I N T R O D U C T I O N
Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) Data for Seoul, Korea, 2017 Students: Zhenwei Zhong + Chuhan Zhou, Columbia GSAPP Instructors: Biayna Bogosian
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I N T R O D U C T I O N
Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) Data for Seoul, Korea, 2017 Students: Zhenwei Zhong + Chuhan Zhou, Columbia GSAPP Instructors: Biayna Bogosian
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PARAMETRICISM A NEW GLOBAL STYLE FOR ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN Patrik Schumacher / Zaha Hadid Architects
There is a global convergence in recent avant- garde architecture that justifies its designation as a new style: parametricism. It is a style rooted in digital animation techniques, its latest refinements based on advanced parametric design systems and scripting methods. Developed over the past 15 years and now claiming hegemony within avantgarde architecture practice, it succeeds Modernism as the next long wave of systematic innovation. Parametricism finally brings to an end the transitional phase of uncertainty engendered by the crisis of Modernism and marked by a series of relatively short-lived architectural episodes that included Postmodernism, Deconstructivism and Minimalism. So pervasive is the application of its techniques that parametricism is now evidenced at all scales from architecture to interior design to large urban design. Indeed, the larger the project, the more pronounced is parametricism’s superior capacity to articulate programmatic complexity. The urbanist potential of parametricism has been explored in a three-year research agenda at the AADRL titled “Parametric Urbanism� and is demonstrated by a series of competitionwinning master plans by Zaha Hadid Architects.
Parametricism as Style Avant-garde architecture and urbanism are going through a cycle of innovative adaptation, retooling and refashioning the discipline to meet the socio-economic demands of the postFordism era. The mass society that was characterized by a universal consumption standard has evolved into the heterogeneous society of the multitude, marked by a proliferation of lifestyles and extensive work-path differentiation. It is the task of architecture and urbanism to organize and articulate the increased complexity of our post-Fordist society. Contemporary avant-garde architecture and urbanism seek to address this societal demand via a rich panoply of parametric design techniques. However, what confronts Zaha Hadid Architects, One-North Masterplan, Singapore, 2003 Network and fabric. This masterplan for a new mixed-used urban business district in Singapore was the first of a series of radical master plans that led to the concept of parametric urbanism and then to the general concept of parametricism.
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us is a new style rather than merely a new set of techniques. The techniques in question, the employment of animation, simulation and form-finding tools, as well as parametric
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PARAMETRICISM A NEW GLOBAL STYLE FOR ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN DESIGN Patrik Schumacher / Zaha Hadid Architects
There is a global convergence in recent avant- garde architecture that justifies its designation as a new style: parametricism. It is a style rooted in digital animation techniques, its latest refinements based on advanced parametric design systems and scripting methods. Developed over the past 15 years and now claiming hegemony within avantgarde architecture practice, it succeeds Modernism as the next long wave of systematic innovation. Parametricism finally brings to an end the transitional phase of uncertainty engendered by the crisis of Modernism and marked by a series of relatively short-lived architectural episodes that included Postmodernism, Deconstructivism and Minimalism. So pervasive is the application of its techniques that parametricism is now evidenced at all scales from architecture to interior design to large urban design. Indeed, the larger the project, the more pronounced is parametricism’s superior capacity to articulate programmatic complexity. The urbanist potential of parametricism has been explored in a three-year research agenda at the AADRL titled “Parametric Urbanism� and is demonstrated by a series of competitionwinning master plans by Zaha Hadid Architects.
Parametricism as Style Avant-garde architecture and urbanism are going through a cycle of innovative adaptation, retooling and refashioning the discipline to meet the socio-economic demands of the postFordism era. The mass society that was characterized by a universal consumption standard has evolved into the heterogeneous society of the multitude, marked by a proliferation of lifestyles and extensive work-path differentiation. It is the task of architecture and urbanism to organize and articulate the increased complexity of our post-Fordist society. Contemporary avant-garde architecture and urbanism seek to address this societal demand via a rich panoply of parametric design techniques. However, what confronts Zaha Hadid Architects, One-North Masterplan, Singapore, 2003 Network and fabric. This masterplan for a new mixed-used urban business district in Singapore was the first of a series of radical master plans that led to the concept of parametric urbanism and then to the general concept of parametricism.
