which a person in power assigns a label to an offender, such as when a prosecuting attorney arranges a plea bargain with an offender. a. negotiation b. arraignment c. restorative justice d. interactionism Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Medium 23. The ideological position that political theories are irrelevant when assessing the validity of knowledge claims; truth should be independent of political ideology or personal values. a. libertarian perspective b. non-partisan perspective c. partisan perspective d. utilitarian perspective Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Austin Turk: The Power to Define Criminal Behavior Difficulty Level: Medium 24. The oppressed group of workers exploited by the capitalists who never profit from their own efforts because the upper class owns and controls the means of production. a. bourgeoise b. industrialists c. partisans d. proletariat Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Marxist Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 25. Which is the most dramatic way to initiate the process of giving an individual a new identity, such as a criminal trial? a. status-degradation ceremony b. alienation ceremony c. symbolic interactionism d. routine activities theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 26. ______ refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values, involving a joint or multisided approach. A victim-offender reconciliation program would be an example. a. Retributive justice b. Restorative justice c. Symbolic justice d. Innovative justice Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 27. In the context of labeling theory, this would occur if a police officer saw a gathering of juveniles and assumed they were planning to commit a crime based on their skin color or clothing. a. stereotyping b. programming c. symbolizing d. reconciling Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 28. ______ interactionism occurs when individuals interpret each other’s words or gestures and then act based on the meaning of those gestures. a. Competitive b. Mutual c. Symbolic d. Conflict

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Foundation Difficulty Level: Easy 29. The community’s point of view or the social reaction to illegal behavior is called ______. a. global perspective b. universal consensus c. mutual labeling d. dramatization of evil Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Which event is not part of the sequence of interaction that results in secondary deviation? a. primary deviation b. offender rejection of stigma c. strengthening of the deviant conduct as a reaction to the stigmatizing and penalties d. further deviation, possibly with hostilities and resentment toward those imposing the penalties Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Edwin M. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 31. Which statement below is not one of the basic assumptions of labeling theory? a. The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal and noncriminal groups is contrary to common sense and research. b. While the sanctions used in law enforcement are directed against the individual and not just the criminal act, the penalties for such an act vary according to the characteristics of the offender. c. Criminal justice is founded on a stereotyped conception of the criminal as a willful wrongdoer who is morally bad and deserving of the community’s condemnation. d. Once confronted by public condemnation and the label of an evil man, it is natural and easy for an offender to maintain a favorable image of himself.

Ans: D

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Assumptions Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Labeling theory research conducted by Richard Schwartz and Jerome Skolnick examined the effect of an employee’s criminal court record on the reactions of potential employers and found that ______. a. an individual accused of a crime but acquitted had no more or less trouble finding an unskilled job as someone who was never accused or convicted b. an individual accused of a crime but acquitted has almost as much trouble finding an unskilled job as someone who was accused and convicted c. an individual who was both accused and convicted of a crime had no trouble finding a job if the application included a positive letter from a judge d. an individual who was both accused and convicted of a crime had no chance of ever getting a job Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Research Difficulty Level: Medium 33. Select the statement that was not one of the five critiques of labeling theory included in the chapter. a. The various propositions to be tested are too specific and detailed. b. Due to the lack of satisfactory data and empirical research, evaluating the adequacy of labeling theory has been difficult. c. Labeling theory focuses on the reaction to criminal and/or deviant behavior. It avoids the question of causation. d. Labeling should be viewed as a perspective rather than a theory.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Critiques Difficulty Level: Medium 34. One critique of labeling theory is that it focuses on the ______ rather than the ______. Thus, it views the people receiving the labels as being overly passive. a. genetics; environment b. reactors; actors c. brain structure; brain function d. courts; police Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Critiques Difficulty Level: Medium 35. According to Quinney, crime is a definition of human conduct that is created by ______. a. a consensus of the governed in all societies b. a subculture of the proletariat in a capitalist structure c. authorized agents in a politically organized society d. unauthorized agents in unorganized societies Ans: C Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Richard Quinney: The Social Reality of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 36. What is an example of a policy that agrees with the basic tenets of the labeling perspective? a. a diversion program b. a mandatory sentencing law c. a “three strikes you’re out” law d. a law that tries a juvenile as an adult Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 37. What is a Youth Court? a. a court that prosecutes children who kill other children b. a peer court for younger juveniles who commit low-level offenses c. a court for prosecuting child felons who will be sentenced adults d. a court for prosecuting offenses involving child victims Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Criminologists who promote radical conflict perspectives can be traced to the writings of ______. a. Karl Marx b. Thomas Hobbes c. Austin Turk

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. Richard Quinney Ans: A Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Radical Conflict Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy 39. Which statement is not an established criticism of conflict theory? a. Findings from studies can be interpreted in more than one way. b. Some research studies testing conflict theory are unable to distinguish between alternative explanations. c. Few attempts have been made to develop and test well-constructed conflict theories. d. The researchers who ran the studies only considered the perspective of the rich and powerful.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critiques Difficulty Level: Medium 40. ______ refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach; emphasizes victim, community, and offender. a. Festributive justice b. Restorative justice c. False consciousness d. Labeling theory Ans: B Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Balanced Approach Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Retributive justice refers to the repair of justice by reaffirming a shared consensus of values involving a joint or multisided approach; emphasizes victim, community, and offender.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The secret deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society, without society reacting to this behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The falsely accused is an individual who disobeys the rules and is perceived by society as doing so.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Cooley identified the process of obtaining one’s self-image through the “eyes of others” as the looking-glass self.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Foundation Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Near the end of the 1950s, the unfair and inequitable treatment of underprivileged individuals in society was becoming a widespread concern for many Americans.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Foundation

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Lemert provided a concise, working definition of deviance that was lacking from labeling theory in general.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The primary focus of critical-radical theories is power and the use of that power.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Left realism contends that previous criminological theories have been incomplete in that they only focus on one part of the square of crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Left Realism Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Labeling theory is not overly concerned with questions of why an individual engages in deviant behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Tannenbaum’s “dramatization of evil” states that when relatively minor laws are broken, the community tends to dramatize the situation.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 12. The Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 lessened the disparity between mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine offenses.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Along with the dramatization of evil, Tannenbaum argues that acts are inherently good or bad.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil Difficulty Level: Medium 14. A pure deviant, based on Becker’s typology, is an individual who disobeys the rules and is perceived as doing so.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Easy 15. A hiding deviant is an individual who violates the rules of society but elicits no reaction from society.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Medium 16. Research shows that potential employers are just as likely to hire someone who is accused of a crime and later acquitted as someone who was never accused of a crime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Research Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Labeling theory is very vague regarding its propositions.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Research Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Labeling theory primarily focuses on the causes of criminal behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Research Difficulty Level: Medium 19. Vold argued that criminal behavior is the course taken by less powerful groups who could not promote and defend their interests and purposes in the legislative process.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 20. Generally, there are two forms of conflict theory: conservative (pluralist) and critical-radical.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy 21. George Vold, Austin Turk, and Richard Quinney have made major contributions to the critical-radical conflict theoretical perspective.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.4: Evaluate the research and criticisms of conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy 22. A juvenile diversion program is an example of a program that acknowledges labeling theory principles.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 23. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 and the Omnibus Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 are policies that exemplify the conflict theory perspective.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Left realism proponents insist that previous theories of criminology focused on all four squares of crime equally.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Left Realism Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Restorative justice refers to the repair of justice through a one-sided approach of imposing punishment.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Restorative Justice Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Describe the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Ans: 1. No act is intrinsically criminal.

2. Criminal definitions are enforced in the interest of the powerful.

3. A person does not become a criminal by violating the law.

4. The practice of dichotomizing individuals into criminal and noncriminal groups is contrary to common sense and research.

5. Only a few persons are caught in violating the law even though many individuals may be equally guilty.

6. While the sanctions used in law enforcement are directed against the individual and not just the criminal act, the penalties for such an act vary according to the characteristics of the offender.

7. Criminal sanctions also vary according to other characteristics of the offender.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 8. Criminal justice is founded on a stereotyped conception of the criminal as a pariah—a willful wrongdoer who is morally bad and deserving of the community’s condemnation.

9. Confronted by public condemnation and the label of an evil man, it may be difficult for an offender to maintain a favorable image of himself.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Basic Assumptions Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Explain the key features of the consensus view of the law.

Ans: In the 18th and 19th centuries, consensus perspectives of law were identified as “social contract theories.” These theories stressed that law serves a necessary social function (i.e., functionalism). A major proponent of this perspective, Thomas Hobbes, argued that without either law or the state, individuals would pursue their self-interests without considering how these pursuits could affect others. To avoid such a lawless condition, individuals enter into an agreement, or consensus, to sacrifice their self-interests in an effort to form a society for the common good of all people. Criminologists from this consensus perspective maintain that (1) law reflects the need for social order, (2) law is a product of value consensus, (3) law is an impartial system that protects public rather than private interests, and (4) where differences between groups exist, law is the neutral mechanism that helps individuals resolve their conflicts.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Conflict Perspectives Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Discuss the policy implications of labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Ans: Divert certain individuals from formal processing to avoid the negative effects of such labeling. Diversion programs. Also, changes to sentencing laws.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain President Barack Obama’s Fair Sentencing Act. Ans: This law lessens the disparity between mandatory minimum sentences for crack and powder cocaine offenses. Specifically, it reduces the sentencing disparity to 18 to 1. Thus, a person convicted of selling 28 grams of crack will face a 5-year mandatory minimum, just as will a person who is convicted of selling 500 grams of powder cocaine.

Learning Objective: 11.6: Summarize the policies associated to labeling and conflict theories of crime.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What three intellectual traditions did peacemaking criminology incorporate?

Ans: Religious, feminist, and critical.

Learning Objective: 11.5: Describe the key contributors of alternative perspectives such as peacemaking criminology, the restorative justice perspective, and left realism.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Peacemaking Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Richard Quinney set forth six propositions that described his social reality of crime. Explain four of the six propositions.

Ans: (1) Crime is a definition of human conduct that is created by authorized agents in a politically organized society; (2) criminal definitions describe behaviors that conflict with the interests of the segments of society that have the power to shape political policy; (3) criminal definitions are applied by the segments of society that have the power to shape the enforcement and administration of criminal law; (4) behavior patterns are structured in segmentally organized society in relation to criminal definitions, and within this context, persons engage in actions that have relative probabilities of being defined as criminal; (5) conceptions of crime are constructed and diffused in the segments of society by various means of communication; (6) the social reality of crime is constructed by the formulation and application of criminal definitions, the development of behavior patterns related to criminal definitions, and the construction of criminal conceptions.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Richard Quinney: The Social Reality of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Explain labeling theory and the process one goes through in being labeled by society. Give two examples of individuals who have been labeled and how it has affected their lives. Is labeling an individual an offender a good thing? Why or why not?

Ans: Assumes that criminal behavior increases because certain individuals are caught and labeled as offenders; their offending increases because they have been stigmatized. Students must give their own examples and reasoning as to why or why not to label offenders.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Labeling Theory Difficulty Level: Hard

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 8. Discuss the major critiques of labeling theory.

Ans: Propositions are not adequately specified, evaluation of the theory is challenging, focuses on the reaction of crime, and it has been said it is more a perspective than a theory.

Learning Objective: 11.2: Evaluate the research and criticisms of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Critiques Difficulty Level: Hard 9. Explain the difference between primary and secondary deviance. Also explain the sequence of interaction within secondary deviance.

Ans: Primary—type of minor, infrequent offending people commit before they are caught and labeled as offenders. Secondary—the more serious, frequency offending people commit after they have been caught and labeled as offenders.

Sequence of interaction—primary deviation; social penalties; further primary deviation; stronger penalties and rejections; further deviation, possibly with hostilities and resentment toward those imposing the penalties; crisis reaching the tolerance quotient expressed in formal action by the community stigmatizing the deviant; strengthening of the deviant conduct as a reaction to the stigmatizing and penalties; and ultimate acceptance of the deviant social status and efforts at adjusting to the associated role.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Edwin M. Lemert: Primary and Secondary Deviance Difficulty Level: Medium 10. According to Becker, what are the four types of behaviors related to perceptions of deviance and behavior? Give an example of each.

Ans: (1) Falsely accused—perceived as deviant but obedient behavior, identified as disobeying rules but did not violate the rules; (2) conforming—obedient behavior and not perceived as deviant, conforming behavior and obeys rules; (3) pure deviant—perceived as deviant and rule-breaking behavior, disobeys rules and society knows it; (4) secret deviant—not perceived as deviant but participates in rule-breaking behavior, elicits no reaction from society. Students must supply original examples.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Howard S. Becker: The Dimensions of Deviance Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Explain retrospective interpretation.

Ans: In labeling theory, the process by which an individual is identified as a deviant and thereafter viewed in a “new light.”

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Edwin M. Schur: Defining Deviance Difficulty Level: Medium 12. There are two basic types of criminological theories: spiritualism and naturalism. Explain these two types and the three types of naturalistic theories.

Ans: Spiritualism—influenced by otherworld powers, these explanations cannot be considered scientific, even if some thoughtful and intelligent people believe that they represent the best explanation of crime; natural explanations are more systematic and scientific. Three types—those that focus on the individual, those that emphasize group and intergroup relations, those that are “eclectical,” including various factors that might explain criminal behavior.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: George Vold: Group Conflict Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 13. The text states that appellate court judges make rulings that have a lasting effect on future cases. What does this mean?

Ans: They make case law that other judges look at when they make subsequent decisions.

