NBC Decontamination

*FM 3-5 FMFM 11-10 ARMY FIELD MANUAL 3-5 FLEET MARINE FORCE MANUAL NO. 11-10

HEADQUARTERS DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS Washington, DC, 17 November 1993

NBC Decontamination Contents

DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTION: Distribution is authorized to US government agencies only to protect technical or operational information from automatic dissemination under the International Exchange Program or b other means. This determination was made on 29 March 1993. Other requests for this manual will be referred to Commandant, US Army Chemical School, ATZN-CM-FNB, Fort McClellan, AL 36205-5020.

DESTRUCTION NOTICE: Destroy by any method that will prevent disclosure of contents or reconstruction of the document. *This publication supersedes FM 3-5, 24 June 1985

MARINE CORPS: PCN 139 001195 00 i

FM 3-5

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FM 3-5

PREFACE FM 3-5 provides the doctrinal approach for NBC decontamination (decon).

This manual integrates NBC fundamentals published in FM 3-100, NBC Defense, Chemical Warfare, Smoke and Flame Operations.

This manual implements STANAG 2426 NATO Contamination Control Policy for NATO Forces. Name changes in the levels/types of decon will standardize decon terminology throughout NATO. These NBC fundamentals are integrated into the decon doctrinal concepts. The extent and timing of decon depends on the tactical situation, the mission, the extent of contamination, and the decon resources available. Reducing the effect of any chemical threat and survivability is the ultimate goal of FM 3-5. This manual provides detailed guidance on conducting decon operations for chemical and nonchemical personnel. Individual soldiers and leaders must be familiar with the basic procedures and concepts in FM 3-5.

Chapters 1 and 2, “Decon Concepts” and “Immediate Decon,” focus on the basic knowledge required to apply the decon concepts. Information focuses on how the contamination will hamper their mission, and how application of decon practices will increase survivability.

Chapters 3 and 4, “Operational Decon” and “Thorough Decon,” provide a series of options for improved use of unit assets. These options increase the output and speed up the decon process. Throughput is determined by resources and personnel availability. Chapter 5, “Special Decon Operations,” covers decon on freed sites, key terrain, and urban areas.

Chapter 6, “Effects of Environmental Conditions: discusses how natural elements and weather affect equipment and decon operations. Chapter 7, “Aviation,” includes decon techniques for all the aircraft in the U.S. Army inventory. Chapter 8, “Maintenance,” discusses repair problems and direct and general support maintenance. Chapter 9, “Patient Decontamination,” covers detailed decon procedures for nonmedical and nonchemical personnel used to evacuate chemical casualties. Chapter 10, “Logistics.,” provides information to assist the chemical unit as well as the supported unit in planning their logistical needs.

The appendixes of this manual contain a collection of reference data. If you understand the basics given in Chapters 1 through 10, you can use the material in the appendixes to make the basics work for you. When standard decon techniques are not possible or standard decon materials are not available, go to the appendixes for nonstandard techniques and field expedients.

The proponent of this publication is the U.S. Army Chemical School. Submit changes for improving this publication on DA Form 2028 and forward to Commandant, U.S. Army Chemical School, ATTN ATZN-CM-FNB, Fort McClellan, AL 36205-5020.

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FM 3-5

INTRODUCTION The presence of contamination generally reduces the effectiveness of our combat power. Contamination forces us into protective equipment that degrades our ability to perform individual and collective tasks. Further, understanding the behavior and characteristics of con-

tamination can better direct our efforts in taking countermeasures to avoid or reduce the nuclear, biological, and chemical hazard. Considering these factors will assist the individual soldier, planner, and leader in the integration of NBC defense measures in tactical operations.

Forms of Contamination Successful decon requires that you understand the forms of contamination and what makes it dangerous.

The different origins and forms of contamination cause different hazards. A brief discussion on the major forms and origins of contamination will clarify the meaning of contamination as it is used in this FM. Solids Chemical agents, biological agents, and radiological contamination can all take solid forms. In most cases, these appear as a fine dust. The dust could take the form of radioactive dirt (fallout), a frozen chemical mist, or pollenoated with biological toxins and/or biological spores, or a powder coated with chemical/biological agents (for example, dusty mustard).

Liquid Liquid contamination is generally delivered in a mist, vapor, or rain that falls to the ground. Liquid contamina-

tion can be made thick, like syrup or gelatin. It sticks to what it touches and evaporates slowly. Low vapor pressure and high viscosity make it difficult to decontaminate.

Chemical, biological, and nuclear contamination can all mix with rain and contaminate large areas. When this “washout� evaporates, the solid or liquid contamination may remain for some time.

Gases Chemical contaminants give off vapors. Toxic chemical agents, delivered as a gas cloud, are employed either directly on the target or upwind of the target. Depending on the weather conditions, wind currents can spread toxic gas clouds over a large area. Most toxic gases disperse or evaporate quite readily. However, liquid chemical agents contaminating surfaces may give off toxic gases for days.

Types of Contamination Hazards If you understand the contamination hazards (transfer, spread, vapor, resorption, and radiation), you will understand contamination characteristics and how decon will help you successfully complete your mission under NBC conditions.

Transfer Anything that touches a surface covered with liquid or solid contamination will tend to pickup that contamination, and move it from one surface to another. You must eliminate or limit contamination transfer into clean areas. For example, troops climbing in and out of a contaminated tank will transfer agent to the inside of the vehicle onto navigation, communication, and/or computer instruments, or any other compartment in the tank.

This will result in two hazards: (1) inhaling the gas given off by the agent brought into the tank and (2) coming in contact with the agent brought into the tank.

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Spread Touching a surface covered with liquid chemical agent can spread contamination on the same surface, thereby, increasing the size of the contaminated area. This will require more decon kits or decontaminants, more effort, and more time spent for decon. Limit the spread of agent and keep contamination from being spread to a clean surface by decontaminating with designated and/or appropriate equipment.

Vapor The vapor hazard includes any contamination you can breathe, no matter what form it takes – dust in the air, atomized liquids (aerosols), or true gases. Generally, vapors in an open/outdoor area disperse rapidly so you do not need to decontaminate them. Some agent vapors, however (such as atomized blister), create a transfer hazard because they settle from the air and coat the surfaces they touch. As long as solid or liquid contamination remains on a surface, it can continually generate new vapors. Liquid contamination mixed with dust can result

FM 3-5 in a vapor hazard due to wind or movement of vehicles.

Generally, when a transfer or spread hazard exists, a vapor hazard could also exists.

Desorption Liquid chemical contamination quickly absorbs into porous surfaces. Once absorbed, it begins to desorb or give off gas; that is, low levels of vapor pass out of the contaminated surface into the air and can be transferred to any surface that contacts it, including bare skin. For example, if you were operating a vehicle that was desorbing a nerve agent, you should protect yourself by wearing, as a minimum, your protective mask and gloves. Exposure to the desorbing nerve agent might blur your vision or interfere with your ability to think clearly. Handling a steering wheel bare-handed when it is desorbing nerve agent may also cause acute nerve agent poisoning.

Prevent resorption by decontaminating quickly, before any agent can be absorbed into the surface. Surfaces protected with chemical agent resistant coating (CARC), which is made of polyurethane paint coating, prevent agent absorption. The surface can be easily decontaminated with soap and hot water or DS2.

Radiation The penetrating energy of radiation does not directly fall into any of the previous categories. Radiation is given off by radioactive dust or dirt, most of which appears as fallout. For decon purposes, radiation can be thought of as a solid. Radioactive contamination can usually be removed by brushing, wiping, or shaking. Decontaminate quickly to decrease the cumulative effects of radiation.

Otherwise, small but frequent exposure to radiation may cause radiation sickness.

Persistency The length of time a hazard remains depends on the persistency of the contamination. A full discussion of detection and hazard prediction for all types of contamination is given in FM 3-3 and FM 3-3-1, but some general guidance is given here.

Chemical Nonpersistent contamination generally requires no decon. However, the duration and effectiveness of chemical agents employed on the battlefield will depend on a series of factors that affect agent persistency: Type of contamination.

Contamination density and droplet size.

Temperature.

Wind speed.

Sunlight.

Humidity and rain.

Composition of the contaminated surface.

Type of soil and terrain.

Any contamination found on your skin must be decontaminated immediately, regardless of persistency, Some contamination hazards can affect you within minutes after touching your skin (an agent like CX will affect within seconds). After you conduct skin decon, use detection equipment to determine the type of contamination in order to determine whether additional decon and/or treatment is required.

The physical behavior of chemical agents changes based on weather conditions. For example, in cold weather, nonpersistent agents tend to become semi-persistent, lasting from two to ten days. See FM 3-6, Field Behavior of NBC Agents, for further information.

Biological The many variables involved in estimating persistency of biological hazards require separate consideration for each instance of contamination. Specially trained medical personnel at division level and higher will consider specific treatment regimens only after the contamination has been specifically identified. For example, biological agents will persist longer in cold weather. Temperature inversions (stable conditions) that exist over snowfields also tend to prolong the stay of an aerosolized biological cloud.

Radiological You can gain a general idea of the persistency of radiological hazards by taking radiation dose rate readings. Use FM 3-3-1 standard decay nomograms to predict the decay rate for radiological hazards. It assumes typical fallout will decrease in intensity according to a standard decay constant (n = 1.2). For operational purposes you can use the “7-10 rule of thumb� to estimate future radiation levels. This rule provides a general estimate and should be used for planning only. The rate of radioactive decay is proportional overtime. The 7-10 rule means that for every seven multiples of time after the burst, the radiation intensity will decrease by a factor of ten. For example, if two hours after the burst your reading is 100 cGy (rad) per hour, then fourteen hours after the burst (7 times 2 hours) you can expect a reading of about 10 cGy (100 cGy divided by 10). Radiation contamination is not affected by climatic conditions or other variables that affect chemical contamination. FM 3-3-1 describes radiation decay rates in detail.

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FM 3-5

Negligible Risk You must consider decon if the levels of contamination exceed negligible risk levels.

Chemical Negligible risk levels for biological and chemical contamination are those that will cause mild incapacitation among no more than 5 percent of unprotected soldiers who operate for 12 continuous hours within 1 meter of contaminated surfaces. Measurements that determine safe levels are made with detection equipment held 1 inch

away from the surface. For example, a one bar reading displayed on the chemical agent monitor (CAM) indicates a reduced hazard level that should be considered as a negligible risk level.

Radiological Negligible risk levels for radiological contamination are measurements of 0.33 centigray (cGy) or less. This level of radiation will cause no more than 2.5 percent mild incapacitation to unprotected soldiers.

Contamination Combinations Simultaneous enemy NBC attacks will probably be part of the enemy’s strategy. Risk assessments include consideration that the enemy may use combinations of nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons or may use any of these combined with conventional fire. Once NBC weapons have been introduced on the battlefield, the enemy may try to deceive you regarding the type of hazard.

The thermal effects of a nuclear blast might destroy the effects of any chemical or biological weapons used at the same time. However, chemical or biological weapons effectiveness could probably be increased if used following a nuclear attack. Nuclear blast casualties and psychologically stressed soldiers are vulnerable to a CB agent attack. Agents could enter collective protective shelters, communications facilities, and vehicles damaged by the nuclear detonation.

When NBC contamination hazards exist, decontaminate the chemical agents first. Chemical agents are normally the most lethal and fastest-acting type of contamination. The decon methods for chemical agents are also effective for neutralizing or removing biological and radiological contamination. The reverse is not true.

To cause multiple types of contamination, the enemy may use a mixture of agents in their munitions. Such mixtures could be used to achieve various purposes:

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Lower the freezing point of the agents and increase agent persistency (such as mustard-lewisite mixture).

Create both percutaneous (through the skin) and inhalation hazards (such as thickened GD and GB).

Complicate agent identification of mixed agents, making treatment of casualties more difficult.

Combine agents with both immediate and long-term persistency such as anthrax with an incubation period of 1 to 5 days, and histoplasmosis (pulmonary infection disease) with an incubation period of 5 to 18 days.

There is no field detecting system capable of detecting or identifying biological agents. Therefore, combinations of biological and chemical contaminants present a different challenge. This challenge can be dealt with if standard chemical decon measures are followed at once.

Use standard chemical decontaminants when combinations are known or suspected to exist. They can be used for toxins and biological agents as well as chemical agents. See Appendix A for a description of field expedient chemical decontaminants for use against these hazards.

Do not base decon measures solely upon the frost hazard identified. Make sure you check thoroughly to identify all agent hazards. When specific agents are detected, take appropriate decon measures. Otherwise, use standard decontaminants and procedures.

FM 3-5

Chapter 1

Decon Concepts This chapter establishes the doctrinal concepts that determine when, where, and how much to decontaminate. You must have a good idea of the reasons for decon and the types/techniques of decon. You must assess your tactical situation, consider your decon resources within the context of mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available (METT-T), know the principles of decon, and know how decon affects your combat power. Protective clothing and equipment (MOPP gear)

and collective protection shelters offer only a temporary solution. Decon is a more permanent solution. It is the removal, destruction, or neutralization of contamination.

When you have become contaminated, there are practical reasons why at least some decon must occur as soon as possible. You must use these decon concepts to guide your decision as to what action will best help accomplish your mission.

Making The Decision to Decon Decon should be considered within the context of METT-T and resources available. These four factors must be addressed before you decide to decontaminate.

Lethality.

Performance degradation.

Equipment limitations.

Transfer and spread.

Lethality Some kinds of contamination are so toxic they can kill or incapacitate if they contact exposed skin for a few minutes. If your skin becomes contaminated, you must stop breathing, mask, give the alarm, and decontaminate your skin immediately. Periodically, observe for nerve agent symptoms, if agent type is unknown.

Performance Degradation MOPP (mission-oriented protective posture) gear provides protection but also degrades performance. The longer you are in MOPP4, the lower your efficiency.

Using tools and weapons while wearing the protective gloves is awkward. The mask reduces your field of view, making it difficult to use some optical sights and nightvision devices. Extended operations in MOPP gear tire and discourage soldiers. Troops cannot eat while wearing a mask. Urinating and defecating are potentially dangerous in a contaminated area. Even resting and sleeping are difficult because it is hard to breathe through the mask. Hot or humid climates compound these problems because the mask makes breathing more difficult. For further information on heat injury prevention and water consumption of personnel in MOPP4, refer to FM 3-4.

Equipment Limitations MOPP gear will provide protection from chemical and biological agent attacks, but some limitations can reduce

its effectiveness. Agents can gradually penetrate the mask hood. However, the protective qualities of the hood can be extended many hours if the chemical agent is removed or decontaminated quickly before it penetrates the hood. For protective masks, see FM 3-4 for information on mask filter change criteria and when to exchange MOPP gear.

Leaders know that once the battle dress overgarment (BDO) is contaminated with a liquid chemical agent, it is capable of providing adequate protection for a maximum of 24 hours. If chemical liquid contamination remains after 24 hours, MOPP gear exchange must be conducted as soon as possible. The chemical protective overgarment can protect up to 6 hours against liquid contamination. Other serviceability requirements for the BDO and CPOG are found in FM 3-4. Further, soldiers performance will decrease over time while they are in full MOPP, and risk assessment must be conducted before executing the task or mission. For example, leaders know that these critical areas or tasks are degraded: Navigation and terrain orientation.

Target acquisition.

The decision-making process (leader fatigue).

Communications.

Fire support coordination.

Maneuver formations/convoy operations.

Unit leaders conducting extended operations in full MOPP gear weigh the risk of whether or not to conduct decon. The leader must consider his soldiers’ capabilities and limitations while performing in MOPP during different types of conditions (high temperatures, humidity, work rate, for example.

The longer the soldiers are in full MOPP, the greater the degradation in performing their primary task (See FM 3-4, BDO risk assessment). As soldier skills and unit performance become degraded, survivability and mission successfulness will decrease respectively.

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FM 3-5 The contamination hazard will be reduced by conducting hasty decon and exchange of the MOPP gear. This will also provide temporary relief from MOPP and the reduction of risk during combat operations. The commander considers the time and resources needed to conduct decon versus the degradation caused by operating in full MOPP gear. The leader also understands that before ordering removal of protective masks, he must move his unit to a clean area and conduct unmasking procedures. After hasty decon, (MOPP gear exchange and vehicle washdown), the soldiers’ risk is reduced by: Decreasing the time personnel are exposed to chemical agents.

Providing temporary relief from full MOPP. This aids in increasing units’ survivability on the battlefield because the MOPP encapsulation causes limitations that may result in conventional casualties (for example, heat stress in combat).

Decreasing the risk of transfer and spreading of contamination.

MOPP gear provides little direct protection from the hazards of radiological (rad) contamination, such as the radiation from fallout. But commanders may often decide to use MOPP gear for its indirect advantages.

MOPP4 can prevent the inhalation of radioactive particles, keep contamination off skin, and greatly simplify decon. Although the danger from fallout is not immediate, the radiation may gradually build up to a dangerous level.

Therefore, the contamination must be removed as soon as the mission allows. The protective mask falter elements will need to be replaced because of buildup of radioactive particles.

Transfer and Spread You must avoid contamination as much as possible.

Once a unit becomes contaminated with a chemical agent, quick or rapid decon is critical to prevent further spread or transfer of contamination onto a clean area or surface. This action may allow the unit to be in the lowest MOPP level possible and preserve its combat power.

Principles of Decontamination The resources of manpower, time, and material are critical for the commander’s decision on how to sustain combat operations. The commander must apply two concepts — the use of these resources and his ability to sustain combat operations. He must know when, where, what and how to perform decon by following these four principles below: First, decontaminate as soon as possible. This is the most important principle of the four. Consider this principle before you consider any other.

Contamination hazards force you into higher levels of MOPP and immediately begin to degrade your combat power. The sooner the contamination is removed, the sooner you can reduce MOPP levels and begin restoring combat power.

Second, decontaminate only what is necessary. To survive and win on the contaminated battlefield, you cannot waste precious resources decontaminating everything. Decontaminate only what is necessary to continue your mission. This will help sustain your combat power.

Consider the following factors when you decide whether decon will interfere with the mission or help you continue the mission:

Mission – “tempo of battle.”

Time available.

Degree of contamination.

Length of time you have been in MOPP4.

Decon assets available.

Third, decontaminate as far forward as possible (limit spread). Do not transport contaminated personnel and equipment away from your operational area if you can bring decon assets forward safely. This will keep your equipment on location, where it is needed, allow decon to begin earlier, and limit the spread of contamination to other areas.

Fourth, decontaminate by priority. Clean important items of equipment first and less important items of equipment last. For instance, howitzers of an artillery battery get decontaminated before the ammunition carriers. Unit commanders decide which of their vehicles are most important to the unit’s mission. Battalion and brigade commanders decide which elements to first pull “off line” to decontaminate and/or decon during the reconstitution process. Division and corps commanders must set priorities and concentrate decon assets to best support the battle.

Levels of Decontamination There are three levels of decon: immediate, operational, and thorough (see table 1-1).

Immediate Decon: The aim of immediate decon is to minimize casualties, save lives and limit the spread of contamination. Immediate decon is carried out by individuals upon becoming contaminated. There are three

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immediate decon techniques: skin decon, personal wipedown, and operator’s spraydown.

Operational Decon: The aim of operational decon is to sustain operations, reduce the contact hazard and limit the spread of contamination to eliminate the necessity or reduce the duration of wearing MOPP gear. Operational decon is carried by individuals and/or units. It is

FM 3-5 restricted to specific parts of operationally essential equipment/material and/or working areas, in order to minimize contact and transfer hazards and to sustain operations. Further decon may be required to reduce contamination to negligible risk levels. There are two operational decon techniques: vehicle washdown and MOPP gear exchange.

Thorough Decon: The aim of thorough decon is to reduce or eliminate the need for individual protective clothing. Thorough decon is carried out by units with assistance from chemical units to reduce contamination on personnel, equipment/material, and/or working areas to the lowest possible level (negligible risk) to permit the reduction or removal of individual protective equipment and maintain operations with minimal degradation. This may include decontamination of terrain as required.

There are three thorough decon techniques: detailed troop decon, detailed equipment decon, and detailed aircraft decon.

The three levels of decon – immediate, operational, and thorough– are presented as part of this chapter to explain the seven standard decon techniques used for most decon operations (See Figure 1-1). Your chemical officer or NCO advises on efficient ways to conduct hasty or deliberate decon operations. For example, conducting decon operations might require the use of one or a combination of the seven decon techniques.

Immediate Decon Immediate decon decon includes skin decon, personal wipedown, and operator’s spraydown.

Skin Decon is a basic soldier survival skill. When chemical and toxic agents get on bare skin, you have an emergency. Some of these agents can kill if they remain on the skin for longer than a minute. The best technique for removing or neutralizing these agents is to use the M291 or M258A1 skin decon kit. Observe a soldier for symptoms after skin decon is conducted. Commanders

must ensure soldiers are trained to execute this technique automatically, without waiting for orders. The CAM or M8 paper may be used initially to identify nerve or blister (H or G) type of agents (see TC 3-4-1).

Personal Wipedown should begin immediately after skin exposure to liquid contamination or when exposure to liquid contamination is suspected. The wipedown removes or neutralizes contamination on the hood, mask, gloves, and personal weapon. For chemical and biological contamination, soldiers use skin decon kits. Using the CAM and M8/M9 paper (as described in equipment monitoring) allows you to decon only what is necessary and conserves decon resources and time. For radiological contamination, soldiers wipe the contamination off with a cloth or simply brush or shake it away.

Operator’s Spraydown should begin right after finishing the personal wipedown. The spraydown removes or neutralizes contamination on the surfaces of the equipment that operators must frequently touch to perform their mission. For chemical and biological contamination, operators use onboard decon apparatuses like the M11 or M13. Operating the CAM or using M8/M9 paper will assist in determining what is contaminated. Again, conserve time and needed resources. For radiological contamination, brush or scrape the contamination away with whatever is at hand or flush with water and wipe.

Operational Operational decon includes vehicle washdown and MOPP gear exchange. Operational decon allows a force to fight longer and sustain its mission while contaminated. It limits the transfer hazard by removing most of the gross contamination on equipment, and nearly all the contamination on soldiers. This speeds the weathering process and allows clean areas (people, equipment, and terrain) to stay clean.

These techniques (see Chapter 3) do not guarantee conditions to safely allow unmasking on or near equip-

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FM 3-5 These techniques . .(see Chapter 3) do not guarantee conditions to safely allow unmasking on or near equipment. But, soldiers may move upwind of “vapor dirty” equipment into a clean area or collective protection shelter. When soldiers have small concentrations of vapor hazards on themselves, they may move into hazardfree areas for temporarily unmasking however, unmasking procedures must be done before proceeding to a relief posture.

Vehicle washdown can be executed using the concept of supported or unsupported operational decon. Vehicle washdown unsupported is executed by the contaminated unit (battalion or task force), using its own decon equipment and personnel. This process uses no external support or resources. Vehicle washdown supported is performed by the unit with support from a chemical company. The chemical company mission support priorities will be established by applicable operation orders (OPORD). The use of assets from a chemical unit to support hasty decon may occur when: The contaminated unit’s decon equipment and resources are unable to process their large number of contaminated vehicles in a timely manner.

If the mission of the maneuver unit is critical and limited by time, the operational supported concept will speed the decon process.

The contaminated unit does not have the equipment or their equipment is not serviceable.

More information about this concept will be discussed in Chapter 4.

MOPP gear exchange involves soldiers changing their contaminated MOPP gear for a clean set at the operational decon site. The squad or platoon is responsible for supervising and conducting its own MOPP gear exchange during hasty decon or when the unit commander authorizes it. After MOPP gear exchange, leaders must check for contamination and should continue monitoring when in a hazard-free area. Proper unmasking procedures must be followed after verifying the area is clean.

Vehicle washdown involves soldiers of a contaminated unit using the M12A1 power driven decon apparatus (PDDA) or the M17 lightweight decon system (LDS) to conduct vehicle washdown. If decon assets are available and mission allows, it is most effective to conduct the vehicle washdown technique within one hour. However, if mission does not allow decon within one hour of exposure, the washdown will still be effective in removing gross contamination and limiting spread. However, soldiers’ degradation has to be considered when conducting operational decon after more than one hour of exposure.

Operational decon maintains the unit’s survivability when the time or circumstances are critical for the overall tactical situation. Operational decon should be done as soon as it is practical. Operational decon — Prolongs the combat capability of the unit.

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FM 3-5 Assists contaminated unit during the conduct of passage of line.

Limits the spread and transfer of contamination during rearming, refueling and resupplying operations.

Prolongs the effectiveness of combat crews.

Increases maneuverability of the unit.

Allows the soldiers to move into a clear area and conduct unmasking procedures for temporary relief.

The longer you wait to remove or neutralize contamination, the harder it will be to do so. Also, the longer you wait, the greater the opportunity for the chemical agents to spread and make contamination problems worse.

Thorough Thorough decon includes detailed troop decon and detailed equipment/aircraft decon.

Detailed troop decon (DTD) is the process of decontaminating individual fighting equipment to negligible risk levels. Soldiers will remove contaminated MOPP gear to include their protective masks. Protective masks will be decontaminated and personal equipment will be monitored for decon effectiveness. This reduces MOPP levels for extended periods. The contaminated unit conducts deliberate troop decon with some technical assistance from the chemical unit or unit chemical personnel.

Detailed equipment/aircraft decon (DED/DAD) is the process of removing or neutralizing contamination on interior and exterior surfaces of unit equipment to negligible risk levels to allow MOPP level reduction for extended periods. The chemical unit performs thorough equipment decon with assistance from the contaminated unit.

Thorough decon operations reduce contamination to negligible risk levels (See Negligible Risk, Introduction).

They restore combat power by removing nearly all contamination from unit and individual equipment so troops can operate equipment safely for extended periods at reduced MOPP levels. A small risk from residual contamination remains, so periodic contamination checks must be made after this operation.

Thorough decon could occur: After combat operation.

During reconstitution.

After a passage of lines.

These three situations present different consideration for management of supplies, resources, and planning of decon operations.

Thorough decon after combat operations: Consider this situation: A mission capable unit (for example, maneuver battalion) has been contaminated but needs all its available combat power for an upcoming high priority mission. However, the contamination does not allow the unit to perform at 100 percent of its capability because of MOPP degradation.

At this point, the decision is made to support the contaminated unit with thorough decon to restore the combat power by lowering the contamination to a negligible risk. Such operations will not require extensive support from other combat support (CS) or combat service support (CSS) units. The decision to support this unit/battalion with thorough decon operations, in this situation, will probably be made at division level (for example, division owns the needed combat support asset – chemical company). Theater/Corps chemical units may also assist a divisional chemical company, upon request, if the tactical situation allows it. Consideration may be given to decontaminating only the combat systems, if time is critical. See combat operations decon process (Table 4-1). Once the contaminated unit’s contamination is reduced to a negligible risk, the unit can proceed to combat operations without transferring or spreading contamination.

Planners (see Table 4-1, page 4-4), determine the amount of time and resources needed to execute decon operations. Planners factor the time required for decon into the time a unit will need to prepare for either an offensive or defensive operation.

Thorough decon during reconstitution Reconstitution consists of reorganization, assessment and regeneration. Thorough decon operations are conducted during the reorganization and/or regeneration process. Operations that support regeneration of combat power may involve support to units that are contaminated. The contaminated units may not be capable of providing unit personnel to the detailed equipment decon line because of combat losses. To minimize the transfer or spread of contamination, thorough decon will occur before the sustainment activities (that is, manning, suppling, maintaining).

Additional personnel should be provided as needed to man decon lines and operate vehicles to accomplish thorough decon. This decon process will occur forward from the designated assembly area before the contaminated unit go through the large scale replacement of personnel, equipment, and supplies. Corps chemical units, assisted by division chemical units, will support reconstitution operations.

Thorough decon after passage of lines: Consider for this situation a passage of lines by a combat unit under enemy pressure that has encountered contamination during its movement. The principles “decon as far forward as possible” and “decontaminate as soon as possible” apply in this case. The division (or higher) makes the decision to support the unit with operational decon forward to limit the spread of contamination and to limit unit degradation. The contaminated unit identifies what equipment is contaminated and sends those vehicles to a predesignated passage point. Support is made available at that location for the unit to go through operational decon to remove gross contamination.

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FM 3-5 Once this operation is completed, the contaminated unit proceeds to thorough decon operations without spreading contamination. Prior to arrival at the tactical assembly area, the contaminated unit will proceed

through a thorough decon. Corps chemical units may support operational and thorough decon operations, and divisional and regimental chemical companies assist in the operational or thorough decon missions.

Decontamination in Combat When a force is contaminated, its combat power drops (as shown in Figure 1-2). The most significant reason for this drop is the performance degradation caused by operating in higher levels of MOPP. Decon can neutralize the contamination and restore the combat power. To survive, individual soldiers must be the first to react to contamination. The decon techniques that they can use are extremely important because they must be applied within minutes of contamination. To sustain their combat power and to continue their mission, elements of the contaminated unit should follow up on the decon done by individual soldiers with operational decon operations.

For some contaminants, this may be all that is required to restore combat power. Finally, for persistent agent contamination combat power is restored using thorough decon operations. Operational and thorough decon are managed at unit level and require detailed planning in much the same way as a hasty or deliberate attack or river crossing.

Figure 1-2 shows how the drop in combat power is slowed by a series of decon actions. First, soldiers use immediate decon to survive the attack and stop agent from penetrating the surfaces that must be constantly touched. But, this does not affect the slower reduction of combat potential caused by the performance degradation of MOPP4. By attacking the contamination early, the decon is very effective.

Next, elements of the unit use operational decon operations to reduce the overall levels of contamination and limit its spread. Areas free of contamination are identified and protected. Soldiers may begin to briefly restore their combat power because they can move to clean areas, rest, and eat in reduced MOPP levels, In some cases, this operational decon may be effective enough that after some weathering, MOPP levels can be reduced for extended periods without further decon.

Thorough decon operations remove sufficient amounts of contamination to allow soldiers to safely operate the equipment at reduced MOPP levels for extended periods. It requires that the unit be taken out of battle temporarily, but when it is finished decontaminating, the unit’s combat power is restored. Generally, it will no longer need to operate in full MOPP4.

This progression of decon techniques will often be more effective. It uses fewest resources at proper times to be effective and provides long-term benefits that can allow soldiers to lower MOPP levels much earlier.

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Here is an example of how a self-propelled artillery battery might decontaminate while continuing its fire support mission.

You command a 155mm self-propelled howitzer battery that has just been hit with rocket-delivered persistent nerve agent. Your personnel take good defensive measures during the attack. They go to MOPP4 and take cover; only a few personnel and pieces of equipment are unprotected. Most of the contamination is on the outside of the guns and vehicles. Only a few soldiers need to conduct skin decon.

You quickly try to continue your mission and neutralize or destroy the enemy. Your soldiers are well-trained, and at their first opportunity they begin personal wipedown and operator’s spraydown (principle 1 – decontaminate as soon as possible). They conduct personal wipedown and use their onboard decon apparatuses to spray down control surfaces or equipment that must be touched. This takes just a few minutes.

You continue providing fire support in MOPP4 and move when necessary.

The temperature is 55° Fahrenheit (13° Celsius) and humidity is low. Your soldiers stay in MOPP4 for several hours. Their fighting capability is growing weaker, but there have not been any heat casualties yet. Your rigorous training in MOPP gear during the past 12 months is paying off. However, the response times from receipt of fire mission to rounds leaving the tubes is getting longer. Your soldiers have not eaten in more than 12 hours. You know your combat power will continue to drop the longer you stay in MOPP4. You decide to do more decon so that you can get temporary relief from MOPP4. You want to sustain your power and continue your fire support mission.

You request decon support from your battalion. The battalion directs you to conduct operational decon en route to your alternate position (principles 2 and 3 – decontaminate only what is necessary and decontaminate as far forward as possible). You have 2-1/2 hours to complete this and be at your next position ready to fire. Your alternate position is a 20-minute road march away. The decon site, en route to your position, is 10 minutes away.

You immediately send an advance party to the operational decon site. They meet the battalion decon crew with the battalion PDDE crew and set up the site. The PDDE crew sets up and runs the vehicle washdown area and the PDDE. The advance party assists the PDDE crew and prepares the MOPP gear exchange area. A

FM 3-5 battery supply vehicle meets the advance party at the decon sites.

You rotate one firing platoon at a time through the decon site so most of the battery can maintain fire support. The guns are the first vehicles to be washed down and their crews are the first to go through the MOPP gear exchange because they are the most important elements in the battery (principle 4 — decontaminate by priority).

You finish operational decon and are in position, ready to fire-within the directed times. Of course, your soldiers are still masked because there is still a vapor hazard from the contamination left on the guns and vehicles.

Your advance party has checked your new position and found it clear of contamination. As you move into the position, you receive orders from battalion to conduct ammunition resupply. Your sections begin improving their positions.

You direct gun crews one and two to leave just one soldier on each gun and send the rest of the two crews 20

meters upwind of the guns. This area is checked again and found clear of contamination. Because your battery conducted a good MOPP gear exchange, there is little, if any, contamination on the soldiers. The senior soldier directs unmasking procedures on two of the crew members and has one soldier to monitor those soldiers for agent poisoning signs. The two gun crews can now eat and get relief from the mask for short periods of time.

The senior soldier ensures that the wind direction is constantly checked so that the unmasked soldiers remain upwind of their “vapor dirty� guns and equipment. Soldiers remaining on the guns and in the vehicles stay masked because the equipment is still contaminated and poses a vapor hazard. Consequently, the soldiers in sections one and two remask before they return to their guns.

The soldiers in the other sections are rotated through the temporary relief area in the same way. Ammunition resupply and position improvement continue.

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FM 3-5

Chapter 2

Immediate Immediate decon techniques are initiated by the individual soldier, without command, once he is aware he has contamination on his bare skin. The individual soldier uses his personal M291 or M258A1 skin decon kit to decontaminate exposed skin. Next, he must decontaminate his hood, mask, gloves, and weapon, using the M280 DKIE (decon kit, individual equipment) or with an

Decon

additional M291/M258A1 Kit. Use these items for chemical and biological contamination removal only.

Radiological contamination hazards affect you differently, but the principle is the same. Remove radiological contamination from equipment and personnel by brushing and/or using soap and water, respectively.