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us is a new style rather than merely a new set of techniques. The techniques in question, the employment of animation, simulation and form-finding tools, as well as parametric
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Zaha Hadid Architects, Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, South Korea, 2013 The organisation of the project includes three permanent museums, a library, several large exhibition halls and workshop spaces. It provides a national hub for popular education as well as elite communication for the creative arts, for example as host to Seoul Fashion Week. The building sponsors an urban park and gives shape and orientation to a complex inner-city site, providing intuitive access from multiple levels and directions.
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Zaha Hadid Architects, Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, South Korea, 2013 The organisation of the project includes three permanent museums, a library, several large exhibition halls and workshop spaces. It provides a national hub for popular education as well as elite communication for the creative arts, for example as host to Seoul Fashion Week. The building sponsors an urban park and gives shape and orientation to a complex inner-city site, providing intuitive access from multiple levels and directions.
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FORGET PARAMETRICISM Nick Pisca / Gehry Technologies
The next iconic movement of architecture should not be defined by its previous -isms. It should emerge from a philosophical and technical advancement, coinciding with an extreme paradigm shift. Any movement that is too closely tied to its predecessor (either by attraction or repulsion) is a reactionary movement, not a unique paradigm.
NO PHOTO
A new digital paradigm has emerged across all design fields in the last few decades and several have incorrectly tried to identify it. Its presence has been cloaked by buzzwords, misinterpretation, and basic technological misuse. This new movement has firms and academics that utilize some of the most advanced contemporary computational and parametric techniques to facilitate the design of systems. Its defining characteristic is that the designer relinquishes some, most, or all the design process to the computer, with the understanding that this mode will result in a better-than-human-devised process. This paradigm hoists logic as the primary driving force for design, replacing the recent mode of form-driven design. Some background. There exist three main modes of representing virtual architectural data in the last half century: Explicit modeling (the superset of computer aided drafting, 3D Modeling, and 4D animation), Associative/Parametric modeling, and Computational/ Algorithmic Design. Whereas explicit modeling has become ubiquitous in the industry for its ability to safely and efficiently represent standard Modernist drafting rules, parametric and computational techniques have remained relatively dormant until recent years. This resurgence of non-explicit techniques has occurred primarily for two reasons: dissatisfaction with the limitations of contemporary architectural user-interface applications, and the need to look elsewhere for extraordinary modes of creativity, exploration, and agency. Parametric and Computational techniques have an infrastructural deviation from the explicit modeling process. Explicitly modeled (datum) geometry has no history nor driving “connections�. The geometry exists as it is at that place and time. Modifications to the geometry require incremental and manual changing. By contrast, Parametric and Computational geometric elements are linked via permanent and temporary relationships, respectively. Small modifications to a parametric or computational model result in real-time global changes to the system.
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FORGET PARAMETRICISM Nick Pisca / Gehry Technologies
The next iconic movement of architecture should not be defined by its previous -isms. It should emerge from a philosophical and technical advancement, coinciding with an extreme paradigm shift. Any movement that is too closely tied to its predecessor (either by attraction or repulsion) is a reactionary movement, not a unique paradigm.
NO PHOTO
A new digital paradigm has emerged across all design fields in the last few decades and several have incorrectly tried to identify it. Its presence has been cloaked by buzzwords, misinterpretation, and basic technological misuse. This new movement has firms and academics that utilize some of the most advanced contemporary computational and parametric techniques to facilitate the design of systems. Its defining characteristic is that the designer relinquishes some, most, or all the design process to the computer, with the understanding that this mode will result in a better-than-human-devised process. This paradigm hoists logic as the primary driving force for design, replacing the recent mode of form-driven design. Some background. There exist three main modes of representing virtual architectural data in the last half century: Explicit modeling (the superset of computer aided drafting, 3D Modeling, and 4D animation), Associative/Parametric modeling, and Computational/ Algorithmic Design. Whereas explicit modeling has become ubiquitous in the industry for its ability to safely and efficiently represent standard Modernist drafting rules, parametric and computational techniques have remained relatively dormant until recent years. This resurgence of non-explicit techniques has occurred primarily for two reasons: dissatisfaction with the limitations of contemporary architectural user-interface applications, and the need to look elsewhere for extraordinary modes of creativity, exploration, and agency. Parametric and Computational techniques have an infrastructural deviation from the explicit modeling process. Explicitly modeled (datum) geometry has no history nor driving “connections�. The geometry exists as it is at that place and time. Modifications to the geometry require incremental and manual changing. By contrast, Parametric and Computational geometric elements are linked via permanent and temporary relationships, respectively. Small modifications to a parametric or computational model result in real-time global changes to the system.