Learning Objective: 11.3: Describe and distinguish between the various conflict perspectives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: William Chambliss and Robert Seidman on the U.S. Criminal Justice System Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Explain Cooley’s looking-glass self.

Ans: Cooley argued that an individual gains a sense of his or her social self through primary groups or significant others. Thus, if a child learns how to spell a word correctly and a teacher tells her that she did an excellent job, that child will feel a sense of pride and pleasure. If, however, the child misbehaves in the classroom and the teacher reprimands her, she may feel a sense of shame and embarrassment. Cooley identified this process of obtaining one’s self-image through the “eyes of others” as the looking-glass self.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Foundation Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What is the dramatization of evil?

Ans: A concept proposed by Tannenbaum in relation to labeling theory that states that when relatively minor laws are broken, the community tends to dramatize it.

Learning Objective: 11.1: Summarize the basic assumptions of labeling theory.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Frank Tannenbaum: The Dramatization of Evil Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 12: FEMINIST THEORIES OF CRIME

Multiple Choice 1. Feminists of the second wave of feminism argued that to be fully liberated, women needed to have all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. equal access to economic opportunities b. freedom of conscience c. sexual freedoms d. civil liberties Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ pertains to behaviors and attitudes toward certain individuals that treat them as though they are on a pedestal. a. Gender b. Patriarchy c. Paternalism d. Chivalry Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Key Terms Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Feminist criminology evolved when ______. a. women began committing crime b. a woman committed the first female murder c. various assumptions and stereotypes about women in criminal justice were being questioned d. women behaved differently than men Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. According to socialist feminist perspective, what may be women’s ultimate worst enemy? a. liberalism b. capitalism c. patriarchy d. socialism Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Key Terms Difficulty Level: Easy 5. The Declaration of Sentiments stressed the need for reforms in all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. employment b. child custody laws c. divorce d. property Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Medium 6. A perspective that says women as a group cannot be understood, even by other women, because every person’s experience is unique; therefore, there is no need to measure or research such experiences. a. liberal feminism b. conservative feminism c. radical feminism d. postmodern feminism Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ argued that there are basic biological differences between males and females. a. Cesare Lombroso b. Otto Pollak c. W. I. Thomas

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. Sigmund Freud Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: William I. Thomas: The Biology of Female Offending Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The power-control theory attempted to explain gender differences in delinquency rates by including ______. a. social constructs b. family dynamics c. environmental influences d. socioeconomic status Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.4: Identify the main tenets of the liberation thesis.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Power-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Multiracial feminism is an intersectional framework that includes such defining social characteristics as all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. sexuality b. nationality and/or race c. geographic region d. class Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminist Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 10. According to power-control theory, an integral aspect to the relationship between family dynamics, gender, and delinquency rates was ______. a. environmental context b. social structure c. cultural acceptance d. social class Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.4: Identify the main tenets of the liberation thesis.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Power-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Socialist feminism attempts to synthesize ______ and ______ feminism.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. Marxist; liberal b. radical; Marxist c. conservative; liberal d. postmodern; radical Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Marxist and Socialist Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 12. ______ typically collects data, usually though interviews, at one point in time that provide retrospective inquiry as to an individual’s life and life experiences. a. Qualitative research b. Life-course research c. Pathways research D. Quantitative research Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminist Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Amanda Burgess-Proctor was a proponent of multiracial feminism, which includes such defining social characteristics as race, class, gender, sexuality, nationality, and age; multiracial feminism can be distinguished from other feminist perspectives by several factors EXCEPT ______. a. ignore the interaction of social structure and women’s agency b. gender relations do not exist in a vacuum c. it is founded on the concept of relationality d. it stresses the importance of recognizing the ways intersecting systems of power and privilege interact on all social-structural levels.

Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critiques of Feminist Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The phrase “the personal is the political” refers to the notion that the “private sphere” is as structured as the “public sphere” by power relations involving all of the following factors EXCEPT ______. a. age b. race c. religion

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. sexuality Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 15. ______ argued that women are more criminal in nature than have been generally perceived. He also suggested that criminologists should address the unknown criminality of women. a. Cesare Lombroso b. Otto Pollak c. W. I. Thomas d. Sigmund Freud Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Otto Pollak: Hidden Female Criminality Difficulty Level: Easy 16. ______ denotes that women need to be protected for their own good. In a broader social context, this implies independence for men and dependence for women. a. Gender b. Patriarchy c. Paternalism d. Sex Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Key Terms Difficulty Level: Easy 17. What Amendment to the Constitution gave women the right to vote? a. Eleventh b. Fifteenth c. Nineteenth d. Twentieth Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 18. All of the following are considered one of the four virtues comprising the attributes of true womanhood EXCEPT ______. a. purity b. domesticity c. piety d. assertiveness Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traditional Theories of Female Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 19. The negative characterization of the black female as domineering, strong, assertive, independent, and masculine is called ______ stereotype. a. the mammy b. the seductress c. the Amazon d. the sinister Sapphire Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traditional Theories of Female Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Welfare liberal feminists favor government involvement in providing citizens, particularly underprivileged individuals, with all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. food and water b. housing c. social security d. health care Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Liberal Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The first wave of feminism started in the ______ and included ______ as one of its major events. a. late 1700s; American Revolution b. mid-1800s; Seneca Falls Convention c. 1960s; Civil Rights Act of 1964

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. 1980s; Violence Against Women Act Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy 22. The second wave of feminism started in the ______ and included ______ as one of its major events. a. late 1700s; American Revolution b. mid-1800s; Seneca Falls Convention c. 1960s; Civil Rights Act of 1964 d. 1980s; Violence Against Women Act Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy 23. According to ______ causes of gender inequality are due to biological sex differences, and social behavior is based on the biological sex differences. a. patriarchy b. traditional or conservative perspective c. gender d. paternalism Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Traditional or Conservative Perspective Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Which idea is not consistent with NOW’s 1967 Bill of Rights for Women? a. The Equal Rights Amendment should be ratified. b. All women should have equal employment rights and not lose opportunities due to childbirth or pregnancy. c. Women should enjoy reproductive freedom when it comes to birth control and abortion. d. The government should not be involved in any way with child care facilities.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Liberal Feminism

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 25. A major criticism of the liberal feminist perspective is that it ______. a. primarily focuses on the interests of white, middle-class, heterosexual women b. focuses too much on women of color and Latinas and not enough on white women c. fixates on the cause of those who are economically disadvantaged and ignores all gender issues d. only focuses on the concerns of lesbians and transgender individuals and not at all on heterosexual women Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Liberal Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Which statement is not consistent with a radical feminist philosophy? a. Gender is a system of male dominance. b. Women’s biology is the main cause of the patriarchy. c. Women should strive to be exactly like men. d. Sexism is the worst example of human oppression.

Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Radical Feminism Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which statement is not accurate about radical-cultural/radical libertarian feminism? a. Critics say that they need to reconcile the split between themselves in an effort to avoid polarization, particularly in the area of sexuality. b. Many believe that there is no such thing as consensual heterosexuality, although they concede these relationships can be pleasurable. c. They believe that only lesbians are capable of consensual sex in a patriarchal society. d. They all agree on one universal function for human sexuality.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Radical Feminism Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 28. Which type of feminism believes that, “women as a group cannot be understood, even by other women, because every person’s experience is unique; therefore, there is no need to measure or research such experiences, and there is no single formula for being a good feminist”? a. Marxist feminism b. socialist feminism c. postmodern feminism d. radical feminism Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Postmodern Feminism Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Which type of feminism perceives domination—of women, minority groups, animals, and the Earth—as the essential problem rather than the patriarchy? a. postmodern feminism b. ecofeminism c. Marxist feminism d. radical feminism Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Additional Feminist Perspectives Difficulty Level: Easy 30. What types of attributes of female criminals did Lombroso focus on the most? a. physical b. emotional c. spiritual d. psychological Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cesare Lombroso: Physical Attributes of Female Offenders Difficulty Level: Easy 31. W. I. Thomas argued that a woman who went into prostitution did so to ______. a. enhance her financial security b. satisfy a desire for excitement and response c. improve an often fragile level of self-esteem d. reject the stereotype of a good mother

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: William I. Thomas: The Biology of Female Offending Difficulty Level: Easy 32. Sigmund Freud believed that women ______. a. were intellectually superior b. were anatomically superior c. are overly concerned with social issues d. were anatomically inferior Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sigmund Freud: Female Inferiority Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Otta Pollack believed that ______. a. women were honest to a fault b. females had a deceitful nature c. a woman’s socialization made it harder for her to commit crimes d. women’s biology did not affect potential criminality Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Otto Pollak: Hidden Female Criminality Difficulty Level: Easy 34. The liberation thesis, also referred to as the emancipation hypothesis, attempts to link the ______ with ______. a. women’s liberation movement; female crime rates b. 19th Amendment; declining fertility rates c. industrial revolution; prison overpopulation d. theories of Sigmund Freud; radical feminism Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.4: Identify the main tenets of the liberation thesis.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Liberation Thesis Difficulty Level: Easy 35. What does objectivity mean? a. biased b. tautological

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. unbiased d. controversial Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Objectivity and Subjectivity Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Which statement is not one of those identified by Kathleen Daly and Meda Chesney-Lind that distinguish feminist thought from other forms of social and political thought? a. Systems of knowledge reflect men’s views of the natural and social world; the production of knowledge is gendered. b. Gender and gender relations order social life and social institutions in fundamental ways. c. Women should be at the center of intellectual inquiry, not peripheral, invisible, or appendages to men. d. Gender is a natural fact that is separate from social, historical, and cultural influences.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminist Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 37. What type of research typically collects data, usually through interviews, at one point in time that provide retrospective inquiry as to an individual’s life and life experiences? a. life-course b. pathways c. anecdotal d. quantitative Ans: B Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminist Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy 38. Praxis refers to ______. a. the difference between quantitative and qualitative research b. the way researchers choose which type of quantitative analysis to use c. the establishment of alternative arrangements that will provide models for change

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. the way those in power arrange to maintain the status quo and resist attempts for social change Ans: C Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 39. When examining the effects of gender responsive programming, one study revealed that girls who followed more gendered pathways to secure detention ______. a. responded more positively to this type of approach than a traditional one b. were verbally resistant to this type of programming c. never had any interactions with law enforcement in the future d. refused to take part in any such programs at all Ans: A Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 40. What is not one of the goals of legislative reforms to modify rape statutes mentioned in the chapter? a. increasing the reporting of rape b. expanding the range of people protected by the law c. improving the treatment of victims d. reducing the statute of limitations on rape Ans: D Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Most scholars contend that feminism has evolved in three major waves.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 2. Both chivalry and paternalism suggest that certain individuals or groups need protection because they are weak and helpless.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Key Terms Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Classical liberal feminists support limited government and a free market as well as political and legal rights.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Liberal Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The characterization of the black female as a matriarch has traditionally been negative.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traditional Theories of Female Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Feminist scholars have argued that science reflects the social values and concerns of dominant societal groups.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminist Critiques of Previous Studies of Women and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Some feminists have argued that the pathways perspective has provided researchers with a greater understanding of how a woman’s offending is influenced by the social conditions of her life compared to life-course research.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Feminist Criminology Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 7. The blurred boundaries theory assumes that groups of people are socially situated in relation to other groups of people based on their differences.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Critiques of Feminist Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Gender-specific programs target juvenile girls and give females an increased sense of community that has been associated with developing and integrating a healthy identity.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Under socialist feminism, class relations are primary with gender relations secondary.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Marxist and Socialist Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Radical feminists maintain, in principle, that sexism is the first, most widespread form of human oppression.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Radical Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Female youths from patriarchal families were encouraged to engage in risktaking behaviors, just as their brothers were.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.4: Identify the main tenets of the liberation thesis.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Power-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 12. When a researcher uses the sex role approach, it may lead to a form of biological determinism.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminist Critiques of Previous Studies of Women and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The “add women and stir approach” is when one uses an existing theoretical perspective based on males and “adds” women.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminist Critiques of Previous Studies of Women and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The development of an intersectional perspective on gender and race is rooted in the work of scholars focusing on women of color.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Critiques of Feminist Theories Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Praxis is when theory translates into action.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Gender-specific programming is targeted to juvenile males and consists of a curriculum focused on their specific needs.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 17. “The personal is the political” refers to the notion that the “private sphere” is as structured by power relations involving gender, sexuality, race, class, and age as the “public sphere.”

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 18. The second wave of feminism started in the 1980s and continues to the present day.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Sex differences typically refer to biological characteristics, such as reproductive organs and hormones.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Key Terms Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Paternalism denotes that women need to be protected for their own good.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Key Terms Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Classical liberal feminists favor government involvement in providing citizens, particularly underprivileged individuals, with housing, education, health care, and social security.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Liberal Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 22. Radical feminism evolved from the women’s liberation movement of the 1960s.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Radical Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Marxist feminism and social feminism are at opposite ends of the political spectrum.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Radical Feminism Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Lombroso emphasized the physiological and psychological determinants of female criminality rather than socializing factors or social-structural constraints.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cesare Lombroso: Physical Attributes of Female Offenders Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Proponents of multiracial feminism insist that feminist criminology should analyze crime solely through the lens of race and/or ethnicity, ignoring all other factors.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Feminist Criminology Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Give three examples of what values women should not emphasize according to radical-cultural feminist perspective.

Ans: Independence, autonomy, intellect, will, wariness, hierarchy, domination, culture, transcendence, product, asceticism, war, and death.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Radical Feminism Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Explain the difference between sex and gender.

Ans: Sex—biological variations such as reproductive organs and hormones.