Skin Decontamination If chemical agents contact your skin, you must take immediate action to decontaminate yourself. Start the skin decon technique within 1 minute of becoming contaminated because some toxic chemical agents, especially nerve agents, are rapidly absorbed by the skin and can kill in minutes.

Chemical Individual decon kits (IDK), M291 or M258A1 (see Figure 2-1) provide the best means of skin decon. Instructions and procedures are in four areas on the outside of the kit itself, on the individual packet within the kit, in the Soldier’s Manual of Common Tasks (STP 21-1 SMCT), and in Soldier’s Manual (STP 3-54B10).

The solutions in the M258A1 kit are caustic. Keep them out of eyes, nose, wounds, and mouth. Use water to wash toxic agent or decon solution out of eyes or wounds and seek medical treatment. Familiarize yourself with the operating instructions for both kits because of the dif-

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ferences in the M258A1 and M291 Kits. The M258A1 uses a moist towelette with a decon solution, whereas the M291 uses a powder. Although you cannot see liquid contamination in the dark, you must be prepared to decontaminate during darkness. The M258A1 wipe 1 packet has an identifying tab that you can feel in the dark.

Warning Solution in the M258A1 decon kit are flamable and unstable in storage at temperature above 110°F (43°C) or for long periods in sunlight. Also, protect from freezing temperatures. Used at 32°F (0°C) or below, the solution may cause frostbite.

If you do not have a skin decon kit, chemical contamination may be pinch-blotted from the skin with a cloth and the area flushed with water from your canteen.

Pinch-blotting is better than rubbing because it limits the

FM 3-5 spread of the contamination. Soap, if available, can also be used to wash the agent from the skin. Washing with soap and water (or hot water) is the next best method for toxic agent decon if M291 or M258A1 decon kits are not available, but this method is not as effective as using the decon kits.

NOTE: The M291 skin decon kit replaces the M258A1 skin decon kit.

However, there will still be a period of time when the two kits are available in the field.

Biological Currently, no means exists of detecting biological agents. You probably will not know immediately when you have become contaminated. Most biological agents, except toxins, pose their primary threat through inhalation or ingestion. The skin is an effective barrier against most biological agents — if it has no cuts or scratches.

Unit surgeons know the types and levels of natural infection for the area of operations. They monitor these levels. If a given disease reaches a high level, they decide whether or not a deliberate biological attack has occurred.

The best biological defense is to take action before you are attacked. Keep immunizations up to date, observe basic sanitary precautions, and keep skin breaks covered.

Treat minor cuts or abrasions by ordinary first aid measures (iodine, Zephiran, or Merthiolate). Washing with soap and water removes nearly all biological agents from the skin. If possible, frequent showering or bathing lessens chances of infection and disease. A 0.5 percent sodium hypochlorite (household bleach) solution is also an effective biological decontaminant. Appendix F tells how to make this solution.

Radiological Because no immediate life-threatening hazard is caused by radiological contamination, no immediate skin decon is required. However, wash exposed areas of your skin when possible. If your skin is contaminated by radiological contamination, use operational decon techniques as soon as possible. (See MOPP gear exchange, Chapter 3, for a detailed discussion on reducing radiation levels from radiological contamination.)

Personal Wipedown The personal wipedown technique is most effective when done within 15 minutes of being contaminated.

Every soldier wipes down his mask, hood, gloves, and other essential gear. (An exception is when thickened agent is globbed on the overgarment.) For chemical and biological decon, soldiers use their skin decon kits.

Radiological contamination may be brushed away.

Do not attempt to remove chemical contamination from your protective overgarment. The garment’s special protective properties minimize hazards from chemical agents. However, brush off radiological, biological, or frozen chemical agents contamination from your overgarment. See FM 3-4 for detailed information on your overgarment’s protective qualities.

If radiological contamination is not removed, your radiation exposure will increase over time.

Chemical There are two main primary types of chemical protective overgarments in use at this time, with different protection times. The first is chemical protective overgarment. It provides at least 6 hours of protection from liquid contamination. The second type of overgarment is the battledress overgarment (BDO). It provides protection for 24 hours after becoming contaminated with liquid chemical agents. For further information, see FM 3-4.

The stocks and handgrips of individual weapons also tend to absorb chemicals agents. Once absorbed, they may present a vapor hazard for days. To reduce this penetration and vapor hazard, decontaminate individual equipment using the M291 and/or M258A1 kits. You

must decontaminate gloves, hood and mask, helmet, and weapon if they are contaminated. Perform personal and equipment wipedown within 15 minutes after being exposed to liquid contamination. Additionally, wearing your kevlar helmet protective cover will prevent or reduce the absorption of any liquid chemical agent.

If agent is globbed on your overgarment, you may scrape it off with a stick or other object. Otherwise, do not attempt to decontaminate chemical agents on your overgarment. This will provide little, if any, extra protection and you probably will not have enough M291 and M258A1 decon wipes to do so.

Decon wipe 1 works better against G-type nerve agents, but can burn your skin. Decon wipe 2 works better against VX-type nerve agents and blister agents. Additionally, decon wipe 2 is not as caustic to skin and should help to neutralize some of the caustic compounds in wipe 1. When M291 and M258A1 decon wipes are not available, field expedient methods, such as, washing with soap, water, and bleach solution, are partially effective (see Appendix F).

Biological If you know or suspect toxins or other biological agents are present, remove the contamination with soap and water. If water is not available, use M258A1 decon wipes in the same manner as described for chemical agent decon.

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FM 3-5 Radiological Radiological contamination can readily be detected and located with monitoring equipment. Remove the contamination and you reduce the hazard. Brush the dust off your load-bearing equipment and mask carrier. If you are contaminated with a dry contaminant, such as fallout, shake your clothing and gear. Wash exposed areas of your skin. Use M258A1 decon wipes if soap and water are not available. Pay particular attention to your hair and fingernails. Avoid breathing the dust you shake off

by wearing a piece of cloth over your face. If you were contaminated by a wet radiological contaminant, you must conduct a MOPP gear exchange (See Chapter 3) as soon as possible because brushing or shaking will not remove the contamination or its hazard. Wipe off your mask, hood, helmet, gloves, footwear covers, and other personal equipment with warm, soapy water. If warm, soapy water is unavailable, use rags or damp paper towels. Ensure contamination is not spread to clean areas.

Operator’s Spraydown After you have decontaminated yourself and your personal equipment, you may need to decon other mission essential portions of your equipment before continuing your mission. This can occur if you are operating a vehicle, a crew-served weapon, or some other piece of equipment. To ensure you do not pickup contamination from these items, decontaminate those surfaces you or your crew must touch while operating the equipment.

This decon is called the operator’s spraydown and is most effective when done within 15 minutes after personal wipedown. Starting this technique later is not as effective; contamination, especially chemical agents, will probably have spread and then will be more difficult to remove by this technique.

necessary, use nonstandard decontaminants discussed in Appendix F.

Chemical Decontaminate those surfaces you must touch to do your job. Use an onboard portable decon apparatus (such as M11 or M13) (see Figure 2-2). Spray DS2 onto those surfaces you must touch to do your mission.

Scrub the DS2 into the surface with brushes. Wait 30 minutes, then wash off. If a decon apparatus is not available, use field expedient resources available to apply DS2 or supertropical bleach (STB) from bulk containers. If

Warning Use extreme caution at all times when handling DS2. DO not mix DS2 and STB because it will cause a fire. Do not allow DS2 to spray on personnel or protective clothing.

DS2 is a combustible solution. Severe chemical burns can result if personnel fail to observe all safety precautions. DS2 can severely injure eyes and skin and, if inhaled, can cause illness. DS2 can damage the NBC protective overgarment. Long-term contact with DS2 can damage the NBC protective gloves, hood, and overboots.

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Biological A bleach solution is the preferred decontaminant for biological contamination; however, if bleach is not available, use hot, soapy water. Apply with brushes and scrub the surface well. Rinse surface after scrubbing (30minute wait is not required). DS2 or STB is also effective against most known biological contamination, but because of their caustic nature are not preferred. Other nonstandard biological decontaminants are described in Appendix F.

FM 3-5 Radiological If you are contaminated by fallout, rain-out, neutroninduced contamination, or any type of radiological agent, use your monitoring equipment to help locate contamination. Then decontaminate as required. If detection equipment is not available and you suspect you are contaminated — decontaminate.

Radiological contamination can usually be removed by brushing or scraping (use brooms or tree branches).

Water is effective for flushing away radiological contamination. Control the runoff by using drainage ditches that flow into a sump. Remember, you have not destroyed the contamination, just moved it. The runoff will still be hazardous. If you have time, brushing or scooping away the top inch of soil from your fighting position will also lower the amount of radiological contamination hazard affecting you.

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FM 3-5

Chapter 3

Operational Decon This chapter is divided into two parts. The first part discusses planning considerations before and during execution of an operational decon mission (see Table 3-1).

The second part focuses on the methods available to select the best hasty decon procedure according to the factors of METT-T. Operational decon generally follows immediate soldier skills decon. The objective is to reduce the level of contamination to regenerate needed combat power.

Therefore, the unit is able to sustain its mission in a contaminated environment. Operational decon will further reduce the risk of contamination transfer, the spread of contamination, and speed the weathering process by removing much of the gross contamination.

Decontaminate only what is necessary by conducting immediate soldier skills equipment decon before operational decon. Once operational decon is completed, the contamination hazard on the parts of equipment that personnel have contact with is neutralized. So, operator’s spraydown combined with operational decon increases the opportunities to conduct unmasking procedures.

Operational decon is accomplished primarily by the con-

taminated unit, using assets such as the M12 powerdriven decon apparatus, M17 LDS, or fiefighter equipment and 65-GPM pumps. Vehicles within the contaminated unit must be identified as contaminated or noncontaminated before arriving at any operational decon station. If the contamination found on the vehicle or equipment is such that it can be neutralized with immediate decon procedures, decontaminate and proceed with the mission. To be most effective, operational decon should be accomplished as soon as possible.

In conjunction with the vehicle washdown, soldiers conduct MOPP gear exchange. The unit, using organic personnel, establishes a MOPP gear exchange site, upwind of the vehicle wash area. Here unit soldiers can remove contaminated MOPP gear and put on the reserve set of MOPP gear carried by the unit. The exchange is normally accomplished by squad-size elements. Unmasking may or may not be possible during this exchange (see FM 3-4). A well-practiced unit standing operating procedure (SOP) will greatly simplify and ease the implementation of operational decon procedures.

Planning Operational decon requires prior planning for its execution. Several factors need to be considered by the contaminated unit before mission execution. Chapter 1 of this manual establishes operating guidelines for operational decon.

Chemical contamination is usually the most dangerous form of contamination, and it is the most difficult to remove. Procedures used to decontaminate such contamination can also be used for biological contamination, but the decontaminants used to remove chemical contamination are caustic. For radiological, however, only hot, soapy water is required.

These decontaminants are generally useful in reducing the hazards of biological or radiological contamination.

The CAM can detect concentrations of nerve (G) and blister (H) agents on equipment surfaces and personnel.

If monitoring reveals high concentrations of contamination on equipment and personnel, conduct operational decon to reduce the concentration level to provide temporary relief. Depending on the type and level of contamination, a CAM reading between O and 1 bars is considered negligible risk. The M256 Series chemical detector kit will detect chemical agent vapors. Methods and materials for biological and radiological decon are 3-0

summarized at the end of each discussion on decon techniques.

When you perform radiological decon, check on the effectiveness of your efforts by using your AN/PDR27 radiacmeter or AN/VDR2, and determine specifically how much radiological contamination remains. Monitor decontaminated equipment one inch from the surface, and determine if contamination levels are low enough to present only negligible risk (0.33 cGyph [rad per hour]).

For chemical contamination, use M8/M9 paper, M256A1 kit, and/or CAM to check for effectiveness of decon and/or level of contamination remaining. If only negligible risk levels exist, no further decon is required.

MOPP levels can then be lowered for extended periods (if no chemical or biological hazards exist in the area).

Operational decon makes use of two decon techniques: MOPP gear exchange and vehicle washdown. The vehicle washdown technique uses a unit’s own assets (unsupported) or with external support (supported).

Operational decon techniques usually are done in a unit’s area of operation with support from the battalion level PDDE crew or from the chemical company decon platoon. Operational decon limits liquid or particle contamination spread. This protects uncontaminated areas so they can be used for possible temporary MOPP-level

FM 3-5 reduction. Operational decon supports the need for battlefield mobility; its small operational area (about 100 square meters on site) is easy to conceal in forward areas, and the lower water requirements do away with the absolute need to conduct decon near a water source.

Usually, squad-size elements use these two operational decon techniques: vehicle washdown and MOPP gear exchange. Platoons or companies rotate contaminated squad-size elements through the operational decon site one at a time.

Responsibilities The Contaminated Unit Squad-size elements and occasionally platoon-size elements conduct operational decon (see Table 3-l). The contaminated unit is responsible for the decon of its soldiers and equipment. The battalion PDDE crew decontaminates equipment with assistance from the contaminated unit.

The Battalion Tactical Operations Center The tactical operation center (TOC) coordinates operational decon operations. If the battalion has no decon assets or more assets are required, submit requests to the next higher headquarters for needed support.

Decon assets may then be made available from higher or adjacent units.

The Battalion PDDE Crew The PDDE crew comes from personnel and equipment within the battalion’s resources. The PDDE is moved, supplied, and operated by the battalion crew.

Although the battalion decon crew provides the expertise and does most of the work for the vehicle washdown, they work under the direction of the contaminated unit’s commander or designated representative. Chapter 10 discusses planning factors to determine battalion basic load requirements.

Chemical Company Decon Platoon Chemical companies can support the efforts of a battalion PDDE crew by sending one decon platoon or platoon (-) to assist in operational decon. The preferred method is to use supporting decon squads to set up separate operational decon sites rather than use multiple PDDEs at one site. This preserves the advantage of small, decentralized operations.

Preparation Phase

The preparation stage, as its name implies, includes all of the things that must be done before any operational decon can take place.

Request The contaminated unit commander decides to conduct operational decon, and calls the battalion TOC to request support.

Coordination The TOC directs the battalion decon crew where to meet the contaminated unit. The contaminated unit chooses the location. Decon sites can be preselected and identified in the operation plan/operation order (OPLAN/OPORD). Linkup points are established in the plan or orders, and are revised based on the situation.

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FM 3-5 Battalion assets may not be available to provide operational decon support. If not, the battalion coordinates with the division (or brigade) for decon support. The contaminated unit generally communicates with the decon crew via liaison personnel for communications, or landline (unit tactical SOP should state which means is used to communicate with decon crew).

Site Selection The contaminated unit chooses an operational decon site (a place where little preparation is required) in coordination with its battalion. Generally, the contaminated unit has the most complete knowledge of local conditions and is best qualified to select the decon site.

Consider the following factors when selecting a decon site: Good overhead concealment.

Good drainage.

Off the main route, but with easy access for vehicles.

Wind direction.

Large enough area to handle vehicle washdown and MOPP gear exchange for a squad-size element (100 square meters per site).

A water source. Make maximum use of existing facilities, such as car washes and swimming pools. Plan for about 100 to 150 gallons of water for each vehicle (for example, armored personnel carrier). Of course, larger or dirtier vehicles need more water (see Table 10-3, Chapter 10). NOTE: The M12A1 PDDA can carry 450 gallons to a decon site; the M17 LDS (with collapsible bladder) can hold 1,500 gallons, but must be setup and filled up at the decon site.

Rendezvous The contaminated unit meets the battalion decon crew at the decon site. The contaminated unit’s company supply section brings replacement MOPP gear, decontaminants, and skin decon kits to the rendezvous location. This location could be near enemy territory, and the decon crews and company supply section have little, if any, organic security. So, local field SOPs should describe the security and rendezvous procedure for all parties involved to avoid confusion, delay, or confrontation with enemy forces.

Site Setup The battalion decon crew will set up a the vehicle washdown area. An operational decon site implies minimal setup and preparation. Site setup requires positioning the PDDE along the roadway, ready to dispense hot, soapy water. The vehicle washdown process basically consists of contaminated vehicles moving forward into a site to be washed down (removing gross contamination) and then moving out. The company supply section provides needed supplies and returns to the company area. Additionally, two soldiers from the contaminated 3-2

unit set up a MOPP gear exchange site. Prepare MOPP gear exchange at a clean site 50 meters upwind of vehicle washdown. The commander may also decide to conduct MOPP gear exchange after the completion of the mission (see FM 3-4). Both the vehicle washdown and MOPP gear exchange operations should operate concurrently.

If water for the M12A1 PDDA has been preheated, preparation for vehicle washdown should take no more than ten minutes (this is a guideline).

Preparation for vehicle washdown using the M17 LDS will take more time if the water bladder must be filled.

(NOTE If METT-T allows, vehicle crew/operators may remove any vegetation used as camouflage from the vehicle and use shovels or similar equipment to remove large amounts of mud. This could be done before the vehicle enters the washdown lane at the hasty decon site).

Execution Phase

This phase is the actual conduct of the two operational decon techniques: MOPP gear exchange and the vehicle washdown.

Site Control and Security Vehicle commanders maintain proper intervals as they move their vehicles through the site. Vehicle operators maintain visual contact with one another to know when to move from concealment to the washdown area. There is only one station in the vehicle washdown technique.

The PDDE operator gives a signal when vehicles are required to move into position. All personnel in armored vehicles should stay buttoned up within their vehicles while waiting in the marshaling area. Personnel in wheeled vehicles should dismount before washdown to avoid getting wet. Units will provide their own security as MOPP gear exchange and vehicle washdown is in progress.

Processing Each vehicle receives a two- to three-minute vehicle washdown with hot, soapy water from the PDDE. Following this, the vehicle moves to the MOPP gear exchange area, if elected by the unit commander. Soldiers dismount and conduct MOPP gear exchange as a squad or combat vehicle crew.

This technique is done by squads or crews so that leaders can control the rate of overgarment exchange, and ensure adequate stocks of overgarments at company level are maintained and accounted. Two soldiers can work as a buddy team, or a soldier can do the technique by himself. However, when squad leaders supervise, they can prevent unnecessary exchanges of MOPP gear by using the CAM (see TC 3-4-l).

When finished, soldiers mount their vehicles and move to their new battle positions. For planning purposes, the vehicle washdown site will process one vehicle every 2 to 3 minutes; and MOPP gear exchange will take ap-

FM 3-5 proximately 30 minutes. For a squad-size element, estimate 45 to 60 minutes for vehicle washdown and MOPP gear exchange, if both operations are executed concurrently. Using the supported operational decon method, output could increase up to six times the amount of vehicles normally processed.

Vehicle Washdown Operational decon sustains the contaminated force by limiting transfer and spread of contamination. This may allow temporary MOPP reduction. The decon option used will depend on METT-T. Soldiers use the PDDE to conduct vehicle washdown.

If decon assets are available and the mission permits, it is most effective to conduct vehicle washdown between one to six hours after contamination. This action is in consideration of the physical and psychological degradation of the soldier/crew to perform a mission (see Chapter 1, Equipment Limitations). For further information see FM 3-4. Operational decon should be done as soon as it is practical. The longer you wait to remove or neutralize contamination, the harder it will be to do so.

Also, the longer you wait, the more opportunity there will be for agent to spread and make contamination problems worse. Generally, sufficient decon assets may not be immediately available for operational decon because they may be committed elsewhere on the battlefield.

Even if vehicle washdown is delayed, conducting operator spraydown and removing gross contamination will speed weathering and limit the transfer and spread of contamination.

The options for vehicle washdown technique are: supported and unsupported (See Chapter 1).

Operational decon is usually done at forward positions normally near the contaminated squad, platoon, or at a location between alternate fighting positions. The site requires little, if any, preparation. At that location, a battalion-level PDDE crew or platoon (-) from a chemical unit moves forward to decontaminate the vehicles of a contaminated squad or platoon.

MOPP Gear Exchange During the MOPP gear exchange, soldiers change their contaminated MOPP gear for new, uncontaminated gear. The squad or platoon is responsible for conducting its own MOPP gear exchange at assembly area of the operational decon site. Decontaminants and chemical suit replacements are provided by the contaminated unit supply vehicle near the decon site or its forward support battalion elements.

MOPP gear exchange removes nearly all liquid or solid contamination from soldiers and their individual equipment. When soldiers have little, if any, vapor hazards on themselves, they may use hazard-free areas to temporarily unmask to eat, drink, and rest. Before unmasking and lowering of MOPP levels for temporary relief, conduct

unmasking procedures using the CAM or M256-series chemical detector kit (see TC 3-4-1, STP 21-24, or FM 3-4 for unmasking procedures).

These techniques do not guarantee conditions to safely allow unmasking on or near equipment. However, soldiers may move upwind of vapor dirty equipment into a clean area or collective protection shelter, check for contamination, and then briefly unmask. Conduct continuous contamination checks and monitoring to ensure you stay in clean areas. Use M256 kit and check every 15 to 20 minutes. Use CAM every 5 minutes. Use the CAM and M256-series kit in conjunction with unmasking procedures.

Every type of unit (combat, combat support, and combat service support) must develop its own SOP for obtaining temporary relief from MOPP4, based on its own equipment and missions. Standardize those methods when possible and publish them in unit field standing operating procedures (FSOPs). Even when methods have been standardized, every operation is unique. You must do the following: Recognize and understand contamination hazards and avoid contamination when possible.

Protect yourself and your equipment when contaminated.

Know the capabilities and limitation of your MOPP gear.

Know how to neutralize or remove the contamination hazards.

Do only as much decon as you need to continue your mission.

For operational and logistical purposes, units should plan to conduct vehicle washdown and MOPP gear exchange concurrently between one to six hours of becoming contaminated. This reduces degradation and improves a unit’s ability to perform its mission. Decontaminants and replacement MOPP gear are provided by a company supply vehicle near the decon site.

MOPP gear exchange and vehicle washdown are best employed by squad-sized or platoon-sized elements.

When larger elements try to process through a operational decon site, they lose many of the benefits of a small decentralized operation. Benefits of a squad- or platoonsized decon operation include: Tailored decon operations are flexible and responsive to small unit needs.

Small, speedy operations are more easily concealed in one location near the forward area.

A water source may not be needed at the decon site because most PDDEs have a water-carrying capability to support squad-sized elements.

Units may divide into squad-sized elements for operational decon, but additional decon support still may be required. Decon platoons from a chemical company can provide this additional support. They can reinforce the efforts of a battalion PDDE crew. See Figure 3-5.

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FM 3-5

Site Clearance Phase

Although the operational decon operation is done rapidly with little site preparation, these areas will be contaminated when the operation is completed. This could be a hazard to friendly forces reoccupying the area.

Cleanup METT-T will dictate the cleanup requirements in the vehicle washdown area. The battalion PDDE crew clean up the MOPP gear exchange area. They bury or burn the contaminated refuse and retrieve any unused decontaminants. Burning will cause a downwind vapor hazard.

Burying is the preferred method of disposal of contaminated waste. If you burn it, notify the battalion headquarter they should notify any units that may be affected by the vapor hazard. If time and resources permit, boots and gloves can be recycled in accordance with Station 4 of DTD (Chapter 4).

Prepare a downwind vapor hazard prediction and notify affected units before burning. The PDDE crew must control contamination runoff during the execution of operational decon. The PDDE crew should move the PDDE a few meters away from the vehicle washdown area and wash the decon equipment, including hoses, after the operation is completed. Wet weather gear or TAP aprons should be decontaminated with STB slurry and retained for future use. If MOPP gear exchange is done at a different location, the contaminated unit will be required to clean up after itself.

Marking and Reporting The battalion PDDE crew marks the operational decon site with standard NBC warning markers and reports the contaminated area using the NBC 5 report.

Thus, friendly forces can avoid the area.

Operational Decon Checklist The following sample checklist (Figure 3-1) can be used by battalion chemical personnel for planning operational decon operations:

Methods It is important to remember that performing operator spraydown prior to hasty decon will decrease the conlamination transfer and increase the survivability of the crew. Operational decon can be conducted using unsupported or supported methods. Unsupported operational decon uses the unit’s own resources. Supported opera-

3-4

tional decon uses chemical company assets to support a contaminated unit to speed up the decon process.

Unsupported Operational Decon Units use their organic equipment and personnel to operate vehicle washdown. Equipment used should have

FM 3-5

water pressure equal to or greater than 60 to 120 pounds per square inch (PSI). This amount of water pressure can remove most gross contamination within the provided time (two to three minutes per vehicle).

Before vehicle washdown, contaminated units conduct operator spraydown to increase decon effectiveness. A combination of equipment may be used to conduct operational decon. For example, M12A1 PDDA, M17 LDS, and/or firefighting equipment could be used. Ensure that water pressure will range from 60 to 120 PSI, the pressure rate at which most gross contamination can be removed. The siphon injector nozzle should be used for operational decon– it increases the water pressure, has a larger area coverage, and allows for the use of soap.

Depending on the availability of equipment, METT-T, and the tactical situation, units have the option to select one of the following for vehicle washdown: One-lane washdown.

Two-lane washdown.

One-lane washdown Vehicle washdown is conducted as far forward as possible, and is done by the battalion decon crew (see Table 3-2 and Figure 3-2, on the next two pages). Vehicle washdown is most effective if started within one hour after contamination. Wash each vehicle with hot, soapy water for two to three minutes. Because speed is important and detection is difficult, do not check vehicle for contamination after vehicle washdown. Remove only gross contamination.

Two-lane washdown This process is conducted as far forward as possible and is done by the battalion decon crew. Vehicle washdown is most effective if started within one hour after contamination. When using two M17 LDS or other combinations of decon equipment, two-lane operational decon speeds up the process (see Table 3-3 and Figures 3-3 and 3-4). Vehicles are washed with hot, soapy water

for two to three minutes. Do not check vehicles for contamination after vehicle washdown. Remove only gross contamination. Set the two washdown points a minimum of 50 meters apart. Each washdown point will be considered a separate lane. A control point may be required to control traffic through both lanes.

Supported Operational Decon.

For supported operational decon, the decon platoon or platoon (-) will support the mission. As with unsupported operational decon, different types or combinations of equipment may be used to support vehicle washdown. When this method is employed, the chemical platoon leader/platoon sergeant must consider METT-T and the tactical situation. Coordination with the supported unit is required for the placement of separate, dispersed operational decon sites within a small area. A series of options are available to the contaminated unit based on resources available to conduct decon and the current tactical situation. Support can be furnished using two methods: Two-lane washdown.

Dispersed operational decon.

Two-lane washdown The chemical platoon supports the mission as far forward as possible. Two-lane washdown must use dispersion to avoid a large concentration of troops in one area.

Vehicle washdown is most effective if completed within one to six hours after contamination. If washdown is not completed within this time, the unit would do better to perform thorough decon. The vehicles are washed with hot, soapy water for two to three minutes (see Chapter 10, Table 10-3, for estimated water consumption). Do not check vehicles for contamination after vehicle washdown, and remove only gross contamination (see Table 3-4).

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FM 3-5 Dispersed operational decon Dispersed operational decon requires a large area.

Three dual lane decon points are dispersed over an area sufficient in size to minimize vulnerability (see Figure 3-5). Any method of operational decon previously described can be used. The resources and unit capabilities to obtain water are critical for this kind of

operation. Dispersed operational decon could decon six vehicles every three minutes; however, if the commander also decides to conduct MOPP gear exchange, planning for three assembly areas will be required. One decon platoon is capable of operating three operational decon operations at one time.

MOPP Gear Exchange, BDO There are three types of procedures for MOPP gear exchange during operational decon: buddy team, triple buddy system, and individual MOPP gear exchange.

Unit commanders decide whether or not to conduct MOPP gear exchange during operational decon. However, the rate of degradation of personnel peaks about six hours after being in full MOPP (see Chapter 1). This factor should be considered before continuing the mission without MOPP gear exchange. Before MOPP gear exchange, soldiers will be checked, using the CAM, to determine who needs to exchange overgarments (see TC 3-12

3-4-1 for use and procedures for CAM). This will prevent an unnecessary use of overgarments stock and speed up the MOPP gear exchange.

Buddy Team Method MOPP gear exchange using the buddy team method is best managed with squad-sized elements. Two soldiers can do this technique, but squad leader supervision is recommended. MOPP gear exchange does not begin until replacement overgarments are available.

FM 3-5 Individual fighting equipment is decontaminated, and the squad members pick up their replacement overgarments. The squad forms a circle around a lead team.

Typically the lead team is comprised of the squad leader and another soldier. The soldiers are paired into buddy teams. The buddy teams are spaced around the circle, with 1 to 3 meters between teams. Control contamination spread by putting contaminated overgarments and discarded decon towelettes in one pile.

The soldiers in each buddy team alternate as they go through step 1. At step 2, one team member proceeds through step 8 before alternating. This will ensure there is no spread of contamination onto skin or undergar-

ments. See Table 3-5 for detailed instructions on this method.

If at any time during the procedure you suspect you have spread contamination onto your skin or undergarments, stop. Decontaminate immediately the suspected area with your skin decon kit. After the area is decontaminated, proceed with the MOPP gear exchange.

All contaminated waste is properly disposed of. If possible, place the waste in a hole, spread STB over the waste before covering with earth. Mark the area using the correct warning sign. At a minimum, place the waste in double trash bags. Seal the bags with tape or other material. Mark the area.

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Reverse roles. Repeat steps 2 through 8.

This time have your buddy help you through the steps.

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Triple Buddy Method.

This method is used by soldiers equipped with the tankers or aviators mask. A different procedure is required because of the hose attached to the filter canister.

A third soldier is needed to hold the filter canister and

hose to prevent the transference of contamination to the soldier undergoing procedure. This method reduces the risk of transferring contamination onto skin or undergarments. See Table 3-6 for detailed instructions on this method.

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Reverse roles. Repeat steps 2 through 8.

This time have your buddy help you through the steps.

Individual (Emergency) Method It may be necessary for a single soldier to exchange MOPP gear when no one can assist. The contaminated soldier may be alone or his buddy wounded or unable to

assist. This method is only used in extreme emergencies since there is a high risk of transferring contamination from the overgarment to skin or undergarments. See Table 3-7 for detailed instructions on this method.

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MOPP Gear Exchange (Chemical Protective Undergarment) This method of MOPP gear exchange is performed for units issued the chemical protective undergarment (CPU). The CPU is worn under the combat vehicle crewman uniform system (CVCS) or the battle dress uniform (BDU). There are three types of procedures for MOPP gear exchange when wearing the CPU during operational decon: buddy team, triple buddy team, and individual emergency MOPP gear exchange.

Buddy Team Method MOPP gear exchange using the buddy team method is best managed with squad-size elements. Two soldiers can do this exchange, but squad leader supervision is recommended. A lead team composed of the squad leader and another soldier directs the exchange from center of the circle as they go through it themselves. (See Table 3-8).

Pair soldiers into buddy (two-man) teams. Space the teams around a circle, with 1 to 3 meters between teams.

Control contamination spread by putting contaminated undergarments and discarded towelettes in one pile.

If at any time during the technique you suspect you have spread contamination onto your skin or undergarments, stop. Decontaminate immediately with the skin decon kit, then proceed with the MOPP gear exchange.

MOPP gear exchange begins when a company supply vehicle unloads replacement undergarments and decontaminants. The squad decontaminates individual fighting equipment at this point and picks up new MOPP gear.

The squad members pair up, forming a circle around a lead team. The soldiers in each buddy team alternate as they go through step 1. At step 2, the soldier and buddy no longer alternate between steps. The first soldier goes all the way through steps 2 through 9 before alternating.

Now the soldiers reverse roles. This ensures no conlamination is spread onto skin or undergarments.

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Triple Buddy Method

This method is used by soldiers equipped with the tankers or aviators mask (see Table 3-9). The triple buddy method uses a third soldier for MOPP gear exchange. This soldier holds the cannister and hose, keeping it from transferring liquid contamination to the undergarments. The risk of transfer of contamination is increased because of the contaminated protective mask, hose, and filter. This MOPP gear exchange technique reduces the risk of contamination transfer. Teams consist

of three persons. Space the team around a circle, with 2 to 4 meters between teams. The squad members pair up in triple buddy teams, forming a circle around a lead team. The soldiers in each triple buddy team alternate as they go through step 1. At step 2, the soldier and buddies no longer alternate between steps. The first soldier goes all the way through steps 2 through 9 before alternating.

Now the three soldiers alternate roles. This ensures no contamination is spread onto skin or undergarments.

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Individual (Emergency) Method

This method of MOPP gear exchange is performed by units issued the chemical protective undergarment.

MOPP exchange using the individual (emergency) method is performed only in extreme emergencies and/or life-threatening situations. Using this method increases the risk of transferring contamination to your battledress uniform or your skin. It increases the possibility of casualties. See Table 3-10 for a description of the procedure for individual (emergency) MOPP gear exchange. Do this method only when:

You are in a chemical contaminated environment by yourself and MOPP gear exchange is required.

Your buddy is wounded or unable to assist in the MOPP gear exchange.

The commander authorizes MOPP gear exchange because of the tactical situation. (If the subordinate is cut off from the commander or meets any other conditions that warrant risking this, authorization can be given by the OIC or NCOIC.) If at any time during the technique you suspect you have spread contamination onto your skin or undergarments, stop. Decontaminate immediately with the skin decon kit, then proceed with the MOPP gear exchange.

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Chapter 4.

Thorough Decontamination Thorough decon reduces NBC contamination levels to a negligible risk. There are three thorough decon techniques: detailed troop, detailed equipment, and detailed aircraft. Detailed aircraft decon is discussed in chapter 7. This chapter discusses the planning considerations required to conduct thorough decontamination. It also discusses how the various chemical units (decon and

smoke/decon) can conduct detailed equipment decon operations. The exact layout of the thorough decon site is determined by METT-T. Conducting decontamination at night is another viable alternative for the conduct of decon operations. Therefore, procedures for nighttime decon operations are also included.

Considerations Thorough decon operations reduce contamination to negligible risk levels. They restore combat power by removing nearly all contamination from unit and individual equipment so troops can operate equipment safely for extended periods at reduced MOPP levels. A small risk remains, so periodic checks with the CAM, M8/M9 paper, or M256-series kit must be made after each operation. Thorough decon can be done as part of reconstitution or to support operations throughout the battlefield. After thorough decon, the unit moves out of the decon site into a tactical assembly area. The unit, while in this tactical assembly, may undergo reconstitution or prepare for future operations. Combat service support elements will replenish combat stocks, refit equipment, and replace personnel and equipment as required.

