FOREWORD
The Royal Academy of Arts was founded four months after Captain
of New Zealand to the UK, and his predecessor, H.E. Sir Lockwood
James Cook left Plymouth in August 1768 on the first of his
Smith, have provided great support throughout. We are indebted to
three Pacific voyages, his mission to record the transit of Venus.
the members of the Honorary Committee whose advice and guidance
Connections between Cook and the Academy, however, go beyond
throughout have been of immense help. Numerous institutions
a shared 250th anniversary. William Hodges ra was the official
have lent significant objects: we would particularly like to thank
artist on Cook’s second voyage (1772–75), John Webber ra on the
the Museum der Kulturen Basel; the Museum of Archaeology and
third (1776–80). Sir Joshua Reynolds pra and William Parry ra both
Anthropology, Cambridge; the British Museum, London; the musée
painted Omai of Ra‘iātea, the second Pacific Islander to visit Europe,
du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, Paris; and the Nationaal Museum
when he stayed in England in 1774–76.
van Wereldculturen, specifically the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam; and
Despite these links, this exhibition deliberately avoids showing
Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden. We would also like to acknowledge
Oceania through European eyes. The thousands of islands scattered
the support of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa;
across the immensity of the Pacific were traversed and settled many
Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki; and the Auckland War Memorial
centuries before the coming of Europeans, creating the rich and
Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira. It is particularly pleasing to thank those
varied culture that still permeates a region that encompasses more
contemporary artists who have agreed to participate: Mark Adams,
than a third of the world’s surface. ‘Oceania’ explores the art and
Taloi Havini and Stuart Miller, Kathy Jetñil-Kijiner, Yuki Kihara, the
culture of this vast area by examining works ranging from the historic
Mata Aho Collective, Fiona Pardington, Michael Parekowhai, John
to the contemporary – the first exhibition of its kind in London.
Pule and Lisa Reihana. Their work speaks of the contemporary
Curated by Professor Nicholas Thomas (University of Cambridge)
experience in Oceania, addressing the challenges of identity and
and Dr Peter Brunt (Victoria University of Wellington), with Dr Adrian
environmental threat but also the great natural beauty and cultural
Locke, supported by Rebecca Bray, the exhibition draws on the rich
promise of this extraordinary region. We pay tribute to the pioneering
ethnographic collections of museums in Europe and New Zealand,
Māori art historian Jonathan Mane-Wheoki (1943–2014) and Dr
and is centred on three main themes: Voyaging, Place-making
Christine Kron (1962–2017), director of the Museum Fünf Kontinente,
and Encounter.
Munich, who died during the making of the exhibition. Finally, we owe immense thanks to our exhibition partners:
Five years in the making, ‘Oceania’ has been a true partnership between the Royal Academy and the musée du quai Branly –
New Zealand, Kingdom of Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Creative New
Jacques Chirac in Paris, and this first collaboration has been a source
Zealand and The Ruddock Foundation for the Arts. Without their
of great satisfaction. Both institutions are deeply concerned with the
support this exhibition could not have been realised and for that we
promotion of dialogue among people and cultures, and the ambitious
are extremely grateful.
mission of ‘Oceania’ and the numerous items on display made it the perfect opportunity for the two museums to get closer. The significant logistical challenges of transporting these fragile works and installing them have been expertly overseen by Flora
Christopher Le Brun pra
Fricker and Belén Lasheras Díaz in London, and by the team from
President, Royal Academy of Arts
musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac in Paris. Many individuals and institutional lenders have helped to make the exhibition a reality. H.E. Sir Jerry Mateparae, High Commissioner
Stéphane Martin President, musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac
12
FOREWORD
The Royal Academy of Arts was founded four months after Captain
of New Zealand to the UK, and his predecessor, H.E. Sir Lockwood
James Cook left Plymouth in August 1768 on the first of his
Smith, have provided great support throughout. We are indebted to
three Pacific voyages, his mission to record the transit of Venus.
the members of the Honorary Committee whose advice and guidance
Connections between Cook and the Academy, however, go beyond
throughout have been of immense help. Numerous institutions
a shared 250th anniversary. William Hodges ra was the official
have lent significant objects: we would particularly like to thank
artist on Cook’s second voyage (1772–75), John Webber ra on the
the Museum der Kulturen Basel; the Museum of Archaeology and
third (1776–80). Sir Joshua Reynolds pra and William Parry ra both
Anthropology, Cambridge; the British Museum, London; the musée
painted Omai of Ra‘iātea, the second Pacific Islander to visit Europe,
du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac, Paris; and the Nationaal Museum
when he stayed in England in 1774–76.
van Wereldculturen, specifically the Tropenmuseum, Amsterdam; and
Despite these links, this exhibition deliberately avoids showing
Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden. We would also like to acknowledge
Oceania through European eyes. The thousands of islands scattered
the support of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa;
across the immensity of the Pacific were traversed and settled many
Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki; and the Auckland War Memorial
centuries before the coming of Europeans, creating the rich and
Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira. It is particularly pleasing to thank those
varied culture that still permeates a region that encompasses more
contemporary artists who have agreed to participate: Mark Adams,
than a third of the world’s surface. ‘Oceania’ explores the art and
Taloi Havini and Stuart Miller, Kathy Jetñil-Kijiner, Yuki Kihara, the
culture of this vast area by examining works ranging from the historic
Mata Aho Collective, Fiona Pardington, Michael Parekowhai, John
to the contemporary – the first exhibition of its kind in London.