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COMPUTING THE CITY OF TOMORROW Tom Verebes / Turenscape Academy
Cities and Change The principal aim of this paper and its associated design research work is to sketch out new paradigms, approaches and methodologies for the twenty-first century city. Far from a celebration of impermanence and ephemerality, a paradox arises between the seeming parallel need for cities to evolve and adapt to dynamic contextual conditions, coupled with the increasing need for contemporary architecture to endure culturally, socially, environmentally and economically. Exemplified through a series of projects carried out within funded research projects and experimental MArch teaching studios at The University of Hong Kong (HKU), and professional design commissions within my practice, OCEAN Consultancy Network, this thesis explores the evolutionary nature of cities, as a speculative approach to the ways in which contemporar y computational methodologies have capabilities to manage urban change, and to heighten the potential for the city to adapt to the changing forces which shape it. The history of urbanization reveals how cities grow, but also how they can decline and die, from symptoms of political, economic, demographic, and environmental and other contextual changes, which can render the city dysfunctional and undesirable. Urban development of ten plays out as remedial responses to solve short term, immediate contingent problems, yet the intention here is to articulate the reasons to pursue adaptive models of designing, managing and maintaining the dynamic nature of cities. Throughout most of the twentieth century models and theories of urban growth tend to aim towards the limitation of cities, mainly to combat urban sprawl, rather than pressures for increasing densification. Michael Batty suggests there is a “woefully inadequate understanding of urban growth processes”, categorising several different types of urban sprawl, dependent on available land, demographics, and interestingly, the demolition of urban fabric, as he states that “as the city grows, past waves of growth will disappear from the urban fabric as buildings are demolished”.1 The problem of urban sprawl and homogenous growth are recurring throughout the developing world, and this paper sketches out design approaches to avoid the primacy of short term ambitions, in favour of adaptive mechanisms with which to enable the city to evolve to changing needs and desires. Cities tend not to grow evenly Series of scripted urban models, demonstrating variations in proximity, density, typology.
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nor continuously and forever.
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COMPUTING THE CITY OF TOMORROW Tom Verebes / Turenscape Academy
Cities and Change The principal aim of this paper and its associated design research work is to sketch out new paradigms, approaches and methodologies for the twenty-first century city. Far from a celebration of impermanence and ephemerality, a paradox arises between the seeming parallel need for cities to evolve and adapt to dynamic contextual conditions, coupled with the increasing need for contemporary architecture to endure culturally, socially, environmentally and economically. Exemplified through a series of projects carried out within funded research projects and experimental MArch teaching studios at The University of Hong Kong (HKU), and professional design commissions within my practice, OCEAN Consultancy Network, this thesis explores the evolutionary nature of cities, as a speculative approach to the ways in which contemporar y computational methodologies have capabilities to manage urban change, and to heighten the potential for the city to adapt to the changing forces which shape it. The history of urbanization reveals how cities grow, but also how they can decline and die, from symptoms of political, economic, demographic, and environmental and other contextual changes, which can render the city dysfunctional and undesirable. Urban development of ten plays out as remedial responses to solve short term, immediate contingent problems, yet the intention here is to articulate the reasons to pursue adaptive models of designing, managing and maintaining the dynamic nature of cities. Throughout most of the twentieth century models and theories of urban growth tend to aim towards the limitation of cities, mainly to combat urban sprawl, rather than pressures for increasing densification. Michael Batty suggests there is a “woefully inadequate understanding of urban growth processes”, categorising several different types of urban sprawl, dependent on available land, demographics, and interestingly, the demolition of urban fabric, as he states that “as the city grows, past waves of growth will disappear from the urban fabric as buildings are demolished”.1 The problem of urban sprawl and homogenous growth are recurring throughout the developing world, and this paper sketches out design approaches to avoid the primacy of short term ambitions, in favour of adaptive mechanisms with which to enable the city to evolve to changing needs and desires. Cities tend not to grow evenly Series of scripted urban models, demonstrating variations in proximity, density, typology.