Gender—social definitions of what it means to be a woman or a man.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Key Terms Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Women from various backgrounds were involved in the educational and social reforms during the first wave of feminism. Later during the fight for women’s suffrage, women from two other movements joined the cause. What were those two other movements? Why? Ans: Antislavery and temperance. For why, answers will vary, but they should focus on the central tenets of human rights, autonomy, and dignity.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Medium 4. According to the conservative perspective, how is gender formed?

Ans: Social behavior is based on biological sex differences, and these can be amplified to explain social behavior.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Traditional or Conservative Perspective Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Radical feminism emphasizes the importance of what three things?

Ans: Personal feelings, experiences, and relationships Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Radical Feminism Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Explain the Madonna/whore duality. The Madonna image was primarily restricted to whom?

Ans: Madonna image personifies women as faithful and submissive wives and nurturing mothers; the whore image portrays women as temptresses who prey on

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a man’s sexuality and self-control. Madonna—women from white, middle- to upper-class backgrounds.

Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Traditional Theories of Female Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 7. List the three reasons or characteristics as to why a woman would have been deemed as “bad” in the context of traditional female criminology.

Ans: Indecisive and lacked moral fortitude; she was promiscuous; she was irresponsible.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Traditional Theories of Female Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 8. What is women’s agency?

Ans: Agency refers to the ability to make effective choices and to transform those choices into desired outcomes. Critics argue that the more traditional approach to feminism overlooks social locations of women’s marginalization and places too much emphasis on female offenders as active subjects who pursue criminal opportunities. On the other end of the feminist spectrum, women are denied agency, are passive, and are situated as mere instruments for the reproduction of determining social structures.

Learning Objective: 12.6: Describe key features of feminist perspectives on understanding criminal behavior.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Critiques of Feminist Theories Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Lombroso noted that occasional offenders could be divided into two classes.

What are these two classes?

Ans: One that includes the milder types of born criminals and another that differs only slightly from the normal, or “consisting of normal women in whom circumstances have developed the fund of immorality which is latent in every female.”

Learning Objective: 12.3: Describe how traditional theories of crime perceived female offenders and problems associated with traditional research methods.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cesare Lombroso: Physical Attributes of Female Offenders Difficulty Level: Medium 10. How does Marxist feminism differ from socialist feminism?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Marxist—emphasizes men’s ownership and control of the means of economic production and relies on the concept of economic structure. Socialist— focuses on control of reproductive systems.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Marxist and Socialist Feminism Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Explain the difference between qualitative and quantitative analyses. Design two experiments concerning females and criminality using a qualitative (1) and quantitative (2) analysis structure. Which of the two experiments do you believe has the better research structure?

Ans: Qualitative—nonnumerical research methods; maintain that women’s understandings, emotions, and actions must be explored in those women’s own terms. Quantitative—numerical research methods; translate individuals’ experiences into predefined categories designated by the researchers. Students must provide original experiments for example.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Qualitative “Versus” Quantitative Analyses Difficulty Level: Hard 12. What is liberal feminism? Explain what the two types of liberal feminists are and a major criticism cited by the text of the liberal feminist perspective.

Ans: Emphasizes the assumption that differences between males and females in offending were due to the lack of female opportunities in education, employment, etc., compared with males. Classical and welfare are the two types. Classical— supports limited government and a free market as well as political and legal rights. Welfare—favors government involvement in providing citizens, particularly underprivileged individuals, with housing, education, health care, and social security; market should be limited through significant taxes and restricting profits.

Major criticism—primarily focuses on the interests of white, middle-class, heterosexual women.

Learning Objective: 12.2: Identify the key features of the various feminist perspectives on gender.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Liberal Feminism Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Compare and contrast the three waves of feminism and when they occurred.

Ans: The first wave started in mid-1800s when women demanded the right to vote, educational and social reforms. The second developed in 1960s when other marginalized groups were also challenging the status quo. Feminists of this wave argued that to be fully liberated, women needed to have equal access to

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 economic opportunities and sexual freedoms as well as civil liberties. The third wave evolved around 1980s and into 1990s, an extension as well as a response to the shortcomings of the second wave.

Learning Objective: 12.1: Summarize the key points associated with the history of feminism in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: A Brief History of Feminism in the United States Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Explain how power-control theory attempts to explain gender differences in delinquency rates.

Ans: The power-control theory attempts to explain gender differences in delinquency rates by including family dynamics. Specifically, Hagan argued that youths from families characterized as patriarchal (i.e., mother has lower status than father) revealed greater gender differences in delinquency rates compared with youths from more egalitarian homes (i.e., parents have same status or mother is the only parent in the home).

Learning Objective: 12.4: Identify the main tenets of the liberation thesis.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Power-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Explain the importance of reflexivity in research.

Ans: This is when research empowers women. This form of research takes women’s experiences seriously and centers on the idea that “the personal is the political.”

Learning Objective: 12.7: Describe some of the key policies based on feminist theories of crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policies Based on Feminist Theories of Crime Difficulty Level: Hard

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 13: DEVELOPMENTAL/LIFE-COURSE PERSPECTIVES ON CRIMINALITY

Multiple Choice 1. Sampson and Laub’s developmental model is considered a more specified form of ______. a. social learning theory b. Moffitt’s taxonomy c. theory of drift d. social control theory Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ refers to how often the individual offends at certain times. a. Onset b. Duration c. Intensity d. Frequency Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The ______ of offending refers to when the offender first begins offending, and desistence refers to when an individual stops committing crime. a. onset b. duration c. intensity d. frequency Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 4. ______ refers to when the criminal career of an individual ends and he or she opts out of offending (or at least doesn’t get caught again). a. Onset b. Desistance c. Intensity d. Frequency Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Chronic offending often starts with ______ offenses, such as truancy, smoking, and underage drinking, but then escalates to more serious offenses, such as burglary, robbery, and assault. a. major b. minor c. violent d. felony Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 6. The general theory of crime, proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, assumes that self-control must be established by age ______. a. 18 b. 10 c. 15 d. 5 Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Thornberry combined ______ and ______ models when developing interactional model.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. social control; social learning b. routine activities; social learning c. social control; rational choice d. routine activities; social control Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Commitment to school and attachments to ______ are some of the most essential predictors of delinquency, according to Thornberry’s interactional model. a. siblings b. teachers c. friends d. parents Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Easy 9. The most significant and effective interventions can occur during what stages of life? a. prenatal and adolescence b. prenatal and perinatal c. perinatal and nanogenarian d. adolescence and nanogenarian Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Assigning special caseworkers for high-risk pregnancies, such as those involving ______, is another possible policy implication related to developmental theories. a. low birth weight b. C-section births c. fibromyalgia d. breech births Ans: A

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Sampson and Laub strongly emphasize the importance of ______, or specific events, that are important in altering long-term trends in behavior. a. alterations b. transitions c. reparations d. interventions Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Compared to transitions, ______ are more nonspecific, longitudinal patterns of behavior either toward or away from committing crime and are typically the cumulative result of many transitions. a. interventions b. stages c. trajectories d. anomalies Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Developmental theories tend to look at the ______ as the unit of analysis. a. family b. nation c. individual d. peer group Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 14. The length of an individual’s criminal career ______. a. onset b. frequency c. intensity d. persistence/duration Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 15. All of the following committed at an early age can be considered “red flags” for determining the likelihood of an individual becoming a chronic offender EXCEPT ______. a. loitering b. fire-setting c. cruelty to animals d. history of bed wetting Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying Theory to Crime: Arson Difficulty Level: Medium 16. According to the general theory of crime, once low self-control is set at an early age, there is no way to develop it afterward. Developmental theory believes that ______. a. people can change over time b. people cannot change over time c. people will always remain the same in their beliefs d. actions may change, but beliefs do not Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 17. ______ was not seriously considered an Index crime until around 1978 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. a. Aggravated assault b. Rape

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. Burglary d. Arson Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Applying Theory to Crime: Arson Difficulty Level: Easy 18. ______ developmental theory or taxonomy distinguishes two types of offenders: life-course persistent and adolescence-limited offenders. a. Sampson and Laub’s b. Thornberry’s c. Moffitt’s d. Gottfredson and Hirschi’s Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Before 1970, criminological theories did not attempt to explain the ______ of individual criminal careers. a. factors b. variables c. stages d. development Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Easy 20. Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that socialization controls are established ______. a. in the first years of life b. during adolescence c. around puberty d. at the age 18 Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Virtually all studies on the life-course/developmental perspective show that most individuals who get arrested ______. a. continue committing minor-status offenses b. graduate to higher level petty crimes c. subsequently commit serious criminal acts d. are never arrested again Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Thornberry places the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of ______ that an individual holds regarding criminal offending. a. pressures b. associations c. moral beliefs d. corrupt values Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Self-selection refers to ______. a. selecting where an individual will live b. picking friends based on their previous delinquent behavior c. learning criminality from delinquent associations d. selecting who the individual will marry Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Lambda is another word for offender ______. a. frequency b. onsent

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. persistence/duration d. intensity Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Which theory assumes that individuals are born predisposed toward selfish, self-centered activities and that only effective child rearing and socialization can create self-control? a. life-course b. trait c. low self-control d. feminist Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 26. According to Moffitt, adolescent-limited offenders ______. a. make up a very small percentage of the population b. usually grow up to be career criminals c. make up most of the general public d. are almost always male Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Easy 27. According to Moffitt, life course persistent offenders usually suffer from ______. a. neurological problems b. a disadvantaged background c. a and b d. neither a or b Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Easy 28. Thornberry’s interactional model was the first major perspective to emphasize ______. a. reciprocal effects in the causal modeling of the theoretical framework b. gender as a predictive factor of future criminality c. race as an element of data to be analyzed in causal modeling d. that geographic elements should be analyzed in causal modeling Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Easy 29. What is not one of Thornberry’s five primary theoretical constructs that are synthesized in a comprehensive framework to explain criminal behavior? a. commitment to school b. rejection of a delinquent peer group c. attachment to parents d. belief in conventional values Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Many criminologists contend that policymakers should ______ pregnant women, as well as their newborn infants, through the first few years of life in order to reduce early risk factors for criminality. a. provide universal healthcare for b. initiate investigations on c. conduct mandatory genetic testing on d. distribute nutritional information to Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 31. What do most experts agree we need to do for pregnant women who are addicted to drugs and/or alcohol? a. mandate that custody of their children be turned over to the state b. require interventions, such as mandatory rehabilitation/supervision c. incarcerate them for the duration of their pregnancy d. conduct genetic testing for predisposition to addiction Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 32. What is the prominent toxin mentioned in the text that has a causal connection to persistent criminality? a. fluoride b. parabens c. phthalates d. lead Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 33. Although a variety of policy implications can be derived by life-course and developmental perspectives, most focus on a specific stage of life, which is ______. a. the teenage years b. early adulthood c. infancy and toddlerhood d. middle age Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Which theorist is associated with the low self-control theory? a. Hirschi b. Thornberry

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. Moffitt d. Laub Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 35. Which theorist would be most likely to contend that an individual can change and stop offending, especially when positive transitions occur? a. Hirschi b. Thornberry c. Moffitt d. Laub Ans: D Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Thornberry was the first theorist who pointed out ______. a. key factors tend to influence or interact with each other and cause “feedback loops” or reciprocal effects b. parental neglect can cause trauma, which can later lead to criminal behavior c. certain toxins can cause criminal behavior, especially lead and certain pesticides d. there are numerous trajectories or pathways that can lead to a life of crime Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Moffitt proposed that ______ offenders were more chronic offenders who start early and continue throughout life, and that ______ offended only during teenage years to early 20s and then grew out of it. a. adolescent-limited; life-course b. life-course; adolescent-limited c. propensity; intermediate d. intermediate; propensity

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Easy 38. What percentage of the population never offends at all during the adolescent years? a. 1% to 3% b. 5% to 10% c. 20% to 30% d. 40% to 50% Ans: A Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Easy 39. What percentage of all offenders are life-course persistent offenders? a. 2% to 4% b. 4% to 8% c. 8% to 12% d. 12% to 16% Ans: B Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Easy 40. Thornberry’s theoretical model is based on reciprocal effects, meaning that what is an outcome variable can also become a ______ variable. a. prospective b. conventional c. predictive d. converse Ans: C Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Medium

True/False 1. Developmental theories are explanatory models of criminal behavior that follow individuals throughout their life course of offending, thus explaining the development of offending over time.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Virtually all studies on the life-course/developmental perspective show that most individuals who get arrested are never arrested again.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Offender frequency is referred to as lambda.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The general theory of crime assumes that self-control must be established by age 13.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.3 Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective, as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low-Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Sampson and Laub emphasized the importance of certain events and life changes that can alter an individual’s decisions to commit (or not commit) criminal actions.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Transitions are specific events such as marriage or stable employment that can be important in altering long-term trends in behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Life-course persistent offenders are estimated to account for 4% to 8% of all offenders—albeit the most violent and chronic offenders.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.2: Explain how factors that are important in lifecourse/developmental perspectives, such as onset, frequency of offenses, duration of offending, seriousness of the offenses, and desistance of offending, play key roles in when individuals offend and why they do so at certain times in their lives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Onset refers to when the criminal career of an individual ends and he or she opts out of offending.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 9. A great example of persistence in offending is represented by the story of a 41-year-old man named Kevin Holder in Lincoln, Nebraska, who has been arrested 226 times.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Early onset offending is one of the most important predictors of any of the measures for determining who is most at risk for developing serious, violent offending behavior.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Introduction Difficulty Level: Hard 11. Thornberry’s model puts the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of moral beliefs that individuals hold regarding criminal offending.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Hard 12. Inadvertent exposure to toxins, such as lead, has no causal connection to persistent criminality.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard 13. Studies have shown that universal preschool leads to better performance, both academically and socially, once children enter school.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Developmental theories suggest the teenage years of life are likely the most important in determining whether an individual will engage or not engage in criminal activity throughout life.