Planning Thorough decon is both the most effective type of decon and is the most resource intensive. Operational decon requires less resources, but physically removes only surface contamination. Weathering causes a significant reduction of contamination over time, but the immediate reduction of contamination to negligible risk levels does not normally occur. Weather conditions; agent used, mission requirements; time, troops, and supplies available may all combine to make weathering the decon option of choice. Based on the recommendation of chemical personnel, commanders decide which type of decon is the most efficient and effective for their unit, given this type of METT-T analysis.

Generally, thorough decon operations are conducted beyond the range of enemy indirect fire systems. The forwardmost location suitable for thorough decon operations is typically the brigade rear area. If a contaminated unit requires thorough decontamination as part of reconstitution operations, the decon site is established near the reconstitution area. Generally, company-sized units are reconstituted in their brigade’s rear area, while battalion level units are reconstituted in their division’s

rear area. Organizations larger than a battalion will be reconstituted in the corps rear area. Further information about reconstitution can be found in FM 100-5, Operations, and FM 100-9, Reconstitution.

All echelons must conduct some planning and preparation for conducting thorough decon operations.

Decon planning is conducted as part of the overall planning process. The commander should provide guidance on decon to the chemical staff early in the planning process. From the commander’s general guidance concerning decon, the chemical staff can begin to develop the decon plan. The foundation of the decon plan is the type of decon to be used during the operation. The designated decon type can vary from phase to phase and unit to unit.

The chemical staff will select possible decon sites throughout the unit’s area of operations. The selection of the decon sites is based upon the decon type, terrain, the mission, the threat, the road network, and the availability of water. After the decon sites are selected, link-up points are chosen to support each decon site. It is possible that one decon site may have more than one associated link-up point. The selection of the link-up points requires careful consideration. The decon link-up points must be easily recognizable to all parties.

Since the overall decon capability of a unit is typically limited, the commander must establish a priority of decon support. The priority of support lists the units in the order they will receive decon support. The priority of support can change from phase to phase during an operation. The chemical staff develops the priority of support by determining the decon level to be used (operational or thorough), the threat (what units are likely to become contaminated and when), and the likelihood the unit can accomplish decontamination. To give priority of support to the lead task force during the assault phase may not be the best choice since elements of the task force that become contaminated will most likely not stop to accomplish decon until after the assault is completed. The chemical staff should establish a priority of work that 4-1

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FM 3-5 specifies the order vehicles are decontaminated. A priority of work may look like this: Engineer equipment, Ml, M2, FIST-V. The priority of work may also vary from phase to phase of the operation.

A limiting factor that must be considered when planning any decontamination operations is the availability of water. A typical vehicle will require 500 gallons of water during detailed equipment decon. The actual amount of water required will vary by vehicle and its condition. The supported unit’s chemical staff must develop a water resupply plan. In a water-scarce environment, such as deserts, the chemical staff must coordinate a water resupply plan with the logistics staff. A water resupply plan can be as simple as selecting a series of link-up points along a route where the chemical unit can link up with a bulk water truck from a logistics activity. More complex water resupply plans include linking up with bulk water trucks, caching water throughout the area of operations, coordinating for the movement of water bladders by aircraft to the decon sites, and the identification of water sources in the unit’s area of operation. The use of nonpotable, salt, and brackish waters should be considered.

Preparation Subordinate units review their higher headquarters decon plan to determine if the plan will support their unit’s mission. If additional decon sites or assets are required, the subordinate chemical staff will forward those requirements to their higher headquarters.

The supporting chemical unit leader will conduct a leader’s recon of the designated decon sites. Since the decon sites are initially selected by map reconnaissance, the actual site may not be suitable. If the selected site cannot support decon operations, the chemical unit leader will attempt to find another site close to original site and notify the supported unit and his higher headquarters of the change in site selection.

Execution The actual decon operation begins once a unit becomes contaminated and requests decon support. The unit leaders must assess their situation and accurately report it to their headquarters. This situation report should include type and extent of contamination, current location, and the commander’s assessment of his ability to perform their current mission while contaminated and when he expects his unit to become combat ineffective.

The contaminated unit should perform immediate decon techniques to increase their survivability and to limit the spread of contamination.

The request for decon support must contain several essential elements of information to assist the chemical staff and the decon platoon leader in coordinating the decon operation. These essential elements of information are –

Designation of the unit contaminated.

Location of the contaminated unit.

Time unit became contaminated.

Earliest possible time the unit can move/begin decontamination.

Type of contamination.

Number of vehicle by type contaminated.

Number of personnel contaminated.

Special requirements (patient decon station, recovery assets, unit decon team, and so forth).

Supported unit’s frequency and call sign to facilitate initial linkup.

Upon learning of a unit being contaminated, the supported unit’s chemical staff must begin coordinating the decon operation. The supporting chemical unit is given a warning order to be ready to conduct a decon operation. Subsequent warning orders provide more detailed information to the chemical unit. After receiving the request for decon support, the supported unit will issue an OPORD/FRAGO to the chemical unit.

The supported unit’s chemical staff must coordinate the movement of the contaminated unit to the link-up point and the decon site. If the contaminated unit moves out of the supported unit’s area of operations, the move must be coordinated with higher headquarters. Depending on the size and type of the unit contaminated, the chemical staff may issue a warning order to any elements involved in the water resupply plan.

Once the chemical unit is in position and set up, the chemical unit leader moves to the link-up point. The most difficult part of the decon operation is the link up between the contaminated unit and the chemical unit element. It is possible that other elements will provide assets to support the decon operations. These elements include medical, engineer, air defense, military police, and others. These supporting elements should not be directed to the link-up point unless they are contaminated. Supporting assets must coordinate with the chemical unit to be met and led into the decon site.

Because of the complex and critical nature of thorough decon operations, it is likely that the supported unit will provide a command and control cell to the decon site to supervise the decon operation. The senior person present assumes control of the decon operation. For maneuver forces, the battalion or brigade executive officer may assume control of the decon operation. This allows the chemical unit leader to concentrate on the operations of his unit and its mission of providing equipment decon support.

After link up is achieved and all support assets are in position, the actual decontamination operation can commence. The chemical unit leader, in conjunction with the commander of the contaminated unit or the supported unit’s command and control cell, supervises the decon operation. The supported unit’s chemical staff must as-

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sert staff supervision during all phases of the decon operation.

Thorough Decon Site The thorough decon site consists of four main areas: the predecon staging area, the detailed equipment decon (DED), the detailed troop decon (DTD), and the postdecon assembly area. The chemical unit leader selects all four areas based on operational guidance, road network, available cover and concealment, and water supply. The predecon staging area is used by the contaminated unit to ready themselves for DED and DTD operations. The DED is the process of removing, neutralizing, or reducing contamination on interior and exterior surfaces of equipment to negligible risk. The DTD is the process of decontaminating individual fighting equipment to negligible risk and removing contaminated MOPP gear from soldiers. The postdecon assembly area is the location

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where vehicle and soldiers exiting the DED and DTD are linked up prior to their movement from the decon site.

Predecon Staging Area The contaminated unit moves to a predecon staging area approximately 250 to 500 meters downwind of the thorough decon site. The contaminated unit performs predecon actions in this area. Predecon actions are designed to prepare the unit for the thorough decon operation. Predecon actions includeSegregate contaminated vehicles from uncontaminated vehicles, if possible.

Allow vehicle crews to dismount and prevent further transfer/spread of contamination.

Prepare vehicles for detailed equipment decon.

FM 3-5 Move contaminated vehicles and troops to the detailed troop and equipment decon lines.

Segregate Vehicles Check all vehicles for contamination using detection equipment. For chemical contamination, use the CAM and M8 detector paper. Also visually check the vehicles for contamination using M9 paper. M9 paper affixed to vehicles reveals the presence of contamination and provides an indication of the level of contamination (see Figure 4-2). When using the CAM, ensure there is sufficient distance between vehicles to prevent chemical vapors drifting from a contaminated vehicle being detected on an uncontaminated vehicle. If the vehicles are parked too close together, vapor drift from contaminated vehicles may falsely identify uncontaminated vehicles as contaminated.

For radiological contamination, use the AN/PDR-27series or AN/VDR-2 radiac detectors. If the vehicle only has isolated areas of contamination, use an Mll or M13 to decontaminate the chemically contaminated area.

Vehicles determined to have no contamination are sent to the reconstitution assembly area.

Crews Dismount The vehicle crew, except for drivers, dismount. As the crews dismount, they remove all equipment from the top of the vehicle. Once the crew has exited the vehicle, they will not reenter. This prevents further contamination from being spread into the vehicle interior.

Prepare Vehicles The crews prepare their vehicles for processing through the DED. Using the pioneer tools from the contaminated vehicle, the crew removes all heavy mud and debris from the vehicle. The crew concentrates on the vehicle undercarriage. The undercarriage is the most likely place for contamination to collect and is the hardest place to decontaminate. Once the crew is finished with the pioneer tools, they are placed back on the vehicle. Initial removal of mud and debris removes contamination both on and in the mud and makes it more likely that the initial wash will remove any remaining mud.

Seat covers (when applicable), canvas items, camouflage netting, and any other materials that can absorb liquid contamination are removed. These items create a potential transfer hazard and are not easily decontaminated. Appendix B provides guidance on hard-to-decon items. Left untreated, absorbed chemical agents will desorb after being decontaminated and create a vapor hazard. Items that cannot be decontaminated by the standard methods used in the DTD are also removed and placed at a collection point. Unit chemical personnel will provide advice concerning the decontamination or disposal of these items.

It is important that vehicle load plans be designed to minimize the amount of equipment carried on the outside of the vehicle that cannot be readily decontaminated. Whenever possible, NBC covers should be used when a chemical attack is expected (see FM 3-4).

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FM 3-5 All NBC covers are removed and disposed of as contaminated waste during the predecon actions.

Move to DED and DTD In coordination with the chemical unit leader operating the decon site, the contaminated unit will begin to send contaminated vehicles and personnel to the DED and DTD. The commander of the contaminated unit has prioritized his vehicles for processing, sending the most important first. Communication is maintained between the predecon staging area and the chemical unit leadership. All assistant vehicle drivers are the first individuals sent through the DTD to ensure there is a driver exchange at station 3 of the DED. Detailed Equipment Decontamination The DED process consists of five stations: primary wash, DS2 application, contact time/interior decon, rinse, and check. The objective of DED is to reduce contamination levels to negligible risk levels. This chapter provides a detailed discussion of the DED and how various chemical units can set up a DED.

Detailed Troop Decontamination The DTD process consists of eight stations individual gear decon, overboot and hood decon, overgarment removal, overboot and glove removal, monitor, mask removal, mask decon, and reissue. The objective of DTD is to remove contaminated MOPP gear from soldiers and reduce the contamination on individual equipment to negligible risk levels. This chapter provides a detailed discussion of the setup and operation of the DTD. Individual actions within the DTD are also discussed.

Postdecon Assembly Area The unit assembles in the postdecon assembly area after completing DTD and DED operations. The unit occupies the postdecon assembly area prior to moving to a tactical assembly area for preparation for future operations or to a reconstitution location. The chemical unit leader will select the general location. It should be big enough to hold the entire unit undergoing thorough decontamination with proper cover and concealment.

The assembly area should be located approximately 1 kilometer upwind from the DED and DTD.

Detailed Troop Decon The major action in detailed troop decon is to remove contaminated MOPP gear to include the protective mask. If DTD is not performed, chemical agents may eventually penetrate the overgarment and contaminate underclothing or skin. How long the chemical agent will take to penetrate the clothing depends on the condition of the MOPP gear and the amount of agent on the gear.

If contaminated with radiological contamination, the hazard will remain until removed. Depending on the type and amount of radiological contamination, soldiers may continue to accumulate a radiation dose.

The contaminated unit or their higher headquarters is responsible for setting up, operating, and closing the DTD in a thorough decon site. The chemical unit leader determines the general location of the DTD within the decon site. The chemical unit can provide technical advice on the setup, operation, and closure of the DTD. AU soldiers needed to operate the DTD must be provided by the supported unit. The supervisor of the DTD must establish a work/rest cycle in accordance with Appendix I. The DTD has eight stations. The following pages discuss actions at each station and the resources required.

Station 1, Individual Gear Decon.

Actions at this station remove contamination to a negligible risk level from individual equipment (LCE, mask carrier, helmet, and weapon).

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Preparation The following equipment and supplies are needed: Three 30-gallon containers.

Two long-handled brushes.

Sufficient STB slurry mix.

Two ponchos or plastic tarps.

Dig a sump 6 feet square and 4 feet deep. Place three 30-gallon cans near the sump (see Figure 4-3). Fill two cans with an STB slurry mixture. The other can is filled with clean water for the rinse. Place two long-handled brushes at each can of STB slurry.

To prepare the slurry, mix 100 pounds of STB with 20 gallons of hot water. The chemical unit provides the hot water. Change the mixture after 20 soldiers have decontaminated their gear. Change rinse water after every 10 soldiers or when it appears dirty.

Place a poncho or plastic tarp on the ground at the checkpoint. Divide the poncho or tarp in half using engineer tape. This is the contamination control line. The checkpoint will beat a minimum of three meters from all other stations in order to get a true reading on detection equipment. Place the following chemical detection/identification equipment at the check station for an average company-sized unit: One CAM. Eight books of M8 chemical detector paper.

Four M256-series chemical agent detector kits.

One hundred plastic trash bags.

Three soldiers are required to operate this station.

One soldier supervises the decontamination of the in-

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FM 3-5 dividual gear and takes the decontaminated equipment to the check station. He also prepares new slurry mixtures as necessary. One soldier remains at the checkpoint and checks all gear for completeness of decontamination using the detection equipment. One soldier transports the decontaminated gear to the reissue station.

Execution Decontaminate gloves with water or STB slurry mix. If wearing the M24, M25A1, or M42 mask, use hot, soapy water and sponge or STB dry mix to decontaminate the hose and canister. Decontaminate gear by washing in decontaminant container and scrubbing the gear for six minutes. Then dip the gear into rinse water for four minutes. The station attendant will take the gear to the equipment checkpoint. Place the decontaminated gear on the “dirty” side of the contamination control line. The monitor checks the gear for contamination using the appropriate detection devices. The monitor holds the detection device one inch from the gear and checks for residual contamination. If the residual contamination exceed negligible risks, recycle the gear and decontaminate again. If the gear passes the check, place it on the clean side of the contamination control line. An attendant carries the equipment to the reissue point.

Depending on the time available, more extensive washing and checking procedures may be used. The longer the gear is washed or left out in the air after washing, the further the contamination level will be reduced. The amount of chemical agent vapors desorbing out of the gear will be reduced. Gear may be put in closed areas or plastic bags and checked for hazardous vapors with the M256 chemical detector kit.

NOTE: The preceding paragraph outlines the minimum that should be done. Depending on time available, more extensive washing and checking procedures may be useful. You may decide to wash equipment longer or let it air outside after washing.

This further reduces the amount of agent vapor desorbing (or bleeding) out of pistol belt, mask carriers, helmet covers, and so forth. Equipment can be put in closed areas or plastic bags and checked for hazardous vapors with CAM or M256-series chemical agent detector kit. The CAM will only detect nerve agent (G) and blister agent vapors (H).

Risk If scrubbing and washing are not done properly, contamination may remain on equipment. The resulting vapor hazard could cause casualties to unmasked personnel, particularly in closed areas (vehicle interiors, for example) or heavily wooded areas where air circulation is poor.

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Station 2, Overboot and Hood Decon.

Actions at this station neutralize gross contamination on overboots and lower trouser legs. Gross contamination on the protective mask and hood is also decontaminated.

Preparation Prepare a shuffle pit by digging a shallow pit about three feet wide by three feet long by six inches deep. Fill the shuffle pit with an STB dry mix. Prepare the STB dry mix by mixing three parts earth to two parts STB. Add more STB to the mix after 10 soldiers have processed through the shuffle pit. The chemical unit will provide 10 drums of STB to prepare the dry mix.

The following equipment/supplies are needed at this station Cutting tool.

One M258A1 or M291 skin decontaminating kit per person.

6 feet by 6 feet piece of plastic.

Trash bags (as required).

Ten drums of STB. One soldier is required to operate this station. The attendant assists the personnel as they decontaminate their overboots and hoods.

Execution Walk into shuffle pit composed of STB dry mix (three parts earth, two parts STB). Use gloved/protected hands to rub STB dry mix on boots and lower trousers. Take special care to rub the rear of the GVO. Remove or decontaminate the hood according to one of the two following procedures.

Replacement hood available – If a replacement hood is available, cut the hood off the mask as follows. Cut off the underarm straps and neck cord of your buddy’s hood. Pull the hood inside out over the front of the mask, being careful not to touch your buddy’s neck or head. Gather the hood in one hand. Use scissors or a knife to cut away the hood.

WARNING If you pull too hard on the hood, you will break the seal of the mask.

Cut as close as possible to the eyelenses, voicemitter, and inlet valve covers. Make sure nothing is left dangling below the bottom of the mask. Let your buddy repeat the procedure on you.

No replacement hood – If a replacement hood is not available, roll the hood as follows. Loosen your buddy's neck cord and hood straps from under the arms and reat® tach the straps over the shoulders to the Velcro patches on the hood. Use the skin decon kit to decontaminate the hood and exposed parts of your buddy’s mask (including

FM 3-5 the hose and canister of the M24, M25A1, or M42 masks).

Use as many skin decon kits as needed. Decontaminating the hose and canister of the M24, M25A1, or M42 masks may be time consuming and require additional skin decon kits. Once the decon of the hose and canister is complete, hold your canister and hose (or have the station attendant hold it) away from your contaminated overgarment to avoid recontamination.

When you have finished decontaminating your buddy’s mask, decontaminate your gloves with the skin decon kit in preparation for rolling your buddy’s hood.

Roll your buddy's hood. Leave the zipper on the hood closed. Lift the hood straight up off your buddy’s shoulders by grasping the straps where they connect to the back of the hood (do not grasp under the hood). Pull the hood (by the straps) up and over the head until the bottom of the back of the hood is to the top of the eye lens outsets but not over. Check for liquid contamination on the underside of the hood edges and decon if necessary. Put one fold (about two inches) on the forehead then begin rolling (tightly) at both temples (simultaneously) by tucking in with the thumbs as you roll towards the bottom of the zipper.

M17/M24/M25A1: Make a continuous roll (like a horseshoe); then roll from the zipper (tightly) to the voicemitter (or the hose of the M24/M25Al).

M40/M42 Hold the mask firmly in place to avoid breaking the seal. Make the rolls from each side of the hood come to a point at the bottom of the zipper, forming a V. Put a half twist in the V, forming the two sides into a tail. Then fold the tail between the upper part of the canister and the mask (tie tail over and under the hose of the M42). Reverse roles and decontaminate your buddy’s hood. When both hoods are completed proceed to station 3.

NOTE: Buddies should check each other’s overboots and overgarment for damage. Any rips, tears, or punctures in overboots, rubber gloves, or overgarment should be reported to the attendant at station 5. This will allow the attendant at station 5 to check you for chemical, agent symptoms and your clothing for possible contamination.

Risk If this step is not done properly, you will risk transferring contamination to underclothing and combat boots. You also risk transferring contamination to the head and neck area from the hood.

Station 3, Overgarment Removal.

Performing this step removes contaminated overgarments before an agent penetrates overgarment material and touches undergarments or skin.

Preparation The materials and equipment needed at this station are:

Two 30-gallon garbage cans.

One hundred plastic bags (or at least one per soldier).

Ten boxes M258A1 or M291 decon kits.

This station requires only one soldier. He supervises the actions of the soldiers processing through the station.

Execution Buddy teams will split up and continue the decontamination process individually. Station attendant assists in the removal of the overgarment. Cut or remove the M9 paper if it is binding around the wrist. Station attendant unfastens the Velcro® closure over the jacket zipper, the jacket’s waist cord, and the wrist Velcro® straps first. Then unfasten the three back snaps by grasping the outside of the jacket around the snaps (not underneath) and pulling firmly. When removing the jacket, the soldier keeps his fingers together (like a salute) as the station attendant pulls the wrist straps and each arm comes out. The jacket is discarded.

To remove the trousers, first cut or remove the M9 paper if it is binding around the ankles. Unfasten the trouser cuff Velcro® straps and zippers. Then carefully unfasten the front waist snaps and lower the front zipper. Avoid loosening the side waist tabs if at all possible. Very seldom is it necessary to loosen the waist tabs to remove the trousers.

While squatting in front of and facing the buddy, the attendant grasps the trousers near the knees and works the trousers down below the knees, ensuring that contaminated parts of the trousers do not fold in and touch the clean uniform. The station attendant will have the soldier lift one leg and point that foot down and bend slightly at the knees for stability. The attendant then grasps the cuff of the elevated foot with a hand on each side and pulls the cuff in an alternating, jerking motion until the soldier can step out of the trouser leg. The station attendant cautions the soldier not to rub the contaminated boot against his clean leg. The attendant ensures the soldier steps wide enough so as not to rub his clean leg against the overgarment. The process is repeated for the other leg. The trousers are discarded. The soldier proceeds to station 4.

Risk If this step is done improperly, agent may be transferred to the underclothing or skin.

Station 4, Overboots and Gloves Removal.

This step removes contaminated overboots (footwear covers) and gloves to limit the spread of contamination.

Overboots and gloves are also decontaminated for reissue.

Preparation The following equipment and materials are needed Engineer tape.

4-9

FM 3-5 Cutting tool.

Eight 30-gallon containers (garbage cans).

One hundred plastic bags (or one per soldier).

Two scrub brushes.

Two ponchos or large plastic sheets.

CAM. M8 paper.

10-percent STB/HTH solution.

Hot, soapy water.

Cold rinse water.

The station will be setup as shown in Figure 4-4. Fiill two 30-gallon containers with hot, soapy water. Fill two 30-gallon containers with 10-percent STB/HTH solution and place the two scrub brushes near the containers. Fill two 30-gallon containers with cold rinse water.

One soldier is needed to supervise and assist soldiers at this station. He assists personnel wearing M24, M25A1, or M42 masks. The other two soldiers decontaminate the overboots and gloves. One person processes the overboots, whale the other person processes the gloves.

Use engineer tape to mark the liquid contamination control lime on the ground. Place the cutting tool, two containers, and the plastic bags on the “dirty” side of the liquid contamination control line (see Figure 4-3, page 4-7).

Execution The liquid contamination control line separates the “dirty” from the "clean" areas. The exception to this “clean” area will be the contaminated gloves. However, no liquid agent should be tracked along the ground after the liquid contamination control line. The attendant unfastens or cuts the strings or elastic closures on the GVOs/footcovers. If soldier is wearing the chemical protective footcover, the station attendant holds the footcover while the soldier steps out and across the control line. The action is repeated for the other footcover. The station attendant discards the footcovers in the designated container. If the soldier is wearing the GVO, he stands next to and faces the control line. Have the soldier step back about 12 inches with the foot of the GVO he wants to remove first. If the soldier steps back with the right foot, the attendant uses his right foot to step on the back of the soldier’s GVO. If the soldier steps back with the left foot, the attendant uses his left foot, also. The attendant steps on the back of the GVO as the soldier lifts his heel and works his foot out of the GVO and steps across the control line. Repeat the process with the other foot. If the GVO cannot be removed by this process, the attendant cuts off the GVO. The station attendant discards the GVO in the designated container. The soldier works the chemical protective gloves loose using the pinchpull method, and the station attendant pulls the gloves off.

The station attendant discards the gloves in a container on the “dirty” side of the control line. The station attendant 4-10

from station 6 meets personnel wearing the M24, M25A1, or M42 protective masks at this station and carries the canister for that person until the mask is removed. The station 4 attendant performs his duty from the dirty side of the liquid contamination control line.

The GVOs and chemical protective gloves are decontaminated in the following process: Step 1. Submerge the gloves and GVOs into the container of hot, soapy water. Some of the contamination will be removed during this step. When the GVOs and gloves are removed from the container, ensure that no water remains inside of the GVO and gloves. Do not decon any item that is unserviceable.

Step 2. Submerge GVOs and gloves in the container of HTH solution. Thoroughly scrub the items until no visible contamination remains. After scrubbing, submerge each item once more before moving to the rinse container.

Step 3. Thoroughly rinse the scrubbed items, making sure that the items are rinsed inside as well as out. Check all gloves and GVO for holes, tears, or punctures and discard any that are found.

Step 4. Dry usable items. Discard into a pile any glove or GVO having punctures, tears, rips, holes, or other damage.

Place usable items on the poncho or plastic sheet to air dry and weather.

Step 5. Place the items into plastic trash bags, along with an M256 detector ticket. If the detector ticket shows no contamination, the items can be reissued or stored for issue at a later time. If the detector ticket shows contamination remaining, the station attendants can recycle the items or discard them.

Risk If you do not remove overboots, you cannot check for agent on the combat boots. If overboots are not properly removed, you risk contaminating your combat boots and spreading contamination to clean areas. If rubber gloves are not properly removed, you risk contaminating your skin and underclothing at this and following stations.

Station 5, Monitor.

Performing this step identifies contamination on personnel, provides spot decon capability, and provides medical aid, as required.

Preparation The following materials and equipment are needed: First aid supplies.

One CAM. Five packs M8 detector paper per one hundred soldiers.

One case M258A1/or M291 skin decontaminating kits per soldier.

FM 3-5

4-11

FM 3-5 Two soldiers are needed to operate this station. An aidman should be present to treat any personnel suffering from chemical agents symptoms. If an aidman is unavailable, a combat lifesaver should be present.

Execution The monitor checks the individuals for contamination.

Administer first aid as required. Liquid agent can be detected with M8 detector paper. Small quantities of agent vapor can be detected with the CAM. Symptoms of agent poisoning are the most obvious indication of skin contamination. At this step the medic checks each soldier for symptoms and treats as required. Soidiers should report any damage to their MOPP gear that was identfied at stations 2, 3, and 4. Any areas identified as contaminated can be decontaminated with the M258A1 or M291 decontaminating kit by the station attendants. Individuals will be remonitored after decon. It is possible that all liquid chemical contamination is absorbed into the clothing. Chemical detector paper (M8 and M9) will indicate negative, even though there is a hazard.

Risk If this station is omitted, you risk becoming a casualty.

No other check for contamination or any further decon is done on the individual. Commanders can choose to conduct more extensive contamination checks here if more medical assistance and time are available. This will decrease the risk of casualties.

Station 6, Mask Removal.

Performing this step removes the mask without contaminating the soldier. The mask is taken to a mask decon point, limiting agent transfer at the site.

Preparation The following equipment is needed M8A1 automatic chemical agent alarm.

Two soldiers are needed to operate this station. They remove and carry masks to the mask decon point (station 7).

Execution.

If hood is still attached to mask, attendant pulls hood over front of mask, grabs mask by voicemitter cover, and pulls mask off soldier. Soldier holds breath as mask is removed. If the mask has optical inserts, the attendant holds the mask open so the soldier can remove the inserts without touching the outside of the mask, The soldier walks upwind 5 meters, crosses the vapor contamination control line, then resumes breathing. Station attendant brings mask to station 7, mask decon point.

No chemical vapor hazard is expected beyond the vapor hazard contamination control line, if the wind direction 4-12

remains constant. Position the M8A1 automatic chemical agent alarm upwind of the site to warn of vapor hazards.

The person getting decontaminated moves straight ahead while his or her mask, which may still give offvapors, is held on the vapor dirty side of the line and taken to station 7 where it is decontaminated.

Risk There is a high probability vapor hazard is still present from mask and hood. This procedure must be done properly or the soldier could breathe toxic vapors. The station attendant removes the mask from the soldier. The soldier does not touch the outside of the mask because it could contaminate his or her bare hands.

Station 7, Mask Decon Point.

Performing this step removes all contamination from the mask.

Preparation.

The following material and equipment are needed Four containers (about 3-gallon capacity).

CAM (for chemical only).

Hot, soapy water.

Rinse water.

Mask sanitizing solution.

Immersion heater 30-gallon container.

Two sponges.

One case paper towels per company.

Dig a sump (4 feet wide by 4 feet long by 4 feet deep) in which to discard used falters and canisters. Place the equipment and materials as shown in Figure 4-3.

Three soldiers are needed to operate this station. Two soldiers will strip, wash, rinse, sanitize, and dry masks. The other soldier checks masks and carries them to reissue point.

Execution Discard winterization kits, if used. Remove eyelens outserts, and hood, if hood was not cutoff at station 2. Remove and discard falters or canisters. Put the items into the properly marked containers. Wash mask, hood, and outserts and hoses on M24, M25A1, M42 and M43 masks in hot, soapy water. Rinse in clean water, dip into sanitizing solution, agitate for five minutes, then rinse in clean water again. Add one tube of mask sanitizing solution (calcium hypochlorite) to each quart of water. Wipe with rags until almost dry. Discard each gallon of mask sanitizing solution into a sump after every 10 masks. The attendant checks for contamination with an CAM. If the mask is still contaminated, the attendant recycles it for more decon and then decontaminates his or her rubber gloves. If the mask is not contaminated, the attendant takes the unassembled

FM 3-5 mask to the reissue point. The attendant must take care not to contaminate the reissue point or himself.

Risk Not properly performing this step will cause the risk of contaminating soldiers when reissuing masks at the reissue point. Even though the step is done correctly, there is still a possible danger when many masks are stacked together.

Small amounts of residual vapor from each mask can become potentially dangerous.

Station 8, Reissue Point.

Performing this step will insure that you receive all of your individual gear and your protective mask with all components.

Preparation You will need the protective mask PLL parts. The unit supply sergeant and chemical NCO setup the reissue point to provide soldiers with replacement parts for all types of protective masks and assist in mask maintenance.

Execution Reissue mask with components to soldier who assembles mask in the assembly area. Unit chemical NCO will affix

canisters to cleaned M24, M25A1, and M43 hoses. Individuals pickup individual gear and move to postdecon assembly area.

Risk Not properly performing this step, can cause the soldier to be inadequately equipped for future operations.

The supporting chemical unit (decon or smoke/decon) must supply the majority of the equipment and supplies required to operate the DTD. This does not relieve the supported unit from the requirement to maintain adequate supplies to conduct detailed troop decon procedures. The supported unit provides the supporting chemical unit with replacement supplies and material at the end of the decon operations. This shortens the time the chemical unit is nonmission capable following a decon operation. The supported unit must coordinate for the supplies and equipment necessary to operate the DTD. Typical nonchemical units do not have more than two CAMs per company-sized unit. However, the DTD requires a minimum of three CAMs. The supported headquarters may need to provide additional CAMs. The overall list of supplies and equipment to operate a company level DTD is listed in Table 4-2.

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FM 3-5

Detailed Equipment Decon Chemical units (decon and smoke/decon platoons) are responsible for the setup, operation, and closure of the DED portion of the thorough decon operation. The DED for chemical and biological contamination is comprised of five stations. For radiological contamination, the DED uses all but station 2, DS Application. Actions at each of the stations are described Abelow.

Station 1, Initial Wash.

The objective of this station is to remove the gross contamination and dirt from the vehicle. The vehicle is sprayed for two to three minutes with hot, soapy water. The vehicle is then scrubbed to help remove caked-on dirt. The mechanical action of scrubbing also helps remove thickened chemical agents. Although the undersurfaces are 4-14

difficult to reach try to remove as much dirt as possible.

After scrubbing the vehicle, spray again for two to three minutes to remove loosened dirt and contamination. This station will use approximately 250 gallons of water per vehicle. Larger vehicles or vehicles with large quantities of dirt will use more water. The runoff from this station is contaminated and must be treated as hazardous. This station requires high water pressure systems (M12A1 PDDA, M17 LDS) rather than high water volume systems (65-gpm pumps).

The effectiveness of the wash depends upon on the type of wash (hot soapy water, hot water, cold water, steam).

The relative effectiveness rankings of hot soapy water, hot water, cold water, and steam for agents HD, THD, GD, TGD, and VX are listed in Table 4-4 for selected surfaces.

FM 3-5 than using the mop. The M13 DAP can be used to apply DS2 in hard-to-reach areas.

Hot soapy water is water heated to about 120 to 140°F to which a detergent has been added to reduce its surface tension. The detergent removes the agent by emulsification followed by mechanical displacement of the suspension.

Hot water alone is less effective than hot soapy water.

Because of the high temperature, some agents are best removed by steam through vaporization. Finally, for some chemical agents cold water exhibits better solvent characteristics.

Station 2, DS2 Application.

The objective of this station is to apply decontaminant to the entire vehicle. The vehicle is divided in four parts and a member of the scrubbing team is assigned that part of the vehicle. This limits the workload of each member of the scrubbing team and avoids duplication of work. DS2 is applied starting at the top of the vehicle and working towards the undercarriage. Every effort is made to apply DS2 to the undercarriage, especially if the vehicle has crossed a contaminated area. The mop is the least tiring method of applying DS2. Using a mop to apply DS2 creates a large amount of spillage. However, continual use of the M13 DAP requires the scrub team to exert more energy

Prior to the start of the decon operation, the scrub team pours 5-gallon cans of DS2 into 30-gallon trash cans if mops are going to be used instead of M13 DAPs. Each member of the scrub team will wear TAP aprons or wet weather gear to protect themselves from the DS2.

Water adversely affects DS2’s ability to react with chemical agents. When water in DS2 reaches 20 percent by weight, the reaction between DS2 and the chemical agent stops. If there is excess water remaining on the vehicle from station 1, there are several options Wait for the majority of the water to evaporate.

Remove the excess water.

Increase the amount of DS2 applied.

There must be sufficient DS2 on the item being decontaminated for complete neutralization to occur. The DS2-toagent ratio needs to be 55 to 1 for H agents and 25 to 1 for G agents. For a vehicle the size of an M1A1 tank, this corresponds to 15 and 7 gallons, respectively.

DS2 should be applied with scrubbing.

Scrubbing increases the mixing of the agent with DS2, especially when thickened chemical agents are present.

Station 3, Wait /Interior Decon.