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nor continuously and forever.
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Low-Poly Primitive
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Subdivided Primitive
Form Diagram
Force Diagram
Equilibrium Shape
Low-Poly Primitive
Subdivided Primitive
Form Diagram
Force Diagram
Equilibrium Shape
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Low-Poly Primitive
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Subdivided Primitive
Form Diagram
Force Diagram
Equilibrium Shape
Low-Poly Primitive
Subdivided Primitive
Form Diagram
Force Diagram
Equilibrium Shape
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NEGARESTURING PAVILION Alisa Andrasek / Biothing
Negaresturing Pavilion, is a collaborated project with D-Shape, a company that has developed a large-scale 3D printing process. It seeks to explore the limits of a tectonic, structural, and organizational language of architectural fabrics generated out of the space of possibilities of D-Shape’s particular production process. The “brain” of the machine is derived from a study of Turing patterns and their ability to produce heterogeneous flows of matter far from equilibrium. The theoretical underpinning of the structure is based on Reza Negarestani’s reading of behavioral tendencies in Biothing’s work and numerous passages found in Cyclonopedia. Alan Turing’s paper “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis” was published in 1952. It describes a speculative chemical reaction that could generate symmetry-breaking, dynamic blueprints of stable patterns emerging out of an initially uniform mixture of chemical compounds. According to Turing, in biological context this system economizes the amount of (genetic) information needed to produce the pattern and one can find a vivid example in patterns of animal skins. What is captured is the behavioral flow of matter, rather than the fixed states of the pattern. Biothing’s collaboration with D-Shape tries to address explicitly the problem of rewriting protocols within modes of production. In the Negaresturing Pavilion study, the distribution of matter is programmed for the large scale deposition machine in order to generate a continuous flow of matter which can preserve structural consistency. Since the Turing pattern recomputes through the local neighborhoods, it is able to satisfy this requirement. Additionally, the behavioral patterning of the deposition has the capacity to produce a heterogeneous spatiotemporal fabric. This design research is therefore capable of opening new topologies of tension and spaces of synthesis. Such underlying structure has the ability to open up emergent chasms or ruptures. The openness of the system allows for adaptation and feedback with external agencies. These include structural constraints, the resolution of the nozzles and the properties of the magnesium dye that serves as a bonding agent that dissolves within the marble dust. Ruptures in the fabric are therefore asymptotic to the continuity of matter and data. The synthesis of algorithmic system, constraints of the D -Shape machine, material properties of marble dust, fibers, and magnesium adhesive and the design intent in terms of quality and organizational performance of such architectonic fabric, could be understood in a context of cobordisms (topological, categorical, proceedural, programmatic equivalences) Negaresturing Pavilion, 2011 Alisa Andrasek + Jose Sanchez, principal designers in collaboration with D-Shape. An initial study with students was conducted during a workshop at the AA DRL.
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between the continuous and discontinuous. The fabric of architecture acquires malleability and resilience through its eccentric transitional qualities. The semiology of architecture becomes ambiguous, boundaries turn fuzzy and tertiary forms or functions are produced.