Ans: F

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The text states that there are very few policy implications that can be derived from developmental theories of criminality.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Transitions are nonspecific, longitudinal patterns of behavior either toward or away from committing crime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Research has shown that marriage and full-time employment can significantly reduce recidivism.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Easy 18. The life-course approach places a special emphasis on looking at changes (or lack thereof) in the trajectories of large groups and their tendency to engage in criminal behavior.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 19. Although most people arrested as youths do not reoffend, for those who do, the offenses tend to start out as serious felonies, and then the crimes tend to lessen in severity.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 20. There is no consensus among experts regarding the cut-off age for early onset.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.2: Explain how factors that are important in lifecourse/developmental perspectives, such as onset, frequency of offenses, duration of offending, seriousness of the offenses, and desistance of offending, play key roles in when individuals offend and why they do so at certain times in their lives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Low Self-Control theory assumes that individuals are born predisposed toward selfish, self-centered activities and that only effective child rearing and socialization can create self-control.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low-Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Life-course theory solely looks at an individual offender’s personality traits, including risk taking, impulsiveness, self-centeredness, short-term orientation, and quick temper.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low-Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Life course persistent offenders make up a minority of the population.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 13.2: Explain how factors that are important in lifecourse/developmental perspectives, such as onset, frequency of offenses, duration of offending, seriousness of the offenses, and desistance of offending, play key roles in when individuals offend and why they do so at certain times in their lives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Thornberry’s most important claim was that social learning and social control theories had no relevance.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.2: Explain how factors that are important in lifecourse/developmental perspectives, such as onset, frequency of offenses, duration of offending, seriousness of the offenses, and desistance of offending, play key roles in when individuals offend and why they do so at certain times in their lives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Most experts contend that it is difficult to derive any policy implications from life-course or developmental theories.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. What is the general theory of crime proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi?

Ans: Low self-control is the primary cause of all crime and deviance. People can exercise control over their actions and decisions.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low-Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 2. What is the “chicken-or-egg” debate presented by Thornberry?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Do bad friends or delinquency come first? Are individuals delinquent and then find friends to hang out with that are similar, or do they hang out with delinquent friends and in turn become delinquent themselves?

Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Medium 3. List three of the five primary theoretical constructs of Thornberry’s interactional model.

Ans: Commitment to school, attachment to parents, belief in conventional values, adoption of delinquent values, and association with delinquent peers.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Why does the text state that policies emphasizing the prenatal and perinatal stages of life are the most important?

Ans: Developmental theory states that this part of the life cycle is the most important for changing trajectories and the development of the individual.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 5. Discuss three policies your text discusses that can help reduce criminality according to the theories in this chapter.

Ans: Policies emphasizing the prenatal and perinatal stages of life; the most significant and effective interventions can occur during this time. If policymakers hope to reduce early risk factors for criminality, they must insist on universal health care for pregnant women, as well as for their newborn infants through the first few years of life. There should be legally mandated interventions for pregnant women who are addicted to drugs or alcohol. An additional concern is inadvertent exposure to toxins, such as lead, which has shown an alarming causal connection to persistent criminality. Other policy implications include assigning special caseworkers for high-risk pregnancies, such as those involving low birth weight or low Apgar scores. Another advised intervention would be to organize a centralized medical system that provides a flag for high-risk infants who have numerous birth or delivery complications so that the doctors seeing them for the first time are aware of their vulnerabilities. Finally, universal preschool should be funded and provided for all young children. Studies have

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 shown that this leads to better performance, both academically and socially, once they enter school.

Learning Objective: 13.5: Summarize some of the key policy implications of developmental/life-course theories.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Hard 6. Give one reason why the Glueck Harvard study conducted on 1,000 boys may have some methodological issues?

Ans: This study was conducted on only males, not investigating the female side of the spectrum. It was also conducted at Harvard; therefore, it was not an accurate sample of all youth.

Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Hard 7. What are the two types of offenders explained in Moffitt’s developmental theory or taxonomy? Explain how they differ and how this taxonomy is considered developmental theory.

Ans: Adolescence-limited offenders include all persons who committed offenses when they were teenagers or young adults. Their offending was largely caused by association with peers and a desire to engage in activities exhibited by the adults they were trying to emulate. Life-course persistent offenders commit the vast majority of the serious and violent offenses in any society and consist of a small number of offenders. Unlike adolescence-limited offenders, life-course persistent offenders commit crime throughout their lifetime, and their offending is postulated to be caused by an interaction between neurological problems and the disadvantaged or criminological environments in which they were raised. This is considered developmental theory because Moffitt explains how individuals differ in their offending throughout their lives based on their development and backgrounds.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explain how factors that are important in lifecourse/developmental perspectives, such as onset, frequency of offenses, duration of offending, seriousness of the offenses, and desistance of offending, play key roles in when individuals offend and why they do so at certain times in their lives.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Explain how the general theory of crime established by Gottfredson and Hirschi explains serial killers and how they differ (or not) from the average criminal (e.g., a burglar).

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: This theory believes that all individuals exercise a degree of control over their own decisions and, within certain limitations, control themselves. A serial killer and a burglar share the characteristics that they choose to commit their crimes; they may differ in their level of control over their decisions and themselves, and differ in their drives and desires.

Learning Objective: 13.3: Identify some of the primary criticisms or weaknesses of the life-course/developmental perspective as well as which theories are clearly “antidevelopmental.”

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Antidevelopmental Theory: Low-Self-Control Theory Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Describe adolescence-limited offenders and provide an example.

Ans: Adolescence-limited offenders: A type of offender who commits crimes only during adolescence and desists in his or her 20s or adulthood.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explain how factors that are important in lifecourse/developmental perspectives, such as onset, frequency of offenses, duration of offending, seriousness of the offenses, and desistance of offending, play key roles in when individuals offend and why they do so at certain times in their lives.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Explain the self-selection versus social learning debate as related to Thornberry’s interactional model.

Ans: Do certain individuals decide to hang out with delinquents based on their previous behavior, or do they learn criminality from delinquents with whom they associate?

Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Thornberry’s Interactional Model of Offending Difficulty Level: Medium 11. What is the difference between transitions and trajectories, and how do these relate to the developmental model proposed by Sampson and Laub?

Ans: Transitions are events important in altering trajectories toward or away from crime, such as marriage or employment. Trajectories are paths people take in life, often due to life transitions. Sampson and Laub proposed that certain life events or changes can alter an individual’s decisions to commit (or not commit) criminal actions. Therefore, individuals who were once on a path toward a consistent form of behavior suddenly halt this behavior.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Medium 12. How can you relate Sampson and Laub’s transitions and trajectories to a reformed prisoner pleading for parole?

Ans: Individuals can change their trajectory from a criminal to noncriminal path due to transitions in their lives; therefore, a prisoner asking for parole may be able to give transitions as examples as to why his or her trajectories have changed and are worthy of parole.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Why does the text state that more can be learned from looking at the years prior to the age of 12 as compared to the teenage or young adult years?

Ans: Because normal teenagers or young adults commit some type of illegal behaviors.

Learning Objective: 13.2: Explain how factors that are important in lifecourse/developmental perspectives, such as onset, frequency of offenses, duration of offending, seriousness of the offenses, and desistance of offending, play key roles in when individuals offend and why they do so at certain times in their lives.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Moffitt’s Developmental Taxonomy Difficulty Level: Medium 14. Explain how an individual’s siblings or peers can decrease their likelihood for delinquency.

Ans: If an individual associates with individuals that believe delinquency is wrong, they will internalize the same viewpoints. Also, if the individual will not be exposed to delinquency or criminality from their peers or siblings, they will most likely not participate in such activities.

Learning Objective: 13.4: Identify which specific theoretical frameworks in the developmental/life-course genre seem best to account for specific transitions or trajectories either toward or away from crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Sampson and Laub’s Developmental Model Difficulty Level: Hard 15. Define developmental theory.

Ans: Perspectives of criminal behavior that emphasize the evolution of individuals’ criminality over time, with the individual as the unit of analysis.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 13.1: Discuss how developmental or life-course theories differ from other theoretical perspectives presented in this book.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Basic Concepts and Early Developmental Theory Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 14: WHITE-COLLAR CRIME, ORGANIZED CRIME, AND CYBERCRIME

Multiple Choice 1. Who coined the term white-collar crime and is considered the most prominent criminologist of the 20th century? a. Hirschi b. Sutherland c. Clinard and Yeager d. Lombroso Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 2. The first prominent acknowledgment of “white-collar crime” as an important concept for criminologists to study was presented at the ______. a. FBI conference in 1940 b. American Sociological Society (ASS) conference in 1939 c. Interpol conference in 1937 d. none of these Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 3. The criteria for white-collar crime can include ______ elements. a. three b. two c. four d. nine Ans: C

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 4. All of the following are terms that are typically used synonymously with whitecollar crime EXCEPT ______. a. suite crime b. occupational crime c. upperworld crime d. street crime Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Corporate crime causes at least ______ times more deaths than do traditional street crimes. a. two b. five c. seven d. 10 Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Physical Costs Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Although Sutherland did not give a clear definition of white-collar crime, except in a vague footnote, certain conditions apply, such as ______. a. offenders must be male b. offenders must be white c. offenders must be at the top of the socioeconomic status d. offenders must work in the finance industry Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Deaths and injuries due to corporate crimes ______. a. have decreased b. have stayed the same c. have increased d. do not occur Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society. Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Physical Costs Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The ______ is generally considered to be one of the most important periods in history in terms of progress, but resulted in an increase in environmental crimes. a. American Revolution b. Industrial Revolution c. World War I d. World War II Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The EPA estimates that there are about ______ deaths each year in the United States as a direct result of toxic particles emitted from manufacturing plants. a. 30,000 b. 45,000 c. 60,000 d. 80,000 Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 10. All of the following are considered physical costs of white-collar crime EXCEPT ______. a. price fixing b. environmental pollution c. occupational illnesses d. falsely prescribed or marketed pharmaceutical drugs

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Physical Costs Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Labor violations include all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. hiring illegal workers b. exploiting workers c. dumping pollution in restricted area d. keeping unsafe work conditions Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Medium 12. What is considered one of the oldest prison gangs in the United States? a. Black Guerilla Family b. Arian Brotherhood c. La Nuestra Familia d. Mexican Mafia Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prison Gangs Difficulty Level: Easy 13. The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice found that ______ was the largest source of revenue for organized crime. a. gambling b. loan sharking c. narcotics trafficking d. money laundering Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 14. The growth of prison gangs has been attributed to the Supreme Court decision of ______, which gave prisoners the right to sue state officials in federal court. a. Cooper v. Pate b. United States v. Carey c. Perez v. Virginia d. United States v. Stewart Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prison Gangs Difficulty Level: Easy 15. All of the following are criminal penalties for Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO) violations EXCEPT ______. a. forfeiture of any interest obtained or maintained in the course of state violations b. fine of no more than $25,000 c. prison term of no more than 20 years d. restitution payments of no more than $25,000 Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The ______ was formed in 1929 and found that organized criminal activity flourished around bootlegging operations. a. Wickersham Commission b. Chicago Crime Commission c. Kefauver Committee d. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Wickersham Commission Difficulty Level: Easy 17. ______ are involved in writing programs to protect systems and networks from being illegally and maliciously accessed. a. Black hat hackers b. Script kiddies c. Hacktivists