The objective of this station is to allow the DS2 to completely neutralize the chemical agent and to decontaminate the interior of the vehicle. Vehicles are moved to concealed position. Vehicles will remain in station 3 for no less than 30 minutes. DS2 reacts with most chemical agents within 5 minutes. However, by allowing the DS2 to remain on the contaminated surface for 30 minutes the amount of agent that will later desorb (off gas) will be signicantly reduced. When there is a 30-minute contact time there will be no resorption after decon operations for most chemical agents. However, studies indicate that HD vapor will 4-15

FM 3-5 desorb after decon, even if DS2 is allowed to remain for 30 minutes.

While the vehicle is held in this station for the DS2 to completely react, the driver inspects the interior of the vehicle for liquid contamination. The driver will be given M8 detector paper. If the driver identifies chemical contamination, he will be given decon supplies to decontaminate the interior of his vehicle. The best decon solution for use in the interior of vehicles is a 5 percent solution of HTH or STB. The driver wipes all reasonably accessible surfaces with a rag or sponge soaked in the HTH solution.

Do not attempt to decon areas where these is little likelihood of contamination (electrical assemblies, beneath the turret floor, and so forth).

CAUTION Do not mix HTH or STB with DS2. If mixed, a violent reaction will occur.

Once interior decon is completed, the driver dismounts from the vehicle and proceeds to the start of the DTD. The assistant driver, having completed the DTD, mounts the vehicle and moves it to the next station. Drivers must exercise caution when entering or exiting the vehicle. A DS2-coated surface is slippery and DS2 may react with chemical protective footwear. Personnel should avoid stepping in DS2 and tracking it into the vehicle.

For radiological contamination, use an AN/PDR27series or AN/VDR2 radiac meter to determine the extent and location of contamination inside the vehicle. If there is contamination, determine the intensity of the contamination inside of the vehicle. If the contamination has an intensity greater than 0.33cGy (the negligible risk), the interior of vehicle must be decontaminated. Use hot, soapy water to wash the contaminated areas. Use a sponge to mop up the water and the contamination.

Station 4, Rinse.

The objective of this station is to remove the DS2 from the vehicle. The vehicle is sprayed with water from top to bottom. Take care to rinse the undercarriage. This station uses approximately 200 gallons of water. Failure to remove 4-16

all DS2 from the vehicle may cause false positive readings at station 5. If high water pressure systems (M12A1 PDDA, M17 LDS) are not available, large volume water pumps (65-gpm pumps) should be used at this station.

Station 5, Check.

The objective of this station is to check the completeness of the decon. This station determines whether the vehicle has a negligible risk or still has significant contamination remaining. Detection procedures will vary depending on the type of contamination. If significant contamination is found on the vehicle, the vehicle will be recycled to station 2 for chemical contamination or station 1 for radiological contamination.

Chemical The CAM is used to check for the presence of vapor from residual liquid contamination. A one bar or lower reading on the CAM indicates a negligible risk. Once the CAM indicates the presence of vapor contamination, M8 detector paper is used to verify the presence of liquid contamination. If it is suspected that both the CAM and M8 paper are producing a false positive, use an M256 chemical detector ticket to confirm or deny the presence of contamination. If the vehicle has significant contamination remaking, recycle it. The commander may modify the recycle criteria, based upon mission requirements, using the chemical agent weather tables.

There will be resorption of chemical agents from the surfaces after decontamination. On CARC-painted surfaces, the resorption of vapors will stop sooner than alkydpainted surfaces. Consider this when checking decontaminated items for overall decontamination effectiveness.

Radiological Use the AN/PDR27-series or AN/VDR2 to determine if any contamination remains. If there is contamination remaining, determine the intensity of the contamination inside and outside of the vehicle. If the contamination has

FM 3-5 each alternate configuration, chemical unit equipment requirements are identified. However, personnel requirements are not identified by chemical unit and supported unit. The total number of personnel needed are identified, with a minimum number of chemical unit personnel.

Alternate Layout Planning Considerations Chemical unit leaders use METT-T to determine the best possible DED layout to execute their mission. When determining alternate DED layouts, the following guidelines apply Retain the ability to spray hot, soapy water or steam under pressure at station 1.

Station 2 requires the largest number of persons.

Experienced and qualified CAM operators are required at station 5.

Water does not have to be hot to rinse off DS2; however, the lower the water pressure the more water required for the rinse.

an intensity greater than 0.33cGy (the negligible risk), the vehicle is recycled to station 1.

Recycle Criteria The commander, in conjunction with the chemical unit leader, will establish the recycle criteria before the start of decon operations. The recycle criteria determines which vehicles return to station 1 after contamination is detected at station 5. If the unit has sufficient time and resources, any vehicle having more contamination than a negligible risk should be recycled. However, time and resources are usually limited and not all vehicles can be recycled. The recycle criteria is based on the weathering effects.

DED Configurations Decon and smoke/decon platoons establish thorough decon sites differently because of organizational and equipment differences. This section describes the optimum set-up configuration for each type of platoon. The optimum configuration provides the maximum output for platoons at 100 percent personnel and equipment. The equipment and personnel requirements for the optimum configuration are identified for both the chemical unit and supported unit augmentation.

Other conifigurations are discussed because it is likely that all platoons will not be at 100 percent strength. For

Decon Platoon The optimum setup of a DED for a M12A1 PDDAequipped platoon requires the use of all authorized equipment and personnel (Figure 4-5, page 4-20). While this DED configuration is manpower- and equipment-extensive, it provides for the rapid decontamination of vehicles and equipment (8 vehicles processed per hour). This layout uses dual lanes at stations 1, 4, and 5 to process two vehicles at one time. Since the most time and labor-intensive work takes place at station 3, this station is designed to process three vehicles at a time. The processing rate of this configuration will be affected by any work-rest cycle.

WARNING Work/rest tables are found in Appendix I. Chemical unit leaders must consider the impact of the work/rest cycle on the ability of their operation to process vehicles through the DED. Failure to initiate a work/rest cycle could result in heat casualties and mission failure.

It may not be possible, for a variety of reasons, for a decon platoon (M12A1 PDDA-equipped) to use the optimum layout configuration. Limited personnel or equipment will affect the layout of the DED. Figure 4-6, page 4-22 shows an alternate ED layout configuration.

Smoke/Decon Platoon Smoke/decon platoons equipped with the M17 LDS will set up the DED differently from M12A1 PDDA-equipped units. The optimum setup of a DED for an M17 LDS equipped platoon is shown at Figure 4-7, page 4-24. While this DED configuration is manpower- and equipment-intensive, it provides for the rapid decontamination of 4-17

FM 3-5 vehicles and equipment (8 vehicles processed per hour).

This layout uses a dual lane at stations 1, 4, and 5 to process two vehicles at one time. Since the most time and labor extensive work takes place at station 3, this station is designed to process three vehicles at a time. The processing rate of this configuration will be affected by any work-rest cycle.

It may not be possible, for a variety of reasons, for a smoke/decon platoon (M17 LDS equipped) to use the optimum layout configuration. Limited personnel or equipment will affect the layout of the DED. Figure 4-8, page 4-26 shows an alternates DED layout configuration.

Clearing the thorough Decon Site Once all vehicles and personnel from the contaminated unit have processed through the thorough decon site, the site can be closed. Coordination with the supported unit is necessary prior to actually closing the site. This is to ensure that all contaminated elements have been processed.

The chemical unit (decon or smoke/decon platoons) closes the DED first. Once the DED is closed, the chemical unit processes through the DTD. After the chemical unit has processed through the DTD, the DTD is then closed.

Once the DTD is closed, the chemical unit marks the area as a contaminated area and report its exact location to the supported unit, using an NBC-4 report.

The exact procedures for closing the DED and DTD are described below.

Closing the Detailed Equipment Decon Area The DED is closed in sequence, starting at station 1. All vehicles, equipment, and nonexpendable supplies are inspected for contamination. If contamination is found, it is decontaminated. The actions at each station are described below.

Station 1, Initial Wash. Spray all vehicles and equipment with hot, soapy water to remove any contamination that could have been transferred during initial wash operations. Drain the water billets or fabric tanks of water.

Inspect all equipment and vehicles for contamination using the appropriate detection equipment. If no contamination is detected, load the equipment on the vehicles. Spread one can of STB into each of the sumps and then cover the sumps. Post NBC hazard markers near the covered sumps.

Station 2, DS2 Application. Throw mops and brushes used in applying DS2 into a sump or bury them. Load unused cans of DS2 and M13 DAPs on a vehicle.

Station 3, Holding Area/Interior Decon. Inspect any unused supplies and equipment for contamination. If no contamination is detected, load the equipment and supplies on a vehicle. Throw contaminated supplies into the nearest sump.

Station 4, Rinse. Spray all vehicles and equipment with hot, soapy water to remove any contamination that could have been transferred during rinse operations. Drain the water billets or fabric tanks of water. Inspect all equipment and vehicles for contamination using the appropriate 4-18

detection equipment. If no contamination is detected load the equipment on the vehicles. Spread one can of STB into each of the sumps and then cover the sumps. Post NBC hazard markers near the covered sumps.

NOTE: While DS2 destroys the chemical agents, some of the by-products created are also toxic.

Station 5, Monitor. Check all equipment is checked for contamination. If it is not contaminated, load it on a vehicle. If it is contaminated, decontaminate it in accordance with the appropriate TM. Throw contaminated supplies into the nearest sump.

Move all vehicles just upwind of station 5 and inspect again for contamination. If any contamination is detected, the crew will use M11 or M13 DAPs to decontaminate the identified areas. Once the vehicles are laggered, all personnel will proceed to the DTD. Closing the Detailed Troop Decon Area Once all personnel from the DED have processed through the DTD, the DTD may be closed. After the last person has exited the DTD – Pick up all used supplies from station 7 and put them in the station 7 sump. Take up the contamination control line. If engineer tape was used, dispose of it in station 7 sump.

Move all usable supplies and equipment from all the stations to station 1. Discard unusable supplies from stations 5, 4, and 3 into station 1 sump.

Decontaminate all supplies and equipment collected at station 1 using the decontaminant and rinse water at station 1. Empty the rinse and decontaminant containers from station 1 into the sump.

Mark entire decon area. Remove overgarments using the MOPP gear exchange technique and dispose of overgarments in the sump at station 1.

Move any equipment used to fill the sump upwind of the decon area. Decontaminate rubber gloves and move all equipment and supplies in station 1 upwind of the decon area. Keep this equipment and supplies separate from that used to fill the sump.

Your overboots and gloves may now be contaminated.

Remove them. Dig a hole and bury them. Mark the hole and or area.

FM 3-5

Thorough Decon Under Unusual Conditions Night Operations Decon operations are not restricted to daylight hours.

The enemy may employ chemical and biological weapons at night, since weather conditions are usually more favorable for their employment at that time. Chemical agents tend to be more persistent at night due to stable air conditions. Biological agents are not subjected to sunlight’s harmful ultraviolet rays. Consequently, NBC contamination encountered at night may require decon before daylight. The enemy may also use nuclear weapons against targets during nighttime to maximize flash blindness.

Conducting decon operations at night is a challenge.

“White light” cannot be used without possibly revealing your location. However, decon personnel must have illumination to perform such essential decon tasks as spraying water, applying decontaminants, using detection equipment, and doffing the MOPP gear.

Use chemical agent detector paper to check for chemical contamination and how well chemical decon was performed. If contamination is present, this paper changes color to red and cannot be seen if red-filtered light is used.

The CAM and M256- series detector kit can be used for the identification and detection of chemical agents, but will require a light source in order to obtain a reading.

Several vehicles awaiting or undergoing decon present a significant infrared “signature” due to hot engines. Entry, exit, and movement within the decon site is difficult under blackout conditions.

Night decon operations are difficult, but can be accomplished. Whenever possible conduct thorough decon

operations in built-up areas. Use a building for the DTD area and warehouses for DED operations. This allows for the use of white light. Soldiers can see what they are decontaminating, see where they are going, and can read the color changes of detector paper.

There will be a need for additional soldiers to act as ground guides in the DED. The NCOICs of stations 1, 2, and 4 will inspect each vehicle with a flashlight or chemlight before the vehicle proceeds to the next station. There should be at least two flashlights at each station in both the DED and DTD. Desert Operations Thorough decon operations require large amounts of water. Special arrangements must be made to ensure there is sufficient water available for decon operations. Desert areas are not always categorized by high temperatures that enhance the evaporation of chemical agents. Whenever possible, consider the effects of evaporation when deciding to conduct decon.

Decon site selection should consider the effect of limited cover and concealment. It may be necessary to disperse the decon site over several kilometers to avoid presenting a large signature. Also the use of camouflage netting is necessary to minimize enemy acquisition.

NOTE: Chapter 6 provides information and guidance for conducting decontamination operations in cold weather; in urban areas and mountain, jungle, and desert terrains.

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FM 3-5

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FM 3-5

Chapter 5

Special Decon Operations The potential for NBC weapons on the AirLand battlefield poses a great challenge for decon efforts. The major responsibilities of the fixed site commander is to

restore his unit back to an acceptable level of readiness and effectiveness while conducting the mission.

Fixed Site Decon Decon of fixed sites must be conducted to sustain readiness. Examples of fixed sites: Nuclear and chemical delivery system and storage sites.

Command, control, communications, and intel3 ligence (C I) facilities.

Temporary key structure for reserve and large troop concentration.

Supply installations, depots.

Pre-positioning of materiel configured to unit sets (POMCUS), airfields, water terminals, and rail terminals.

Medical facilities.

Ammunition supply points, and petroleum, oil, and lubricants (POL) points.

Maintenance sites.

Operations of fixed site and support activities can be slowed down or limited (mobility) by the enemy use of chemical agents. In these circumstances, fixed sites may get contaminated. Thorough decontamination may be required because it: Limits the spread and transfer of contamination.

Restores mission essential functions.

Opens accessibility for entry and exit to key facilities.

Increases survivability for the mission and troops.

Operational decon may not be practical as a long-term solution. Operational decon, however, may be used as a short-term solution to speed up the weathering process.

Operational decon will also provide temporary relief and sustainability to the mission and the force. A major consideration for either operational or thorough decon will be the persistency of the chemical agents used during the Threat attack as well as the weather conditions (use the CAM/M256A1 to identify chemical agent). If chemical agents are identified as nonpersistent agents, decon will not be required. Weathering and protection from contamination will be required.

The decon principles are an important factor to be considered when decontaminating fixed sites (FM 3-41).

Decontaminate as soon as possible. This is the most important principle because you must remove any contamination that forces personnel into a higher MOPP 5-0

level. The first steps in restoring site mission effectiveness include personnel decontaminating themselves, their personal equipment, and critical, mission-essential equipment that they operate.

Decontaminate only what is necessary. For fixed sites, decon requires more resources than other deliberate decon procedures. The length of time in MOPP4 will be considered as a major constraint. With this in mind, the commander must first ensure the decon of the mission-essential equipment. Additionally, equipment and/or areas contaminated will be marked appropriately. For example, you are loading and unloading supplies on a boxcar at a site with railheads. Since the fixed site does not have the manpower or the right amount of decon equipment to decontaminate the entire boxcar, the boxcar’s door handle, outer side, and lip-edge are decontaminated. This prevents the spread of contamination into the boxcar, onto personnel, and supplies.

Limit spread and transfer of contamination. Decon supports contamination control by limiting the spread of contamination. Through the application of this decon principle, we begin to limit the spread and transfer of contamination into work areas, rest and relief areas, equipment, and supplies. Next, the commander must consider moving the decon effort to contaminated personnel and equipment on the site. The other concern is spreading more contamination to other parts of the site, and possibly personnel and equipment entering and leaving the site. For example, if a contaminated entry or exit route of an ammunition supply point (ASP) cannot be avoided decontaminate the route most needed or trafficable.

Decontaminate by priority. Items such as wheeled vehicles, forklifts, and railcars that are critical to the site’s overall mission will be decontaminated first to make most effective use of available decon assets. Therefore, the commander should establish a set of priorities. These priorities may be broken down by functional areas, if various missions are performed at the site, such as maintenance (light and heavy), ammunition repair and supply, and general supply.

Decon resources are limited and must be employed wisely. The chemical staff at corps, support command, and all levels within the command must monitor and

FM 3-5 develop a plan to manage those assets. Managing the decon assets on the battlefield is the solution. Decon equipment can be mobile for the decon of equipment, roads, buildings and any structure used for any type of operations. The decon equipment can be used for limited (operational) decon to prevent the spread or transfer of contamination to roads, key terrain, or buildings that are considered vital for continued operations. Decon assets are classified as mobile decon teams and permanent decon teams.

Mobile Teams The corps’ chemical staff may designate mobile teams that can support operational and thorough decon for fixed site operations. These mobile teams will usually be a platoon or a reinforced platoon. Larger teams will be needed to decontaminate large facilities and key locations. Mobile teams will find it difficult and unrealistic to decontaminate everything at some facilities. The following are fixed site decon concepts that the mobile teams should apply, as required by various situations:

Airfield It will not be cost effective to decontaminate an entire airfield or airstrip. An excessive amount of manpower would be required for the conduct of such operations.

Decontaminate from the entry through the exit and the area of operations required to sustain the ongoing operations for support of the mission (see Figure 5-l). This concept is more practical and efficient in employing limited decon assets. Figures 5-1 and 5-2 illustrate the application of STB on the entrance/exit of the air hangars. Note that the STB application includes 3 meters on each side of the runway between the entrance and the exit. One technique of application is shown at Figure 5-6, page 5-5. Transfer hazard will remain a problem until all parts of the airfield have weathered. Buildings or hangers entry/exit and doors must be decontaminated accordingly. Figure 5-2 illustrates a field expedient method which could be employed at any fixed site to cover the major entry/exit towards the site. Details of drum emplacement and use are shown in Figure 5-5, page 5-3.

5-1

FM 3-5 Helipad To decon such sites, spray STB on entry/exit approach or on paths in an event that chemical contamination occurs (see Figure 5-3).

NOTE: Airborne STB particles can damage sensitive aircraft components. The decontaminated area should be washed with water before landing helicopters.

For further detail on fixed site decon and protection see FM 3-4-1.

POMCUS/Motor Parks In POMCUS sites, decontaminate exit/entry approaches to limit contamination. Exposed vehicles in motor parks will get contaminated, but most likely there will not be enough personnel to drive the vehicles to a decon station. Use an M12 PDDA for spraying STB or hot, soapy water. The M12 PDDA crew will drive around the parked vehicles and perform operational decon methods (see Figure 5-4). This will accelerate the weathering process of chemical agents.

NOTE: If DS2 is applied, rinse with water after 10 minutes (30 minutes if HD is used). For further information on methods and protection for fixed sites, see FM 3-4-1. This same concept applies to ports.

Permanent Decon Teams Service-station type decon sites could be set up to service a given region. These sites must be evenly spaced across the support area so contaminated units do not have far to travel. The soldiers and mobile equipment at a contaminated fixed facility, like an airfield, can be moved to one of these service stations for decon. Some advantages of using regional decon sites for corps and higher support areas are – Less risk to troops and civilians. Runoff and vapor hazards at the decon site can be easily controlled. The sites can be put in areas away from troops and civilian populations. A possible hazard will be contamination build-up unless sumps are carefully constructed.

5-2

FM 3-5 Better decon sites. The fixed decon site generally has a more efficient site layout and operation. It does not have to be continuously set up, torn down, and moved.

Fewer decon units required. A decon company can be dedicated to the decon station and service a large part of the corps support area. They can provide extended equipment and troop decon.

It is important to avoid contamination spread in fixed sites. When contaminated equipment moves to fixed stations, it may spread contamination along its route. There are two ways to reduce this problem: maintain enough decon service station points to keep travel distances short, or conduct a vehicle washdown before the move.

For instance, when a mobile team arrives at a contaminated airfield, it can set up a vehicle washdown just outside the contaminated area.

The airfield personnel, after running their vehicles through the washdown, then move to the service station for thorough decon without spreading significant con-

lamination along their way. See Figure 5-5 for a field-expedient setup for fixed sites. This field-expedient procedure can be used fixed an airfield or entry/exit of any fixed site with use of minimum resources. Planning, however, is required for emplacement of the washdown area. To emplace the 50-pound drum of STB on the ground, you must ensure that it is directed to the desired coverage area. The two levels of decon, operational and thorough, must be applied to manage and prioritize the assets available.

The first key point is to reduce the spread and transfer hazard by decontaminating selected surfaces of equipment, entry/exit of key locations, and buildings. The second key point is to eliminate contamination from equipment so maintenance can be performed at the site in a toxic-free environment. Table 5-1 provides a listing of decontaminants and decon kits that can be used for fixed site decon.

Terrain Decon

5-3

FM 3-5

Terrain decon has little short-term benefit, but it may have some long-term benefits. Generally, you cannot decontaminate occupied terrain well enough to allow you to reduce your MOPP level right away. At best, all you can do is speed the weathering process. This may allow you to reduce your MOPP level a little sooner–for example, in two days instead of four or five days.

Terrain decon can be so expensive and so ineffective that you should seriously consider not doing it at all. But there may be times when it is absolutely necessary. The enemy may strike vital facilities like airfields and ports (see decon for fixed sites, page 5-1).

If you decide on terrain decon, limit the amount you do. Build a causeway or breach a path through the contamination for entry/exit into a major facility. Restrict your efforts to areas where you must work or move. No matter what you do, you will probably have to remain in MOPP; but you can reduce the danger of picking up liquid contamination and spreading it to other areas.

The most effective techniques for terrain decon are the natural methods. Only a brief mention of these techniques is given here. Refer to Chapter 6, this manual, where more discussion is given to a technique for spreading STB slurry; but remember, using standard decontaminants for terrain decon should be used as a last resort. It will quickly exhaust your resources. To determine persistencies of chemicals at various temperatures, refer to Chapter 3, FM 3-9.

Weathering Weathering is the simplest and easiest form of decon.

Chemical and biological contamination Warm, windy weather can significantly reduce terrain contamination. In some eases this occurs in a few hours or it may take a few days. Many variables affect the persistency of chemical and biological hazards, so it is impossible to accurately predict how long it takes such

5-4

contamination to weather. Sunlight is especially effective against most biological agents.

Radiological Contamination Although the term “weathering” is used to describe the decon process, weather has little effect on radiological hazards. Heavy rain and wind may remove some contamination, but only time will reduce the radiation emanating from the contamination. The hazard reductions that will occur over time can be roughly predicted.

See the discussion on aging in Chapter 6.

Flushing Flushing with large quantities of water removes contamination. A pressurized stream of hot, soapy water can remove significant amounts of agent. Scrubbing removes even more.

Chemical and Biological Contamination Flushing is not very effective against some kinds of agents, especially thickened agents. However, flushing may speed up the weathering process.

Radiological Contamination Flushing is very effective for removing loose radioactive contamination such as fallout. Rainout, however, can coat surfaces with a film that resists flushing. Such films must be scrubbed. Any contamination removed by flushing and scrubbing will remain radioactive, so control the runoff.

Burning Burning works well against chemically or biologically contaminated vegetation, but it is of no value against radiological contamination.

Chemical and Biological Contamination Fuel or explosives may be used to bum or blow away green vegetation. Burning also works on dirt surfaces.

FM 3-5 Soak the area with kerosene or diesel fuel and ignite remotely. Do not use gasoline; it burns too quickly. Burning may create a vapor hazard downwind. Area commanders must warn downwind units of these vapor hazards.

Radiological Contamination Avoid burning radiologically contaminated surfaces.

Burning Will not destroy radiological contamination or its hazards. It may spread contamination if radioactive particles become suspended in smoke spread by wind.

Covering Covering contamination does not destroy it, but it does keep the hazards away from you temporarily.

Chemical and Biological Contamination Use roofing paper, plastic sheets, wood mats, or earth to cover contamination. This is a temporary measure because the agents may penetrate the covering. When the contamination penetrates the covering or when the covering is removed, the hazards will reappear. The coverings may also extend the life of the contamination hazard by reducing their exposure to air and sunlight.

Radiological Contamination Radiological contamination must be covered by thick layers of dense material, like earth. Eight centimeters (3 inches) of earth will decrease radiation dose rates by half because of the shielding provided by the soil. Thirty centimeters (12 inches) is more effective. The job will be easier with earth-moving equipment, but the equipment and operators probably will have to undergo decon.

Clearing Clear passageways by removing contamination layers covering terrain.

Chemical and Biological Contamination Most chemical agents will not penetrate the soil more than 5 centimeters (2 inches) and biological agents penetrate even less. When contamination is scraped aside, a passageway will be created that is free of transfer hazards. Contamination on either side of the passageway will continue to present a vapor hazard.

Neutralizing Dry Mix or Bleach Dry mix or bleach may be used effectively against chemical or biological contamination, but not radiological contamination.

Chemical and Biological Contamination. Spread dry bleach or STB dry mix on solid surfaces. Rake it into soft surfaces like sand or earth. The decontaminants could be used as a field-expedient decontaminant (See Table 5-1).

Radiological Contamination. Dry mix and bleach have no effect on radiological contamination or its hazards.

Slurry Terrain can be decontaminated with STB slurry. It requires trained chemical decon troops and the equipment is costly both in time and material.

Chemical and Biological Contamination. Apply STB slurry to terrain by spray hoses attached to an M12A1 decon apparatus. Operators wear TAP aprons over their MOPP gear and sit on the front fenders of the vehicle to spray the slurry. Adjust the vehicle speed according to terrain this normally will be 2 to 4 miles per hour. The suited nozzle operators spray a fan pattern 3 to 5 feet ahead of the vehicle. The pattern overlaps on the center, and extends past both sides of the vehicle (see Figure 5-6).

Radiological Contamination. STB slurry has no effect on radiological contamination or its hazards.

One load of slurry will decontaminate a concrete surface approximately 100 meters long by 10 meters wide.

Other surfaces may require more decontaminants. It takes about an hour to load and mix one load of slurry.

See TM 3-4230-209-12 for slurry loading, blending, agitating, and spraying procedures.

Slurry ingredients and amounts required to decontaminate chemical agents on various surfaces are shown in Table 5-2.

Slurry ingredients and amounts required to decontaminate biological agents on various surfaces are shown in Table 5-3.

Radiological Contamination Fallout does not penetrate the top layer of soil unless it is followed by rain. It can be scraped aside. Move contaminated soil as far away as possible; the piles tend to concentrate radiation. Immediately below a nuclear blast area, the soil may be radioactive to a depth of 1-1/2 meters. In most cases, decon of this much earth is not practical.

5-5

FM 3-5

Vulnerable Equipment Most military equipment has not been critically assessed for its ability to withstand decon without adverse effects. As more testing is done, specific decon instructions will be included in the technical manual for ail types of equipment. We know that some equipment is extremely vulnerable to damage when subjected to decon.

Electronics and optical equipment are especially vulnerable. Some materials, such as canvas and rubber, tend to absorb chemical agents. As a result, decontaminating absorbent surfaces is extremely difficult, if not impossible. Most decontaminants are highly corrosive and cannot be used on certain materials. They may also corrode and render ammunition unserviceable.

Do not subject vulnerable equipment to unnecessary decon. Radiacmeters may measure low levels of radiation that are not dangerous. The commander’s operational exposure guidance determines the maximum permissible radiation dose rate (usually .33 cGy [rad] per hour). If this dose rate is exceeded, you must decontaminate.

Once you know that decon is necessary, keep the four principles of decon in mind: decontaminate as soon as possible, decontaminate only what is necessary, decon-

5-6

taminate as far forward as possible, and, decontaminate by priority.

Consider the most practical method of decon for your situation and for the materials you have available.

Remonitor periodically after each stage of decon to determine when you reach safe levels. Control runoff.

Liquids, rags, and other materials used for decon probably will be contaminated. Handle DS2 carefully; do not splash it on MOPP gear. If you do, wipe it off immediately. Protect your vulnerable equipment from the dangers of decon two ways: First, carefully choose the right technique to use. Second, choose the best decontaminant for the job.

Electronics Nonsealed electronic equipment circuitry can be damaged by moisture, dust, and corrosive deconontamination materials. Most field electronic equipment is watertight for environmental protection. This also provides good protection against NBC contamination.

Contamination probably will not penetrate gasketequipped protective covers and sealed components on electronic equipment but if exposed, the contaminants may be present on the outside of cases containing the

FM 3-5 electronic equipment. Wipe down the outside portions of the equipment case with a designated decontaminant.

After decontaminating the outside, the equipment should be wiped down with water or approved solvent to remove traces of decontaminant solutions. If equipment seals appear damaged or penetration of NBC contamination into the inside of the equipment is suspected, then the unit should be treated as if it was nonsealed. Under no circumstances should electronic equipment be immersed in a decontaminant solution or subjected to highpressure application of decontarninant solutions.

For chemical contamination, wipe all metal electronic cases with DS2. If chemical agent is identified as HD, allow 30 minutes contact time. Wipe thoroughly with damp close, dry, and wipe with a designated oil. (For other than chemical agents, wait 10 minutes). If DS2 is not available or the case is of some material other than metal, wipe the equipment’s exterior with a cloth and hot, soapy water or use a nonstandard decontaminant (see Appendix F). If contamination is not extensive, use the M291 or M258A1 decon kit.

Corrosive decontaminants, such as DS2, should never be used on nonsealed electronic equipment. This type of equipment is often found inside shelter assemblies and helicopters. Refer to the appropriate technical manuals or to Appendix G for acceptable decon procedures for nonsealed electronic equipment.

For radiological contamination, brush, wipe, or vacuum contamination from equipment. The contamination is not destroyed, just moved from one place to another. So, control the runoff and treat is as a hazardous substance.

Optics Optical systems are extremely vulnerable to decon materials that might scratch or adversely affect the lenses. Wipe optical systems with a soft, nonabrasive material such as lens-cleaning tissue, cotton wadding, or soft cloth dipped in hot, soapy water. Wipe the optical system with decontaminants. Do not immerse it.

Hot, soapy water is the preferred decontaminant for chemical and biological contamination. When DS2 is applied to coated lenses, it causes some damage.

Likewise, exposing lenses to STB slurry removes some of the magnesium from the coating. Small optical surfaces can be decontaminated with the DKIE, M291, or M258A1 towelettes.

Warning Do not use DS2 or STB on ammunition. It removes critical markings from ammunition. STB may cause fire when it comes In contact with blister agent or DS2. it may also corrode and render ammunition unserviceable. Do not use nonstandard decontaminants that are corrosive. They also may remove critical markings from the ammunition.

Radiological contamination should be blown off with a stream of air or wiped off with hot, soapy water. Rinse by wiping with a sponge dipped in clean water.

Ammunition Decontaminate contaminated ammunition with cool, soapy water. Apply with PDDE or with brushes, mops, rags, or brooms.

Cool, soapy water is the preferred decontaminant for all types of contamination.

Canvas Items These items include load-carrying equipment and web gear. Decon is difficult. It may be necessary to burn or bury them if they are heavily contaminated with chemical agent. STB dry mix or slurry may be used. Slurry is more effective. In many cases, weathering may be the preferred decon technique because scrubbing canvas frequently imbeds the contamination further and worsens the situation. If the item must be decontaminated boiling for one hour in soapy water is the preferred decontaminant for chemical and biological contamination. Radioactive contamination can be removed by brushing, then washing. It may also be vacuumed.

The attempt to salvage contaminated canvas will require a great amount of logistic and manpower requirements. Decon of canvas items presents not only a severe strain on the unit’s available decon resources, but will cost many manhours that could be used for mission-related functions. Other options for disposal of contaminated canvas should be considered in the overall tactical situation.

Dispose of large canvas items, such as GP tents (excluding shelter halves), vehicle cargo, cab and seat canvas used for protection of supplies and equipment, and worn tracked vehicle canvas. The use of available NBC protective covers to protect stocking items keeps the survivability of the unit, but this cover must be disposed after exposure to contamination. Removing the items and either burying or destroying them before the unit exits the contaminated area is a consideration in this case.

Food and Water Most Army units cannot test the purity of food or water even if they can decontaminate it. Food and water decon usually takes special handling by trained technicians. If your water becomes contaminated, contact medical personnel. Quartermaster and medical units test water and approve it for safe use. Water treatment specialists test and treat the water in an NBC environment. Direct contaminated food questions to veterinary medicine personnel at the battalion (or higher) aid station and medical facilities. Army food service specialists can avoid food and water contamination by decontaminating certain sealed items.

5-7

FM 3-5 Food and water decon is difficult, so make every effort to keep food and water in sealed containers and protective packaging. Leave food in wrappers. Keep wrapped food in boxes, tins, or other containers. Store these containers in closed refrigerators or vans. If you use these techniques and your unit becomes contaminated, you still may be able to salvage and decontaminate some food or water. See FM 3-3 for further discussion on avoiding contamination.

Do not discard large quantities of contaminated food or potable water. It may be usable. Contaminated food supplies should be handled only by personnel trained in decon methods. Contaminated food items should be placed into three groups for handling Group I consists of canned and unopened items that have been exposed only to the vapors of the agents.

Generally, the items in this group will be safe for issue to personnel after a brief period of outdoor airing to remove clinging vapors.

Group II consists of canned and unopened items that have been contaminated with a liquid chemical agent.

Attempts to decon porous packaging materials, such as cardboard or wood, are likely to be unsuccessful and may result in spreading the contamination. The best procedure in handling such items is to strip off the outer contaminated coverings and examine the inner layer to

determine if agent penetration has occurred. If it has, continue stripping off layers until an uncontaminated layer is reached. Items packaged for military operations are usually packed in boxes, so this procedure is feasible.

When the inner uncontaminated package is reached, place it in Group I. If the agent has penetrated to the food, place it in Group III. Group III consists of unpackaged or poorly packaged items that have been exposed to an agent in either vapor or liquid form. Foodstuffs in this group should be decontaminated only when absolutely necessary. Boiling food in water may be eliminated when the contamination has been only with the vapors of irritant agents. When such an exposure has been light, airing for a short time may be used for decon. Frying, roasting, or broiling will not remove traces of blister agents from meats. In general, salvaging foods heavily contaminated with droplets of blister agent, especially the arsenical blister agents, is not practical.

Operational rations are the primary rations issued and uncontaminated stocks should always be issued first. This allows for decon of contaminated stocks without interrupting supply support.