Pule and Lisa Reihana. Their work speaks of the contemporary
Curated by Professor Nicholas Thomas (University of Cambridge)
experience in Oceania, addressing the challenges of identity and
and Dr Peter Brunt (Victoria University of Wellington), with Dr Adrian
environmental threat but also the great natural beauty and cultural
Locke, supported by Rebecca Bray, the exhibition draws on the rich
promise of this extraordinary region. We pay tribute to the pioneering
ethnographic collections of museums in Europe and New Zealand,
Māori art historian Jonathan Mane-Wheoki (1943–2014) and Dr
and is centred on three main themes: Voyaging, Place-making
Christine Kron (1962–2017), director of the Museum Fünf Kontinente,
and Encounter.
Munich, who died during the making of the exhibition. Finally, we owe immense thanks to our exhibition partners:
Five years in the making, ‘Oceania’ has been a true partnership between the Royal Academy and the musée du quai Branly –
New Zealand, Kingdom of Tonga, Papua New Guinea, Creative New
Jacques Chirac in Paris, and this first collaboration has been a source
Zealand and The Ruddock Foundation for the Arts. Without their
of great satisfaction. Both institutions are deeply concerned with the
support this exhibition could not have been realised and for that we
promotion of dialogue among people and cultures, and the ambitious
are extremely grateful.
mission of ‘Oceania’ and the numerous items on display made it the perfect opportunity for the two museums to get closer. The significant logistical challenges of transporting these fragile works and installing them have been expertly overseen by Flora
Christopher Le Brun pra
Fricker and Belén Lasheras Díaz in London, and by the team from
President, Royal Academy of Arts
musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac in Paris. Many individuals and institutional lenders have helped to make the exhibition a reality. H.E. Sir Jerry Mateparae, High Commissioner
Stéphane Martin President, musée du quai Branly – Jacques Chirac
12
PARTNERS’ STATEMENTS The diverse peoples of the Pacific are resilient
This exhibition shows the way in which a three-
Papua New Guinea is the most culturally diverse
and creative. But we are now facing challenges
thousand-year-old dynasty can rise up to challenge
country in the world, with over 1,000 tribes and more
unprecedented in the thousands of years since settling
the unsustainable status quo, crafting global
than 850 languages. As you view the works in this
this vast ocean. 'Oceania' will showcase history from
leadership in sustainable and resilient development
exhibition, bear in mind that explorers were only able
the Pacific and focus international attention on this
for the third millennium and beyond.
to first access the vast interior of Papua New Guinea
unique part of the world. Themes of the exhibition include journeying,
The art shown in ‘Oceania’ depicts the
as recently as the 1930s. The country is rich in its
immovable faith of the people of Tonga that God
cultural heritage; its artworks are designed to mark
place-making and encounters. These themes are
created them as a nation of fearless navigators
status and beauty, to depict long-gone ancestors or
not confined to history but are directly relevant to
to guard the treasures of the oceans.
to ward off evil spirits.
contemporary challenges such as climate change,
The Kingdom of Tonga is proud to sponsor this
'Oceania' provides an insight into the rich tapestry
regional security and sustainable development.
exhibition, which is a testimony to our commitment
of artworks that are, due to Papua New Guinea’s
A deeper international understanding of the Pacific
to spreading knowledge of our cultural heritage
diversity, different from region to region and from tribe
– of its history and its future – is vital to these
through art. We believe that the sustainable future
to tribe. 'Oceania' presents a unique opportunity to
challenges being met.
we are designing now will allow us all to flourish.
enjoy the huge variety of traditional artworks within
New Zealand – as a country that is part of
Papua New Guinea and to experience its differences
the Pacific region – is pleased to support the Royal
Emeline Tuita, Founder HMKT6GSI
and similarities with other Pacific countries, and we
Academy’s ‘Oceania’ exhibition. Alongside this
Uili Lousi Studio
hope that you will learn something new and come to
exhibition, we will share stories from the Pacific,
The Kingdom of Tonga
appreciate these artworks from other cultures.
showcase Pacific cultures and emphasise our common threads of history and society.
Her Excellency Ms Winnie A Kiap High Commissioner for Papua New Guinea
Rt Hon Winston Peters New Zealand Minister of Foreign Affairs
15
PARTNERS’ STATEMENTS The diverse peoples of the Pacific are resilient
This exhibition shows the way in which a three-
Papua New Guinea is the most culturally diverse
and creative. But we are now facing challenges
thousand-year-old dynasty can rise up to challenge
country in the world, with over 1,000 tribes and more
unprecedented in the thousands of years since settling
the unsustainable status quo, crafting global
than 850 languages. As you view the works in this
this vast ocean. 'Oceania' will showcase history from
leadership in sustainable and resilient development
exhibition, bear in mind that explorers were only able
the Pacific and focus international attention on this
for the third millennium and beyond.
to first access the vast interior of Papua New Guinea
unique part of the world. Themes of the exhibition include journeying,
The art shown in ‘Oceania’ depicts the
as recently as the 1930s. The country is rich in its
immovable faith of the people of Tonga that God
cultural heritage; its artworks are designed to mark
place-making and encounters. These themes are
created them as a nation of fearless navigators
status and beauty, to depict long-gone ancestors or
not confined to history but are directly relevant to
to guard the treasures of the oceans.
to ward off evil spirits.
contemporary challenges such as climate change,
The Kingdom of Tonga is proud to sponsor this
'Oceania' provides an insight into the rich tapestry
regional security and sustainable development.