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. White hat hackers Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hacking Difficulty Level: Easy 18. All of the following are considered one of the four (4) common categories of users of Internet child pornography EXCEPT ______. a. individuals who are not impulsive or curious b. individuals who encourage prevailing or developing sexual interests in children c. individuals who are involved in child pornography for non-sexual reasons d. individuals who communicate with other sexual offenders who use child pornography as a broader pattern of offending Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Child Pornography Difficulty Level: Easy 19. ______ refers to stealing a victim’s credit card information and subsequently using the information to purchase items, especially electronics. a. Carding b. Dumpster diving c. Credit card skimming d. Shoulder surfing Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Identity Theft Difficulty Level: Medium 20. The ______ was charged with three (3) responsibilities that focused on whether organized crime used services of interstate commerce to engage in illegal activities and identifying the persons, firms, or corporations involved in such activities. a. Wickersham Commission b. Chicago Crime Commission c. Kefauver Committee d. President’s Commission on Law Enforcement Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Kefauver Committee Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 21. According to a recent study, executive MBA candidates who had experience in the corporate world were significantly more likely than MBA candidates without such experience to ______. a. disclose an internal memo that contained test results regarding a dangerous drug to the FDA b. use neutralization techniques to justify marketing and selling a dangerous drug c. contend that family and friends pressured them into adopting unethical behaviors d. reject the influence of supervisors and professional colleagues when determining what is or isn’t ethical behavior Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.4: Explain some of the theoretical explanations for whitecollar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 22. The ______ might explain why a likely offender might be tempted by a readymade opportunity to commit various white-collar crimes, since there is a low likelihood of being caught and little government oversight. a. routine activities b. social conflict c. social learning d. deterrence Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.4: Explain some of the theoretical explanations for whitecollar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 23. What type of offense has the following criteria? (1) upper-class offender, (2) work-related violations, (3) work-related violations of blue-collar workers excluded, and (4) regular crimes committed by upper-class persons excluded. a. a tort b. a contract violation c. white-collar crime d. hate crimes Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 24. Sutherland published research in the 1940s that showed ______. a. most corporations that were studied committed only one criminal offense b. when corporate crime is discovered, it is usually right after it happens c. only unsuccessful businesses committed ethical violations d. the overwhelming majority of corporations recidivated Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Incidence and Impact on Society Difficulty Level: Medium 25. What is the name of the organization that was created in 1970 and put in charge of protecting human health and safeguarding the natural environment? a. The Department of the Interior b. The Environmental Protection Agency c. The State Department d. The United States Department of Agriculture Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Which statement is false? a. OSHA almost never pursues criminal charges. b. Of the cases OSHA pursued criminally, most of them resulted in prison time. c. OSHA only investigated 24% of worker deaths that happened between 1982 and 2002. d. Corporations have little or nothing to lose by violating the labor regulations.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Labor Violations Difficulty Level: Medium 27. Which factor is not one of Abadinsky’s factors of organized crime? a. It is hierarchical. b. It is monopolistic. c. It constitutes a unique subculture. d. It has no rules or regulations.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definition Difficulty Level: Easy 28. What is the name of the notorious Democratic political machine in New York City from the 1790s through the 1960s that had major influence in city and state politics? a. Tammany Hall b. Dead Rabbitts c. Short Tales d. Hudson Dusters Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Historical Context of Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy 29. What event occurred in 1919 that gave rise to a multitude of opportunities for criminals such as Al Capone? a. The 13th Amendment, which banned slavery b. The 15th Amendment, which gave African-Americans voting rights c. The 18th Amendment, which outlawed alcohol d. The 19th Amendment, which granted women’s suffrage Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Historical Context of Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Which industry arose in Nevada after the Great Depression and attracted people like Bugsy Siegel? a. bootlegging b. gambling c. prostitution d. drug dealing Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Historical Context of Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 31. Which criminal organization rose to prominence in the 1860s and required members to take an oath of loyalty, adhere to a code of silence, and resembled an extended social family? a. the Mafia b. the Hells Angels c. La Nuestra Familia d. the Ayrian Brotherhood Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Mafia Difficulty Level: Easy 32. The Hells Angels, the Outlaws, the Bandidos, Vagos, Warlocks, and the Pagans are examples of ______. a. the Mafia b. Yakuza c. OMGs d. Prison Gangs Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Difficulty Level: Easy 33. OMGs frequently refer to themselves as ______. a. rockers b. colors c. one percenters d. flaunters Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Difficulty Level: Easy 34. Which statement is false? a. Often prison gangs are stronger in state facilities than federal facilities. b. One of the newest prison gangs in the Mexican Mafia. c. The Cooper v. Pate case allowed prisoners to sue state officials in federal court. d. La Nuestra Familia is a well-known prison gang.

Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prison Gangs Difficulty Level: Medium 35. What is not one of Maltz’s characteristics associated with organized crime groups? a. corruption b. violence c. continuity d. lack of discipline Ans: D Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Urban Street Gangs Difficulty Level: Medium 36. Which characteristic of organized crime did Dennis Kenney and James Finckenauer find applied to urban street gangs? a. corruption b. violence c. multiple enterprises d. structure and involvement in legitimate businesses Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Urban Street Gangs Difficulty Level: Medium 37. Cybercrime consists of at least three features: The act was committed using (1) a computer, (2) a “victim” computer, and (3) ______. a. an intermediary network b. an unauthorized credit card c. a third victim d. a governmental entity Ans: A Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 38. Which type of hackers have a limited technical ability and surf the Internet for hacker utility programs and then launch the programs at a target computer system? a. white hat hackers b. black hat hackers c. script kiddies d. hacktivists Ans: C Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hacking Difficulty Level: Medium 39. The Federal Bureau of Investigation, through ______, has been proactively investigating pedophiles for years. a. Operation Clean Sweep b. Operation Innocent Images c. Operation Digitize d. Operation Capture Ans: B Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cybercrime Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. It appears that while the rate of homicides and assaults due to street crimes has been cut in half over the past 25 years, there is no indication that deaths or injuries due to corporate crimes have decreased, and there is evidence such injuries are on the rise.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Physical Costs Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Although most textbooks claim that Sutherland introduced the concept of corporate, occupational, or industrial crimes, this claim has been disputed.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 3. According to Sutherland’s definition, if a clerk at a fast-food restaurant steals money from the register, it is not considered white-collar crime because, although the person committed the crime while engaging in work-related duties, he or she clearly does not hold a white-collar position.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 4. A business executive may be a serial killer or a drug dealer, but if these violations do not pertain to his actual job, then they do not count as white-collar crime.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Cybercrime consists of at least three features: The act was committed using (1) a computer, (2) a “victim” computer, and (3) an intermediary network.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definition Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A hacker is one who obtains authorized access to a computer system, file, or network.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hacking Difficulty Level: Easy 7. The development of the Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA) made it a felony to cause the death of a worker by willfully violating safety laws.

Ans: F

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Even Sutherland appears to lack confidence in what white-collar crime means, as evidenced by his inclusion of the word approximately in his loose definition.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Today, white-collar criminals are more likely to be investigated, caught, charged, and convicted as compared with traditional street criminals.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The concept of pollution was acknowledged early on and was considered a huge problem for many areas.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 11. OSHA violators are sometimes fined, but even then, these fines are usually relatively low in relation to the profits being made by the companies.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 12. One of the key measures of organized crime in the world is the Organized Crime Perception (OCP) Index, which is a combined measure using data from various sources.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Organized Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 13. White hat hackers are individuals that violate computer security essentially out of malice or for personal gain.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hacking Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Advance fee fraud is a type of fraud where the victim is lured to pay monies with the expectation of receiving some service or benefit, but this never occurs.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Internet Fraud Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The Electronic Communications Privacy Act regulates the interception of electronic communications by individuals as well as the government.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Empirical research supports the theory that deterrence explains why white collar professionals avoid committing workplace crimes.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.4: Explain some of the theoretical explanations for whitecollar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 17. When it comes to white collar crime, studies show that the cultural norms of one’s environment seem to overwhelm university-led ethical training.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.4: Explain some of the theoretical explanations for whitecollar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 18. If a clerk at a fast-food restaurant steals money from the register, it is considered white-collar crime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 19. Data compiled from the 1940s until now demonstrates a trend that most successful, large corporations commit repeated white-collar crimes.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Incidence and Impact on Society Difficulty Level: Easy 20. White-collar crime causes far more financial damage to society than all other crimes combined.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Economic Costs Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Street crimes cause more deaths annually than white-collar crimes.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Physical Costs Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Many theorists claim that, on many occasions, judges, politicians, and community leaders have been responsible for punishing those guilty of street crimes, while their own white-collar crimes have gone unpunished.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Breakdown in Social Fabric Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Most historians agree that the event that caused the most damage to the environment was World War II. Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 24. Due to the hard work of the EPA, there are very few toxic waste sites left in the United States.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Labor violations became more common during and after the Industrial Revolution.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Labor Violations Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Discuss some of the legislation that has been enacted to address cybercrime.

Ans: Legislation that addresses such crimes as electronic fraud and hacking.

There are several possibilities that can be discussed. Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), Digital Millennium Copyright Act in 1998, Child Online Protection Act, Electronic Communications Privacy Act, etc.

Learning Objective: 14.6: Discuss the key issues associated with cybercrime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Electronic Communications Privacy Act of 1986 Difficulty Level: Medium 2. How did the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment (explain what this was) to the Constitution contribute to the formation of organized crime?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: The Eighteenth Amendment outlawed the manufacture, sale, distribution, and transportation of alcoholic beverages. Individuals recognized the need for a major infrastructure to meet the public demand for alcohol, including production, transportation, and importation; provided opportunity for small-time gangsters to become powerful groups.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Historical Context of Organized Crime in the United States Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Explain the differences between the various types of criminal organizations (four different groups).

Ans: The Mafia—true origins unknown. Similar to extended social family, members were related by home village and Sicilian nationality, took an oath, swearing under punishment of death to a code of silence; self-protection group initially. Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs—disorganized and unruly groups made up of disgruntled World War II veterans, tough-guy image perpetuated and membership increased along with the organization and sophistication of the groups. More rebellious than openly criminal. Prison Gangs—increase has been linked to Cooper v. Pate, Supreme Court decision giving prisoners the right to sue state officials in federal court, changing prison conditions. Gangs grew in a more liberal prison environment. Urban Street Gangs—corruption, violence, continuity, multiple enterprises, structure and involvement in legitimate businesses, sophistication, discipline, and bonding.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Present the four (4) criteria incorporated into the definition of white-collar crime and explain each one. Give an example of each of the four (4) criteria.

Ans: (1) Upper-class offender—blue-collar workers cannot commit white-collar crime; (2) work-related violations—only considered white-collar crime if committed while engaging in work-related duties. Must be related to the employment of the individual; (3) work-related violations of blue-collar workers excluded—again, only white-collar workers can commit white-collar crime; (4) regular crimes committed by upper-class persons excluded—these are not committed in relation to their work; therefore, they are just labeled as regular crime.

Learning Objective: 14.5: Describe various aspects of organized crime such as definitions, criminal justice responses, and theoretical explanations.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Types Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. List the six (6) general categories of the various white-collar offenses. Give an example of each category and why they are considered an illegal act.

Ans: (1) Fraud—tax evasion and false advertising; (2) labor violations— harassment and dangerous working conditions that can cause injuries and death; (3) manufacturing violations—production and distribution of unsafe consumer products as well as environmental violations; (4) unethical business practices— insider trading, bid rigging, antitrust violations, illegal mergers; (5) abuse of authority—bribery, extortion, brutality, kickbacks; (6) regulatory/administrative violations—copyright, trademark, patent infringements.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Medium 6. Who coined the term white-collar crime?

Ans: Sutherland. Explain claims that others coined it and complexities with properly defining term.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 7. How has white-collar crime damaged the moral and social fabric of society?

Discuss its place in society and ties to the community.

Ans: Created a higher level of immorality in American society because of the nature of hypocrisy typically inherent in the offender and/or offending. These individuals are often looked up to by other members of society and are often persons who have condemned and even prosecuted others for street crimes that didn’t inflict near the damage of their own crimes. They also have strong political ties to certain groups.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Analysis Answer Location: Breakdown in Social Fabric Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The text states, “…corporate crime is treated with kid gloves by government agencies and the criminal justice system.” What does this mean, and do you believe this to be true? Why or why not?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Corporate crime and criminals are not treated harshly and, in fact, treated very delicately as to not upset the major corporations. Students should give original answers to why this is true or not.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Incidence and Impact on Society Difficulty Level: Medium 9. What was the first of Sutherland’s four (4) primary propositions concerning white-collar crime?

Ans: White-collar criminality is real criminality, being in all cases in violation of the criminal law.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Investigations of the largest businesses in the nation have all found that corporate misbehavior is not the ______ but the ______. What are some examples.

Ans: exception; norm. Examples will vary.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Incidence and Impact on Society Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Why is the argument incorrect that there was a higher percentage of companies committing corporate violations in the 1940s due to less regulation of the rules?

Ans: At that time, there was enough regulation to catch every single company (of the top 70) engaging in unethical practices and enough to catch most of them numerous times.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Incidence and Impact on Society Difficulty Level: Hard 12. Why does the text state that we are all paying for corporate crimes?

Ans: Losses, bailouts, recovery funds, and so forth come out of federal or state funds, which means taxpayers are picking up the bill.

Learning Objective: 14.2: Discuss the ways in which corporate crimes impact society in terms of physical and property damage, as well as weakening the moral fabric of society.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Economic Costs Difficulty Level: Medium 13. There is debate on what behaviors are considered a part of one’s occupational role and what activities constitute white-collar crime. Give your definition of what behaviors you would consider part of one’s occupation role.

Ans: Students should provide original answers.

Learning Objective: 14.1: Explain the criteria experts use to distinguish whitecollar crime from traditional forms of offending as well as criticisms of these criteria.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Definitions and History Difficulty Level: Medium 14. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is not considered a Cabinet agency. However, who appoints the administrators of this agency, and what are they given? What does this mean?

Ans: The president, and they are given Cabinet rank. This means they have almost daily contact with the president.

Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What two agencies does the Environmental Protection Agency work with to develop and enforce regulations to protect the environment from corporate crimes?