If in doubt, throw it out! Do not use or decontaminate items in Group III without help of veterinary or water treatment personnel.

Disposal and Decontamination of Chemical Rounds In combat, chemical munitions may be encountered.

Leaking munitions must be decontaminated, evacuated, and disposed of safely. Soldiers performing this task must be well trained and have a thorough knowledge of munitions after agents and their effects. Soldiers must use protective clothing and mask when there is a possibility of exposure to a toxic chemical agent. The MOPP level will be specified by the unit commander. Use detection equipment (chemical agent monitor, M256A1 detector kit, M8A1 chemical alarm and M8 or M9 paper) to monitor chemical munitions during handling, shipment and storage.

See AR 385-32 and TM 10-277 for additional guidance for safety.

Handling Handle chemical projectiles with care. A good rule of thumb is to handle them as you would a fuzed HE round.

Handling procedures for binary and unitary chemical projectiles do not differ. Even though the compounds are in separate containers in a binary round, each is hazardous in its own right and should be handled with care.

Since chemical munitions are a different class of explosive, they should be segregated from other types of ammunition. Chemical munitions should be inspected periodically for damage and leaks, especially after the

5-8

unit moves. Security and protective measures must match those given to conventional ammunition.

Contamination Control Whenever a chemical projectile is damaged and starts to leak, the round presents the same hazards to personnel in the area as an enemy chemical attack. Leakers evaporate the agent; they don’t dribble. Only rounds that have not completely detonated or have been severely damaged may exude liquid agent if large holes, narrow openings, or cracks have been created. It is the vapor hazard created when the chemical leakage occurs that poses the greatest threat to personnel. When a leaking chemical round is discovered take the following hasty contamination control actions.

Protect personnel Personnel in the local area should mask. Masks alone are sufficient for those not actually in contact with the projectile and contaminated equipment because the agent will simply evaporate. Again, the vapor hazard is the real danger.

NOTE: One exception is agent HD. In high vapor concentrations, HD can irritate the skin and later cause blisters. The MOPP level should be to cover exposed skin for personnel in the area. Farther

FM 3-5 away, the vapor hazard is much less. There is probably no need to put the entire unit in MOPP4.

Liquid agents must come into direct contact with personnel, equipment, or terrain to contaminate them. Only personnel who may physically come in contact with the liquid agent on the projectile or surrounding area need move to MOPP4.

Seal and package projectile To keep the liquid from continuing to vaporize, attempt to suppress the leak and seal the projectile from the environment.

If the leak on the projectile can be easily located, tilt the projectile so the point of leakage is up. This should stop or slow the leakage. Beyond this measure, a leaking round should not be moved before packaging.

If a hole, puncture, or crack can be found, quickly try to plug or patch it. Use materials such as a rag, packing material, a wood chip, or putty. Bind the patch in place with adhesive tape, twine, or rope. See Figure 5-7.

Keep the leakage point right-up (high). Place the projectile in a plastic bag. Wrap several layers around it.

Seal the bag with adhesive tape, twine, or rope. (A tarp or camouflage net carrier will also work.) Figure 5-8 shows a typical method of sealing and packaging a leaking round.

Find a suitable, sturdy, sealable container into which the projectile may be placed (Figure 5-9). Carefully place the round into the container. Use packing material to keep the container from tearing the plastic bag and causing increased leakage. Seal the container.

Decontaminate the sealed container. Carefully move the sealed container (again keeping the leakage upright) to the designated area for disposal.

NOTE: Do not use decontaminating agents directly on the projectile. Do not try to decontaminate the projectile itself or try to submerge the round in decontaminants. This would quickly exhaust the battery supply and be a waste of decontaminants, which are precious in a war. Save them for decon of friendly equipment.

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FM 3-5

Chapter 6

Effects of Environmental Conditions US forces may find themselves committed to battle anywhere in the world and in any type of weather.

Weather and terrain conditions will dictate how to fight and what equipment is most effective to support the

fighting force under NBC conditions. Conditions like weather, urban areas, mountains, jungles, and deserts each have a major influence on decon operations.

Natural Elements Weather can bean advantage when used as a natural decontaminant to lessen the hazards of nuclear, biological, and chemical contamination. However, it could also be a disadvantage if you must operate under adverse weather conditions (such as extreme cold), which will restrict detection and decon operations.

Weathering or Aging Weathering is the easiest method of decon. It acts on chemical agents through evaporation and decomposition. The effects of weathering on biological and chemical contamination, however, are variable. They depend on the persistency of the agent, climatic conditions, and the type of surface, so, exercise care within contaminated areas until all vapor and transfer hazards are gone.

Radiological contamination is not affectedly weather.

Its hazards decay at a particular rate depending upon the physical characteristics of the particles. This process is called aging, and it requires almost no labor and reduces troop exposure to radiation. Although the radiation decreases with time, in certain cases, the contamination becomes more firmly fixed to the surface. So, the lack of time or the nearness of unprotected personnel to the contamination may require the use of a faster method of decon.

Effects Temperature. High temperature speeds the changing of liquid to vapor (evaporation) and hastens the dispersion of chemical agents in the air. The persistency of liquid chemical agent on the ground decreases as the temperature increases. Temperature has no effect on radiological contamination.

Wind. Aeration aids in decon. High winds rapidly disperse chemical agent vapors.

Humidity and rain. Moisture tends to break down chemical agents. However, most chemical agents break down very slowly. Heavy rain aids decon by removing contamination, however, runoff contamination may build up in drainage areas, creating hazards. Rates at which microorganisms dry out (dehydrate) depend on the moisture content of the air. Although some agents 6-0

(spores) possibly are not affected by low humidity, periods of dry weather help reduce most types of biological contamination within an area. Rain that wets the terrain may prevent the formation of secondary chemical and biological aerosols. Rainfall may also leach contamination into the soil.

Sunlight. Sunlight can act as a decontaminant. Even in cold weather, the direct rays of the sun warm surfaces above the air temperature. This hastens the evaporation and decomposition of chemical agents. The ultraviolet and infrared radiation in sunlight will help to destroy most biological agents within one day.

Time. Radiological contamination loses its radiation danger only with time. The time required depends on decay rate of the isotope(s) present as contamination.

Procedures Aging or weathering consists of placing or leaving a contaminated object in an out-of-the-way area, posting the area with contamination markers, and waiting for the contamination to drop to an acceptable level. Check the weathering or aging progress periodically by detection and survey procedures. Consider using aging or weathering in situations where manpower is of primary importance.

Soil Soil is a readily available natural decontaminant. The type of soil affects the persistency of chemical agents.

Sandy soil tends to absorb the agent and increases the duration of the vapor hazard. Rocky soil does not absorb the agent as fast, so it does not increase the persistency.

Effects Soil with organic matter will seal or cover contamination and absorb liquid contamination; however, sandy soil will not absorb any.

Procedures Cover an area with about 10 centimeters (4 inches) of earth. This offers protection against liquid chemical contamination as long as the earth is not disturbed and the

FM 3-5 chemical agent is not exposed. Such an area may be crossed safely, but take care not to disturb the earth covering. If the layer of earth is broken, both a contact and vapor hazard may result. Extra protection may be obtained by mixing household bleach with the earth. In the absence of better absorbants, use earth to remove liquid contamination from materiel. This earth becomes contaminated and must be treated as contaminated waste.

Bury expendable materiel contaminated with chemical or biological agents or with radioactive material. Earth is only a temporary cover for radiological contamination.

Terrain contaminated by radiation, such as drainage ditches or collection sumps, can be effectively sealed with at least 30 centimeters (12 inches) of earth which will reduce the dose rate by approximately one half. Use earth-moving devices to collect earth for sealing or burying. Shovels may be used if heavy equipment is not available or if the contaminated area is small.

Fire Fire is a rapid, simple, and effective means of decontaminating chemical and biological agents. Large quantities of items that are not mission essential (contaminated covers, canvas, and uniforms) may be decontaminated and disposed. Ideal conditions for using fire are during periods of lapse temperature gradient with a moderate wind speed in a direction away from friendly forces – for example, a hot, sunny day with moderate wind. Such conditions will produce minimum downwind travel of toxic vapors. Weather, agent concentration, and the amount of combustible material to be burned determine the downwind hazard. Do not use fire if it will reveal the location of friendly forces to the enemy.

Effects Fire destroys most of the chemical and biological contamination but may also vaporize some chemical agents, and chemical and biological contamination. Some chemical agents are combustible and convert into relatively harmless products when burned. Biological agents are killed or destroyed by fire. Fire will not destroy radioactive contamination. Although the contaminated material is destroyed by combustion, the radioactive hazard is not affected.

Procedures Burning operations cause a downwind hazard. Use the downwind vapor hazard prediction technique given in FM 3-3 to predict how fumes travel from burning chemical agents. When using fire, post sentries wearing MOPP4 to warn personnel to stay out of the area. Get permission to use fire from the commander who controls the area (from the burning site to the maximum downwind of the hazard). Warn adjacent troops that burning will take place.

Water Water removes fallout and biological agents but cannot remove some chemical agents. Hot water is more effective than cold water. Adding soap or detergent makes it more effective. Water used for decon poses a safety hazard. Take care that runoff water does not contaminate streams.

Water alone should not be used to decon objects contaminated with Lewisite-type blistering residue.

Scrub the surface with hot, soapy water to remove the residue or apply an alkaline solution to neutralize it.

Effects Water flushes contamination from surfaces. It hydrolyzes some chemical agents. During decon, the force of the water removes the contamination and the soluble agents or isotopes in the water. It is not as effective on porous or greasy surfaces because these surfaces tend to trap and hold contamination. So, it is always best to use a detergent water solution.

Procedures Flushing. Flushing a surface with lots of soapy water washes away the contamination. Construct a sump to collect contaminated runoff and to limit the spread of contamination. Flushing will not remove contamination that has soaked into the surface. The effectiveness of flushing increases when using high pressure, extending contact time, raising water temperature, adding soap or detergent, or scrubbing the surface. If steam is used to flush the surfaces, the heat kills many microorganisms.

Flushing with soapy water is the most economical way to flush large, smooth areas such as painted walls, sheet metal roofs, and walls.

Boiling. Boiling in hot, soapy water is an excellent method for biological decon. Boil biologically contaminated items for a minimum of 15 minutes. Boil drinking water for a minimum of 15 minutes. Double this time at high altitudes. Autoclaving (with a pressure-cooker device) at 121°C (250ºF) for 15 minutes or in a low-pressure cooker at 109ºC (228ºF) for one hour is recommended for biological contamination. Although boiling removes some radiological contamination by removing the dirt from the contaminated material, it does not reduce the radioactivity of the contamination.

Disposal. Water used for decon operations becomes contaminated. It must not be disposed of in areas where it might flow or be washed into streams or other bodies of water or into areas where it might contaminate ground water used as a water supply. When selecting a disposal area, consider its hazard to troops and civilian populations. Disposal areas should be either decontaminated or marked with standard contamination markers.

Table 6-1 shows the effectiveness of natural decontaminants on NBC decon.

6-1

FM 3-5

Cold and Arctic Weather Northern regions, including the arctic areas, comprise about 45 percent of the North American continent and 65 percent of the Eurasian land mass. Northern regions are characterized by extreme cold and deep snow during winter months. Spring breakup and mud restricts mobility. Whiteout and greyout cause loss of depth perception, making vehicle movement hazardous. Ice fog (clouds of ice crystals) covers troops, vehicles, bivouac areas, and permanent facilities, marking their location.

Chemical agents become more persistent in low temperatures (see Table 6-2, and Appendix E). As a result, some normally nonpersistent chemicals become persistent (GB nerve agent may remain a transfer hazard for up to 30 days in arctic climates). Normally persistent agents become more persistent. Although frozen agents do not present a significant problem in a solid state, they become hazards when they warm. Decon is a problem because low temperatures also reduce the effect of decontaminants.

Such situations present unique problems when you plan and conduct decon operation. These freezing points of decontaminants will serve as guidelines for planning.

32°F (0°C) 0°F (-18ºC) -25°F (-31°C)

Water freezes Slurry with antiset freezes.

DS2 freezes

Decontaminants You cannot use water as a decontaminant when it freezes on contact. In such situations, use DS2. DS2 is effective down to -25°F, but becomes thickened as the temperature drops. Eventually it will become too difficult to spread or spray. An alternative low temperature decontaminant can provide a solution. STB or HTH can be used as a dry mix (two parts STB to three parts earth or snow) for decon below temperatures where DS2 is no longer effective. However, these decontaminants are corrosive to metals and personnel must wear rubber gloves and protective masks to avoid injury and may require several applications of STB or HTH dry mix at low temperatures. Methods of applying dry mix range from shoveling it onto contaminated surfaces to filling 6-2

sandbags with the mix and dusting it onto surfaces. After decontaminating, remove residual elements of the dry mix by brushing, scraping or using uncontaminated earth or snow to “wash” it off. Further decontaminating methods using organic solvents and fuels may be used, but observe fire safety, protect personnel from corrosives, and take precaution against super cooling effects. Because of their low freezing points, solvents such as JP-8, diesel fuel, and kerosene maybe used to physically remove contamination. These solvents only flush the agent from the surfaces similar to the way water flushes sand off vehicles in temperate climates. They generally do not deactivate agents nor do they eliminate agents that soak into surfaces. Organic solvents generally are very flammable and must be handled with care. See Appendix F for specific organic solvents.

Equipment Decon Devices M258A1/A2 Skin Decon Kit The decon kit must be used when chemical agents contact the skin, even when there is risk of cold injury.

Leader judgement must prevail in training with the M58A1 skin decontaminating kit (trainer), during cold weather operations. Using this alcohol-based trainer on the skin during cold weather will result in frostbite. Don’t sacrifice safety for realism.

M291 Personal Casualty Decon System Skin Decontamination Kit (PCDS SDK) The M291 contains a substantial amount of resin to decontaminate the soldier’s hands, face, ears, and neck.

The M291 can be operated in different climatic conditions. In cold weather the M291 can be operated at temperatures of -50°F. M11 Decontaminating Apparatus The apparatus is designed to dispense DS2 at temperatures as low as -15°F (-26°C). DS2 is effective down to -25°F, but becomes thicker as the temperature drops. Eventually it becomes too difficult to dispense.

Normally one nitrogen cylinder is used to charge the M11. In cold weather, charging the container with a

FM 3-5 second nitrogen cylinder is permissible if inadequate pressure is developed with one cylinder. Never use more than two nitrogen cylinders. When spraying DS2, scrubbing the agent with a brush will assist in removal of thickened agent.

M13 Decontaminating Apparatus; Portable (DAP) The apparatus consists of 3.7 gallons of DS2, a 14-liter container and a long-handled applicator with scrub brush attached. As the temperature drops, flow of decontaminants through the hose and wand becomes degraded.

6-3

FM 3-5 M17 Lightweight Decontaminating System and M12 Decon Apparatus, Power-Driven, Skid Mounted Both apparatuses have problems in the cold similar to any other water pump. Normal engine “cold-soaking” problems that cause starting difficulties and brittle metal parts have been observed. Also, internal pumps and lines will crack and break when water freezes within this system. To avoid freeze-up problems, use the shutdown procedures described in the TMs. Detection and Warning Devices M8/9 Detection Paper The use of M8 detector paper is not specifically limited in the cold, but only liquids can be detected. If the specific substance is thickened or solidified, collect a sample with a stick or scraper and wipe onto a sheet of M8 paper.

Place the sample on a heated surface, such as an operating vehicle or a power generator, to stimulate thawing of the suspected agent so that identification is expedited.

Because of the possibility of off-gassing of the sample, do not do this in a heated vehicle or tent. M9 detector paper should be treated similarly. This paper also will not differentiate among the various agents. Collect a sample of the suspected agent on M8 or M9 paper. Set this sample on a heat source and cover the sample with a box can, or similar item. Put a detector sampler (M256A1) inside the box or can. Heat the suspected agent enough to enable detection and allow the M256A1 sampler to detect and identify the suspected agent.

M256A1 Chemical Agent Detector Kit At temperatures above freezing (0°C, [32ºF]), the M256A1 chemical agent detector kit is not adversely affected. However, as temperatures drop, the M256A1 takes longer to give a positive or negative indication.

When temperatures reach freezing, guard the liquid components of the kit against freezing by carrying it in the breast pockets of the chemical protective clothing. It may also be necessary to put the test sampler back into the shipping bag after sampling and place on a heated surface to hasten the reaction. The instruction cards for the M256A1 indicate that the kit will not work at temperatures below -32° Celsius (-25ºF).

Chemical Agent Monitor (CAM) At lower temperatures, most agents become more persistent or even freeze, and the CAM will have difficulty in detecting any agent as organic solvents may give false readings. Nevertheless, the CAM can still be quite useful.

Contaminated personnel entering a building or collective protection shelter will desorb agents as they warm up.

The CAM can be utilized in a vestibule or airlock where

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the temperature has been raised to that of the building or shelter interior. Likewise, aircraft and vehicles requiring maintenance can pass through a warmed-up site before to entry into a hanger or maintenance bay. Cold weather operation of the CAM will also shorten battery life.

M8A1 Chemical Agent Alarm (CAA) The CAA no longer uses a wet/liquid detection mechanism, so low temperature operation is no longer limited because of solutions freezing. However, use the M253 winterization kit (for the alarm) when operating at temperatures below -7°C (20°F). Warm-up time with this kit is 50 minutes.

Equipment Decon Stations Place decon sites in built-up areas and near road junctions, intersections of forest lanes, or where they may be approached from several directions. Break the decon sites and approach routes into sectors, and assign units to keep them open, in spite of mud or heavy snow. With present technology, equipment decon problems in the field are difficult to overcome in an arctic climate. Commanders may seriously consider fighting dirty in arctic regions. Fresh units can be rotated into the field so that dirty units can be moved back to built-up areas to decontaminate.

Vehicles Decon and water trucks may have to be deployed with empty tanks instead of full ones as in temperate climates.

To prevent freezing, it may be necessary to preheat water when loading the water tank trucks and the tanks of the decon apparatuses and keep it heated until it is used.

These vehicles may have to be enclosed and warmed so the engines wilI start. Decon and water tank vehicles must be drained immediately after use to prevent freeze damage. Commanders may choose to conduct minimum decon until they can get back to fixed facilities and conduct a more thorough decon.

Snow and Freeze-Thaw Cycle Decontaminate vehicles and personnel covered with contaminated snow as soon as possible before the snow has a chance to melt and freeze. Such snow forms layers of ice that make contamination difficult to remove.

Radioactive fallout that settles out with snowfall must be removed as soon as possible. Use tree branches (if available) to remove contaminated snow. You can use snow to cover contamination, but snow can blow away or contamination can resurface when tracked vehicles, troop movement, or digging disturb it. Snow cover provides some protection if left undisturbed, but this protection is too uncertain to rely upon safely.

FM 3-5

Warmed Areas One of the most challenging problems lies in preventing contamination from entering warmed areas. For example, if soldiers get frozen agents on their clothing, it will be hard to detect because low temperatures have slowed its effects. However, if the temperature warms or if the soldiers enter a heated area, the agents become dangerous. Because of this, it maybe necessary for you to set up a thawing station for each warmed structure.

The agent can be isolated there before the soldier enters the structure and unmasks. Otherwise, all occupants may be subjected to hazardous liquids and vapors. Additional soldiers and equipment are needed for these warming stations. Therefore, in cold weather operations, your decon and detection priority must be heated support facilities. FM 3-4 discusses individual and collective protection in detail.

Urban Areas The need for decon operations in urban areas may also exist, and it may be easier to support. Water sources are generally available and commercial chemicals may be available for use as decontaminants. Site security may be simplified because of limited observation and poor fields of fire. Decon operations in urban areas will not differ significantly from similar operations in the field; however, keep the following considerations in mind when conducting operations in urban areas.

Street and Structures When buildings are contaminated with persistent chemicals, their value for cover, concealment, and shelter is reduced. Wood and concrete tend to absorb liquid agents, and they may give off toxic vapors for days or weeks. Building decon is very difficult and requires large quantities of decontaminants. You can reduce the hazard by covering contamination with plastic sheets, STB slurry, sodium silicate, or other substances that cover or absorb the agent.

Though you do not intend to occupy a particular part of a building, it may need to be decontaminated to prevent the contamination from spreading to other parts.

For example, decon of an upper story may prevent the contamination from settling to basements, subways, and sewers which are prime defensive positions.

Streets and sidewalks also absorb liquid agents, then give off toxic vapors when heated by the sun. You may need to decontaminate such surfaces several times to

reduce toxic hazards to soldiers occupying the area.

Roads, sidewalks, or other porous surfaces are best decontaminated by weathering, if time and situation permit.

Civilians Try to locate decon operations away from civilians.

They may injure themselves or interfere with your work.

Civilians must not be forced to prepare decon sites or to help with decon operations. However, you may accept the help of volunteers who have been cleared by the civil-military operations officer, G5.

Supplies and Ammunition Store ammunition, as well as other supplies, under cover to protect from NBC contamination. FM 3-3 explains contamination covers in detail.

Sanitation Systems Urban areas may have sophisticated sanitation systems. When those systems are destroyed, sanitary conditions become far worse than those in areas where sanitary systems have never existed. Sanitary systems must be maintained to avoid epidemics and to avoid overloading biological decon capabilities. Contaminated water and residue must be controlled so it will not create a hazard to the civilian population or interfere with sanitation systems. Engineer support might be necessary to construct controlled runoff areas.

Mountains Excluding the extremely high, alpine-type mountains, most mountain systems are characterized by heavy woods or jungle, compartments and ridge systems, limited routes of contamination (usually of poor quality), and highly variable weather conditions. Of these, the two factors most likely to affect decon operations are the weather and restricted mobility.

Mobility Because of limited roadway nets, decon units will usually operate independently. The terrain and the fact that existing routes may be blocked dictate that mountain

operations be decentralized. You may need additional water-carrying vehicles to support these operations.

Rugged mountain terrain may restrict the swift transfer of units from place to place. It may be difficult to concentrate forces at points of critical need. To compensate for this restriction, combat elements must be organized to be self-sufficient, and should have decon elements attached to them initially decon platoons can be attached to brigades, but attaching decon squads to battalions maybe necessary. When decon elements operate independently, their parent chemical companies may not be able to provide support. Decon elements must be 6-5

FM 3-5 equipped with greater hauling capability – especially water hauling. Administrative and logistical support to the decon element will have to come from the combat unit it is supporting.

Planning for water resupply is a challenge in any environment that restricts ground movement. Chapter 9 provides a water consumption table for hasty and deliberate decon that may assist in the logistical planning of water transportation.

Wind Mountains have changing weather and constant winds that promote weathering at a faster rate than winds on flat or rolling terrain. In high mountains, the ridges and passes are seldom calm; by contrast, in protected valleys strong winds are rare. Normally, wind velocity increases with altitude. Downwind contamination generally will be greater because of the more frequently high winds. However, variable winds will make predictions unreliable.

Temperature Cool or cold temperatures have an adverse effect on decon operations. Some blister agents have high freezing points (see Table 6-2, page 6-3). With every 300-meter gain in elevation, the temperature will normally drop 3° to 5°F. The drier the air, the more pronounced this drop will be. At high altitudes, there maybe differences of 40° to 50°F between the temperature in the sun and that in the shade. Consequently, the temperature rises swiftly after sunrise and drops quickly after sunset. Low temperatures that normally exist at extremely high altitudes may demand decon procedures and precautions similar to those used in cold weather operations. Daytime operations can be scheduled to avoid some low temperature problems.

Sunlight Sunlight destroys most biological agents. Above the timberline, there is little protection from the sun, so the effectiveness of a biological attack will be reduced.

Jungle Jungle climates vary with location. Close to the equator all seasons are nearly alike with rains throughout the year. Farther from the equator, especially in India and southeast Asia, jungles have distinct wet (monsoon) and dry seasons. Both zones have high temperatures (averaging 78° to 98°F [25° to 36°C]), heavy rainfall (as much as 1,000 centimeters [400 inches] annually), and high humidity (90 percent) throughout the year.

Transportation is extremely difficult due to natural obstacles. So decon operations will be decentralized as much as possible. Usually decon elements should be attached and in direct support of battalion task forces.

You cannot wear MOPP gear for long because of high temperatures and high humidity. Decon becomes increasingly important, but the decon crews will be more susceptible to heat stress. Staffs should plan for frequent crew rotations and provide enough decon personnel to conduct decon operations.

Rain Contamination will be retained temporarily in the jungle canopy, reducing the immediate hazard. Later, rains will wash these particles to the ground and concentrate them in low areas. These areas are likely to become contamination “hot spots.” Put your decon sites on high ground during the rainy season.

Tropical rainstorms will flood decon sites unless the sites are adequately drained. Ground that appears firm may become impassable when it rains. Rain and intense heat will speed the deterioration of many supplies. Do not break the seals on packing material until it is absolutely necessary. This will protect your supplies as well as provide protection from contamination.

6-6

Rain and high humidity (wetness) degrade the protective abilities of the overgarment. Take care to ensure the maximum length of time of the overgarments’s usefulness. Additional quantities of overgarments must be maintained to replace those that have gotten “wet.” Rain helps the decon process. Rain will help to actually wash away contamination on exposed surfaces. Rain can also hydrolize blister agents, if that is the source of contamination. However, runoff may contaminate the soil.

Temperature and Humidity When temperatures rise to the 85° to 100°F (29° to 37° C) range, troops can continue medium or heavy work loads only by reducing their MOPP level. Consider these limitations when you plan decon operations. More soldiers will be needed to makeup for extra rest periods and more frequent rotation periods.

You frequently must oil exposed metal parts and grease wheel bearings to protect them from moisture.

Since POL products tend to absorb chemical agents, you may need additional decon. Precautionary measures taken to protect communication-electronic equipment from jungle moisture will reduce the need for decon since these measures provide good NBC protection. Seal radios with silicone compound. Pack radios in waterproof containers when not in use (remove batteries). Protect handsets and microphones with plastic bags (batteries and rations are already packed in plastic bags). Check frequently for moisture buildup in the bags.

The high jungle humidity and temperatures increase the need for maintenance. Contact teams must operate independently as they move from site to site doing repairs. There may be no decon specialists to help them.

FM 3-5 Biological agents thrive in the heat, humidity, and shade peculiar to jungles; therefore, weathering is not a practical means of biological decon. Use another decon technique or the agent may remain dangerous for a long time.

Solid decontaminants, such as STB, tend to cake and decompose at a faster rate than in temperate climates.

Caking is no problem, but the decomposition eventually makes STB ineffective. Appendix J provides some alternate decontaminants if STB is not available or has lost its effectiveness.

Time Leaders must consider that many tasks in the jungle take more time than the same tasks in other environments. More time must be allowed for movement and security. Begin movements earlier to accomplish missions within a specified time. This may leave less time for planning and preparation. More decon personnel will be required to do the same job or more time will be required for rest periods to protect soldiers from heat stress.

Security Decon stations are lucrative targets under usual conditions, but they are more vulnerable to enemy attacks in the jungle. Therefore, security must be a prime consideration. Relocating a decon site may require a small security force to guard against ambush. Since increased security measures must be taken, additional personnel will be required for the preparation and conduct of decon operations.

Resupply Because of the terrain, aerial resupply usually will be common practice. Keep this in mind when determining amounts of decontaminants to keep on hand, since decontaminants will compete with ammunition, POL, medical supplies, and food and water for priority of delivery.

Persistency Sunlight and wind are reduced within thick jungles due to the vegetation. As a result, chemical and biological agents are less likely to disperse and will remain a hazard for an extended time. This hazard must be reduced through decon.

Desert Desert regions are characterized by extreme temperature ranges varying between 30째F (-1째C) and 130째F (54째C) over a 24-hour period. These regions have long periods of drought, interrupted by sudden rains that bring flash floods. There are shortages of suitable ground water.

Large areas suitable for tracked vehicle maneuver may sometimes have impassable ravines; wet, spongy grounds; and sand seas.

Water The principal problem for decon in the desert is lack of water. Although decon normally takes place as far forward as possible, the lack of water may force such operations further to the rear. The use of STB slurry and DS2 will burden the logistical system because of all the water required for mixing and rinsing. Nonwater-based decontaminant alternatives (hot air, burning, and organic solvents) may have to be relied upon. Contamination avoidance becomes increasingly important in desert operations because of limited water sources. Therefore, maximum use should be made of field-expedient cover, especially at night when attack by chemical or biological agents is most likely.

Camouflage Camouflage is another problem in desert operations.

Lack of vegetation requires extensive use of camouflage and smoke to conceal decon operations.

Heat Stress A critical problem for soldiers working in desert environment in full MOPP gear is heat stress. Operating decon stations in daytime temperatures may require short periods of work followed by long periods of rest.

Operations at night to avoid heat stress may create light discipline problems.

Weathering Weathering is a viable decon option. High daytime temperatures can increase evaporation of liquid contamination. As result, vapor concentrations will be high but may not last long. Refer to FM 3-4, Chapter 3, for MOPP opening/unmasking guidance to estimate the chemical hazards, resulting from enemy attacks. But, if liquid contamination soaks into soft, porous soil, such as loose sand, evaporation is not as quick. Strong winds also increase the evaporation rate. Low temperatures during the night have a reverse effect and tend to increase the persistency of chemical and biological contamination.

The sandblasting effect of sandstorms may remove contamination from surfaces facing the storm. The desert sunlight and high temperatures will destroy many chemical and biological agents without additional decon measures. Most metals in direct sunlight become hotter than the temperature of the air. This hastens evaporation of liquid contamination. However, light-colored camouflage paints lower surface temperature and slow

6-7

FM 3-5 the evaporation rate. These light-colored surfaces may require additional decon effort.

Maintenance Bearings and other critical moving parts need extra lubrication in the desert. This complicates decon because lubricants tend to absorb chemical agents. After a

6-8

sandstorm, maintenance must be conducted regardless of the last scheduled maintenance. Decontaminate first.

If time is critical, do only those surfaces that will be touched during maintenance. Decon such as this will not eliminate vapor hazards.

FM 3-5

Chapter 7

Aviation Contamination on the battlefield possesses a unique problem in the area of aviation. Aircraft use their high mobility to maneuver across the entire battlefield so avoiding contamination can be very difficult. Once an aircraft is contaminated, it is very difficult to decon-

taminate. Because of this, aviation units need to prepare effective SOPs that emphasize contamination avoidance, protection and methods to decontaminate each type of aircraft utilizing immediate, operational and thorough decon.

Contamination Avoidance Contamination avoidance is critical due to the difficulty in decontamination. Aircrews must be aware of the hazards of NBC operations. For instance, an aircraft that hovers or lands in a contaminated area could splash contamination onto itself. Likewise, contaminated passengers or ground crew pose a danger of transferring contaminants into the aircraft where they are difficult to remove. Aircraft could also possibly pick up some contamination by flying through an invisible vapor cloud.

Hazards that will only incapacitate ground personnel for a short time can be fatal in the air.

Some things that can be done to limit contamination Know what areas are contaminated and avoid these, if possible.

If aircraft must land in contaminated areas, pick landing zones that will have a reduced splash effect.

Limit the spread of contamination into the aircraft from outside. For example, ground crews at the forward arming and refueling point (FARP) should conduct arming and refueling without requiring the aircrew to exit the aircraft.

Contaminated crews should conduct inspections without touching or shaking items. Many inspection points can be inspected visually.

Increase the use of covers when not flying. Use engine covers, flyaway gear, and hatches. If possible, provide overhead cover for parked aircraft.

Limit the number of aircraft that must operate in a contaminated area or use aircraft already contaminated.

When carrying contaminated personnel or casualties, lining the troop compartment with plastic is a field expedient way to limit the spread of contamination. A plastic curtain can be fastened between the troop compartment and the flight compartment with tape or velcro to limit contamination transfer. The aircraft’s heater can be used in conjunction with the curtain to create an overpressure in the pilot’s compartment. This will limit vapors from entering the compartment.

Apply M9 paper to the landing gear of the aircraft.

FARP personnel should always check the M9 paper before servicing the aircraft. Another piece of M9 paper can be placed on the windscreen where the aircrew can see it.

Decontaminants Only approved cleaning compounds may be used to decontaminate aircraft. Caustic decontaminants such as DS2, STB, bleaches, or sodium hypochlorite are not considered safe. STB corrodes metal components and aircraft skin, and DS2 corrodes rubber, plastic, and plexiglass.

Soap and water, kerosene, JP8, and diesel fuels are approved as decontaminants on selected parts of the aircraft. JP8 is effective in removing some agents from aircraft skin and components; however, it does not neutralize the agents. Personnel must use care when handling JP8. When using a cloth soaked in JP8 to wipe

contaminated areas, personnel must avoid wiping internal components near the exhaust. If water is available, personnel should use it to rinse off the JP8. Many portions of the aircraft are delicate and cannot stand high pressure water or extreme hot air.

Sodium carbonate is a fair decontaminant against Gnerve agents, but is not effective against V-nerve and blister agents. The chemical reaction of V-nerve and sodium carbonate is extremely slow and produces a product that is very toxic. Most of the field expedeient decontaminants are corrosive and could cause damage to the aircraft skin or plexiglass windows.

Decon Techniques When aircraft become contaminated, aircrews must rely on the protection of their MOPP gear. However, wearing MOPP gear degrades the ability of the crew to

perform their jobs over time. Their performance will steadily deteriorate until the hazard is gone. This may occur through simple weathering of the agent over time, 7-1

FM 3-5 or decontamination of the aircraft may be required.

Aviation units should develop effective SOPs for decontamination that take into account the unit’s mission and the type of aircraft being used.

Aircraft have some advantages over other vehicles for decontamination. If air and ground crew are careful when operating in a contaminated environment, contamination can be contained on the exterior of the aircraft. Most contamination on the exterior can be weathered off just by flying the aircraft. The increased airflow over the aircraft’s skin will increase the rate of evaporation. Still, some agent will remain and continue to be a hazard. Thickened agents will evaporate more slowly and may remain a hazard even after prolonged flight. If the interior is contaminated, flying the aircraft with the doors open can help reduce the hazard. The interior of engine compartments will not need to be decontaminated. The heat from the running engine will evaporate agents.