exhibition, which is a testimony to our commitment
of artworks that are, due to Papua New Guinea’s
A deeper international understanding of the Pacific
to spreading knowledge of our cultural heritage
diversity, different from region to region and from tribe
– of its history and its future – is vital to these
through art. We believe that the sustainable future
to tribe. 'Oceania' presents a unique opportunity to
challenges being met.
we are designing now will allow us all to flourish.
enjoy the huge variety of traditional artworks within
New Zealand – as a country that is part of
Papua New Guinea and to experience its differences
the Pacific region – is pleased to support the Royal
Emeline Tuita, Founder HMKT6GSI
and similarities with other Pacific countries, and we
Academy’s ‘Oceania’ exhibition. Alongside this
Uili Lousi Studio
hope that you will learn something new and come to
exhibition, we will share stories from the Pacific,
The Kingdom of Tonga
appreciate these artworks from other cultures.
showcase Pacific cultures and emphasise our common threads of history and society.
Her Excellency Ms Winnie A Kiap High Commissioner for Papua New Guinea
Rt Hon Winston Peters New Zealand Minister of Foreign Affairs
15
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Honorary Committee
The Royal Academy of Arts and the curators of ‘Oceania’ would like to thank the following individuals for their invaluable assistance during
Maile Andrade, Hawai’i
the making of this exhibition and its catalogue:
Arapata Hakiwai, New Zealand Noelle M. K. Y. Kahanu, Hawai’i
Julie Adams, Wiebke Ahrndt, Michaela Appel, David Ashman,
Emmanuel Kasarhérou, New Caledonia
Andrew Baker, Chris Ballard, Victoria Barlow, Samantha Beath,
Sean Mallon, New Zealand
Lissant Bolton, Naomi Boult, Ron Brownson, Leonie Brunt, Puawai
Jonathan Mane-Wheoki, New Zealand †
Cairns, Vincent Campredon, Catherine Cardiff, Lucie Carreau, Alastair
Michael Mel, Papua New Guinea
Carruthers, Inés de Castro, Jude Chambers, Ali Clark, Chanel Clarke,
Ralph Regenvanu, Vanuatu
Eleanor Congreve, Lynda Corey Claassen, Amy Cosgrove, Elizabeth
Faustina Rehuher-Marugg, Palau
Cotton, Inge Damm, Charlotte Davy, Rhana Devenport, Tony Eccles,
Megan Tamati-Quennell, New Zealand
Rick Ellis, Robert Eruera, Gaëlle Etesse, Hartwig Fischer, William Frame, David Gaimster, Jenny Gibbs, Peter Gordon, John Gow, Dick Grant, Lyonel Grant, Camilla Hampshire, Rachel Hand, Gil Hanly, Jenny Harper, Samantha Harris, Anita Herle, Steven Hooper, Matthew Hooton, Candice Hopkins, Samantha Jenkins, Esther Jessop, Elikya Kandot, Roly Keating, Jeanette Kokott, Tāmati Kruger, Luamanuvao Winnie Laban, Yves Le Fur, Robert Leonard, Henrietta Lidchi, Erna Lilje, Oliver Lueb, Jill Maggs, Anne-Mette Marchen Andersen, Geraint Martin, Judith Mayhew Jonas, Marion Melk-Koch, Ulrich Menter, Wayne Modest, Sadat Muaiava, Garry Nicholas, Julia Nicholson, Maia Nuku, Keone Nunes, Barbara O’Connor, Louise Parnell, Philippe Peltier, James Pinker, Haami Piripi, Barbara Plankensteiner, Rosalind Plimmer, Carla Purdue, Rolly Read, Gordon Rintoul, Katie Robson, Hanahiva Rose, Florence Roth, Paul Ruddock, Anne Salmond, Lynn Scarff, Anna Schmid, Klaus Schneider, Stijn Schoonderwoerd, James Schuster, Ana Sciascia, Claire Sedgwick, Mark Simmons, Chantelle Smith, Nanette Snoep, Matthew Spriggs, Kathleen Soriano, Masahiro Sugano, Christian Sune Pedersen, Gordon Sze, Tessa Te Mata, Tamahou Temara, Hilke Thode-Arora, Floortje Timmerman, Anthony Turua, Laura Van Broekhoven, Wonu Veys, Beatrice Voirol, Stephen Wainwright, Stephanie Walda-Mandel, Michael Walling, Esme Ward, Ben Wate, Uta Werlich, Ute Werner, Martin Wikaira, Rane Willerslev, Matariki Williams, and Anida Yoeu Ali
16
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Honorary Committee
The Royal Academy of Arts and the curators of ‘Oceania’ would like to thank the following individuals for their invaluable assistance during
Maile Andrade, Hawai’i
the making of this exhibition and its catalogue:
Arapata Hakiwai, New Zealand Noelle M. K. Y. Kahanu, Hawai’i
Julie Adams, Wiebke Ahrndt, Michaela Appel, David Ashman,
Emmanuel Kasarhérou, New Caledonia
Andrew Baker, Chris Ballard, Victoria Barlow, Samantha Beath,
Sean Mallon, New Zealand
Lissant Bolton, Naomi Boult, Ron Brownson, Leonie Brunt, Puawai
Jonathan Mane-Wheoki, New Zealand †
Cairns, Vincent Campredon, Catherine Cardiff, Lucie Carreau, Alastair
Michael Mel, Papua New Guinea
Carruthers, Inés de Castro, Jude Chambers, Ali Clark, Chanel Clarke,
Ralph Regenvanu, Vanuatu
Eleanor Congreve, Lynda Corey Claassen, Amy Cosgrove, Elizabeth
Faustina Rehuher-Marugg, Palau
Cotton, Inge Damm, Charlotte Davy, Rhana Devenport, Tony Eccles,