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NEGARESTURING PAVILION Alisa Andrasek / Biothing
Negaresturing Pavilion, is a collaborated project with D-Shape, a company that has developed a large-scale 3D printing process. It seeks to explore the limits of a tectonic, structural, and organizational language of architectural fabrics generated out of the space of possibilities of D-Shape’s particular production process. The “brain” of the machine is derived from a study of Turing patterns and their ability to produce heterogeneous flows of matter far from equilibrium. The theoretical underpinning of the structure is based on Reza Negarestani’s reading of behavioral tendencies in Biothing’s work and numerous passages found in Cyclonopedia. Alan Turing’s paper “The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis” was published in 1952. It describes a speculative chemical reaction that could generate symmetry-breaking, dynamic blueprints of stable patterns emerging out of an initially uniform mixture of chemical compounds. According to Turing, in biological context this system economizes the amount of (genetic) information needed to produce the pattern and one can find a vivid example in patterns of animal skins. What is captured is the behavioral flow of matter, rather than the fixed states of the pattern. Biothing’s collaboration with D-Shape tries to address explicitly the problem of rewriting protocols within modes of production. In the Negaresturing Pavilion study, the distribution of matter is programmed for the large scale deposition machine in order to generate a continuous flow of matter which can preserve structural consistency. Since the Turing pattern recomputes through the local neighborhoods, it is able to satisfy this requirement. Additionally, the behavioral patterning of the deposition has the capacity to produce a heterogeneous spatiotemporal fabric. This design research is therefore capable of opening new topologies of tension and spaces of synthesis. Such underlying structure has the ability to open up emergent chasms or ruptures. The openness of the system allows for adaptation and feedback with external agencies. These include structural constraints, the resolution of the nozzles and the properties of the magnesium dye that serves as a bonding agent that dissolves within the marble dust. Ruptures in the fabric are therefore asymptotic to the continuity of matter and data. The synthesis of algorithmic system, constraints of the D -Shape machine, material properties of marble dust, fibers, and magnesium adhesive and the design intent in terms of quality and organizational performance of such architectonic fabric, could be understood in a context of cobordisms (topological, categorical, proceedural, programmatic equivalences) Negaresturing Pavilion, 2011 Alisa Andrasek + Jose Sanchez, principal designers in collaboration with D-Shape. An initial study with students was conducted during a workshop at the AA DRL.
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between the continuous and discontinuous. The fabric of architecture acquires malleability and resilience through its eccentric transitional qualities. The semiology of architecture becomes ambiguous, boundaries turn fuzzy and tertiary forms or functions are produced.
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Dynamic 6 dof model scripted in Processing, Wendong Wang, USC, 2012
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Dynamic 6 dof model scripted in Processing, Wendong Wang, USC, 2012
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VIRTUAL DEPICTIONS Refik Anadol / UCLA
The main idea of “Virtual Depictions: San Francisco” is to bring a 21st century approach to public art to define a new poetics of space through media arts and architecture and to create a unique parametric data sculpture that has an intelligence, memory and cultural relevance. Through the architectural transformations of the media wall located in 350 Missions’ lobby, home of Salesforce, the main motivation with this seminal media architecture approach is to frame this experience with a meticulously abstract and cinematic site-specific data-driven narration. As a result, this media wall turns into a spectacular public event making direct and phantasmagorical connections with its surroundings through simultaneous juxtapositions. The project also intends to contribute to the contemporary discourse of public art by proposing a hybrid blend of media arts and architecture for the 21st century.
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VIRTUAL DEPICTIONS Refik Anadol / UCLA
The main idea of “Virtual Depictions: San Francisco” is to bring a 21st century approach to public art to define a new poetics of space through media arts and architecture and to create a unique parametric data sculpture that has an intelligence, memory and cultural relevance. Through the architectural transformations of the media wall located in 350 Missions’ lobby, home of Salesforce, the main motivation with this seminal media architecture approach is to frame this experience with a meticulously abstract and cinematic site-specific data-driven narration. As a result, this media wall turns into a spectacular public event making direct and phantasmagorical connections with its surroundings through simultaneous juxtapositions. The project also intends to contribute to the contemporary discourse of public art by proposing a hybrid blend of media arts and architecture for the 21st century.
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This book is supported by: 1. National Key R&D Program of China, “Research on the innovation and remodification of high efficient, energy saving and environmental friendly construction technology, equipment and system” (Project No. 2016YFC0702104) 2. National Natural Science Foundation of China, “New Craftsmanship of Digital Design and Fabrication based on Traditional materials” (Project No. 51578378) 3. Joint Sino-Germab Science Research Project, Sino-German Science Center, “Performative Design Methodology based on Robotic Fabrication for Sustainable Architecture” (Project No. GZ1162) 4. Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality project "Shanghai Digital Fabrication Engineering Technology Research Center” (Project No. 16DZ2250500) 5. Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality project "Research on digital fabrication technology based on intelligent perception” (Project No. 17DZ1203405) 6. Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality project "Study on evaluation standard of low-carbon building application in Shanghai” (Project No. 16DZ1206502)