However, to reduce the risk to acceptable levels on aircraft, more active methods of decontamination will probably still be needed. Use the three types of decon— immediate, operational and thorough — with modifications to meet the needs of aviation aircrew spot decon, aircraft washdown, and detailed aircraft decon (DAD).

Table 7-1 shows the types of aircraft decontamination.

The crews of contaminated aircraft will continue to use the techniques described in previous chapters to survive and operate. Unit personnel conduct aircrew spot decon and aircraft washdown, but a chemical decontamination unit usually conducts DAD.

Aircrew Spot Decon

Ground forces and aircrews share most immediate decon needs. If aviators become contaminated, they must decon their skin immediately. Within 15 minutes of con-

7-2

tamination, both aviators and ground soldiers conduct a personal wipedown (described in Chapters 1 and 3).

After personal wipedown, aviators may spot decontaminate their aircraft (see Table 7-1).

Aircrew spot decon provides the same benefits as the operator’s spraydown. It limits the transfer and spread of contamination by decontaminating the surfaces that must be touched during operations. The spot decon applies to the first six functional activities. The major goal always is to limit the transfer and spread of contamination while sustaining flight operations and by decontaminating those areas most touched, such as landing gear, fuel ports, doors, and handholds.

Air or ground crews may do spot decon. Wash exterior surfaces with decontaminants to flush off contamination.

Fuel, soap, and water are most commonly used. Exact procedures and areas to decon are identified in the aircraft technical manual.

See Table 7-2 for guidance on aircrew spot decon.

Aircraft Washdown

Aircraft washdown sites area single station operation.

Aircrews should fly their aircraft at high speeds before arriving at the site to help in the evaporation of exterior contamination. If the interior of the aircraft has been contaminated, the doors should be opened, but should be shut before arriving at the washdown site. At the washdown site, aircraft will land and reduce idle speed.

If the crew of the aircraft are contaminated, they should exit and perform MOPP gear exchange. If the crew must perform MOPP gear exchange, the aircraft will be shut down. The aircraft are sprayed down and rinsed with the M12A1 PDDA or M17 LDS using hot, soapy water.

Spray aircraft from top to bottom, working from right to left. Sprayers must avoid the tail rotor when aircraft are not shut down. Aviation personnel should follow the

FM 3-5

7-3

FM 3-5

aircraft maintenance manual guidelines during aircraft wash down operations.

Caution Use caution during this process because aircraft skin and components can be damaged when spraying aircraft with pressurized water.

The aviation unit must provide a C2 element to control the flow of aircraft into the washdown site. Figure 7-1 shows a typical layout for an aircraft washdown point.

The support aviation must assist the chemical unit in selecting the site to ensure it is a suitable landing zone for the type of aircraft contaminated.

Aircraft washdown is important when operating an aircraft contaminated by gross amounts of chemical agent. It limits the absorption of the chemical agent into the paint, plastic, and rubber portions of the aircraft where it will pose a vapor hazard and be difficult, if not impossible, to decontaminate later.

7-4

NOTE: Many (but not all) aircraft have been painted with chemical agent resistant coating (CARC) paint. Aircraft will be painted with CARC paint when sent to the appropriate maintenance shop that paints aircraft. Contamination stays on top of CARC surfaces where it can be more easily neutralized or removed (See Appendix E).

Aircraft washdown should be conducted within six hours and is most effective if conducted within one hour.

Some amounts of chemical contamination may remain after aircraft washdown. Aircrews should continue to, as a minimum, wear their protective mask and rubber gloves for protection until a deliberate decon can be conducted.

There is a lot to gain by washing down an aircraft contaminated by radiological or biological contamination. Not all the biological contamination will be removed, but you may be able to remove enough of the contamination hazard to operate at reduced MOPP levels.

Presently, there is no timely detection method to check the effectiveness of decon for biological contamination.

FM 3-5

7-5

FM 3-5 Medical personnel will monitor aircrew disposition if biological contamination is suspected.

For radiological contamination, use the radiation exposure status (RES) of the crew and the operational exposure guidance (OEG) to control use of the aircraft.

Presently, there is no timely detection method to check the effectiveness of decon for biological contamination. Medical personnel will monitor aircrew disposition if biological contamination is suspected.

For radiological contamination, use the radiation exposure status (RES) of the crew and the operational exposure guidance (OEG) to control use of the aircraft.

Detailed Aircraft Decon

The goal of DAD is to reduce contamination hazards to a negligible risk level so air and ground crews can operate the aircraft without protective measures.

Detailed troop decon can be conducted at the same time.

The decon site should be set up in a similar fashion to the thorough decon site described in Chapter 4. The decon site consists of four main areas: predecon staging area, DAD area, the DTD, and a postdecon assembly area. It is not possible to decontaminate aircraft and ground vehicles in the same site for safety considerations. A separate DED can be established in the vicinity to support contaminated aviation unit ground vehicles.

Aviation units do not have the resources to establish and operate a detailed aircraft station decon site. Support from a chemical (decon or smoke/decon) unit is necessary to set up and operate the DAD site. The chemical (decon or smoke/decon) unit must be assisted by the supported aviation unit. Additionally the aviation unit, like ground units, must set up and operate the DTD. See Chapter 4 for DTD operations.

Typically DAD is performed as part of a reconstitution effort or prior to maintenance operations. When aircraft are overhauled or grounded for scheduled maintenance, contamination hazards should be reduced to negligible risk levels by going through DAD. When components are removed from the aircraft for repair, care must be taken because some residual contamination may remain. Personnel must decontaminate these components before cannibalization or overhaul. Once components have been decontaminated, they must be rinsed before being installed on the aircraft.

Chemical units (decon and smoke/decon platoons) are responsible for the setup, operation, and closure of the DAD portion of the thorough decon operation. The setup of site is the same for all types of contamination (chemical, biological, and radiological). The DAD area is comprised of five stations — initial wash, decon solution application, wait/interior decon, rinse, and check. Actions at each of the stations are described below.

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Station 1, Initial Wash The objective of this station is to remove the gross contamination from the aircraft. Spray the aircraft for two to three minutes with hot, soapy water. Avoid hitting the aircraft skin at a 90-degree angle. Water, under pressure, hitting the aircraft skin perpendicularly can damage its skin. Additionally, sprayers must avoid specific areas of the aircraft. These sensitive areas (for most Army aircraft) are shown on Figure 7-3.

Station 2, Decon Solution Application The objective of this station is to apply a decon solution to the exterior skin of the aircraft. Apply the decon solution using the M12A1 PDDA or the M17 LDS. After the solution is applied, a member of the scrubbing team scrubs the aircraft’s skin. This allows mixing of the chemical agent with the decon solution, especially when thickened chemical agents are present. A 10 percent solution of sodium carbonate is the preferred decontaminant for G-nerve agents. DS2, STB, and HTH should not be used because of their corrosive nature.

Station 3, Wait/Interior Decon The objective of this station is to allow the decon solution to completely neutralize the chemical agent and to decontaminate the interior of the aircraft. Aircraft will remain in station 3 for no less than 30 minutes. The decon solution reacts with most chemical agents within 5 minutes. However, allowing the decon solution to remain on the contaminated surface for 30 minutes ensures a higher level of neutralization to occur.

While the aircraft is held in this station for the decon solution to completely react, an attendant will inspect the interior of the aircraft for liquid contamination. If proper contamination avoidance procedures have been followed, little or no interior decontamination will be needed. The attendant will use the CAM and M8 detector paper. If liquid chemical contamination is identified, the attendant will decontaminate the interior of the aircraft.

Decontaminate the interior of the aircraft with hot, soapy water as long as maintenance personnel approve the use of hot, soapy water on certain pieces of equipment. Use the M291/M258A1 decontamination kits or damp soapy water cloths to decontaminate optical and electronic equipment and instruments.

NOTE: The M291 decontamination kit leaves a charcoal residue on surfaces.

Field studies using Herman-Nelson portable duct heaters have shown them to be effective in decontamination of chemically contaminated vehicle and aircraft interiors. However, the use of hot air decon has several drawbacks — time required, heat damage, and downwind vapor hazard. Hot air decon for a helicopter or light aircraft requires about 30 to 120 minutes to remove all the contamination.

FM 3-5 Times are based on the amount of contamination and interior surface materials. Enough time must be provided to get the contaminated surface hot enough to allow vaporization of the agent. The Herman-Nelson discharges air at a temperature between 150 and 280 degrees Fahrenheit. Pressurized containers, such as fire extinguishers, must be removed prior to start of hot air decon.

These items will fail catastrophically and could cause severe damage. The heat will also damage sensitive electronic equipment. Additionally, chemical agents irreversibly bind to many materials, particularly gaskets, vinyl coatings, seat belts, and seat cushions. These items should be removed since they cannot be decontaminated.

Hot air decon does not destroy the agent. The air exiting the aircraft contains hazardous levels of the chemical agent. A downwind exclusion area of about 150 meters must be designated to prevent unwanted casualties.

While hot air decon is an alternate to using hot, soapy water or individual decon kits, the technique has many drawbacks. Maintenance personnel must be consulted prior to using this technique to ensure the aircraft is not damaged by the heat.

WARNING Personnel should not be in the aircraft during this operation. Soldiers in MOPP4 are more prone to heat injury.

For radiological contamination, use a AN/PDR-27series or AN/VDR-2 radiac meter to determine the extent and location of contamination inside the aircraft. If there is contamination, determine the intensity of the contamination inside of the aircraft. If the contamination has an intensity greater than 0.33cGy (the negligible risk), the interior of aircraft must be decontaminated. Use hot, soapy water to wash the contaminated areas. Use a sponge to mop up the water and the contamination.

Station 4, Rinse The objective of this station is to remove the decon solution from the aircraft. Spray the aircraft with water from top to bottom. Take care not to damage the skin of the aircraft. This station will use approximately 250 gallons of water. Failure to remove all the decon solution from the aircraft’s skin may cause corrosion.

Station 5, Check The objective of this station is to check the completeness of the decon. This station will determine if the aircraft has a negligible risk or still has significant contamination remaining. Detection procedures will vary depending on the type of contamination. If significant contamination is found on the aircraft, it will be recycled

to station 2 for chemical contamination or station 1 for radiological contamination.

Chemical. Use the CAM to check for the presence of vapor from residual liquid contamination. A one bar or lower reading on the CAM indicates a negligible risk.

Once the CAM indicates the presence of vapor contamination, use M8 detector paper to verify the presence of liquid contamination. If it is suspected that both the CAM and M8 paper are producing a false positive, use an M256 chemical detector ticket to confirm or deny the presence of contamination. If the aircraft has significant contamination remaining, recycle the aircraft. The commander may modify the recycle criteria, based upon mission requirements using the chemical agent weather tables.

There will be resorption of chemical agents from the surfaces after decontamination. On CARC-painted surfaces, the resorption of vapors will stop sooner than alkyd-painted surfaces. Consider this when checking decontaminated items for overall decontamination effectiveness.

Radiological. Use the AN/PDR-27-series or AN/VDR-2 radiac meter to determine if any contamination remains. If contamination remains, determine the intensity of the contamination inside and outside of the aircraft. If the contamination has an intensity greater than 0.33cGy (the negligible risk), recycle the aircraft to station 1.

Recycle Criteria The commander, in conjunction with the chemical unit leader, establishes the recycle criteria before the start of decon operation. The recycle criteria determines which aircraft are returned to station 2 after contamination is detected at station 5. If the unit has sufficient time and resources are available, any aircraft having more contamination than a negligible risk should be recycled.

However, time and resources are usually limited and not all aircraft can be recycled.

Decon Site Configuration Decon and smoke/decon platoons establish detailed aircraft decon sites in a similar manner. This section describes the optimum setup configuration. The equipment and personnel requirements are identified in Table 7-3. Chemical units can establish other conjurations based on METT-T. It may not be possible, for a variety of reasons, for a chemical platoon to use the optimum layout configuration. Limited personnel or equipment will affect the layout of the thorough aircraft decon site. The platoon leader will use METT-T and the concepts outlined in this chapter to establish a DAD station within his capabilities.

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FM 3-5

7-8

FM 3-5 WARNING Work/rest tables are found in Appendix I. Chemical unit leaders must consider the impact of the work/rest cycle on the ability of their operation to process aircraft. Failure to initiate a work/rest cycle could result in heat casualties and mission failure.

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FM 3-5

Operation of the Thorough Aircraft Decon Site The chemical platoon establishes the aircraft thorough decon site prior to the arrival of the contaminated aircraft. The supported unit will provide the necessary augmentation to operate the DAD station. The supported unit will also setup and operate the DTD2 station.

The supported aviation unit must provide a C element to control the flow of aircraft into and out of the DAD. All contaminated aircraft fly and land at the predecon staging area. The supported unit is responsible for clearly marking this area and controlling the arrival and departure of all aircraft from the area. Contaminated aircraft fly at maximum airspeed for as long as possible while moving to the predecon staging area. The increased air flow increases the amount of chemical agent that evaporates prior to the start of decon operations. This may reduce the resources necessary to decontaminate the aircraft.

Once the chemical platoon is ready to accept aircraft, the supported unit will send the first contaminated

aircraft to the landing zone just downwind from Station 1. The aircraft lands and shuts down. The crew exits the aircraft and proceeds to the DTD. Once the aircraft’s crew has exited, a towing crew tows the aircraft to Station 1. The tow vehicle will also be processed at each station to prevent the spread of contamination throughout the decon station.

The aircraft will be towed from Station 1 through Station 5 to the clean assembly area. The tow crew releases the aircraft and proceeds to LZ. After completing DTD procedures, the crew links up with their aircraft.

Once the aircraft is ready for flight, the supported unit clears the aircraft for movement to the designated assembly area. The supported unit is responsible for controlling the fight of all aircraft in and around the decon site.

Once all contaminated aircraft are processed through the DAD, the chemical platoon will close the DAD using the procedures outlined in Chapter 4.

Selection of Aircraft Decon Sites Operational and thorough decon sites for aircraft must be selected with care. The decontamination area must be able to accommodate the required number of aircraft, have a readily available water source, and allow for adequate drainage. The site should be relatively secure, but close enough to the forward line of troops (FLOT) area

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of operations and FARP to allow for a reasonably quick turn-around of aircraft. The site must not have an angle of slope exceeding the capabilities of the aircraft assigned to the unit. Tentative decon sites should be considered and integrated into the tactical plan.

FM 3-5

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FM 3-5

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FM 3-5

Chapter 8

Maintenance Time is the critical factor when performing maintenance functions in time of combat. In a war, maintenance units will not be able to perform all necessary repairs. Instead, they must perform all nomnission capable repairs in the

time available. Contamination allows fewer repairs in the available time. Contamination hazards require protection, protection hinders efficiency.

Repair Problems Under ordinary battle conditions, maintenance officers must decide which repairs will best support the battle.

Mechanics must perform battle damage assessment (BDA) to determine whether to repair, recover, cannibalize, or evacuate equipment.

Contamination complicates this in two ways. First, the mechanics may need to wear MOPP4 during assessment and repair. Second, the equipment may need to be decontaminated before the repairs are made. These actions take extra time. Maintenance officers must decide the level of protection needed and whether repairs are possible. If repairs cannot be done at organizational level, the equipment must be evacuated to direct support (DS) maintenance.

The problems caused by contamination make it doubly important that maintenance units protect themselves.

When possible, maintenance activities should occupy protected areas such as underground garages or concrete buildings. Such areas provide some cover from liquid chemical agents and shielding from radioactive contamination. Remember, however, that closed spaces concentrate and hold vapor hazards. If nothing better is available, use tents as protective covers for fallout and persistent agents.

Maintenance sections may not get directly attacked with chemical contamination. However, they still must take precautions because of the contaminated equipment they must repair. Oil, grease, and dirt seriously degrade the protective qualities of the chemical overgarment.

Mechanics should keep themselves clean. Keep extra overgarments on hand to replace dirty ones. Wet weather gear helps keep overgarments clean, but heat buildup increases and the overgarments eventually will be penetrated. Using the protective gear and wet weather gear together provide good (but extremely hot) protection from mixtures of toxic chemical, grease, and oil contamination. The fuel handler’s aprons can also provide added protection.

Petroleum products tend to trap chemical contaminants.

A vehicle safe for an operator to use without MOPP4 protection may be unsafe for a mechanic to repair. Chemical contamination is also likely to collect in bolt threads, hydraulic fluids, and closed assemblies. A mechanic who breaks open an air falter, for example, might be exposed to hazardous concentrations of chemical vapor. Therefore, unless all repairs and preventive maintenance to contaminated vehicles are done in MOPP4, casualties are a probability.

Unit Level Three guiding principles control or limit spread of contamination at the organizational level: Do not spread contamination.

Avoid too much decon.

Use the contaminated to repair the contaminated.

Do Not Spread Contamination Do not spread contamination to clean areas. Do not bring contaminated equipment into a clean shop. Maintenance teams should make every effort to repair contaminated equipment where they find it, or they should repair it in an already contaminated facility. Return repaired (but contaminated) equipment to contaminated units when possible. Even if equipment has gone through deliberate decon, it still maybe hazardous to handle. A previously contaminated unit conducts periodic con-

lamination checks and uses the equipment safely because of the precautions they take. Contaminated equipment and tools must be stored at a location safely downwind of clean areas.

Every effort should be made to control the spread of contamination. Decontaminate vehicles and equipment before they are evacuated to the rear. Mark the vehicles with the date, time, and decon techniques. The purpose of the decon is to avoid spreading the contamination. Some 8-1

FM 3-5 commands may wish to set up a consolidated evacuation decon point for this purpose. Direct support maintenance

should still treat all customer equipment coming from a contaminated area as though it were contaminated.

Avoid Too Much Decon Maintenance facilities may receive equipment that has undergone some form of decon, but that probably still has enough residual contamination to be a hazard to mechanics. Therefore, equipment that is clean enough to be a negligible risk to its crew may remain contaminated enough to be dangerous to unprotected mechanics.

Mechanics may need to wear a mask and rubber gloves when they repair equipment.

Maintenance facilities should not attempt to decontaminate more than that done during thorough decon.

Grease, oil, hydraulic fluids, and seals are very hard to decontaminate. They probably will be replaced during maintenance operations anyway. Protect mechanics by using appropriate levels of MOPP. Use detection equipment to identify what is contaminated and what is not.

MOPP levels can be adjusted, based on the extent of the contamination. Decontaminate only what is needed to minimize contamination spread.

Use the Contaminated to Repair the Contaminated It may be difficult to decontaminate equipment well enough to present only negligible risk to mechanics. So, it may be impractical or unnecessary to decontaminate tools and equipment constantly being used. Segregate tools and equipment used to repair contaminated equipment from other tools. Use contaminated tools to repair contaminated equipment. This is the same principle a maneuver unit would use operating in a contaminated area.

It would be pointless to conduct thorough decon if the unit expects to get contaminated again. It would be better to use operational decon while constantly in contact with contaminants.

Suppose chemical attacks have begun. A battalion maintenance section has not been contaminated, but must now support a contaminated company. They must send a maintenance team forward to repair or recover a vehicle. The team must be in MOPP4. They must test the equipment for contamination. The testing must be continuous. Vapor hazards may not be present in open terrain, but as soon as the vehicle is moved into an area where air does not circulate, vapor hazards may concentrate.

If contamination exists, the maintenance team must decide whether or not they can make the repairs in MOPP4. If they cannot, the equipment must be evacuated.

Spray down any surfaces the team must touch either to repair or to recover the vehicle. Use an on-board decon

apparatus (such as Mll or M13). This will not reduce the level of MOPP needed by the team, but it will offer additional protection and limit contamination spread. Maintenance teams must carry one each extra on-board decon apparatus (such as Mll and M13) for this purpose or bulk decontaminant and cylinders to refill decon apparatuses.

This helps limit transferring liquid contamination from the recovered equipment onto the soldiers and equipment of the recovery team.

Equipment and tools used for contaminated maintenance should be left contaminated. Use rags to wipe off only the gross contamination. Dispose of the rags. Maintenance teams may go through a MOPP gear exchange or detailed troop decon, but their equipment should be left alone. It might not be cost effective to constantly decontaminate tools if MOPP levels cannot be lowered. So, it might suffice by wiping gross contamination off tools rather than to attempt extensive decon.

A determination should be made with the hazards remaining as to how much decon is practical. A fresh team can utilize contaminated tools on other contaminated equipment. This means you must rotate your maintenance teams often. Fresh teams relieve contaminated teams who move back and undergo detailed decon. After a rest, the fresh team moves forward and relieves the contaminated team.

Unit and Intermediate Maintenance Unit and intermediate (direct support and general support (GS)) maintenance should treat contaminated equipment the same. There are four guiding principles: Inspect all equipment for contamination.

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Segregate equipment.

Provide protection from contaminated equipment.

Mark equipment to protect others.

FM 3-5

Inspect all Equipment for Contamination Once nuclear, biological, or chemical attacks have occurred within the maintenance support unit’s area of responsibility, the unit must assume that all the equipment it receives is contaminated. The unit must setup an inspection and decon point to conduct battle damage assessment.

All vehicles, personnel, and supplies must pass through this inspection point before they enter the maintenance area. Here, inspectors in MOPP4 use Herman-Nelsons (and other heaters or torches) to warm equipment while they check it for contamination. Vapor hazard from liquid contamination may be undetectable at 65°F (18°C) in the open; yet it can become lethal at 80°F (26°C) or when brought into closed areas. Biological contamination may not be detectable.

NOTE: The falter systems for vehicles or equipment exposed to any NBC environment must be considered contaminated. Therefore, mask and wear gloves for protection against possible vapors or contaminated dust.

Assume contamination is present if the equipment came from an area known to have been contaminated. Radiacmeters will easily detect radiological contamination.

Identify both organic and unit contaminated vehicles with the standard triangular contamination sign in the vicinity of the driver’s compartment. The sign should be visible from the outside of the vehicle and maybe removed only by a designated inspector at DS or GS maintenance.

Mark nonvehicular equipment in a similar manner in a conspicuous place.

Segregate Equipment The inspection team must segregate the equipment. Uncontaminated equipment can go straight to the maintenance holding area. The maintenance officer must choose to do one of two things with the contaminated equipment – let it weather or decontaminate it.

For weathering, the contaminated equipment must be marked and placed in a holding point. Waiting for equip-

ment to weather before repair may be a luxury a commander cannot afford.

The second choice is to decon. Before any repairs are made, the equipment should go through thorough decon.

Decontaminate priority equipment first. This requires coordination between maintenance and operational staffs.

Decontaminate only if it is worthwhile.

Provide Protection from Contaminated Equipment At present, the Army’s ability to detect contamination in the field has improved and expanded, but is still limited in detecting some chemical and biological agents. Even after decon, maintenance teams must take precautions against vapor hazards trapped by oils or held inside closed assemblies to ensure they will not appear at some point during the maintenance process.

Because decon cannot guarantee safety for unprotected mechanics, the maintenance officer must decide what MOPP level the mechanics should use. This is a tactical decision. Mechanics should use MOPP levels consistent with the threat and the mission. Decon provides additional protection for the mechanics and prevents contamination from spreading when the equipment is returned to the battlefield.

Safeguards must be taken to protect people inside and outside of contaminated areas. The checkpoint, decon site, any contaminated runoff from the decon site, and any contaminated holding areas should be downwind of the maintenance area. Contaminated runoff from the decon site must be directed to a sump marked as contaminated.

Observe chemical decon personnel for signs or symptoms of chemical poisoning.

Radiological decon personnel should wear a dosimeter and be closely monitored for radiation exposure levels.

They should avoid exceeding safe exposure levels. The amount of radiological contamination tolerable depends on OEG and the tactical situation. When the highest acceptable levels are reached, replace personnel, mission permitting.

Priorities for monitoring equipment should go to the decon point, if needed. One radiacmeter should go to company headquarters and the rest to the maintenance teams.

Use chemical agent detection equipment while contaminated equipment is being repaired. If contamination is detected after an assembly is opened, the assembly can be quickly decontaminated by flushing with diesel or motor gasoline (MOGAS). Mark it and take it to the contaminated holding area where it can weather or undergo more thorough decon. Either wait until the assembly no longer gives off vapor or replace it with a new assembly.

The fuel used for flushing the chemical agent from the assembly also must be marked contaminated and dumped in the contaminated sumps at the decon site, burned, or buried. Maintenance personnel periodically should withdraw to a clean area for decon and rest.

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FM 3-5

Mark Equipment to Protect Others Combat may make it necessary to place repaired equipment still contaminated with units that are not contaminated. Equipment that has been decontaminated to negligible risk levels for operators and crews probably will present a real hazard to mechanics. They must know that the equipment has been contaminated. Place the standard NBC markers on the driver’s side of the contaminated vehicles, the marker must be visible so it can provide an early warning to the mechanics and protection can be assumed accordingly. However, small items such as

Class IX repair parts that are exposed to chemical contamination and will pose vapor hazard should be tagged with the NBC hazard warning tag (see Figure 8-1). The tags can be obtained through the logistic channel, NSN 990500-537-8955. The tags are moisture and waterproof. The front of the tag lists the type of hazard. The reverse carries decon information. Weathering will gradually decontaminate the equipment, but until this has been verified by a detailed inspection, the NBC contamination marker must remain on the equipment.

Effects of DS2 on Grease The procedures for DED involve application of DS2 to neutralize chemical agents. DS2 deteriorates lubricants contained in fittings and seals. This suggests that vehicle or equipment operators must lubricate their equipment after a thorough equipment decon operation. The lubricant order indicates the lubrication points and type of lubricants required. Refer to this when you lubricate equipment

8-4

Unit and intermediate maintenance level personnel conduct a visual inspection of the seals and/or fittings for damage. If damage or deterrants are detected, rinse seals and fittings with solvent, then relubricate.

Maintenance crews must wear protective clothing when working on such equipment because of the possibility of residual contamination.

FM 3-5

Chapter 9

Patient Decontamination Considerations for Evacuation Evacuation of casualties under NBC conditions forces the unit commander to consider to what extent he will commit evacuation assets to actually enter the contaminated area. Generally, if most or all of a supported force is operating in a contaminated area, most of all of the medical evacuation assets will operate there also. If it is possible to keep some ambulances free from contamination, every effort should be made to do so.

On the modern battlefield we have three basic modes of evacuating casualties (personnel, ground vehicles, and aircraft). Using personnel to physically carry the casualties incurs a great deal of inherent stress. Cumbersome MOPP gear, climate, increased work loads, and battle fatigue will greatly reduce the effectiveness of unit personnel.

If evacuation personnel are to be sent into a radiologically contamianted area, OEG must be established. Radiation exposure records must be maintained by the supported unit chemical NCO and made available to the commander, staff, and medical leader. Based on OEG, the commander or medical leader will decide which evacuation elements to send into the contaminated environment.

Again, every effort is made to limit the number of evacuation assets that are contaminated. Evacuation considerations should include– A number of ambulances will become contaminated in the course of battle. Optimize the use of resources, medical or nonmedical, which are already contaminated before employing uncontaminated resources.

Once a vehicle has entered a contaminated area, it is highly unlikely that it will be able to be spared long enough to undergo a complete decon. This will depend upon the contaminant, the tempo of the battle, and the resources available to the evacuation unit. Normally, contaminated vehicles (air and ground) will be confined to dirty environments.

Use ground ambulances instead of air ambulances in contaminated areas, as they are more plentiful, are easier to decontaminate, and can be replaced more easily. However, this does not preclude the use of aircraft in a con-

taminated environment or in the evacuation of contaminated patients.

The relative positions of the contaminated area, FLOT, threat air defense systems and patient’s medical condition will determine if and where air ambulances may be used in the evacuation process with minimal pilot exposure. One or more air ambulances may be restricted to contaminated areas. To the greatest extent possible, use ground vehicles to cross the line separating contaminated and clean areas. The ground ambulance proceeds to a medical treatment facility with a patient decon station. The patient is decontaminated and treated. The patient is transferred to a clean ground or air ambulance, if further evacuation is required. The routes used by ground vehicles to cross between contaminated and clean areas should be considered dirty routes and should not be crossed by clean vehicles. The effects of wind and time upon the contaminants must be considered.

The rotorwash of the helicopters must always be kept in mind when evacuating patients, especially in a contaminated environment. The intense winds will undoubtedly disturb the contaminants, causing increased vapor hazards.

Ideally, the aircraft must be allowed to land and reduce to flat pitch before patients are brought near. This will allow some reduction in the effects of the downwash. Additionally, a helicopter must not land too close to a decon station (especially upwind) because any tract of contaminants in the rotorwash will compromise the decon procedure.

Operational decon of aircraft and ground vehicles should be accomplished to minimize crew exposure. Units should include thorough decon procedures in their SOPs (See Chapter 4).

Evacuation of patients must continue, even under NBC conditions. The medical leader must recognize the constraints NBC operations placed upon him, then plan and train to overcome these deficiencies.

Casualty Decontamination Casualty decon presents special problems for units and health service support personnel. Under NBC conditions, contaminated wounded soldiers create increased hazards

to rescuers and health service support personnel. This discussion covers decon procedures for casualties starting at the unit level.

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FM 3-5 On the NBC battlefield, two classifications of casualties will be encountered – contaminated and uncontaminated.

Those contaminated may suffer from the effects of an NBC agent, of a conventional wound or both. Some may suffer battle fatigue or heat casualties, induced by the stress of NBC conditions and extended time spent in MOPP4. It is important to follow proper decon procedures to limit the spread of contamination to others and equipment.

Casualty decon begins at the platoon and company level with the individual soldier. The soldier himself or members

of his team perform immediate decon and administer nerve agent antidotes, if required. The casualty is tagged with a field medical card (DD Form 1380) or field expedient tag (Figure 9-l), noting the time and type of contamination. If available, use the CAM to determine the type and concentration of contamination. When the casualty’s condition and the battle permits, they may go through a MOPP gear exchange (Chapter 3). The MOPP gear exchange must not cause further injury to the casualty.

Patient Decontamination at the Medical Facility Patient Decontamination at the Battalion Aid Station When battle conditions prevent decom procedures forward, the casualty may have to be evacuated to the battalion aid station (BAS) before decon. Upon arrival at the BAS, patients are monitored with the CAM or other detection equipment or material to determine if they are contaminated. Contaminated patients arriving at the BAS must be decontaminated before admission into the clean treatment area.

Patient decon is the systematic removal of clothing and contaminants from patients who are unable to decon themselves. Patient decon is performed by a patient decon team consisting of eight nonmedical personnel from the supported unit to support the BAS. The patient decon team operates under the supervision of medical personnel to ensure that no further injury is caused to the patient by the decon process.

Patient Decontamination at the Division Clearing Station The division clearing station (DCS) may receive patients from the BAS or directly from other areas who have not been decontaminated. The DCS, as well as the BAS, must have a patient decon area. As with the BAS, the DCS must have at least eight nonmedical personnel from the sup9-2

ported units to perform patient decon. Procedures for patient decon at the DCS are the same as for the BAS. Patient Decontamination at the Hospital To the maximum extent possible, hospitals are located away from tactical or logistical targets. Patients evacuated from forward areas should have been decontaminated; however, patients may arrive from units located within the geographical area of the hospital that are contaminated and require decon. Patient decon is done by 20 nonmedical personnel from units located in the geographical area/base cluster of the hospital.

If the hospital does not have collective protective shelters (CPS) and becomes contaminated with a persistent agent, patients are re-routed to other hospitals. If possible, all inpatients are evacuated and the hospital decontaminated.

Upon completion of decon, the hospital will return to normal operations. Hospitals with CPS capabilities will decontaminate areas around the entry to these facilities, then continue receiving and caring for patients. Patient decon procedures used in forward medical facilities also apply to hospital operations. However, several patient decon stations can be operated at this site. All patients arriving at the hospital will be monitored for contamination before being admitted into the clean areas of the hospital.

Perform decon as required.

FM 3-5

Chemical Patient Decontamination Procedures Decontaminate a Litter Chemical Agent Patient Before most patients receive medical treatment, they are decontaminated by the patient decon team. Figure 9-2 shows one concept for establishing the chemical agent patient decon station. Place bandage scissors used in this procedure in a container of 5 percent chlorine solution between each use. Decontaminate the decon team member’s gloves and aprons with a 5 percent chlorine solution.

Decon the patient’s skin, bandages, wounds, mask, and splints with a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

Use the ABC-MS VGH (M8) detector paper or the CAM to determine the extent of contamination on each patient before beginning decon procedures. Some patients may have been decontaminated already.

For treatment procedures, refer to FM 8-33, FM 8-9 and FM 8-285.

The litter patient is decontaminated and undressed as follows:

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FM 3-5 Step 1. Decontaminate the patient’s mask and hood Move the patient to the clothing removal station. After the patient has been triaged and stabilized (if necessary) by the senior medic in the patient decon area, move him to the litter stands at the clothing removal station.

Decontaminate the mask and hood. Use the M291 or M258A1 skin decon kit or sponge down the front, sides, and top of the mask hood with a 5 percent chlorine solution, HTH, or household bleach.

Remove hood. Remove the hood by cutting the hood (see Figure 9-3) or by loosening the hood from the mask attachment points for the quick-doff hood or other similar hoods.

Before cutting the hood, dip the scissors in a 5 percent chlorine solution. Cut the neck cord, zipper cord, and the small string under the voicemitter. Release or cut the hood shoulder straps and unzip the hood zipper. Cut the hood upward, close to the falter inlet cover and eyelens outsert, upward to the top of the eyelens outsert, and across the forehead to the outer edge of the other eyelens outsert.

Proceed downward toward the patient’s shoulder, staying close to the eyelens and falter inlet cover, then across the lower part of the voicemitter to the zipper. After dipping the scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution, cut the hood from the center of the forehead over the top of the head and fold the left and right sides of the hood to the side of the patient’s head, laying the sides of the hood on the litter.

Decontaminate the protective mask and exposed skin.

Using the M291/M258A1 kit, or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution, wipe the external parts of the mask. Cover both mask air inlets with gauze or your hand to keep the mask falters dry. Continue by wiping the exposed areas of the patients face, to include the neck, and behind the ears.

Removal of the mask should be explained particularly for patients with head and neck injuries (see clean treatment station).