Megan Tamati-Quennell, New Zealand
Rick Ellis, Robert Eruera, Gaëlle Etesse, Hartwig Fischer, William Frame, David Gaimster, Jenny Gibbs, Peter Gordon, John Gow, Dick Grant, Lyonel Grant, Camilla Hampshire, Rachel Hand, Gil Hanly, Jenny Harper, Samantha Harris, Anita Herle, Steven Hooper, Matthew Hooton, Candice Hopkins, Samantha Jenkins, Esther Jessop, Elikya Kandot, Roly Keating, Jeanette Kokott, Tāmati Kruger, Luamanuvao Winnie Laban, Yves Le Fur, Robert Leonard, Henrietta Lidchi, Erna Lilje, Oliver Lueb, Jill Maggs, Anne-Mette Marchen Andersen, Geraint Martin, Judith Mayhew Jonas, Marion Melk-Koch, Ulrich Menter, Wayne Modest, Sadat Muaiava, Garry Nicholas, Julia Nicholson, Maia Nuku, Keone Nunes, Barbara O’Connor, Louise Parnell, Philippe Peltier, James Pinker, Haami Piripi, Barbara Plankensteiner, Rosalind Plimmer, Carla Purdue, Rolly Read, Gordon Rintoul, Katie Robson, Hanahiva Rose, Florence Roth, Paul Ruddock, Anne Salmond, Lynn Scarff, Anna Schmid, Klaus Schneider, Stijn Schoonderwoerd, James Schuster, Ana Sciascia, Claire Sedgwick, Mark Simmons, Chantelle Smith, Nanette Snoep, Matthew Spriggs, Kathleen Soriano, Masahiro Sugano, Christian Sune Pedersen, Gordon Sze, Tessa Te Mata, Tamahou Temara, Hilke Thode-Arora, Floortje Timmerman, Anthony Turua, Laura Van Broekhoven, Wonu Veys, Beatrice Voirol, Stephen Wainwright, Stephanie Walda-Mandel, Michael Walling, Esme Ward, Ben Wate, Uta Werlich, Ute Werner, Martin Wikaira, Rane Willerslev, Matariki Williams, and Anida Yoeu Ali
16
H AWA I‘I
ME X IC O
H O N O L UL U KON A C O A S T K E A L A K E K UA B AY NORTH PACIFIC
M A RI A N A ISL A NDS
M
GUA M
I
C
YA P
M A RSH A LL ISL A NDS
R
O
NUK U O R O
PA L AU
N
C A ROLINE ISL A NDS
E
S
I
A LINE ISL A NDS
T OB I I S L A ND
LAKE S E N TA NI
K A IR IRU I S L A ND
M O UN T H A G E N
K R A NK E T I S L A ND
PA PUA NE W GUINE A S A IB A I N A G IR
E
B UK A
B O U G A IN V IL L E NE W B RI TA IN S IMB O
S A N TA I S A B E L I S L A ND
NE W G E O R G I A
T R OB RI A ND I S L A ND S
UK I G UA DA L C A N A L
TORRE S S T R A I T ISL A NDS L O UI S I A DE A R C HIP E L A G O
I
S A N TA C RU Z (RE E F I S L A ND S)
ME R
T U VA LU
M A K IR A (S A N C R I S T OB A L )
A
S A MOA
VA NUAT U
PACIFIC OCEAN
M A RQUE S A S ISL A NDS
UP OL U
SOCIE T Y ISL A NDS
A MB A E M A L A K UL A
FIJI MOAL A
CORAL SEA
NIUE
M AT UK U H O UA ÏL O U
T UA MOT U A RCHIPEL AGO TA HI T I
C OOK ISL A NDS R A R O T ONG A
TONG A
NE W C A LEDONI A
M O ’ORE A
A I T U TA K I
AUS T R A L ISL A NDS
P
G R A NDE T E RRE
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SOLOMON ISL A NDS
I
S
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NE W IRE L A ND
DIB IR I I S L A ND ARAFURA SEA
N
M A NU S BISMARCK A R C HIP E L A G O
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A DMIR A LT Y I S L A ND S
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HUMB OL D T B AY
L
W U V UL U
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W E S T PA PUA
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EQUATOR
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WA I G E O I S L A ND
M
G A MBIER ISL A NDS
RURU T U
M A NG A R E VA
R A‘I VAVA E
PI TC A IRN ISL A NDS
R A PA NUI
AUS T R A LI A
S Y DNE Y B O TA N Y B AY K A I TA I A
SOUTH PACIFIC
N O R T H I S L A ND
NE W ZE A L A ND / AOT E A ROA
P O V E R T Y B AY
N
TASMAN SEA CAPE T E R AW HI T I
W E L L ING T ON
TA S M A NI A
S O U T H I S L A ND DU S K Y S O UND
kilometres
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
0 miles
1,000
2,000
3,000
H AWA I‘I
ME X IC O
H O N O L UL U KON A C O A S T K E A L A K E K UA B AY NORTH PACIFIC
M A RI A N A ISL A NDS
M
GUA M
I
C
YA P
M A RSH A LL ISL A NDS
R
O
NUK U O R O
PA L AU
N
C A ROLINE ISL A NDS
E
S
I
A LINE ISL A NDS
T OB I I S L A ND
LAKE S E N TA NI
K A IR IRU I S L A ND
M O UN T H A G E N
K R A NK E T I S L A ND
PA PUA NE W GUINE A S A IB A I N A G IR
E
B UK A
B O U G A IN V IL L E NE W B RI TA IN S IMB O
S A N TA I S A B E L I S L A ND
NE W G E O R G I A
T R OB RI A ND I S L A ND S
UK I G UA DA L C A N A L
TORRE S S T R A I T ISL A NDS L O UI S I A DE A R C HIP E L A G O
I
S A N TA C RU Z (RE E F I S L A ND S)
ME R
T U VA LU
M A K IR A (S A N C R I S T OB A L )
A
S A MOA
VA NUAT U
PACIFIC OCEAN
M A RQUE S A S ISL A NDS
UP OL U
SOCIE T Y ISL A NDS
A MB A E M A L A K UL A
FIJI MOAL A
CORAL SEA
NIUE
M AT UK U H O UA ÏL O U
T UA MOT U A RCHIPEL AGO TA HI T I
C OOK ISL A NDS R A R O T ONG A
TONG A
NE W C A LEDONI A
M O ’ORE A
A I T U TA K I
AUS T R A L ISL A NDS
P
G R A NDE T E RRE
A
N
S
SOLOMON ISL A NDS
I
S
E
NE W IRE L A ND
DIB IR I I S L A ND ARAFURA SEA
N
M A NU S BISMARCK A R C HIP E L A G O
RIVER SEPIK
A S M AT
A
A DMIR A LT Y I S L A ND S