Ans: U.S. Department of the Interior and U.S. Department of Agriculture Learning Objective: 14.3: Classify the various types of white-collar crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Crimes Against the Environment Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 15: HATE CRIMES, MASS MURDER, TERRORISM, AND HOMELAND SECURITY

Multiple Choice 1. The ______ amended the Hate Crime Statistics Act to enhance penalties for offenses that involve a motivation bias. a. Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 b. Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997 c. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 d. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 Ans: C Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 Difficulty Level: Easy 2. Which act required the Attorney General, as part of the Uniform Crime Reports program, to develop guidelines and collect data about crimes that could be based on race, religion, sexual orientation, or ethnicity? a. Campus Hate Crime Right to Know Act of 1997 b. Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 c. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 d. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 Difficulty Level: Easy 3. According to model state legislation, the following factors should be considered hate crimes motivated by a person’s status as homeless EXCEPT ______. a. acts that result in the death of a person b. acts that deface, damage, or destroy, or attempt to deface, damage, or destroy the personal property of the person c. assault, aggravated assault, battery, or aggravated battery on the person

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. violating a contract with a homeless person Ans: D Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Model State Legislation: Hate Crimes/Violence Against People Experiencing Homelessness Difficulty Level: Easy 4. The ______ makes it unlawful to willfully cause bodily injury, or attempt to do so, with a dangerous weapon when the offense is committed because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person. a. Campus Hate Crime Right to Know Act of 1997 b. Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 c. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 d. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 Ans: D Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 Difficulty Level: Easy 5. ______ involves terrorist activities against the government that are committed by rebellious groups. a. Dissident terrorism b. Criminal terrorism c. State-sponsored terrorism d. Religious terrorism Ans: A Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typologies Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Byers and Crider used what theory to examine hate crimes against the Amish? a. labeling theory b. social learning theory c. neutralization theory d. routine activities theory Ans: D

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations of Hate Crimes Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ is a communication frame that exposes corrupt or illegal behavior. a. Reportage frames b. Investigative frames c. Contention frames d. Mythic frames e. Cultural recognition frames Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Influence of the Media Difficulty Level: Easy 8. All of the following are considered general goals for achieving homeland security EXCEPT ______. a. respond to and recover from terrorist incidents that occur b. prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks c. protect the American people, critical infrastructure, and key resources d. maintain dominance of minority political parties in America Ans: D Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Homeland Security Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Terrorist financing has been linked to fraud involving all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. food stamps b. credit cards c. white collar d. welfare Ans: C Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Financial Support Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 10. The majority of bias-motivated incidents reported by law enforcement agencies were motivated by a/an ______ bias. a. religious b. ethnicity/national origin c. sexual-orientation d. racial Ans: D Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Crimes Difficulty Level: Easy 11. All of the following use game theory EXCEPT ______. a. businesses b. military c. schools d. politics Ans: C Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 12. ______ is responsible for administration of immigration and naturalization adjudication functions. a. U.S. Customs and Border Protection b. U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement c. U.S. Secret Service d. U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services Ans: D Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Citizenship and Immigration Services Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Homeland security is a concerted national effort to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, protect against man-made and natural hazards, and respond to and recover from which hazards? a. all hazards b. security uber alles c. meta hazards d. jurisdictional hazards

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Citizenship and Immigration Services Difficulty Level: Easy 14. All of the following are considered fundamental rights granted to citizens in the United States EXCEPT ______. a. right to obtain private records b. right to confront witnesses c. right of access to the courts d. presumption of innocence Ans: A Learning Objective: 15.5: Discuss the pros and cons of policy solutions addressing gun violence in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Constitution Difficulty Level: Easy 15. ______ are the universal values and legal guarantees that protect individuals against actions or omissions, primarily by government agents, that infringe on their fundamental freedoms, entitlements, and human dignity. a. Fundamental rights b. Human rights c. Both a and b Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.5: Discuss the pros and cons of policy solutions addressing gun violence in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Human Rights Difficulty Level: Easy 16. All of the following are one of the four significant areas of concern for Homeland Security according to the USA PATRIOT Act EXCEPT ______. a. conducting foreign intelligence investigations b. issuing city-level search warrants c. controlling money laundering d. collection of communications information and data Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.5: Discuss the pros and cons of policy solutions addressing gun violence in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 17. ______ is a process whereby funds, obtained through illegal activities, are “cleansed.” a. Fundraising b. Money laundering c. Donating d. Crowdsourcing Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Financial Support Difficulty Level: Easy 18. ______ is motivated by engaging in terrorist acts that are legitimized by religious dogma. a. Criminal terrorism b. Religious terrorism c. State-sponsored terrorism d. Racial terrorism Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typologies Difficulty Level: Easy 19. ______ includes terrorist acts that transpire due to the guidance of the state or government against perceived enemies. a. Criminal terrorism b. Religious terrorism c. State-sponsored terrorism d. Racial terrorism Ans: C Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typologies Difficulty Level: Easy 20. ______: The National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty and the National Coalition for the Homeless advocated for state legislation that includes homelessness in hate crimes statutes. a. Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 b. Model State Legislation/violence against people experiencing homelessness c. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 d. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Model State Legislation: Hate Crimes/Violence Against People Experiencing Homelessness Difficulty Level: Easy 21. The sheltering group within an umbrella organization does all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. develop ideology for the organization b. manage supplies c. develop support structures d. obtain intelligence Ans: A Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Organizational Networks Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Serial killers, mass murderers, and spree killers are all categories of ______. a. schizophrenia b. hypomania c. dysphonicide d. multicide Ans: D Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multicide Difficulty Level: Easy 23. ______ kill victims in different places without a cooling-off time, typically driving/moving as fast as they can to the next place of violence. a. Serial killers b. Spree killers c. Mass murderers d. Victimologists Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multicide Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 24. What type of killer intends to kill victims he/she knows well, especially family members? a. disciple mass killer b. ideological mass killer c. family annihilator mass killer d. disgruntled employee killer Ans: C Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Categories of Mass Killers Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Which characteristic below does NOT describe contemporary terrorism? a. loose, cell-based networks with minimal lines of command and control b. politically vague, religious, or mystical motivations c. desired acquisition of high-intensity weapons and weapons of mass destruction d. clearly identifiable organizations or movements Ans: D Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Contemporary Terrorism Difficulty Level: Medium 26. Which organizational structure below does NOT accurately describe the numerous ways terrorist groups have been organized? a. colonies b. cells c. pyramids d. umbrellas Ans: A Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Organizational Networks Difficulty Level: Medium 27. In 1989, the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) was established to ______. a. enhance global cybersecurity locally and abroad b. combat terrorist financing and money laundering c. fund new technologies related to digital recording d. extend loans to charitable organizations that oppose terrorism Ans: B

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Organizational Networks Difficulty Level: Easy 28. What type of communication frame consists of a media report on terrorism that consists of the broadcaster’s opinion? a. reporting frames b. campaigning frames c. community service frames d. mythic tales frames Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Influence of the Media Difficulty Level: Easy 29. What form of terrorism involves unlawful use, or threatened use, of force or violence by a group or individual based in the United States to intimidate or coerce others to further political or social objectives? a. international b. global c. domestic d. unilateral Ans: C Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Domestic Terrorism Difficulty Level: Easy 30. Martin maintained that most of the political violence in the United States can be categorized as either ______ or right. a. left b. justified c. violent d. constitutional Ans: A Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Domestic Terrorism Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 31. What is NOT one of the three general barriers to understanding terrorism identified by Brian Forst? a. Domestic terrorism cases vary widely by type of extremism, justification, and other factors. b. Domestic terrorists are seldom born here, so it is hard to profile them. c. Domestic terrorist activities are extremely unpredictable. d. It is difficult to analyze because there isn’t enough data to do so.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Domestic Terrorism Difficulty Level: Medium 32. What do we call a unified national effort to prevent terrorist attacks within the United States to lessen America’s vulnerability to terrorism and minimize the damage resulting from such attacks? a. domestic stability b. national enhancement c. local diplomacy d.homeland security Ans: D Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Domestic Terrorism Difficulty Level: Medium 33. All of the following are duties of the TSA except ______. a. take responsibility for security for all types of transportation b. guard United States borders and monitor them for illegal immigration c. recruit, assess, hire, train, and deploy security officers for 450 commercial airports d. provide screening of all checked luggage for explosives Ans: C Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Transportation Security Administration Difficulty Level: Medium 34. ______ was created under the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act of 1988. a. USCIS b. ICE c. FEMA

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 d. DHS Ans: C Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Federal Emergency Management Agency Difficulty Level: Easy 35. What is NOT one of the Coast Guard’s duties? a. enforce the country’s maritime laws, interests, and environment b. confiscate illegal contraband smuggled onto U.S. aircraft c. protect ports, the flow of commerce, and the marine transportation system from terrorism d. prevent and respond to oil and hazardous material spills Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Coast Guard Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Which U.S. agency is responsible for safeguarding the country’s financial infrastructure and payment systems, as well as protecting national leaders and visiting heads of state and government? a. Secret Service b. USCIS c. ICE d. DHS Ans: A Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Secret Service Difficulty Level: Easy 37. What occurred when agencies involved in the reorganization of the Department of Homeland Security acquired new responsibilities and also were to continue with their agency’s missions prior to the merger? a. mission distortion b. cognitive dissonance c. prisoner’s dilemma d. game theory Ans: A Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Bureaucratic Problems and Solutions Difficulty Level: Medium 38. When the Patriot Act expired and was replaced by the Freedom Act, the Senate voted to terminate ______. a. the Department of Homeland Security b. the NSA’s collection of phone data c. the ability of the TSA to search luggage without a warrant d. all classifications of hate crimes Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The USA Patriot Act of 2001 Difficulty Level: Medium 39. President Obama made statements after shooting attacks that demonstrate ______. a. that he advocates banning private gun ownership and restricting gun ownership to military and police. b. that he wants to maintain private gun ownership and add certain gun control measures. c. he thinks the Orlando, San Bernardino, and Las Vegas shootings as rare incidents that should not cause widespread fear. d. his insistence that these types of attacks can occur anywhere in the world and often do.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.5: Discuss the pros and cons of policy solutions addressing gun violence in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Medium 40. Over the past 25 years, the support for gun control in the U.S. has ______. a. increased b. decreased c. stayed the same d. not been measured Ans: B Learning Objective: 15.5: Discuss the pros and cons of policy solutions addressing gun violence in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Policy Implications Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

True/False 1. While a hate crime is not exclusively a federal offense, the federal government can, and does, investigate and prosecute hate crimes as civil rights violations.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Crimes Difficulty Level: Easy 2. According to the Southern Poverty Law Center, Ku Klux Klan chapters grew from 72 in 2014 to 190 in 2015.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Groups Difficulty Level: Easy 3. A hate crime is a criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, ethnic origin or sexual orientation.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Crimes Difficulty Level: Medium 4. The Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 amends a section of the Higher Education Act of 1965 that provides “for the disclosure of all criminal incidents that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or disability.”

Ans: F Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997 Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 5. In 1998, James Byrd Jr., an African American man, was tied to a truck by white supremacists and then dragged and decapitated.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 Difficulty Level: Easy 6. A burglar is caught in the middle of burglarizing a residential home of a Muslim imam (priest). The burglar does not know the homeowner is Muslim. As the burglar runs from the scene of the crime, he yells a racial slur at the homeowner.

The offender’s identity is unknown. This is a hate crime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: What Is a Hate Crime?

Difficulty Level: Medium 7. Part of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service is now part of the U.S. Customs and Border Protection agency.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.5: Discuss the pros and cons of policy solutions addressing gun violence in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: U.S. Customs and Border Protection Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Simulation theory assesses various scenarios by applying simulation gaming models, usually to understand why parties in competitive situations behave as they do and to advise players of the best way to play the game.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 9. The punishment for arson of a church can vary from one (1) year imprisonment and a fine to death.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 Difficulty Level: Easy 10. The first known terrorist group was the Sicarii, an extremist group of the religious sect of Zealots.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Historical Context Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The number of private citizens being killed due to terrorist attacks has increased by 172% from 2013 to 2014.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Extent Difficulty Level: Easy 12. There are documented connections between terrorist groups and drug trafficking, particularly in reference to smuggling pseudoephedrine.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Financial Support Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Much of what the general public knows about terrorism is from the media.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Influence of the Media Difficulty Level: Easy 14. Censorship refers to whether media coverage of a terrorist incident inspires more terrorism.

Ans: F

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Influence of the Media Difficulty Level: Easy 15. There are several categories of multicide, and killers can fit more than one category.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Multicide Difficulty Level: Easy 16. The majority of school shootings are committed by individuals, not two people, and the individual is usually part of the social mainstream at the school.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: School Attacks Difficulty Level: Medium 17. Very few multicide offenders are African Americans.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Disparity in Rates of Committing Multicide Across Race and Religious Ideology Difficulty Level: Medium 18. Most acts of domestic terrorism are committed by Muslims.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Disparity in Rates of Committing Multicide Across Race and Religious Ideology Difficulty Level: Medium 19. In 2018, the total number of hate groups increased to 1020.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Groups Difficulty Level: Medium 20. There is one universal, agreed-upon definition of terrorism.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hate Groups Difficulty Level: Medium 21. Criminal dissident terrorism involves engaging in criminal activity for profits, such as in the drug cartels in Mexico.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typologies Difficulty Level: Medium 22. If a group of people within one of the 50 United States decided it wanted to secede from the rest of the country and establish independence through acts of terrorism, it would be an example of dissident terrorism.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Typologies Difficulty Level: Medium 23. Data from the Global Terrorism Index show that the countries most impacted by terrorism since 2016 were the United States, Canada, and France.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Extent Difficulty Level: Easy 24. The most common type of terrorist attack is a bombing/explosion.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Extent Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Empirical studies show that the most likely theories to best explain terrorism rare strain theory, both traditional and more recent versions, and to a lesser degree social learning theory.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Applying Theory to Crime: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Medium

Essay 1. According to Byers and Crider, why were the Amish perceived as suitable targets (three reasons)?

Ans: Perceived absence of consequences, belief that Amish were inferior, and belief that they were vulnerable or an easy target.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations of Hate Crimes Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Define target congruence.

Ans: When various personal characteristics of individuals could possibly enhance their vulnerability to victimization since these characteristics have some congruence with the needs and motives of the offenders.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations of Hate Crimes Difficulty Level: Medium 3. Give two (2) examples of domestic terror threats as defined by the Federal Bureau of Investigation.

Ans: White supremacists, destructive eco-terrorists, violence-prone antigovernment extremists, radical separatist groups.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Domestic Terrorism Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Define game theory.