Remove field medical card. Cut the patient’s field medical card (FMC) tie wire, allowing the FMC to fall into a plastic bag. Seal the plastic bag and rinse the outside of the bag with a 5 percent chlorine solution. Place the plastic bag with the FMC under the back of the protective mask head 9-4

straps. The FMC will remain with the patient in the contaminated area and a clean copy will be made before the patient is moved to the clean area.

Step 2. Remove gross contamination from the patient overgarment Remove all visible contamination spots with the M291/M258Al kit, or 5 percent chlorine solution. Decontaminate the mask by– Using an M291 pad on the exterior and interior of the mask, OR by Using the M258A1 wipe 1, then wipe 2 for the exterior and interior of the mask, OR by Using a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

DO NOT remove the protective mask.

Step 3. Remove patient’s protective overgarment and personal effects Cut the patient’s overgarment. The overgarment jacket and trousers are cut simultaneously. Two persons will be cutting clothing at the same time. Cut around bandages, tourniquets, and splints, leaving them in place.

Caution: Bandages may have been applied to control severe bleeding and are treated like tourniquets. Only medical personnel remove bandages, tourniquets, and splints.

Remove overgarment jacket.Make two cuts, one up each sleeve from the wrist up to the shoulder, and then to the collar (Figure 9-4). Do not allow the gloves to touch the patient along the cut line. Dip the scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution before making each cut to prevent contamination of the patient’s uniform or underclothing. Keep the cuts close to the inside of the arms so that most of the sleeve material can be folded outward. Unzip the jacket; roll the chest sections to the respective sides, with the inner surface outward. Continue by tucking the clothing between the arm and chest. Roll the cut sleeves away from the arms, exposing the black liner.

FM 3-5 Remove overgarment trousers. Cut both trousers legs starting at the ankle as shown in Figure 9-5. Keep the cuts near the inseams to the crotch. With the left leg, continue cutting to the waist, avoiding the pockets. With the right leg, cut across at the crotch to the left leg cut. Place the scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution. Fold the cut trouser halves away from the patient and allow the halves to drop to the litter with contaminated (green) side down.

Roll the inner leg portion under and between the legs.

Remove outer gloves. This procedure can be done with one person on each side of the patient working simultaneously. Decon team will decon their gloves in 5 percent chlorine solution. Next, lift the patient’s arms up and out of the cutaway sleeves unless detrimental to the patient’s condition. Grasp the fingers of the glove, roll the cuff over the fingers, turning the glove inside out. Do not remove the inner cotton gloves at this time. Carefully lower the arms across the chest after the gloves have been removed (figure 9-6). Do not allow the patient’s arms to come into contact with the exterior of his overgarment. Drop his gloves into

the contaminated waste bag. Dip your gloves in the 5 percent chlorine solution.

Remove overboots. Cut the overboot laces and fold the lacing eyelets flat outwards. If the GVO is worn, first try to remove the overboot without cutting; if necessary, cut the boot along the front. While standing at the foot of the litter, hold the heel with one hand, pull the overboot downwards, then pull towards you to remove the overboot over the combat boot heel. Remove the two overboots simultaneously. This reduces the likelihood of contaminating one of the combat boots.

While holding the heels off of the litter, have a decon team member wipe the end of the litter with the 5 percent chlorine solution to neutralize any liquid contamination that was transferred to the litter from the overboots. Lower the patient’s heels onto the decontaminated litter. Place the overboots in the contaminated waste bag. Decon personnel dip their gloves in the 5 percent chlorine solution.

Remove patient’s personal effects. Remove the patient’s personal effects from his protective overgarment and BDU uniform pockets. Place the articles in a plastic bag, label with patient’s identification and seal the bag. If the articles are not contaminated, they are returned to the patient. If the articles are contaminated, place them in the contaminated holding area until they can be decontaminated, then return them to the patient.

Step 4. Remove patient’s battledress uniform Remove combat boots. Cut the boot laces along the tongue. Remove the boots by pulling them towards you.

Place the boots in the contaminated waste bag. Do not touch the patient’s skin with contaminated gloves when removing his boots.

Remove inner clothing. Follow the procedures for cutting away the protective overgarment and rolling it away from the patient. If the patient is wearing a brassiere, cut it between the cups. Cut both shoulder straps where they attach to the cups and lay them back off of the shoulders.

Remove the socks and cotton gloves.

Step 5: Transfer the patient to a decon litter After the patient’s clothing has been cut away, he is transferred to a decon litter or a canvas litter with a plastic sheeting cover. Three decon team members decontaminate their gloves and aprons with the 5 percent chlorine solution. One member places his hands under the patient’s legs at the thighs and Achilles tendons, a second member places his arms under the patient’s back and buttocks, and a third member places his arms under the patient’s shoulders and supports the head and neck. They carefully lift the patient using their knees (not their backs) to minimize back strain. While the patient is elevated another decon team member removes the litter from the litter stands and another member replaces it with a 9-5

FM 3-5 decontaminated (clean) litter. The patient is carefully lowered onto the clean litter. Two decon members carry the litter to the skin decon station. The contaminated clothing and overgarments are placed in bags and moved to the decontaminated waste dump. The dirty litter is rinsed with the 5 percent chlorine solution and placed in a litter storage area.

NOTE: Before obtaining another patient, the decon team drinks approximately half a quart of water. The amount consumed is increased or decreased according to the work level and the temperature.

Step 6. Decontaminate Skin Spot decon. With the patient in a supine position spot decontaminate the skin using the M291/M258Al kit or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution. Decontaminate areas of potential contamination. Include areas around the neck, wrists, and lower parts of the face.

Aidman care. During decon, the clothing around bandages, tourniquets, and splints was cut and left in place.

The aidman replaces the old tourniquet by placing anew tourniquet l/2 to 1 inch above the old one. He then removes the old tourniquet, decontaminates the patient’s skin using the M291 pads, the M258A1 kit, or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

Usually the aidman will gently cut away bandages. The aidman decontaminates the area around the wound and irrigates the wound with the 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

If bleeding begins the aidman replaces the bandage with a clean one.

Warning DO NOT use the M291 pads or wipes from the M258A1 kit around the wounds.

DO NOT remove splints. Splints are decontaminated by applying the 0.5 percent chlorine solution to them to include the padding and cravats. Splints will not be removed until the patient has been evacuated to a corps (combat support or MASH) hospital. The patient is checked with M8 detector paper or the CAM for completeness of decon.

NOTE: Other monitoring devices may be used when available.

Dispose of contaminated bandages and coverings by placing them in a contaminated waste bag. Seal the bag and place it in the contaminated waste dump.

Step 7. Transfer the patient across the shuffle pit The patient’s clothing has been cut away and his skin, bandages, and splints have been decontaminated. Now the litter is transferred to the shuffle pit and placed upon the litter stands. The shuffle pit is wide enough to prevent the patient decon team members from straddling it while carrying the litter. A third member of the decon team assists 9-6

with transferring the patient to a clean treatment litter in the shuffle pit.

Decon personnel rinse or wipe down their aprons and gloves with the 5 percent chlorine solution.

Three decon team members lift the patient off of the decon litter (see Step 5 for lifting procedures).

While the patient is elevated, another decon team member removes the litter from the stands and returns it to the decon area. A medic from the clean side of the shuffle pit replaces the litter with a clean one. The patient is lowered onto the clean litter. Two medics from the clean side of the shuffle pit move the patient to the clean treatment area.

The patient is treated in this area or awaits processing into the collective protection shelter. The litter is wiped down with the 5 percent chlorine solution in preparation for reuse. Once the patient is in the airlock of the CPS and the air lock has been purged, his protective mask is removed.

Place the mask in a plastic bag, close, and seal the bag.

NOTE: Before decontaminating another patient, each decon team member drinks approximately half a quart of water. The exact amount of water consumed is increased or decreased according to the work level and temperature (See FM 3-4).

Decontaminate an Ambulatory Chemical Agent Patient All ambulatory patients will be decontaminated at the battalion aid station (BAS), if possible, before evacuation.

Stable patients not requiring treatment at the BAS, but requiring evacuation to the division clearing station or a corps hospital for treatment (for example, a patient with a broken arm), may be evacuated in their protective overgarments and masks by any available transportation. However, before evacuation, spot remove all thickened agents from protective clothing. For ambulatory patients requiring treatment at the BAS, complete decon will be accomplished. A member of the decon team or other ambulatory patients will assist in removing clothing and decontaminating the skin of these patients.

NOTE Place bandage scissors used in this procedure in container of 5 percent chlorine solution when not in use. Most ambulatory patients will be treated in the contaminated treatment area and returned to duty. Upon removal of an ambulatory patient’s clothing, he becomes a litter patient. The BAS and DCS do not have clothing to replace those cut off during the decon process. The patient must be placed in a patient protective wrap (PPW) for protection during evacuation (Figure 9-7).

The ambulatory patient is decontaminated and undressed as follows–

FM 3-5

Step 1. Remove load-carrying equipment Remove load-carrying equipment (LCE) by unfastening/unbuttoning all connectors or tie straps; then place the equipment in a plastic bag. Place the plastic bag in the designated storage area for later decon.

Step 2. Decontaminate the patient’s mask and hood Send patient to clothing removal station. After the patient has been triaged and treated (if necessary) by the senior medic in the patient decon station, he walks to the clothing removal station.

Decontaminate and remove mask hood.

Sponge down the front, sides, and top of the hood with a 5 percent chlorine solution. Remove the hood by cutting (Figure 9-3) or, with the quick doff hood or other hoods, by loosening the hood from the mask attachment points.

Before cutting the hood, dip the scissors in the 5 percent

chlorine solution. Begin by cutting the neck cord zipper cord, and the small string under the voicemitter. Next, release or cut the hood shoulder straps and unzip the hood zipper. Proceed by cutting the hood upward, close to the falter inlet cover and eyelens outserts, to the top of the eyelens outsert, across the forehead to the outer edge of the other eyelens outsert. Proceed downward toward the patient’s shoulder, staying close to the eyelens and filter inlet. Cut across the lower part of the voicemitter to the zipper. After dipping the scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution again, cut the hood from the center of the forehead over the top of the head and fold the right and left sides of the hood away from the patient’s head, removing the hood.

Decontaminate mask and patient’s face by using the M291/M258A1 kit or a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

NOTE: This solution is a 0.5 percent solution, considerably weaker than the 5 percent used for scissors.

9-7

FM 3-5 Wipe the external parts of the mask; cover both mask air inlets with gauze or your hands to keep the mask falters dry.

Continue by wiping the exposed areas of the patient’s face, to include the neck and behind the ears.

Step 3. Remove field medical card Cut the card tie wire, allowing the card to fall into a plastic bag. Seal the plastic bag and rinse it with the 5 percent chlorine solution. Place the plastic bag under the back of the protective mask head straps.

Step 4. Remove all gross contamination from the patient’s overgarment Remove all visible contamination spots by using the M291/M258A1 kit or a sponge dipped in a 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

Step 5. Remove overgarments Remove overgarment jacket. Have the patient stand with his feet spread apart at shoulder width. Unsnap the jacket front flap and unzip the jacket. If the patient can extend his arms, have him clinch his fist and extend his arms backward at about a 30° angle. Move behind the patient, grasping his jacket collar at the sides of the neck, peel the jacket off the shoulders at a 30° angle down and away from the patient. Avoid any rapid or sharp jerks which spread contamination. Gently pull the inside sleeves over the patient’s wrists and hands.

If the patient cannot extend his arms, you must cut the jacket to aid in its removal. Dip the scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution between each cut. As with the litter patient, cut both sleeves from the inside, starting at the wrist, up to the armpit. Continue cutting across the shoulder to the collar. Cut around bandages or splints, leaving them in place. Next, peel the jacket back and downward to avoid spreading contamination. Ensure that the outside of the jacket does not touch the patient or his inner clothing.

Remove the patient’s butyl rubber gloves by grasping the heel of the glove, peel the glove off with a smooth downward motion. Place the contaminated gloves in a plastic bag with the overgarment jacket. Do not allow the patient to touch his trousers or other contaminated objects with his exposed hands.

Remove overboots. Remove the patient’s overboots by cutting the laces with scissors dipped in the 5 percent chlorine solution. Fold the lacing eyelets flat on the ground.

Step on the toe and heel eyelets to hold the overboot on the ground and have the patient step out of it. Repeat this procedure for the other overboot. If the GVO is worn, first try to remove the overboots without cutting if necessary cut the overboot along the front. If the overboots are in good condition, they can be decontaminated and reissued.

9-8

Remove overgarment trousers. Unfasten or cut all ties, buttons, or zippers before grasping the trousers at the waist and peeling them down over the patient’s combat boots.

Again, the trousers are cut to aid in removal. If necessary, cut both trouser legs starting at the ankle, keeping the cuts near the inside of the legs, along the inseam, to the crotch.

Cut around all bandages, tourniquets, or splints. Continue to cutup both sides of the zipper to the waist and allow the narrow strip with the zipper to drop between the legs. Place the scissors in the decon solution. Peel or allow the trouser halves to drop to the ground. Have the patient step out of the trouser legs one at a time. Place the trousers in the marked and contaminated disposal bag.

Have the patient remove his cotton glove liners to reduce the possibility of spreading contamination. Have the patient grasp the heel of one glove liner with the other gloved hand, peeling the glove off of his hand. Hold the removed glove by the inside and grasp the heel of the other glove, peeling it off of his hand. Place both gloves in the contaminated waste bag.

Place the patient’s personal effects in a clean bag and label with the patient’s identification. If they are not contaminated, give them to him. If his personal effects are contaminated, place the bagged items in the contaminated storage area until they can be decontaminated, then return them to the patient.

Step 6. Check patient for contamination After the patient’s overgarments have been removed, check his BDU by using M8 detector paper or the CAM. Carefully survey all areas of the patient’s clothing, paying particular attention to discolored areas on the uniform, damp spots, tears, areas around the neck, wrist, ears, and dressings, splints, or tourniquets. Remove spots by using the 0.5 percent chlorine solution, using the M291/M258A1 kit or cutting away the contaminated area. Always dip the scissors in the 5 percent chlorine solution after each cut.

Recheck the area with the detection equipment.

Step 7. Decontaminate the patient’s skin Use the M291/M258A1 kit, or the 0.5 percent chlorine solution to spot decontaminate exposed neck and wrist areas, other areas where the protective overgarment was damaged, dressings, bandages, or splints.

Have the patient hold his breath and close his eyes. Have him or assist him in lifting his mask at the chin. Wipe his face with M291/M258Al or the 0.5 percent chlorine solution. Wipe quickly from below the top of one ear, being careful to wipe all folds of the skin, top of the upper lip, chin, dimples, ear lobes, and nose. Continue up the other side of the face to the top of the other ear. Wipe the inside of the mask where it touches the face. Have the patient reseal and check his mask.

FM 3-5 Caution Keep the decon solution out the patient's eyes and mouth.

Step 8. Remove bandages and tourniquets During the clothing removal, the clothing around bandages, tourniquets, and splints was cut and left in place.

The aidman will replace the old tourniquet by placing a new one l/2 to 1 inch above the old tourniquet. When the old tourniquet is removed, the skin is decontaminated with the M291/M258A1 kit or the 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

Do not remove splints. Decontaminate them by thoroughly rinsing the splint, padding, and cravats with the 0.5 percent chlorine solution.

The aidman gently cuts away bandages. The area around the wound is rinsed with the 0.5 percent chlorine solution,

and the aidman irrigates the wound with the 0.5 percent chlorine solution. The aidman covers massive wounds with plastic secured with tape. Mark the wound as contaminated. The aidman also replaces bandages that are needed to control massive bleeding.

Dispose of contaminated bandages and coverings by placing them in a plastic bag and sealing the bag with tape.

Place the plastic bags in the contaminated waste dump.

Step 9. Proceed through the shuffle pit to the clean treatment area Have the decontaminated patient proceed through the shuffle pit to the clean treatment area. Make sure that the patient’s boots are well decontaminated by stirring the contents of the shuffle pitas he crosses it. Patient’s combat boots and protective mask will be removed in the entrance of the CPS.

Biological Patient Decontamination Procedures The decon station as established for chemical agent patients can also be used for biologically contaminated patients. The 8-man patient decon team is required for biologically contaminated patient decon procedures.

Decontaminate a Litter Biological Agent Patient Remove the FMC by cutting the tie wire and allowing the FMC to drop into a plastic bag. Keep the FMC with the patient.

Patient decon team members first apply a liquid disinfectant, such as chlorine dioxide solution, to the patient’s clothing and the litter.

NOTE: Disinfectant solution for use in patient decon procedures must be prepared in accordance with the label instructions on the container. The strength of solution for use on the skin can also be used to irrigate the wound.

Patient decon team members remove the patient’s clothing as in decon of chemical agent patients. Bandages, tourniquets, and splints are not removed. Move patient to a clean litter as described for a chemical agent patient.

Place patient’s personal effects in a clean plastic bag; label the bag. If uncontaminated, give to patient. If contaminated, place in contaminated storage, decontaminate when possible, then return to patient. Place patient’s clothing in a plastic bag and dispose in a contaminated waste dump.

Bathe patient with soap and warm water, followed by reapplication of a liquid disinfectant. The medic places a new tourniquet l/2 to 1 inch above the old tourniquet, then he removes the old one. The medic removes bandages and decontaminates the skin and wound with the disinfectant solution or the 0.5 percent chlorine solution; he replaces

the bandage, if needed, to control bleeding. Splints are disinfected by soaking the splint, cravats, and straps with the disinfectant solution.

NOTE. Use a 0.5 percent chlorine solution to decontaminate patients suspected of being contaminated with mycotoxins.

Two decon team members move patient to the hotline and transfer him to a clean litter as described for chemical agent patients. Place the patient’s FMC in the plastic bag on the clean litter with him. Two medics from the clean side of the hotline move the patient from the hotline to the clean treatment/holding area.

Decontaminate an Ambulatory Biological Agent Patient Remove the patient’s FMC by cutting the tie wire and allowing it to drop into a plastic bag. Keep the bagged FMC with the patient.

Apply a liquid disinfectant solution, such as chlorine solution, over the patient’s clothing.

Remove the patient’s clothing as described for a chemical agent patient. Do not remove bandages, tourniquets, or splints. Place patient’s clothing in a plastic bag and move the plastic bag to the contaminated waste dump.

Have the patient bathe with soap and warm water. If the patient is unable to bathe himself, a member of the decon team must bathe him. Reapply the disinfectant solution. A medic places a new tourniquet 1/2 to 1 inch above the old one and removes the old one. A medic removes bandages and decontaminates the wound and surrounding skin area with the disinfectant solution or the 0.5 percent chlorine solution. The medic replaces the bandage, if required, to control bleeding. Splints are decontaminated in place by 9-9

FM 3-5 applying the disinfectant solution or the 0.5 percent chlorine solution to the splint, cravats, and straps.

NOTE: Use a 0.5 percent chlorine solution to decontaminate ambulatory patients suspected of being contaminated with mycotoxins.

Direct the patient to cross the hotline to the clean treatment area. His boots must be decontaminated at the hotline before he enters the clean treatment area.

NOTE: This patient becomes a litter patient. He must be placed in a patient protective wrap before evacuation.

Nuclear Patient Decon Procedures Decontaminate nuclear patients. The practical decon of nuclear contaminated patients is easily accomplished without interfering with the required medical care.

NOTE: Patients must be monitored by using a radiac meter (VDR2 or PDR 27) before, during, and after each step of the decon procedure.

Decontaminate a Litter Nuclear-Contaminated Patient Patient decon team members remove the patient’s outer clothing as described for chemical agent patients. Do not remove bandages, tourniquets, or splints. Move the patient to a clean litter. Place the patient’s contaminated clothing in a plastic bag and move the bagged clothing to the contaminated waste dump.

Wash exposed skin surfaces with soap and warm water.

Wash the hair with soap and warm water, or clip the hair and wash the scalp with soap and warm water.

Move the patient to the hotline. Two medics from the clean side of the hotline move the patient into the clean treatment area.

9-10

Decontaminate an Ambulatory Nuclear-Contaminated Patient Have the patient remove his outer clothing (or have a decon team member assist him). Place his contaminated clothing in a plastic bag and move the bagged clothing to the contaminated waste dump.

Wash exposed skin surfaces with soap and warm water.

Wash his hair with soap and water, or clip the hair and wash the scalp with soap and water.

Direct the patient to move to the hotline. Decontaminate his boots before he crosses into the clean treatment area.

NOTE: This patient becomes a litter patient. He is protected by using a blanket or other protective material during evacuation.

Battalion aid station operations under NBC conditions are described in FM 8-10-4 and FM 8-10-7.

Treatment of chemical agent casualties is described in FM 8-285. Treatment of nuclear, biological, and chemical casualties is also described in FM 8-9.

FM 3-5

Chapter 10

Logistics Everyone who conducts decon has a supply responsibility and must know where resupply comes from. This

chapter identifies what materials are needed for each of the seven decon techniques.

Skin Decon Since skin decon procedures are done immediately after an NBC attack, each individual carries his or her own decon supplies.

The standard decon kit is the M258A1 individual decon kit until it is replaced by the M291 skin decontamination kit (SDK). Supplies of M258A1 will be used until exhausted or discarded.

Each soldier carries an M258A1 decon kit in his or her mask carrier. The M291 is stored in the right cargo pocket of the BDU trousers or BDO trousers. The basis of issue per soldier for M291 is two M291s (12 packages); each individual package contains six individual decon packets.

The unit maintains at least one M258A1 kit or two M291 kits, per assigned person, for resupply of its soldiers.

Personal Wipedown The personal wipedown technique must be done within 15 minutes after chemical attack to be effective. Soldiers must carry their decon materials with them. The M291 or M258A1 kits are used for this procedure.

If individual equipment decon kits are all used or not available, the company or unit should issue the soldier two M291 or one M258A1 decon kits. Follow the same logistic responsibilities and supply disposition guidance for this technique as for skin decon.

Operator’s Spraydown Major pieces of equipment are authorized an on-board decon apparatus. The operator’s spraydown technique uses the M11 or M13 decon apparatus. The M11 is filled with 1-1/3 quarts of DS2 before use. DS2 comes in 1-1/3 quart cans (two authorized per M11 according to CTA 50-970) and in 5 gallon pails (two authorized per companysize element according to CTA 50-970).

Four nitrogen cylinders and two 1-1/3 quart cans of DS2 should be carried in the vehicle with each M11 (two nitrogen cylinders authorized per can of DS2). The M13 comes with a 14-liter (3.7-gallon) DS2 container. Use the nitrogen cylinders to pressurize the container during M11

use. Operating the M11 decon apparatus in below-freezing weather (below 32°F or 0°C) requires two nitrogen cylinders to expend the contents of the M11. Double your stock of nitrogen cylinders for operations in below-freezing weather.

The battalion resupplies M11s and accessories. Units maintain limited spare parts and accessories. Units are not required to maintain additional stocks of 1-1/3-quart cans of DS2. The five gallon pails authorized each unit can be used to refill empty M11s until a resupply of 1-1/3-quart cans is received from the battalion.

MOPP Gear Exchange MOPP gear exchange normally is done by squads and platoons. Time and materials are at a premium for these units, and needed decon supplies must be readily available, For planning purposes, it takes approximately 45 minutes for MOPP gear exchange by squad-platoon sized elements.

Filters for the protective masks and a mask hood are considered part of the MOPP gear, but are not required to be changed for this technique.

Each soldier wears or carries one complete set of MOPP gear. The unit stocks a second complete set, sized and

identified for each soldier. When a squad or platoon undergoes a MOPP gear exchange, the unit sends a supply vehicle to rendezvous with the contaminated element at the operational decon site. The vehicle carries replacement MOPP gear and any decontaminants required. Dry mix STB will be used to decontaminate the soldiers’ individual fighting equipment. Appendix F tells how to prepare dry mix. Plan to use about 40 pounds of dry mix per squad-sized element. In wartime, 5-pound quantities of STB can be put in l-gallon air tight containers and stored in the company 10-1

FM 3-5 supply section. This saves time when supplying operational decon operations.

CAUTION The STB W-Pound drums should not be opened because STB losses its effectiveness if left open to the air for extended periods. The unit iS resupplied with MOPP gear and decontaminate from its battalion.

Units maintain a 5 percent overage of MOPP gear based on its personnel strength or authorization (whichever is greater) to ensure a complete range of sizes and replacement gear (for example, unserviceable equipment replacement per CTA 50-970). Manage all MOPP gear, serviceable and unserviceable, and replacement gear the same as other organizational clothing and equipment (Class II supplies).

Vehicle Washdown Like MOPP gear exchange, vehicle washdown is done in the unit’s area of operations. The battalion PDDE crew, stationed in the battalion trains, conducts the washdown.

They move to the operational decon site, rendezvous with the contaminated element, and conduct the washdown.

The decon crew uses its PDDE to spray approximately 100-150 gallons of hot, soapy water on each vehicle to wash off the gross contamination. For vehicles such as M60 or Ml-series armored fighting vehicles, approximately 200 gallons of water maybe required per vehicle. Soil characteristics and vehicle size determine how much water is needed. Sandy soils may require less water, clay soils more.

One hundred gallons of water per vehicle provide a 2-3

minute wash when the PDDE is discharging 25 gallons per minute per hose. To speed the operation, the decon crew should heat the water prior to arriving at the operational decon site. See Chapters 2 and 3 and Table 10-3 for planning, coordination and requirements of vehicle washdown.

Mix two pints of liquid detergent with one 450-gallon tank of water for the M12A1 decon apparatus. The M17 LDS injects detergent into the water as it operates. It uses 2.5 quarts of detergent for every 1,200-gallon water bladder (about 1 quart of soap per 450 gallons of water). The battalion decon crew should maintain a basic load of liquid all-purpose detergent, sufficient to decon 30 percent of the battalion’s organic vehicles.

Detailed Troop Decon Generally, units conduct detailed troop decon in the brigade support area. Battalions conduct it in the division/corps support area. Materials for this technique usually are stocked in the battalion or brigade trains.

Reconstitution operations should be closely associated with the decon operations. The battalion assessment and recovery team (ART) ensures the material and equipment are available for the decon operation as part of the reconstitution effort.

If mission and time permit, the contaminated unit may request the services of a clothing and bath point from the ART commander. Chemical units no longer have the mission of providing this service. Quartermaster elements from the division support area provide that support. Decon platoon must carry sufficient equipment and materials to setup a DTD. It is highly possible that contaminated units will arrive at the decon site without supplies to set up and operate the DTD.

Detailed Equipment Decon The detailed equipment decon technique is done at the same site as the detailed troop technique. The site must have access to large water sources – rivers, ponds, and public water systems are best. The ART estimates the amounts of decontaminants needed. A chemical platoon sets up, supplies the decontaminants, and conducts this technique. A decon platoon should carry enough decontaminants to service one company/team/battery. A minimum amount for a decon platoon assigned to support a maneuver company (approximately 16 vehicles per tank company) is: 4 gallons liquid detergent, 48 5-gallon cans of DS2, and 10 50-pound drums of STB.

10-2

The chemical platoon is usually resupplied through its parent unit. However, command assignment relationships can change the resupply channels.

For instance, chemical platoons attached to divisional engineers might be resupplied through the divisional engineer battalion instead of their parent company. See Table 10-1, for decon resources which are available at each orgizational level. For equipment and supplies which are needed for decon, see Table 10-2.

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10-3

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10-4

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10-5

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10-6

FM 3-5

Appendix A

Decontamination Materials and Equipment Various materials and equipment are used in decon operations. Some are simple to use and readily available to individual soldiers. Others are very complex to use and are available only. to specially trained team members. Decon . equipment and materials listed in the tables of this appendix are divided into two major categories—decontamina-

tion and detection. They are further subdivided by the level at which the items will be used. Most items are described for easy identification. They are identified by name, NSN, and picture in most cases. Information for each item also includes its use, its limitations, and applicable reference.

A-1

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A-2

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A-3

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A-4

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A-5

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Appendix B

Decontamination of Specific Items This appendix lists more than two dozen specific surfaces or materials, and explains briefly how to best decontaminate each for chemical, biological, or nuclear contamination. The best method of decon for a particular surface or material in a given situation could be any of those listed for that surface or material. The order in which the methods are listed does not indicate preference of one over another.

B-0

You should choose the best method for decon of a particular item. The chapters in this manual cover decon methods for personnel, equipment, terrain, and so forth.

For a more in-depth understanding of the decon methods you will need, refer to chapters 4 through 10. You will then be able to choose the best method for your particular decon problem, and include needed information in your units standard operating procedure.

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B-1

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B-2

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B-3

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B-4

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Appendix C

Physical Effects of Cold W e a t h e r on CW Agents Northern regions are characterized by extreme cold and deep snow during winter months. Spring breakup and mud restricts mobility. Whiteout and greyout cause loss of depth perception, making vehicle movement hazardous. Ice fog (clouds of ice crystals) covers troops, vehicles, bivouac areas, and permanent facilities, marking their location.

Chemical agents become more persistent in low temperatures (see Chapter 6 and Table 6-2). As a result,

some chemicals that normally are nonpersistent become persistent (GB nerve agent may remain a transfer hazard for up to 30 days in arctic climates). Although frozen agents do not present a significant problem in a solid state, they become hazards when they warm. Decon is a problem because low temperatures also reduce the effect of decontaminants.

Such situations present unique problems when you plan and conduct decon operations.

Effects The freezing points of standard chemical agents are given in Table 6-2, Chapter 6.

The volatility of GA and GB is significantly reduced in the temperature range 0 to -55°C (+32 to -65°F). However, GA and GB present a liquid contact hazard and become moderately persistent agents in the cold. At normal temperatures, 10 to 25°C (50 to 77°F), these agents would persist in the target area 0.5 to 2 hours.

However, at low temperatures, 0 to -43°C (+32 to -40°F), the agent may be present for 10 to 20 hours. The volatility of GB, for example, at 25°C (77°F) of 40,000 mg/m3 at 0°C (32°F) and at -40°C (-40°F) drops to 100 mg/m3. At that concentration it is still deadly enough to present a serious inhalation hazard. In addition, these agents can be aerosolized and would be deadly.

With the drop in temperature, the agent evaporates and hydrolysis much slower, posing a potential prolonged contact hazard for personnel. Agents such as GD and thickened GD (TGD) would be similarly affected by cold temperatures and the exact effects may depend upon additives used to thicken the agent. Thickeners increase the viscosity of liquids and generally retard their evaporation or adsorption. Thickening the agent also gives it an adhesive or sticky quality that increases the likehood to be picked by contact and presents difficulty in decontaminating personnel and equipment.

While V-type nerve agents have low volatility in the cold and would not present a vapor hazard they can present a percutaneous hazard. At low temperatures, the liquid agent would contaminate equipment and terrain but if personnel did not physically contact the agent, there would be minimal hazard. However, as forces maneuver through VX contaminated areas, extra care must be taken to thoroughly decontaminate skis, boots,

outer clothing and equipment. Considerable attention must be given to vehicles, squad tents, etc. The agent will still be capable of producing casualties even after five months.

Note—nerve agents can also be dispersed as aerosols and as such, would present a serious inhalation hazard.

Hydrogen cyanide (AC) is sufficiently volatile to make it extremely hazardous even at temperatures as low as -55°C (-65°F). AC might be sprayed during ice-fog conditions and link onto water molecules suspended in the atmosphere. In either case, the agent would be readily inhaled by unprotected personnel. Even at -40°C (-40°F) the volatility of AC is high (36,000 mg/m3).

CK in liquid or solid form sprayed onto snow might become covered by either water or additional snow fall.

Since CK is not readily soluble in water (only 5-10 percent) it will not be diluted and can still present a vapor hazard during melting and thawing.

A brief mention is made of arsine (SA). This very volatile arsenical may be a good blood agent candidate for use by an enemy for rapid casualty production in cold to extreme cold conditions.

Mustard agents are generally not very soluble in water and would not be diluted by melting snow and ice. Because blister agents in general achieve casualties by percutaneous (skin) penetration, few inhalation casualties are expected. These agents are mostly used to prevent, prohibit or exact a penalty for operating or occupying contaminated equipment and terrain. Blister agent contamination will require personnel to wear complete chemical protective ensembles and thoroughly decontaminate personal equipment and vehicles. This requires extensive time and resources, not to mention the extended performance degradation while in MOPP. Since C-1

FM 3-5 present aqueous decontamination methods in cold weather (below freezing) are severely limited, expect blister agents to be employed by an enemy to harass or restrict abilities to operate weapons and equipment.

Standard distilled mustard (HD) freezes at 14°C (58°F) and below this temperature will be found as a solid. Snow cover increases the persistency of the agent.

The rate of evaporation is further reduced by the lack of sunshine in winter months. Nitrogen mustards have similar characteristics and field behavior as HD. By adding nitrogen, the freezing points are lowered to permit liquid agent use even at cold to extreme cold temperatures. Expect nitrogen mustards to remain liquids and to present both a contact and aerosol spray hazard to forces operating in the cold.

Lewisite (L) is an arsenical blister agent. Because hydrolyzed Lewisite contains arsenic, its effect on man in combination with body fluids is that of systemic poisoning. Furthermore, combining Lewisite with mustard increases agent persistency and provides a bonus effect of casualty production.

C-2

Phosgene oxime (CX) is solid at temperatures below 35°C (95°F). Information on this blister agent indicates it could be mixed with either G-nerve agents to increase percutaneous (skin) toxicity, or it could be used pure to cause severe eye damage. Even at -55°C (-65°F), concentrations of about 300 mg/m3 in air are obtainable, and eye exposure to CX at concentration of only 3 mg/m3 in air causes extreme pain. Furthermore, there is no decontamination procedure which is totally effective. Consequently, CX appears to be a good candidate for use to cause permanent eye damage or to increase skin penetration of other toxic chemical agents.

Note—Some countries have stockpiles of HL. This is an excellent agent for use in cold weather. The freezing point of HL ranges from -18°C to -42°C (-l°F to -44°F) depending on the agent purity.

Choking agents phosgene (CG) and diphosgene (DP) warrant consideration for use in low temperatures because of their extremely low freezing points (-128°C and -57°C (-198°F and -71°F) respectively). Under arctic conditions CG would be nonpersistent and DP moderately persistent, as an aerosol of inhalable vapor.