Y
HUMB OL D T B AY
L
W U V UL U
EQUATOR
L
W E S T PA PUA
E
K IRIB AT I
EQUATOR
O
WA I G E O I S L A ND
M
G A MBIER ISL A NDS
RURU T U
M A NG A R E VA
R A‘I VAVA E
PI TC A IRN ISL A NDS
R A PA NUI
AUS T R A LI A
S Y DNE Y B O TA N Y B AY K A I TA I A
SOUTH PACIFIC
N O R T H I S L A ND
NE W ZE A L A ND / AOT E A ROA
P O V E R T Y B AY
N
TASMAN SEA CAPE T E R AW HI T I
W E L L ING T ON
TA S M A NI A
S O U T H I S L A ND DU S K Y S O UND
kilometres
1,000
2,000
3,000
4,000
5,000
0 miles
1,000
2,000
3,000
OCEANIA REDUX
The nature of these encounters was, of course, fraught
peter brunt and nicholas thomas
‘Redux: brought back, revived’ Oxford English Dictionary
These globalising voyages brought the concept of ‘Oceania’
and volatile, and ran the gamut of scenarios: from native
into existence by virtue of the panoptic and synchronic views
refusals to engage, to extraordinary rituals of welcome and
they made possible of the region as a whole. Pacific peoples were
gifting, to eruptions of violence and killing. Some forty-five
thrust into the present of the late eighteenth century. They were
Islanders died at the hands of Cook’s men in the course of his
described and illustrated together between the covers of voyage
three voyages and many more died from introduced diseases.
publications. Their arts and material culture were collected
More than a dozen of his crewmen died. And Cook himself was
and grouped as artefacts ‘from Oceania’. Pacific Islanders were
killed at Kealakekua Bay in Hawai‘i in 17792 – deaths that make
represented in theatrical spectacles and pictorial fantasies such
us consider the significance of those encounters from many,
as the pantomime Omai, A Voyage Round the World, performed
often incommensurable, points of view. But setting those black
at Covent Garden in 1785 (which included as its finale a costume
holes of human death aside, the scale and ambition of Cook’s
parade of the Pacific peoples encountered during Cook’s voyages,
voyages indeed brought about an unprecedented rupture in the
unified in a theatrical phantasmagoria of Pax Britannica) and the
geographical and temporal consciousness of the world. They
1804–05 wallpaper designed by Jean-Gabriel Charvet for Joseph
were quickly followed by additional British and French, as well as
Dufour et Cie entitled Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique (The
Spanish, Dutch, Russian and American, voyages. Together these
Savages of the Pacific Ocean) (fig. 2).
extended the territorial reach of the Western world so much that ‘Have we forgotten so much that we will not easily find our way back to the ocean?’1 Epeli Hau‘ofa
by the early nineteenth century much of Oceania (and eventually
explorer Jules Sébastien César Dumont d’Urville mapped
all of it) had become irreversibly entangled in commercial,
‘Oceania’ as such for the first time and divided it into regional
religious, political and social relations with the peoples and
sub-groupings that d’Urville named ‘Melanesia’, ‘Polynesia’ and
civilisations of the modern West, ‘breaking the silence of the seas
‘Micronesia’. In his voyages D’Urville repeated and extended
3
once and for all’.
hen Captain James Cook encountered Oceanic
W
thousands, of years. (How long exactly was an enigma at the
peoples in the course of his three voyages to the
time.) Previous encounters with Pacific Islanders had been
Pacific between 1768 and 1780, he was astonished by
few and fleeting, and were considered incidental to the main
their diversity and the extent of their dispersal across the Pacific
objectives of Western explorers, who sought continental
Ocean – more than one third of the earth’s surface. And he was
landmasses like their own. In fact, ironically, it was only after
even more astonished by their evident links and commonalities
Cook finally abandoned his quest for the ‘Great Southern
– similar languages, ceremonial spaces, maritime technologies,
Continent’ in the course of his second voyage that the full
religious practices and trading networks – for they pointed to
panoply of Oceanic peoples came into view. For during that
a history of voyaging and discovery, of human expansion and
expedition, having already met Tahitians, Māori and Aboriginal
settlement, as epic and ambitious as his own. The important
Australians on his first voyage, Cook added the discovery of South
difference, of course, is that Cook ‘discovered’ territories that had
Island Māori as well as encounters with peoples in the Tongan
already been discovered, layered with histories and traditions of
archipelago, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), the Marquesas, Fiji, Niue,
human habitation for many generations.