Ans: Assesses various scenarios by applying simulation gaming models, usually to understand why parties in competitive situations behave as they do, and to advise players of the best way to play the game.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 5. What are the three (3) general barriers to understanding terrorism as defined

by Brian Forst?

Ans: First, while terrorism cases are similar with respect to having a political motive, there are numerous differences. Second, terrorists, unlike criminals, engage in unpredictable activities. Third, compared with other types of crime, terrorism is difficult to analyze because there is a small amount of reliable data.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Theoretical Explanations Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What is the three-step process associated with money laundering?

Ans: (1) Illegally obtained monies are placed into the financial system; (2) these monies are layered or processed through the system, usually internationally, and subsequently intermingled with legal monies; (3) the monies are turned and reintegrated into the legitimate economy.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Financial Support Difficulty Level: Medium 7. In an attempt to distinguish terrorism from other types of criminal activity and irregular warfare, Bruce Hoffman identified terrorism as having what five (5) characteristics? How does this compare with other definitions of terrorism, including yours?

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: (1) Inevitably political in aims and motives; (2) violent or threatens violence; (3) designated to have far-reaching psychological consequences beyond the immediate victim or target; (4) conducted either by an organization with an identifiable chain of command or conspiratorial cell structure, or by individuals or a small collection of individuals directly influenced, motivated, or inspired by the ideological aims or example of some existent terrorist movement and/or its leaders; (5) perpetrated by a subnational group or nonstate entity. Students must provide an explanation of how this definition compares with their notion of terrorism.

Learning Objective: 15.3: Distinguish terrorist activities from more conventional forms of criminal activities.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Medium 8. The Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 prohibits what two (2) things?

Ans: (1) Intentional defacement, damage, or destruction of any religious real property because of the religious, racial, or ethnic characteristics of that property; (2) the intentional obstruction by force or threat of force, or attempts to obstruct any person in the enjoyment of that person’s free exercise of religious beliefs.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 Difficulty Level: Medium 9. Describe the Matthew Shepard or James Byrd case and the legislation that was enacted because of these crimes.

Ans: The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009 is named after two victims of hate crimes. Matthew Shepard attended the University of Wyoming. In 1998, he was assaulted because he was perceived to be a homosexual; he died from his injuries. Also in 1998, James Byrd Jr., an African American man, was tied to a truck by white supremacists and then dragged and decapitated. The act states that it is unlawful to willfully cause bodily injury, or attempt to do so, with a dangerous weapon when the offense is committed because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person. This act gives the FBI authority to investigate violent hate crimes, including those aimed at the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgender community.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Describe multicide and provide an example.

Ans: Multicide, or individuals who kill multiple victims, involves several categories. Some are serial killers, who kill single victims over time with a cooling period between the killings, whereas others are mass murderers, who kill multiple victims at one place at one time. On the other hand, there are spree killers that kill victims over different places without a cooling off time, typically driving/moving from one location to another as fast as they can get to the next place of violence.

Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Multicide Difficulty Level: Medium 11. Why are hate crimes considered to be subjective in nature?

Ans: They are based on motive and bias.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hate Crimes Difficulty Level: Medium 12. Why were the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 and the Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 passed into law?

Ans: Student’s answers should mention statistics pertaining to the increase in crimes based on bias.

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Anti-Hate-Crime Legislation Difficulty Level: Medium 13. Describe three of the types of mass killers.

Ans: Disciple mass killer—the desire to kill is related to the relationship between the killer and leader of a group/cult, such as in the Charles Manson case.

Family annihilator killer—intends to kill victims they know well, especially family members.

Disgruntled employee killer—as the label says, it is when angry (ex-)employees kill those who they blame for either losing their job or having problems at work.

Ideological mass killer—wants to kill people who are against the person’s values, morals, or religious persuasion.

Disgruntled citizen killer—angry with certain aspects of society (e.g., financial issues) and wants to take it out on people they deem are responsible.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Psychotic mass killer—psychotic (often with schizophrenia) and perceive others as being out to get them.

School killers—the study of school attacks over 25 years (1975–2000) revealed that the vast majority were committed by only one student (not two or more) and that the most common weapon was a handgun (not an assault weapon).

Learning Objective: 15.2: Describe the various forms and rates of multicide in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Categories of Mass Killers Difficulty Level: Hard 14. What two (2) factors must terrorist organizations have to interact with change?

Ans: Organizational structure and financial resources.

Learning Objective: 15.4: Describe homeland security, such as its origins and organizational structure.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Terrorism Difficulty Level: Medium 15. What must institutions of higher education disclose according to the Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997, and why was it created (present the findings from the Congressional hearing)? Why would places of higher education not want to disclose all criminal incidents that occur on their campus?

Ans: Disclose all criminal incidents that manifest evidence of prejudice based on race, gender, religion, sexual orientation, ethnicity, or disability. Findings from the congressional hearing—incidence of violence based on bias on college campuses poses a serious national problem; this violence disrupts the tranquility and safety of campuses and results in divisiveness; the existing reporting requirements are inadequate to deal with the problem of hate crimes, since the majority of hate crimes on college campuses do not result in murder, rape, or aggravated assault, and omitting certain hate crimes from official campus crime reports deprives students and their parents of important information needed to protect students and to make informed decisions in choosing a college or university. Colleges or universities may not want to disclose these incidents because students may decide not to go to those schools because they are scared, or parents may not let their sons or daughters attend those schools because they believe them to be unsafe. Also, schools would have to combat the negative stereotypes that accompany some crimes as well as implement new plans to make the campus safer (costly).

Learning Objective: 15.1: Discuss some of the key issues pertaining to hate crime, such as the definition, various hate groups, and the type of legislation passed to address such offenses.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: The Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997 Difficulty Level: Hard

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021

Test Bank CHAPTER 16: DRUGS AND CRIME

Multiple Choice 1. ______ slow(s) down the normal activity of the central nervous system. a. Marijuana b. Depressants c. Narcotics d. Stimulants Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Depressants Difficulty Level: Easy 2. ______ produces about 90% of the cocaine powder entering the United States. a. Bolivia b. Peru c. Colombia d. Brazil Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Cocaine Difficulty Level: Easy 3. Soldiers were given ______ not only to ease the pain of their injuries but also to relieve the symptoms of dysentery. a. morphine b. heroin c. methamphetamine d. steroids Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Morphine Difficulty Level: Easy

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 4. Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetically produced variations of ______. a. testosterone b. metabolic proteins c. estrogen d. insulin and growth hormone Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Steroids Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Enacted in 1906 authorizing federal regulations on any medication is ______. a. War on Drugs b. Harrison Act c. Pure Food and Drug Act d. Prohibition Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Early History of Cocaine and Opioid Addiction Difficulty Level: Easy 6. ______ involve(s) violent behaviors induced by the effects of a drug or illegal activity that is motivated by continued drug use. a. Drug-related crimes b. Drug-defined crimes c. Crimes associated with drug use d. Drug use associated with crimes Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.3: Summarize the key links between drugs and crime.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The Link Between Drugs and Crime Difficulty Level: Easy 7. ______ are drugs that alter one’s thought processes, mood, and perceptions. a. Amphetamines b. Inhalants c. Steroids d. Hallucinogens Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Hallucinogens

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 8. The DEA has designated five chemicals often found in spice as ______ controlled substances, making it illegal to sell, buy, or possess these chemicals. a. Schedule I b. Schedule II c. Schedule III d. Schedule IV Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Designer drugs are all of the following EXCEPT ______. a. derivatives of approved drugs b. can circumvent existing legal restrictions c. are only manufactured in places other than the United States d. considered to be for recreational use Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Other than the United States, what is the only other country that allows pharmaceutical companies to advertise their products directly to consumers? a. England b. China c. Germany d. New Zealand Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Easy 11. Of the three (3) groups of “sinister geniuses” who marketed crack, which group is set up very small-scale operations? a. nameless kitchen chemists and drug traffickers b. crime organizations c. gangs d. designer drug labs

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The “War on Drugs” Era Difficulty Level: Easy 12. All of the following are considered characteristics of countercultures EXCEPT ______. a. claims of superiority over the dominant society b. members who reject spiritual leaders and refuse religion c. sexual relationships that deviate from the nuclear family ideal d. members who reject many of the status symbols of the larger society Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The 1960s and the Baby Boomers Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Baby boomers, those individuals born following ______, now form what is considered to be one of the largest generations in U.S. history. a. American Revolution b. World War I c. World War II d. Civil War Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The 1960s and the Baby Boomers Difficulty Level: Easy 14. What Amendment repealed Prohibition? a. Eighteenth b. Nineteenth c. Twentieth d. Twenty-First Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Prohibition Era Difficulty Level: Easy 15. The first major wave of morphine addiction occurred during the ______.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 a. American Civil War b. World War I c. World War II d. American Revolution Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Morphine Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Heroin is a chemically modified form of what drug? a. gamma-hydroxybutyric (GHB) b. Rohypnol c. oxycodone d. morphine Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Heroin Difficulty Level: Easy 17. Two German scientists working at Bayer marketed and sold the first ______. a. benzodiazepines b. tranquilizer c. alcoholic beverage d. barbiturate Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Barbiturates Difficulty Level: Easy 18. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, binge drinking is defined for males as at least ______ drinks on the same occasion on at least one day. a. three b. four c. five d. six Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Alcohol Difficulty Level: Easy 19. What level of ethanol dose can result in an individual having a comatose physical state? a. 1–4 oz. b. 4–12 oz. c. 12–16 oz. d. 16–24 oz. e. 24–30 oz.

Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Table 16.1: Effects of Alcohol on Behavior and Physical State Difficulty Level: Easy 20. In an effort to address the increasing number of drug-using offenders clogging the criminal justice system, ______ were established, especially in urban areas of the United States. a. criminal courts b. abstinence courts c. drug treatment courts d. family courts Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be considered in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Drug Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 21. In 2018, President Trump signed into law the SUPPORT act, which attempts to address concerns with ______. a. cybercrime and identity theft b. the opioid epidemic c. sex trafficking and pornography d. building new prisons Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legislation and Litigation Difficulty Level: Medium 22. Oklahoma Attorney General Mike Hunter filed a multi-million dollar case against ______ for allegedly using deceptive marketing strategies to create an

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 oversupply of painkillers that has resulted in enhancing the country’s opioid epidemic, and it is the first to have reached the trial stage. a. Johnson & Johnson b. Purdue Pharma c. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries d. Bayer Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legislation and Litigation Difficulty Level: Medium 23. What is a drawback for programs related to the maintenance/decriminalization of drugs? a. Individuals dependent on psychoactive substances could lead more productive lives; abusers would have an opportunity to become contributing members of society. b. Drugs such as cocaine, amphetamines, and heroin that are easily available to adults could also be abused by youths, similar to cigarettes and alcohol. c. The aggressive marketing strategies of traffickers would no longer be operative. d. Criminal organizations would no longer remain viable if they continued in drug trafficking.

Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Maintenance and Decriminalization Difficulty Level: Medium 24. Sarah Messer and her colleagues applied the ______ theory to drug courts since they could be considered a turning point for an offender. a. rational choice b. life course c. trait d. social disorganization Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Maintenance and Decriminalization Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 25. Elliott Currie argues that substance abuse is not an isolated problem limited to certain communities and groups; rather, it is intertwined with broader social problems such as family dissolution, child abuse and neglect, and ______. a. pollution b. lack of health insurance c. alcohol abuse d. low income Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be incorporated in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Recommendations for Future Policy Difficulty Level: Easy 26. Key issues identified by the Ohio HIDTA include availability of heroin has increased, availability and abuse of heroin has declined, the availability and abuse of controlled prescription drugs has increased, and ______. a. the availability and production of methamphetamine has been low b. the availability and production of methamphetamine has been high c. sales and production of crack cocaine has declined d. sales and production of crack cocaine has increased Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interdiction Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 27. The ______ program is involved in various activities, including multiagency investigative, interdiction, and prosecution activities, as well as prevention and treatment efforts. a. National Interdiction Command and Control Plan b. Office of National Drug Policy c. High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas d. Drug Enforcement Agency Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interdiction Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 28. ______ is a general term used to describe the multi-step, usually sequential continuum of effort/events focused on interrupting illicit drug trafficking. a. Elimination b. Monitoring

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 c. Disrupting d. Interdiction Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Interdiction Strategies Difficulty Level: Medium 29. Abadinsky concludes that reducing the consumption of drugs by enhancing law enforcement efforts and providing large-scale treatment programs will ______. a. not solve other sociological problems associated with drug use b. reduce most of the sociological problems associated with drug use c. lead to a drastic increase in drug usage d. result in aggressive behavior by drug addicts Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Modern Policies Related to Reducing Drug Use Difficulty Level: Medium 30. Disputes over territory between rival drug dealers, assaults, and homicides committed within dealing hierarchies as a means of enforcing normative codes, robberies of drug dealers, and the usually violent retaliation by the dealers are all ______. a. aggressive behaviors associated with the system of drug distribution and use b. anomalies that are only seen with specific drugs in urban or municipal areas c. crimes that are only committed by specific populations in society, specifically, males 18–24 d. behaviors that were seen in the 1980s with the emergence of crack cocaine but have seen rapidly declined Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Systemic Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 31. The ______ model maintains that some substance users engage in violent crime, such as robbery, to support their expensive drug habit. a. systemic violence b. economically compulsive violence c. tripartite conceptual framework d. interdiction strategies