the Cook Islands, New Caledonia and Vanuatu (fig. 1). On his third
Here was an Oceanic ‘civilisation’, we might say, that
the geographical scope and scientific ambition of his English
voyage he met Tasmanian Aborigines, revisited communities in
had existed in parallel with, but been virtually unknown to, the
the Cook Islands, Tahiti, Tonga and New Zealand, and was the
civilisations of the continental world for hundreds, perhaps
first European to encounter Hawaiians in 1778.
Fig. 1 William Hodges ra, The Landing at Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, c. 1775–76. Oil on panel, 24.1 × 45.7 cm. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London; Acc. no. BHC1905
20
In the early nineteenth century, the voyages of the French
21
OCEANIA REDUX
The nature of these encounters was, of course, fraught
peter brunt and nicholas thomas
‘Redux: brought back, revived’ Oxford English Dictionary
These globalising voyages brought the concept of ‘Oceania’
and volatile, and ran the gamut of scenarios: from native
into existence by virtue of the panoptic and synchronic views
refusals to engage, to extraordinary rituals of welcome and
they made possible of the region as a whole. Pacific peoples were
gifting, to eruptions of violence and killing. Some forty-five
thrust into the present of the late eighteenth century. They were
Islanders died at the hands of Cook’s men in the course of his
described and illustrated together between the covers of voyage
three voyages and many more died from introduced diseases.
publications. Their arts and material culture were collected
More than a dozen of his crewmen died. And Cook himself was
and grouped as artefacts ‘from Oceania’. Pacific Islanders were
killed at Kealakekua Bay in Hawai‘i in 17792 – deaths that make
represented in theatrical spectacles and pictorial fantasies such
us consider the significance of those encounters from many,
as the pantomime Omai, A Voyage Round the World, performed
often incommensurable, points of view. But setting those black
at Covent Garden in 1785 (which included as its finale a costume
holes of human death aside, the scale and ambition of Cook’s
parade of the Pacific peoples encountered during Cook’s voyages,
voyages indeed brought about an unprecedented rupture in the
unified in a theatrical phantasmagoria of Pax Britannica) and the
geographical and temporal consciousness of the world. They
1804–05 wallpaper designed by Jean-Gabriel Charvet for Joseph
were quickly followed by additional British and French, as well as
Dufour et Cie entitled Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique (The
Spanish, Dutch, Russian and American, voyages. Together these
Savages of the Pacific Ocean) (fig. 2).
extended the territorial reach of the Western world so much that ‘Have we forgotten so much that we will not easily find our way back to the ocean?’1 Epeli Hau‘ofa
by the early nineteenth century much of Oceania (and eventually
explorer Jules Sébastien César Dumont d’Urville mapped
all of it) had become irreversibly entangled in commercial,
‘Oceania’ as such for the first time and divided it into regional
religious, political and social relations with the peoples and
sub-groupings that d’Urville named ‘Melanesia’, ‘Polynesia’ and
civilisations of the modern West, ‘breaking the silence of the seas
‘Micronesia’. In his voyages D’Urville repeated and extended
3
once and for all’.
hen Captain James Cook encountered Oceanic
W
thousands, of years. (How long exactly was an enigma at the
peoples in the course of his three voyages to the
time.) Previous encounters with Pacific Islanders had been
Pacific between 1768 and 1780, he was astonished by
few and fleeting, and were considered incidental to the main
their diversity and the extent of their dispersal across the Pacific
objectives of Western explorers, who sought continental
Ocean – more than one third of the earth’s surface. And he was
landmasses like their own. In fact, ironically, it was only after
even more astonished by their evident links and commonalities
Cook finally abandoned his quest for the ‘Great Southern
– similar languages, ceremonial spaces, maritime technologies,
Continent’ in the course of his second voyage that the full
religious practices and trading networks – for they pointed to
panoply of Oceanic peoples came into view. For during that
a history of voyaging and discovery, of human expansion and
expedition, having already met Tahitians, Māori and Aboriginal
settlement, as epic and ambitious as his own. The important
Australians on his first voyage, Cook added the discovery of South
difference, of course, is that Cook ‘discovered’ territories that had
Island Māori as well as encounters with peoples in the Tongan
already been discovered, layered with histories and traditions of
archipelago, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), the Marquesas, Fiji, Niue,
human habitation for many generations.
the Cook Islands, New Caledonia and Vanuatu (fig. 1). On his third
Here was an Oceanic ‘civilisation’, we might say, that
the geographical scope and scientific ambition of his English
voyage he met Tasmanian Aborigines, revisited communities in
had existed in parallel with, but been virtually unknown to, the
the Cook Islands, Tahiti, Tonga and New Zealand, and was the
civilisations of the continental world for hundreds, perhaps
first European to encounter Hawaiians in 1778.
Fig. 1 William Hodges ra, The Landing at Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, c. 1775–76. Oil on panel, 24.1 × 45.7 cm. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London; Acc. no. BHC1905
20
In the early nineteenth century, the voyages of the French
21
OCEANIA REDUX
The nature of these encounters was, of course, fraught
peter brunt and nicholas thomas
‘Redux: brought back, revived’ Oxford English Dictionary
These globalising voyages brought the concept of ‘Oceania’
and volatile, and ran the gamut of scenarios: from native
into existence by virtue of the panoptic and synchronic views
refusals to engage, to extraordinary rituals of welcome and
they made possible of the region as a whole. Pacific peoples were
gifting, to eruptions of violence and killing. Some forty-five
thrust into the present of the late eighteenth century. They were
Islanders died at the hands of Cook’s men in the course of his
described and illustrated together between the covers of voyage
three voyages and many more died from introduced diseases.
publications. Their arts and material culture were collected
More than a dozen of his crewmen died. And Cook himself was
and grouped as artefacts ‘from Oceania’. Pacific Islanders were
killed at Kealakekua Bay in Hawai‘i in 17792 – deaths that make
represented in theatrical spectacles and pictorial fantasies such
us consider the significance of those encounters from many,
as the pantomime Omai, A Voyage Round the World, performed
often incommensurable, points of view. But setting those black
at Covent Garden in 1785 (which included as its finale a costume
holes of human death aside, the scale and ambition of Cook’s
parade of the Pacific peoples encountered during Cook’s voyages,
voyages indeed brought about an unprecedented rupture in the
unified in a theatrical phantasmagoria of Pax Britannica) and the
geographical and temporal consciousness of the world. They
1804–05 wallpaper designed by Jean-Gabriel Charvet for Joseph
were quickly followed by additional British and French, as well as
Dufour et Cie entitled Les Sauvages de la Mer Pacifique (The
Spanish, Dutch, Russian and American, voyages. Together these
Savages of the Pacific Ocean) (fig. 2).
extended the territorial reach of the Western world so much that ‘Have we forgotten so much that we will not easily find our way back to the ocean?’1 Epeli Hau‘ofa
by the early nineteenth century much of Oceania (and eventually
explorer Jules Sébastien César Dumont d’Urville mapped
all of it) had become irreversibly entangled in commercial,
‘Oceania’ as such for the first time and divided it into regional
religious, political and social relations with the peoples and
sub-groupings that d’Urville named ‘Melanesia’, ‘Polynesia’ and
civilisations of the modern West, ‘breaking the silence of the seas
‘Micronesia’. In his voyages D’Urville repeated and extended
3
once and for all’.
hen Captain James Cook encountered Oceanic
W
thousands, of years. (How long exactly was an enigma at the
peoples in the course of his three voyages to the
time.) Previous encounters with Pacific Islanders had been
Pacific between 1768 and 1780, he was astonished by
few and fleeting, and were considered incidental to the main
their diversity and the extent of their dispersal across the Pacific
objectives of Western explorers, who sought continental
Ocean – more than one third of the earth’s surface. And he was
landmasses like their own. In fact, ironically, it was only after
even more astonished by their evident links and commonalities
Cook finally abandoned his quest for the ‘Great Southern
– similar languages, ceremonial spaces, maritime technologies,
Continent’ in the course of his second voyage that the full
religious practices and trading networks – for they pointed to
panoply of Oceanic peoples came into view. For during that
a history of voyaging and discovery, of human expansion and
expedition, having already met Tahitians, Māori and Aboriginal
settlement, as epic and ambitious as his own. The important
Australians on his first voyage, Cook added the discovery of South
difference, of course, is that Cook ‘discovered’ territories that had
Island Māori as well as encounters with peoples in the Tongan
already been discovered, layered with histories and traditions of
archipelago, Rapa Nui (Easter Island), the Marquesas, Fiji, Niue,
human habitation for many generations.
the Cook Islands, New Caledonia and Vanuatu (fig. 1). On his third
Here was an Oceanic ‘civilisation’, we might say, that
the geographical scope and scientific ambition of his English
voyage he met Tasmanian Aborigines, revisited communities in
had existed in parallel with, but been virtually unknown to, the
the Cook Islands, Tahiti, Tonga and New Zealand, and was the
civilisations of the continental world for hundreds, perhaps
first European to encounter Hawaiians in 1778.
Fig. 1 William Hodges ra, The Landing at Tanna, one of the New Hebrides, c. 1775–76. Oil on panel, 24.1 × 45.7 cm. National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, London; Acc. no. BHC1905
20
In the early nineteenth century, the voyages of the French
21
cross Oceania, ancestors were and still are sources of
A
154
power, identity, entitlement to land and many other
Fiona Pardington (b. 1961)
accomplishments and the stories of their families’ movements
2010
aspects of social standing and personality. Diverse art
forms commemorated and celebrated ancestors, their particular
,
and alliances. Those who had founded particular communities,
New Zealand, of Māori (Kai Tahu, Kati Waewae and Ngāti Kahungunu), Scottish (Clan Cameron of Erracht), MacDonald and O’Niell descent Cats 154–158: archival photographic inkjet print on Hahnemühle paper, 146 × 110 cm
and more recent progenitors, were embodied in art forms such as figure sculptures within ceremonial houses: they were present in the architecture and the habitat occupied by people on a daily basis. The major rituals that followed death incorporated commemoration. Those rituals also, however, gave memory a
With thanks Musée de l’Homme
place in time. Mourning was intended to come to an end, and at
(Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
this point the dead were despatched to the afterworld. Their
Courtesy the artist and Starkwhite, New Zealand
lingering presence was undesirable and might be dangerous. Forms such as malangan were created for ceremonies that took place, in many cases, years after death. They brought closure and enabled communities to continue with day-to-day life. If memory had been vital to the constitution of Oceanic societies for centuries and millennia, it became still more significant as cross-cultural encounters became prominent within Islanders’ lives, and particularly once communities suffered the disruption of colonisation and modernity. With acute depopulation across many islands and archipelagos, and the loss of people through abduction for forced labour, generations were lost. Twentieth-century migration entailed inherent dislocation, from cultural milieux as well as from place. Sea-level rise among other aspects of environmental change now threatens Island homes. Commemoration, loss and the struggle to retrieve place, identity and history have become central themes for the artists of the new Oceania.