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Economically Compulsive Violence Difficulty Level: Medium 32. What framework suggests that drugs and violence are related to each other through psychopharmacological, economically compulsive, and systemic violence? a. Systemic Violence b. Economically Compulsive Violence c. Tripartite Conceptual Framework d. Interdiction Strategies Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be considered in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Link Between Drugs and Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 33. ______ model of drugs and violence contends that some individuals, due to either short-term or long-term use of certain drugs, may become excitable, irritable, and/or irrational. a. Schizophrenia Violence b. Psychopharmacological Violence c. Propensity Violence d. Interdictive Violence Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be considered in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Link Between Drugs and Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 34. Benjamin Nordstrom and Charles Dackis conducted an extensive review of literature that focuses on addiction and crime and found support for three leading hypotheses that indicated: (1) drug use and criminal behavior have a common cause; (2) drug use influences criminal behavior; and (3) ______. a. drug use has a high correlation with divorce b. anxiety sufferers used more depressants than other people c. deviance increases the likelihood of drug use later in life d. people with ADHD were more likely to use stimulants Ans: C Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be considered in future policies on substance use.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: The Link Between Drugs and Crime Difficulty Level: Medium 35. ______ is/are a designer drug that contains mephedrone, pyrovalerone, and methylenedioxypyrovalerone. a. Bath salts b. Molly c. MDMA d. Methamphetamine Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Easy 36. Joker, Kush, and Kronic are synthetic versions of ______. a. heroin b. marijuana c. cocaine d. hydrocodone Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Easy 37. ______ drugs are substances considered to be for recreational use; derivatives of approved drugs that can circumvent existing legal restrictions. a. Experimental b. Medicinal c. Quasi d. Designer Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Easy 38. According to Altarum, a non-profit health research and consulting institute, the cost of the opioid crisis in the United States from 2001 to 2017 was over ______. a. 1 million

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 b. 10 million c. 1 billion d. 1 trillion Ans: D Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Easy 39. During the 1990s, there was intense focus and scrutiny on women who used illegal drugs during pregnancy, especially among women who gave birth to ______, although years of research have not identified this as a distinct condition. a. premature infants b. crack babies c. children with neuropathy d. higher weight infants Ans: B Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The “War on Drugs” Era Difficulty Level: Easy 40. In the 1980s, Congress enacted ______ that resulted in lengthy prison terms for individuals convicted of nonviolent drug offenses. a. mandatory minimum drug sentencing laws b. drug court programs c. restorative justice networks d. strict probation requirements Ans: A Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The “War on Drugs” Era Difficulty Level: Easy

True/False 1. Drug courts consist of the collaborative efforts of justice and treatment professionals to intervene and break the cycle of substance abuse, addiction, and crime.

Ans: T

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be considered in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Drug Courts Difficulty Level: Easy 2. A decriminalization policy advocates for the accessibility of drugs through governmental regulation, such as distribution and legal age of use.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be considered in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Maintenance and Decriminalization Difficulty Level: Easy 3. While there is no clear causal relation between drugs and crime, there is a link between substance use and levels of criminal involvement.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be incorporated in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Recommendations Difficulty Level: Easy 4. Marijuana is one of the most effective drugs for relief of severe physical pain; has high potential for abuse.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Morphine Difficulty Level: Easy 5. Eradication describes the various steps implemented to interrupt illicit drug trafficking.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interdiction Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy 6. Alcohol is a type of depressant.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alcohol Difficulty Level: Easy 7. Over 50% of Americans age 12 and older reported using alcohol at least once in a 30-day period.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alcohol Difficulty Level: Easy 8. Harm reduction attempts to incorporate a public health approach to lessen the risks and harms associated with illegal drug use.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be incorporated in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Harm Reduction Difficulty Level: Easy 9. Harm reduction models are very ineffective.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be incorporated in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Harm Reduction Difficulty Level: Easy 10. Barbiturates are a type of depressant; can help with anxiety without disrupting normal functions. Problems include sleepiness and incoordination, hampered learning process, and amnesia.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Barbiturates Difficulty Level: Easy 11. The phrase “Just Say No” has been attributed to First Lady Nancy Reagan.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: The “War on Drugs” Era

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 12. Only if someone taking the CAGE alcohol screening test answers “yes” to all questions is there a problem.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Diagnosing Alcohol Problems Difficulty Level: Easy 13. Barbiturates are often referred to on the street by their color. For example, Amytal is known as blue heavens.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Barbiturates Difficulty Level: Easy 14. The first barbiturate, barbital, was discovered in 1903 by two German scientists working at Bayer—Emil Fischer and Joseph von Mering.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Barbiturates Difficulty Level: Easy 15. Stimulant drugs create a sense of energy, alertness, talkativeness, and wellbeing considered pleasurable to the user.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Stimulants Difficulty Level: Easy 16. Brad Beckworth has maintained that Johnson & Johnson, as well as Purdue and Teva, used misleading marketing beginning in the 1990s to push doctors to prescribe more opioids.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Legislation and Litigation

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Difficulty Level: Easy 17. A harm reduction policy attempts to incorporate a completely privatized health approach to lessen the risks and harms associated with illegal drug use.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Harm Reduction Difficulty Level: Easy 18. As of May 2019, there are over 20 states that have bills that will in some manner legalize, as well as regulate, marijuana.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Maintenance and Decriminalization Difficulty Level: Easy 19. According to the DEA Domestic Cannabis Eradication/Suppression Program, in 2017 the DCE/SP eradicated enough marijuana to account for $20 million in asset seizures.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Eradication Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy 20. During the Colombian presidential election of 1990, campaign speeches often included negative references to Rudy Giuliani for being caught using crack cocaine.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Eradication Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy 21. Eradication involves four recognized techniques: mechanical destruction, bunting, chemical, and biological destruction.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: Eradication Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy 22. Ohio is designated as one of the HIDTAs; this area consists of 13 counties.

Ans: T Learning Objective: 16.4: Outline some of policies and/or programs aimed at reducing drug use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Interdiction Strategies Difficulty Level: Easy 23. Empirical data exists that shows drugs directly cause violent crime.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be incorporated in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Policy Recommendations Difficulty Level: Medium 24. McBride and McCoy have concluded that efforts to enhance educational and economic opportunities are not a worthwhile policy recommendation.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be incorporated in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Recommendations Difficulty Level: Easy 25. Elliott Currie argues that substance abuse is not an isolated problem limited to certain communities and groups.

Ans: F Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be incorporated in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Policy Recommendations Difficulty Level: Easy

Essay 1. Identify some trends pertaining to alcohol use in the United States.

Ans: Various trends can be discussed, such as half of Americans 12 and older used alcohol in the last 30 days, alcohol is drug of choice, trends for binge drinking, etc.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Alcohol Difficulty Level: Medium 2. Describe the three features of harm reduction programs.

Ans: Harm reduction includes (1) the provision of sterile injecting equipment (i.e., needle exchange), (2) outreach and peer education efforts, and (3) substitution therapies such as methadone and supervised injection facilities. Such interventions, it is argued, assist in transforming drug use contexts that promote safe drug use as well as healthier behaviors.

Learning Objective: 16.5: Discuss what should be incorporated in future policies on substance use.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Harm Reduction Difficulty Level: Hard 3. Explain the two (2) screening tests that are used in doctors’ offices and clinics as a first indicator that an individual may have an alcohol problem. Explain how these tests are used and how they can determine if someone has a drinking problem.

Ans: The first screening is called CAGE; C—Have you ever felt the need to cut down on your drinking? A—Have you ever felt annoyed by someone criticizing your drinking? G—Have you ever felt guilty about your drinking? E—Have you ever felt the need for an eye-opener (drink at the beginning of the day)? If an individual gives two or more positive responses, there is a chance he or she has some type of alcohol problem. The second screening test is TWEAK; T— Tolerance—How many drinks does it take to get high? W—Worried—Have close friends or relatives worried or complained about your drinking? E—Eye-Opener— Do you sometimes have a drink in the morning to wake up? A—Amnesia—Has a friend or family member ever told you things you said or did while you were drinking that you could not remember? (K)—Cut—Do you sometimes feel the need to cut down on your drinking? A positive score of three or more is considered to indicate that the person has a drinking problem.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Diagnosing Alcohol Problems Difficulty Level: Medium 4. Explain the appearance of heroin, how it is used, and what individuals do once they build up a tolerance. Also, what serious health issues can arise from the use of heroin, and why?

Ans: Range in color from black to white. Highly purified heroin is a white powder; others are black and sticky, and referred to as black tar heroin. It can be snorted/sniffed, smoked, or injected. Initially, it is sniffed or snorted. When tolerance builds, one may use the method of skin-popping (injecting into the skin

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 but not the vein). When tolerance builds further, they mainline heroin (inject into bloodstream). At risk for infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS and hepatitis when they inject heroin. Street heroin usually contains toxic contaminants or additives that can lead to serious health issues.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Heroin Difficulty Level: Hard 5. What is a hallucinogen? Explain the three categories of hallucinogens, and explain what a trip is and its effects.

Ans: Drugs that alter one’s thought processes, mood, and perceptions. Three categories: (1) most familiar, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD); (2) belladonna alkaloids; (3) dissociative anesthetics or horse tranquilizers including phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine (used on children and in vet practices). Trip— nausea, feeling jittery, and mild increase in blood pressure, heart rate, and breathing. The effects include slight distortion of sensory perception with visual effects such as wavering images and distortion of size. Can cause schizophrenia-like psychosis Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Hallucinogens Difficulty Level: Medium 6. What Amendment put in effect national Prohibition? Explain what Prohibition is and the two (2) sections it put into effect. What were the national effects related to Prohibition?

Ans: Eighteenth Amendment. Prohibition—An era in which it was illegal to manufacture, sell, or transport intoxicating liquors within the United States.

Section 1: After one year from the ratification of this article, the manufacture, sale, or transportation of intoxicating liquors within, the importation thereof into, or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction thereof for beverage purposes is hereby prohibited.; Section 2: The Congress and the several States shall have concurrent power to enforce this article by appropriate legislation. Significant drop in alcohol consumption among working class (made alcohol expensive); distilled liquors were easy to produce and transport, which made them popular; underground system developed (organized crime).

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Prohibition Era Difficulty Level: Medium

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 7. How is alcohol advertised in the United States? Give two (2) examples.

Ans: In a good light—celebrate success, mourn failures and losses, celebrate holidays of cultural and religious significance. Implicit in these uses are the hope and promise that alcohol will amplify the good times and help us through the bad ones.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Alcohol Difficulty Level: Medium 8. Define a racialized drug policy and give one example.

Ans: The Marihuana Tax Act of 1937 was essentially a response to political pressure among those who feared the use of marijuana by individuals they labeled Mexicans. Another example is the crack versus cocaine punishment debate.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: “Reefer Madness” Difficulty Level: Hard 9. What are designer drugs?

Ans: Designer drugs are substances considered to be for recreational use. They are derivatives of approved drugs, so they can circumvent existing legal restrictions. The term designer drugs, however, has been misused and popularized by the media.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Medium 10. Do you believe there to be a stigma associated with drug use? What type of drug use, and why?

Ans: Students must present original answers.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Hard 11. What is the difference between cannabis, marijuana, and hashish? What are the psychoactive and physiological effects of marijuana? Argue for or against the legalization of marijuana in the United States and back your claims.

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Ans: Cannabis—useful plant that contains hundreds of psychoactive chemicals, particularly THC. Marijuana—dried leaves of flowers of the cannabis plant, smoked. Hashish—derived from the cannabis plant and is stronger than marijuana. Psychoactive effects—problems with memory and learning, distorted perception, difficulty in thinking and problem solving, loss of coordination.

Physiological effects—sedation, bloodshot eyes, increased heart rate, coughing due to lung irritation, increased appetite, decreased blood pressure. Students must present their own original side concerning legalization of marijuana.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension Answer Location: Cannabis and Marijuana Difficulty Level: Medium 12. What has become one of the fastest-growing methods of distributing controlled pharmaceuticals?

Ans: The Internet.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Knowledge Answer Location: Current Trends Regarding Drug Use Difficulty Level: Medium 13.Who was Harry Anslinger?

Ans: Harry Anslinger, the commissioner of the new Federal Bureau of Narcotics in 1931, made marijuana illegal in the United States today. Anslinger stressed the negative effects of marijuana use. For instance, a 1927 article in the New York Times reported a story about a Mexican woman who went insane after eating cannabis leaves. At the Congressional hearings on the Marihuana Tax Act in 1937, Anslinger testified that a 21-year-old man from Florida axe-murdered his entire family because he was smoking marijuana. However, Anslinger failed to note that the authorities had attempted to institutionalize the man for insanity a year before he ever tried marijuana.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: “Reefer Madness” Difficulty Level: Hard 14. What was the 1969 ruling by the Supreme Court in reference to the Marihuana Tax Act, and why?

Ans: They stated it was unconstitutional because it violated the individual’s Fifth Amendment privilege against self-incrimination.

Learning Objective: 16.2: Describe key factors associated with the various trends of substance use in the United States.

Cognitive Domain: Comprehension

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Schram, Introduction to Criminology 3e SAGE Publishing, 2021 Answer Location: “Reefer Madness” Difficulty Level: Medium 15. Name two (2) products that can be made out of cannabis.

Ans: Hemp (strong fiber to make rope) cloth, paper.

Learning Objective: 16.1: Distinguish between the different types of commonly abused drugs.

Cognitive Domain: Application Answer Location: Cannabis and Marijuana Difficulty Level: Hard

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