262
263
cross Oceania, ancestors were and still are sources of
A
154
power, identity, entitlement to land and many other
Fiona Pardington (b. 1961)
accomplishments and the stories of their families’ movements
2010
aspects of social standing and personality. Diverse art
forms commemorated and celebrated ancestors, their particular
,
and alliances. Those who had founded particular communities,
New Zealand, of Māori (Kai Tahu, Kati Waewae and Ngāti Kahungunu), Scottish (Clan Cameron of Erracht), MacDonald and O’Niell descent Cats 154–158: archival photographic inkjet print on Hahnemühle paper, 146 × 110 cm
and more recent progenitors, were embodied in art forms such as figure sculptures within ceremonial houses: they were present in the architecture and the habitat occupied by people on a daily basis. The major rituals that followed death incorporated commemoration. Those rituals also, however, gave memory a
With thanks Musée de l’Homme
place in time. Mourning was intended to come to an end, and at
(Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
this point the dead were despatched to the afterworld. Their
Courtesy the artist and Starkwhite, New Zealand
lingering presence was undesirable and might be dangerous. Forms such as malangan were created for ceremonies that took place, in many cases, years after death. They brought closure and enabled communities to continue with day-to-day life. If memory had been vital to the constitution of Oceanic societies for centuries and millennia, it became still more significant as cross-cultural encounters became prominent within Islanders’ lives, and particularly once communities suffered the disruption of colonisation and modernity. With acute depopulation across many islands and archipelagos, and the loss of people through abduction for forced labour, generations were lost. Twentieth-century migration entailed inherent dislocation, from cultural milieux as well as from place. Sea-level rise among other aspects of environmental change now threatens Island homes. Commemoration, loss and the struggle to retrieve place, identity and history have become central themes for the artists of the new Oceania.
262
263
155
156
157
158
Fiona Pardington
Fiona Pardington
Fiona Pardington
Fiona Pardington
Ma Tekao (painted), Gambier , 2010
(painted), Samoa, 2010
, 2010 , 2010
With thanks Musée de l’Homme (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
With thanks Musée de l’Homme (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
264
With thanks Musée de l’Homme (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
With thanks Musée de l’Homme (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
265
155
156
157
158
Fiona Pardington
Fiona Pardington
Fiona Pardington
Fiona Pardington
Ma Tekao (painted), Gambier , 2010
(painted), Samoa, 2010
, 2010 , 2010
With thanks Musée de l’Homme (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
With thanks Musée de l’Homme (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
264
With thanks Musée de l’Homme (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
With thanks Musée de l’Homme (Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle), Paris
265
159 Mayalibit Bay altar group, early twentieth century Mayalibit Bay, Waigeo Island, West Papua Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, Netherlands
top row
bottom row
Mon, spirit figure of the oldest son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 55 cm
Korwar, spirit figure of a wife of the oldest son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 40 cm
TM-573-39
TM-573-41
Mon, spirit figure of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 71 cm
Korwar, spirit figure of a second wife of the oldest son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 43 cm
TM-573-36
TM-573-40
Mon, spirit figure of the second son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 64 cm TM-573-42
Korwar, spirit figure of an adopted son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, skull, height 43 cm TM-573-43
middle row
Korwar, spirit figure of the wife of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 35 cm
Korwar, spirit figure of a wife of the second son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 20 cm
TM-573-37
TM-573-45
Korwar, spirit figure of a second wife of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 37 cm
Korwar, spirit figure of the second wife of the second son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 23 cm
TM-573-38
TM-573-44
160 overleaf Fish malangan, early twentieth century New Ireland, Papua New Guinea Wood, paint, fibre, shell, 98 × 261 × 56 cm Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden, 32953
266
267
159 Mayalibit Bay altar group, early twentieth century Mayalibit Bay, Waigeo Island, West Papua Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen, Netherlands
top row
bottom row
Mon, spirit figure of the oldest son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 55 cm
Korwar, spirit figure of a wife of the oldest son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 40 cm
TM-573-39
TM-573-41
Mon, spirit figure of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 71 cm
Korwar, spirit figure of a second wife of the oldest son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 43 cm
TM-573-36
TM-573-40
Mon, spirit figure of the second son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 64 cm TM-573-42
Korwar, spirit figure of an adopted son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, skull, height 43 cm TM-573-43
middle row
Korwar, spirit figure of the wife of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 35 cm
Korwar, spirit figure of a wife of the second son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 20 cm
TM-573-37
TM-573-45
Korwar, spirit figure of a second wife of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 37 cm
Korwar, spirit figure of the second wife of the second son of the head of the altar group Wood, cloth, height 23 cm
TM-573-38
TM-573-44
160 overleaf Fish malangan, early twentieth century New Ireland, Papua New Guinea Wood, paint, fibre, shell, 98 × 261 × 56 cm Staatliche Kunstsammlungen Dresden, Museum für Völkerkunde Dresden, 32953
266
267
268
269
268
269