FM 3-5

Appendix D

Conversions and Measurements Conversion Factors

D-1

FM 3-5

D-2

FM 3-5

D-3

FM 3-5

Appendix E

Chemical Agent Resistant Coating (CARC) Most surfaces absorb chemical contamination. Once an agent has been absorbed it is very difficult and time consuming to remove. The agent cannot be neutralized until a decontaminant would also be absorbed into the surface and contacts the agent. This takes time. If decontaminant does not remain on the surface long enough, any chemical agents that have been absorbed will remain and gradually desorb, releasing toxic vapor into the air.

Only heat can speed the resorption process.

To preclude the absorption of chemical agents into metal surfaces, fielded Army equipment is painted with a hardened polyurethane paint, a chemical agent resistant coating (CARC). These are paints that resist absorption of chemical contamination. These coatings make decon methods easier and more effective. The advantage is much less decontaminant is required, as much as 50 percent less.

Contamination will stay on top of CARC surfaces where it can more easily be neutralized or removed.

Although the contamination is easier to remove, the agent will remain a transfer hazard until the contamina-

E-0

tion is removed. CARC prevents most of the resorption hazard that sustains the transfer hazard.

Contamination is easily removed from CARC surfaces, except for thickened agents. Detergents mixed with water probably will remove (but not destroy) the contamination. Caustic decontaminants may not be needed.

Caustic decontaminants applied to these surfaces react more easily with the contamination. However, contamination can still seep into cracks and crevices, making it difficult to remove.

Many surfaces, such as rubber, canvas, wood, and plastic cannot be covered with CARC. These surfaces absorb chemical agents and can still desorb them after decontamination.

Use proper CARC paint color when painting or repainting bumper numbers, interior, spot painting, etc.

CARC paint is available in all colors within the supply system. Other paints are not authorized to be used in lieu of CARC.

FM 3-5

Appendix F

Decontaminants Decontaminants in this appendix are grouped in tables according to their classification of standard, nonstandard, and natural. See Tables F-1 through F-3. Each decontaminant is identified by name and NSN (where applicable). Some include pictures of the decontaminant or its container. The use of each decontaminant is listed as

nuclear, biological, and/or chemical, and brief directions are given on how to prepare each decontaminant. The tables also list any appropriate cautions for each decontaminant. A remarks column gives information on application, coverage, substitute solutions, and the related effectiveness of the decontaminants.

F-1

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F-2

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F-3

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F-4

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F-5

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F-6

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F-7

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F-8

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F-9

FM 3-5

Appendix G

Nonsealed Electronic Equipment Many electronic equipment found inside shelters and helicopters have cooling fans which draw cooling air over the interior electronics and circuit cards. Some field electronic equipment, when removed from storage cases, also has openings to allow outside air to circulate for cooling inside the equipment. All electric equipment

which lack gasket-equipped covers or have openings for circulation of cooling air, into the interior, must be classified as nonsealed. Airborne contaminates will penetrate inside this equipment and necessitate disassembly for decontamination.

Disassembly Many circuit cards and electronic parts are susceptible to electro-static discharge (ESD) damage from improper handling. Disassembly and handling of the internal parts

of electronic equipment should only be performed by qualified operator or maintenance personnel.

Decontamination Many decontamination materials, such as DS2, are corrosive to the metal parts and circuit components found in electronic equipment. When electronic parts are exposed to NBC contamination or to corrosive decontaminants, they must be cleaned with an approved

cleaner to remove all traces. For cleaning instructions refer to technical manuals for the equipment. If they are not available or do not contain cleaning instructions, the following procedures may be used as an alternative.

Cleaning Procedures In general, electronic assemblies can be cleaned using mild types of evaporative solvents, such as alcohol. Mild detergent and clean water may also by used provided that –(1) The assemblies are thoroughly rinsed with distilled (de-ionized) water after cleaning and (2) care is taken to avoid getting any cleaning solutions inside of adjustable components, switches, connectors and relays.

After cleaning, assemblies should be visually examined and tested for contamination to ensure the success of the cleaning operation. All parts should be completely dry and free of all traces of water, detergent, or solvents prior to reassembly and operation.

G-0

Note: Extreme care must be taken with those assemblies that contain adjustable components, switches, relays, open coils and capacitors, card edge sockets, plug contacts, and connector sockets.

These assemblies should not be immersed into detergent or water solutions. Solvent cleaners should not be allowed to penetrate inside switches or relays where they will dissolve lubricants. These type of components may require the use of special solvents or lubricant cleaners to prevent damage.

Any gear assemblies or moving parts may require lubrication after the cleaning operation.

FM 3-5

Appendix H

NBC Decon Concept for Individual and Crew-Served Weapons This appendix provides decontamination procedures for light infantry crew-served weapons and some individual major weapons, critical for the unit’s mission.

For those units not authorized decon devices for support of operator spraydown, such as M13 decon apparatus portable (DAP) or M11 decon apparatus, alternative measures are described in this appendix. Units, such as light infantry, due to organization and mission, need decon procedures for their crew-served weapons and some individual weapons critical to support their missions for operations under chemical or biological conditions. Decon procedures are specified for the following weapons — M60 machine gun, squad automatic weapon, M47 dragon, TOW (1M220 Series), 81mm mortar, 60mm mortar, M203 grenade launcher, AT-4 light antitank weapon, M72 series, and 66mm rocket launcher.

The basic fundamentals for operational and thorough decon are described in Chapters 1, 2, 3, and, 4 of this manual. However, integrating such fundamentals with these techniques and procedures will require additional planning from the contaminated units decon team, the unit chemical NCO, and the supporting chemical platoon (if available), respectively.

The operators’ spraydown technique of immediate decon is not considered as a viable option for a light

infantry unit. This type of unit generally lacks the additional capability needed to transport M11 and M13 decontamination apparatuses. Alternatively, IDKs can be used to decontaminate small areas on crew-served weapons. However, this method increases the number of kits required at unit level. Therefore, additional kits would need to be pushed forward in logistics packages (LOGPAC) for decontamination of crew-served weapons. Weapon crews carry additional IDKs to conduct operational decon. Field SOPs should be modified to reflect the need for resupply of the additional resources. See specific on decon procedures to determine the required number of decon kits for each weapon system.

However, the TOW requires a combination of M11 decon apparatus and IDKs to conduct operational decon (see TOW procedures in this appendix). When TOW is vehicle transported and dismounted on freed positions, one M11 decon apparatus will stay with the system.

NOTE: New enlarged version of the M291 SDK will replace the actual M291 SDK when fielded.

This new item will decontaminate a larger surface than the M291 SDK, therefore, a significant reduction of LOGPAC will be required. The composition and design of this new item is same as the M291 SDK.

Operational Decon Units conduct operational decon for their crew-served weapons by using an IDK. Use either kit to remove or neutralize contamination on small weapons systems.

Conduct operational decon to sustain combat operations, remove gross contamination, and reduce the transfer/spread of contamination. Prior to decontamination, soldiers should visually inspect the weapon system for contamination. If liquid contamination is present, follow the procedures prescribed for each weapon system. The protection level required for operational decon opera-

tions is MOPP4. Do not decontaminate day and night sights with the IDK. Use water to rinse or flush contamination from the lens. This step is also described in the decon procedures.

Washdown of these light infantry weapons systems should not be conducted with the M17 LDS. Use of high pressure water from the M17 LDS could damage electrical components and optical sights. In addition, other small parts of the weapons systems could be damaged by the water pressure.

Thorough Decon When conducting detailed equipment decon (DED), the equipment is decontaminated using a solution of 10 percent HTH mixed with water (see Appendix F) or pure bleach (already diluted). These procedures are more effective since the contamination will either be completely neutralized or reduced to a negligible risk.

M8 paper, M256 series chemical agent detector kit, or

the chemical agent monitor (CAM) are used to determine effectiveness of decontamination. Decon of crewserved weapons should be done before detailed troop decon (DTD) by the individual weapon crew (the preferred method). Alternatively, the commander could task his own decon team to decontaminate the unit’s light weapons. The contaminated unit is responsible for estab-

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FM 3-5 lishing the light equipment decon area (LEDA). With technical assistance from the chemical decon platoon, the contaminated unit will set up the LEDA about 100150 meters upwind from the DTD and DED sites. Super-

vision of this process is a unit leadership responsibility; the unit chemical NCO will plan and coordinate preparation of the LEDA.

Operational Decon Procedures Using the M258A1 decon kit The intent of these operational procedures is not to fully decontaminate the specific equipment but to reduce the level of spreading/transferring liquid contamination; in addition, it to provides temporary relief when required. The performance of these procedures will increase the survivability rate of the crew/individual soldier. The M258A1 decon kit will remove and neutralize the gross contamination found on the surface of a given weapon system/weapon.

The following procedures are unique to the M258A1 decon kit; the use of other decon equipment with these procedures could result in a disfunction of the weapons/weapons system. Use respective technical manual for proper lubrication after the operational decontamination procedures are performed.

M60 Machine Gun/Squad Automatic Weapon Safety Note: Following decon of the weapon with the M258A1 kit ensure that mechanical parts of the weapon are dried and lubricated. Perform application of lubricant when the mission permits. Do not touch the barrel of the weapon with chemical protective gloves, when barrel is hot. The heat of the barrel could melt the gloves.

Step 1. Decon your gloves, using packets 1 and 2 of the M258A1.

Step 2. Using the packet 1 towelette, wipe the biped and barrel assembly.

Step 3. Using the packet 1 towelette, wipe the carrying handle, rear sight, and forearm assembly.

Step 4. Using another packet 1 towelette, wipe the shoulder stock, trigger assembly, and pistol grip of the weapon.

Step 5. Repeat steps 2 thru 4 using packet 2 towelette of the M258A1.

Step 6. Repeat step 1 to decon your gloves.

Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) Safety Note: Following decon of the weapon with the M258A1 kit ensure that mechanical parts of the weapon are dried and lubricated. Perform application of lubricant when the mission permits. Do not touch the barrel of the weapon with chemical protective gloves, when barrel is hot. The heat of the barrel could melt the gloves.

Step 1. Decon your gloves, using packets 1 and 2 of the M258A1.

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Step 2. Using one packet 1 towelette wipe the barrel assembly, front sight, forearm, biped, carrying handle and gas regulator.

Step 3. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the feed tray cover, shoulder stock, and trigger assembly of the weapon.

Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using packet 2 of the M258A1.

Step 5. Repeat step 1 to decontaminate your gloves.

M203 Grenade Launcher Safety Note: Before this procedure is performed close the dust cover of the M16A1/2 and store magazine in the magazine well; also ensure the barrel assembly of the M203 is closed.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using packets 1 and 2 of the M258A1.

Step 2. Use packet 1 towelette to wipe the leaf sight, hand guard, barrel and receiver group.

Step 3. Use another packet 1 towelette to wipe the lower receiver group and the butt of the weapon.

Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using packet 2 of the M258A1.

Step 5. Repeat step 1 to decon your gloves.

Note: The M203 is not a crew-serve weapon, however, this weapon is considered critical for the mission accomplishment of an infantry squad.

Decontaminate M16A1/2 in accordance with the STP 21-1-SMCT. M47 Dragon Use this procedures only when liquid contamination is present on encased missile or tracker components. If the missile has been fired and chemical contamination is present, follow the procedures shown in steps 1, 4, and 6, to decontaminate the tracker. Gather all the contaminated launching tubes in a single area before departing the contaminated area and mark them properly.

See Chapter 5, for more information on optic decontamination.

Safety Note: Do not use the M258A1 on any optical lens (exclude rubber eye-cups), battery connector, electrical connectors, or lubricated components.

However, if these items are stored in a protective container/box, decon the exterior of the container.

Rinse or flush lens with water, if it becomes contaminated with liquid chemical agent. Rubber eyecups can be either rinsed with water or decontaminated with the M258A1 SDK.

FM 3-5 Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon kit.

Step 2. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the biped.

Step 3. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the launch tube.

Step 4. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the exterior and around the optical device and ensure that the decon towelette does not touch the lens.

Step 5. Using four packet 2 towelettes, repeat steps 2 thru 5.

Step 6. Decon your gloves using procedures in step 1.

TOW (M220 Series) Gather all the contaminated launching tubes in a single area before departing the contaminated area and mark them properly. See Chapter 5 for more information in decontamination of optics.

Safety Note: Do not use the M258A1 on any optical lens (exclude rubber eye-cups), battery connector, electrical connectors, or lubricated components.

However, if such items are stored in a protective container/box, decon the exterior of the container.

Do not touch or decontaminate front lens of night sight device. Rinse or flush lens with water, if it becomes contaminated with liquid chemical agent.

Rubber eye-cups can be either rinsed with water or decontaminated with the M258A1 SDK. Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon kit.

Step 2. Fill your M11 decon apparatus with bleach or soapy water and spray solution on the launch tube, traversing unit and tripod respectively. Protect or cover the day/night sight when spraying.

Step 3. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the exterior of the night sight tracker.

Step 4. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the exterior of the day sight tracker.

Step 5. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the collimator.

Step 6. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe the missile guidance set and surface of the cable. Do not decon cable connector.

Step 7. Using one packet 1 towelette, wipe down the power conditioner (including its cable).

Step 8. Using five packet 2, repeat steps 3 thru 7.

Step 9. Decon your gloves, using procedures in step 1.

Note: If the TOW missile has not been fired, check for liquid contamination. If contamination is found, spray missile with bleach or HTH solution from the M11 decon apparatus. If liquid contamination is found on ammunition, use M11 with cool soapy water or bleach to remove gross contamination.

M72 Law Series The M72 law series is not a crew-serve weapon, however decontamination procedures are listed to simplify the mission of the soldier in a chemical environment.

Safety Note: Ensure that the launcher is in the safe position before decon.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon Kit. Step 2. Extend the launcher into the firing position.

Step 3. Use two packet 1 towelette and wipe the exterior of the launcher and around the reflecting sight.

Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using two packet 2 towelettes.

Step 5. Decon your gloves using the procedures in step 1.

AT-4 Weapon The AT-4 weapon is not a crew-served weapon, however decontamination procedures are listed to simplify the mission of the soldier in a chemical environment.

Safety Note: Ensure that the transport safety pin, cocked-level safety, and the forward safety are engaged.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon kit.

Step 2. Use two packet 1 towelette, wipe the exterior of the launcher and front/rear sight.

Step 3. Repeat step 2, using two packet 2 towelettes.

Step 4. Decon your gloves using procedures in step one.

66mm Rocket Launcher Safety Note: Ensure that the launcher is in the safe position and is not loaded before decontamination.

Do not use M258A1 on optical lens, battery connector, or electrical components.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon kit.

Step 2. Extend the launcher into the firing position.

Step 3. Use two packet 1 towelettes, wipe the exterior of the launcher and around the reflecting sight.

Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using two packet 2 towelettes.

Step 5. Decon your gloves using procedures in step 1.

81 mm Mortar Safety Note: Following decontamination with the M258A1 kit, ensure that necessary parts of the mortar are dried and lubricated. Conduct this lubrication when the mission permits. Do not touch the tube of the mortar with chemical protective gloves, when it is hot. The heat of the tube could melt the gloves. Do not decontaminate telescope lens; it should be rinsed or flushed with water from a canteen. See Chapter 5 for more information in decontamination of optic lens.

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FM 3-5 Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon kit.

Step 2. Use one packet 1 towelette and wipe from the blast attenuator device (BAD) to cover the upper half of the mortar tube.

Step 3. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the lower half of the mortar’s tube.

Step 4. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the base plate of the mortar.

Step 5. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the mortar’s biped.

Step 6. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the elbow telescope and telescope mount. Do not touch the lens of the telescope with the towelettes.

Step 7. Use five packet 2 towelettes and repeat steps 2 thru 6.

Step 8. Decon your gloves, using the procedures in step 1.

60mm Mortar Safety Note: Following decontamination with the M258A1, ensure that the mechanical parts of the

mortar are dried and lubricated. This lubrication will be performed when the mission permits. Do not touch the tube of the mortar with the chemical protective gloves, when it is hot. The heat of the tube could melt the gloves. Do not decontaminate the telescope lens; it should be rinsed or flushed with water from a canteen. See Chapter 5 for more information in decontamination of optic lens.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using the M258A1 decon kit.

Step 2. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the the mortar’s tube and handgrip.

Step 3. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the biped.

Step 4. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the base plate.

Step 5. Use one packet 1 towelette, wipe the exterior of the telescope.

Step 6. Use four packet 2 towelettes, repeat steps 2 thru 5.

Step 7. Decon your gloves, using the procedures in step 1.

Operational Decon Procedures Using the M291 Decon Kit The intent of these operational procedures are not to fully decontaminate the specific equipment but to reduce the level of spreading/transferring liquid contamination and to provide temporary relief when required. The performance of these procedures will increase the survivability rate of the crew/individual soldier. The M291 decon kit will remove the gross contamination found on the surface of a given weapon system/weapon.

The following procedures are unique to the M291 decon kit; the use of other decon equipment with these procedures could result in a disfunction of the weapons/weapons system.

WARNING Do not apply an M291 SDK to any optical lens. The abrasive effect of the charcoal inside the pads will damage the lens.

Be aware that this charcoal from the M291 SDK could affect mechanical parts of the weapons system/weapons, if not used properly. Use respective technical manual for proper lubrication after the operational decontamination procedures are performed.

M60 Machine Gun Safety Note: Ensure that feed tray of the M60 machine gun is closed. This prevents charcoal in the M291 from falling inside the feed tray and jamming the weapon. Do not touch the barrel of the weapon with the chemical protective gloves,

H-4

when it is hot. The heat of the barrel could melt the gloves.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291 for each glove. Thoroughly scrub backs, palms, and fingers of gloves using extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Use one pad of the M291, remove all liquid contamination from the bipod, barrel assembly, forearm assembly, and carrying handle. Use a second pad, if necessary.

Step 3. Use a second pad from M291 kit and decon the feed tray cover, shoulder stock, and trigger assembly.

Step 4. Decon your gloves, using the procedures in step 1.

Note: Do not decontaminate the flash suppressor with the M291. Charcoal debris may fall into the barrel and cause the weapon to malfunction.

Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) Safety Note: Ensure that feed tray of the SAW is closed. This prevents M291 charcoal from falling inside the feed tray and jamming the weapon. Do not touch the barrel of the weapon with chemical protective gloves, when it is hot. The heat of the barrel could melt the gloves.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291 for each glove. Follow procedures described instep 1 for the M60 Machine gun.

Step 2. Use one pad of M291, remove all liquid contamination from the biped, barrel assembly, gas regulator, and carrying handle.

FM 3-5 Step 3. Use a second pad from the M291 kit and decon the feed tray cover, magazine, trigger assembly, and shoulder stock.

Step 4. Decon your gloves, using the procedures in step 1.

Note: Ensure that the weapon is upright when decontaminating the feed cover with the M291.

This prevents charcoal debris from falling into the ammunition feeder. Place the magazine in the magazine well prior to decontamination.

M203 Grenade Launcher Safety Note: Before decontaminating ensure that the dust cover is closed and magazine is stored in the magazine well. Ensure that the barrel assembly is closed.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291 for each glove. Follow procedures described in Step 1 for the M60 machine gun.

Step 2. Use one M291 pad to decon the barrel, hand guard, and receiver.

Step 3. Use one M291 pad to decon the lower receiver group and butt stock.

Step 4. Decon your gloves, using procedures in step 1.

M47 Dragon Use this procedures only when liquid contamination is present on encased missile or tracker components. If the launcher has been fired and chemical contamination is present, follow the procedures shown in steps 1, 4, and 5, to decontaminate the tracker. Gather all the contaminated launching tubes in a single area before departing the contaminated area and mark them properly. See Chapter 5, for more information on optic decontamination.

Safety Note: Do not use the M291 on any optical lens (exclude rubber eye-cups), battery connector, electrical connectors or lubricated components.

Use of the M291 could cause corrosion if the kits residue is left on equipment for extended periods of time. However, if the these items are stored in a protective container/box, decon the storage container with the M291 kit. Rinse or flush lens with water only, if it becomes contaminated. Rubber eye-cups can be either rinsed with water or decontaminated with the M291 SDK. Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291 for each glove.

Step 2. Use one M291 pad to decon the biped.

Step 3. Use one M291 pad to decon the exterior of the launcher.

Step 4. Using water, rinse or flush any liquid contamination off the exterior of the day/night sight. Use rag or any available towelette to dry the sight, but do not touch the lens.

Step 5. Decon your gloves using the procedures in step 1.

TOW (M220 Series) Gather all the contaminated launching tubes in a single area before departing the contaminated area and mark them properly. See Chapter 5, for more information in decontamination of optics.

Safety Note: Do not use the M291 SDK on any optical lens, battery connector, electrical connector, or lubricated components. However, if these items are stored in a protective container/box proceed with operational decon by wiping contamination from the protective container or spraying it with M11. Do not touch or decontaminate front lens of the night sight device. Rinse or flush lens with water, if it becomes contaminated with liquid chemical agent. Rubber eye-cups can be rinsed with water.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291 for each glove. Thoroughly scrub back, palms, and fingers of the gloves. Use extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Use an M11 decon apparatus, filled with bleach or soapy water. Spray the solution on launch tube, traversing unit, and tripod respectively. Protect or cover the day/night sight when spraying.

Step 3. Use two M291s. Use one M291 kit to decon the exterior of the day sight tracker and another M291 kit to decon the night sight tracker. Avoid touching the lens when using the M291. Once sights are decontaminated, brush off charcoal residue from the M291.

Step 4. Use one M291 to decon the collimator.

Step 5. Use one M291 to decon the exterior of the missile guidance set and cable surface. Ensure that electrical connectors are covered prior to decontamination.

Step 6. Use two M291 kits; use one to decon the power conditioner and its cable and the other kit for the battery component.

Step 7. Decon your gloves using procedures in step 1.

AT-4 Light Antitank Weapon Safety Note: Ensure that the three safety positions of the launcher are engaged. Transport safety pin, cocked-level safety, and the forward safety.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291.

Step 2. Use one M291, wipe the exterior of the launcher and front/rear sight. Use another M291 pad, when required.

Step 3. Decon your gloves using procedures in step one.

66mm Rocket Launcher Safety Note: Ensure that the launcher is in the safe position and is not loaded before decontaminating.

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FM 3-5 Omit step 2, if launcher has not been fired in a contaminated environment.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291 for each glove. Thoroughly scrub backs, palms, and fingers of gloves using extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Extend the launcher into the firing position.

Step 3. Use two M291 pads to completely decon the exterior of the launcher and around the reflecting sight.

Step 4. Repeat steps 2 and 3 using two M291 pads Step 5. Decon your gloves using procedures in step 1.

81 mm Mortar Safety Note: If the M291 is used, lubricate the mechanical parts of the mortar after decontamination. This lubrication will be performed when the mission permits. Do not touch the tube of the mortar with chemical protective gloves, when it is hot. The heat of the tube could melt the gloves. Do not apply an M291 to any optical lens due to the abrasive effect of the charcoal in the pads. The lens should be rinsed or flushed with water, when required.

Step 1. Decon your gloves using one pad of the M291 for each glove. Thoroughly scrub back, palms, and fingers of the gloves. Use extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Use one M291 to decon from the blast attenuator device to the lower half of the mortar’s tube.

Step 3. Use one M291 to decon the baseplate.

Step 4. Use one M291 to decon the bipod assembly.

Step 5. Use one M291 to decon the elbow telescope and telescope mount. Do not apply to the telescope lens.

Flush lens with water, if contamination is present.

Step 6. Decon your gloves using the procedures in step 1.

60mm Mortar Safety Note: If the M291 SDK is used, lubricate the mechanical parts of the mortar after decontamination.

Perform this safety application when the mission permits.

Do not touch the tube of the mortar with chemical protective gloves, when it is hot. The heat of the tube could melt the gloves. Do not apply an M291 to any optical lens due to the abrasive effect of the charcoal in the pads. The lens should be rinsed or flushed with water, when required.

Step 1. Decontaminate your gloves using one pad of the M291 for each glove. Thoroughly scrub back, palms, and fingers of the gloves. Use extra strokes between fingers.

Step 2. Use one M291 to decon the mortar tube (from top to bottom) and hand grip. If mortar is heavily contaminated you may need another M291 to decon these parts.

Step 3. Use one M291 to decontaminate the biped and base plate.

Step 4. Use one M291 SDK to decon the exterior of the telescope. Do not apply pad to the lens. Flush lens with water, if contamination is present.

Step 5. Decon your gloves using the procedures in step 1.

Thorough Decon Procedures for Light Infantry Use the following procedures during DED/DTD. Mix 10 percent HTH with water as the preferred decontaminant for thorough decon (See table below). Use a contact time of HTH for 15 minutes for chemical and biological agents. Prepare the solution of HTH and water in accordance with the number and size of the weapons systems that need to be decontaminated.

Use the HTH solution to decontaminate up to 10 weapon systems. Use the required number of rags on a weapon system (see material) and then dispose of the rags properly. This will avoid the transfer of contamination.

Do not apply HTH or bleach on electrical connectors and lens of optical equipment.

Use bleach or 10% concentration of HTH on the exterior of optical systems not sensitive to any bleach.

Rinse with water afterwards.

Once HTH has been used on a weapon system, thoroughly dry and lubricate the equipment.

Avoid spilling HTH or bleach on the chemical overgarment.

Safety Note: Refer to Appendix F of this manual for how to use Sodium Hypochlorite (household bleach) and Calcium Hypochlorite (high-test bleach) and see table H-1 (above) for the preparation of 5% and 10% water mixture with HTH. Always wear chemical gloves when performing these procedures.

Materials See below for the recommended number of clean rags to use with the HTH solution on each specific weapon system.

H-6

M60 Machine Gun/SAW (use three rags).

1 rag, biped and barrel.

FM 3-5 1 rag, forearm, carrying handle, and rear sight.

1 rag, feed tray cover, shoulder stock, pistol grip, and trigger assembly.

M203 Grenade Launcher (use two rags).

1 rag, M16A1/2 barrel, hand guard, receiver group, and butt stock.

1 rag, M203 receiver group, sight, and exterior of the barrel.

M47 DRAGON (use three rags).

1 rag, exterior of the sight.

1 rag, bipod (if weapon is not fired).

1 rag, round (canister) (if weapon is not fired) Note: Keep electrical connector covered before decontamination. Dragon’s eye rubber piece can be removed and submerged in decontaminant.

TOW (M220 Series) (use seven rags).

1 rag, exterior of night sight.

1 rag, exterior of day sight.

1 rag, launch tube.

1 rag, traversing unit.

1 rag, tripod assembly.

1 rag, battery power conditioner (BPC) and cable.

Ensure that battery is in a water proof container or case.

1 rag, missile guidance set and its cable.

NOTE: Lock bridge clamp after the removal of the round. Do not get HTH solution on the electrical connector under the bridge clamp or on the post amplifier cable.

66mm Rocket Launcher (use one rag).

AT-4 Weapon (use one rag).

81 mm Mortar (use four rags).

1 rag, blast denature device and tube.

1 rag, bipod.

1 rag, base plate.

1 rag, exterior of telescope.

60mm Mortar (use three rags).

1 rag, tube (barrel) and handgrip.

1 rag, base plate and bipod.

1 rag, exterior of telescope.

Water. Recommend preparation (as a minimum) of a 5-gallon solution. Change solution after 10 weapons are decontaminated.

Buckets. You will need a minimum of two for these procedures.

Trash Bags. Use trash bags for disposal of the contaminated rags.

NBC Marking Kit. Mark the contaminated area, once decon procedures are completed.

Lubricant. Use required lubricants for the weapon system. Follow the procedures specified in applicable technical manuals.

Procedures Step 1. Submerge the rag or cloth in the HTH solution and ensure that the material is completely dampened.

Step 2. Wipe down the complete weapon system with the rag until contamination is no longer suspected.

Step 3. Rinse. Submerge clean rag or cloth into a container of clean water (use hot water when available) and wipe down weapon system once more. This procedure removes HTH or bleach solution from the weapon.

Step 4. Once step three is completed, take a piece of dry material (rag or cloth) and completely dry the weapon.

Step 5. After decontamination, lubricate weapon system with its recommended lubricant.

Step 6. Process through the DTD for the removal of MOPP gear.

H-7

FM 3-5

Glossary ADC — Area damage control Aircraft spot decon — Process of flushing contaminated aircraft surfaces required to be touched.

Aircraft washdown — process similar to the vehicle washdown technique Area damage control (ADC) — Measures taken before, during and after hostile action or natural or man-made disaster to reduce the probability of damage and minimize its effects.

ART — Assessment recovery team ASP — ammunition supply point AVIM — Aviation intermediate maintenance AVUM — Aviation maintenance BAS — Battalion aid station BDA — Battle damage assessment BDO — Battle dress overgarment BDU — Battle dress uniform BSA — Brigade or battalion support area CAM — Chemical agent monitor CARC — Chemical agent resistant coating CASP — Chemical ammunition supply point CB — Chemical-Biological cGy — Centigrams Chemical agent resistant coating — Paint made of polyurethane that is used on equipment, vehicles, and aircraft. It prevents the absorption and allows easy decontamination of chemical agents.

Chemical protective cover helmet — A brittlecoated protective cover for the personnel armor system ground troop (PASGT) helmet.

Contamination — The deposit and/or absorption of radioactive material, biological, or chemical agents on and by structures, areas, personnel, and objects.

Corduroy road — A roadway laid down of logs or heavy branches.

CP — Chemical protective CPOG — Chemical protective overgarment CPS — Collective protective shelter CS — Combat support CSA — Corps support area CSS — Combat service support CU — Contaminated unit C2 — Command and control DAP — Decontaminating apparatus DCS — Division clearing station Decon — Decontamination

Decontamination — The removal and/or the neutralization of hazardous levels of chemical, biological, and radiological contamination from personnel and material.

DED — Detailed equipment decon Detailed aircraft decon — A process where techniques are applied to remove, neutralize, or reduce contamination from an aircraft to a neglible risk, to allow the removal of MOPP level and/or reduce it for extended periods. Different procedures and techniques are used for interior decontamination of an aircraft due to avionic equipment.

Detailed equipment decon — Process of removing, neutralizing, or reducing contamination on interior and exterior surfaces of unit equipment to negligible risk levels to allow the removal of MOPP level and/or reduce it for extended periods.

Detailed troop decon — Process of decontaminating individual fighting equipment to negligible risk levels; removing contaminated MOPP gear including protective masks; decontaminating protective masks; and monitoring personnel equipment for decon effectiveness. This is done to remove and/or reduce MOPP levels for extended periods.

DKIE — Decon kit, individual equipment DISCOM — Division support command DP — Dual purpose DPLT — Decon platoon DS2 — Decontamination solution number two DTD — Detailed troop decon EOD — Explosive ordnance disposal FARP — Forward arming and refueling point FLOT — Forward line of own troops FM — Field manual FMC — Field medical card FSB — Forward support battalion FSOP — Field standing operating procedures GPFU — Gas particular filter unit GPM — Gallons per minute GVO — Green vinyl overboots Hot line — A real or imaginary line that separates contaminated from uncontaminated areas.

HTH — High test hypochlorite IDK — Individual decon kit-M258A1 or M291.

LCE — Load carrying equipment LDS — Lightweight decontaminating system LEDA — Light equipment decon area LOGPAC — Logistics packages

Glossary-1

FM 3-5 METT — Mission, enemy, terrain, troops, and time available MGX — MOPP gear exchange Mission oriented protective posture— A flexible system for protection against NBC contamination. This posture requires personnel to wear only that protective clothing and equipment (MOPP gear) appropiate to the threat level, work rate imposed by the mission, temperature, and humidity.

There are five levels of MOPP ( zero through four), MOPP4 offers the most protection but also degrades mission performance the most.

MMC — Material management center MOPP — Mission oriented protective posture MOPP gear — Combat clothing and equipment used to operate in an NBC environment MOPP gear exchange — Process of decontaminating individual fighting equipment including the protective mask and hood, removing the contaminated MOPP gear, and putting on new MOPP gear.

MP — Military police MTOE — Modified table of organization and equipment NBC — Nuclear, biological, and chemical NBC-PC — NBC protective cover NCO — Noncommissioned officer Negligible risk levels — Level of contamination that will cause mild incapacitation among no more than five percent of unprotected soldiers who operate for twelve continuous hours within 1 meter of contaminated surfaces; 2.5 percent nuisance effect for radiological contamination of the unprotected soldiers who operate for twelve continuous hours within 1 meter of a contaminated surface.

NSN — National stock number OEG — Operational exposure guidance OPCON — Operation control Operational decon operations — A decon operation that consists of two techniques, the MOPP gear exchange and the vehicle washdown.

Operator’s spraydown — Process of applying decontaminant onto unit equipment control surfaces to stop contamination from spreading, transferring, or soaking into surface.

OPLAN — Operation plan OPORD — Operations order

Glossary-2

PASGT — Personal armor system ground troops PDDA — power-driven decon apparatus PDDE — Power-driven decon equipment Personal wipedown — Process of removing or neutralizing contamination from the individual’s equipment including the protective mask, hood, gloves, weapon, and helmet. This process will stop the spread, transfer, and penetrating of contamination into the equipment surfaces.

PIC — Pilot in command POL — Petroleum, oil, and lubricants Power driven decon equipment — Any of different types of pump and heater units capable of spraying water, heated water, or steam. Soap and decontaminants can also be mixed and sprayed through these units in most cases. They include, but are not limited to, the M12 power drivendecon apparatus (PDDA), M17 Lightweight decon system (LDS).

PSI — Pressure per square inch Reconstitution — The rest, refitting, maintenance, and replacement necessary to restore a military unit to its full capability, often after it has been depleted by military operations.

SAW — Squad automatic weapon SDK — Skin decontamination kit Skin decon technique — Process of removing or neutralizing contamination on the skin within 1 minute of contamination to prevent it from penetrating into the skin.

SOP — Standing operating procedures STB — Supertropical bleach TAACOM — Theater Army area command TAP apron — Toxicological agent protective apron TC — Training circular TOC — Tactical operations center TOE — Table of organization and equipment TM — Technical manual TPU — Tank and pump unit Vehicle washdown — Technique used for flushing contamination off equipment surface to limit spreading and transferring contamination. This process will reduce amounts of contamination and speed weathering.

Velcro — Patented two-piece tape which is sewn into a garment to permit fast opening or closure.

WBGT — Wet bulb gradient temperature

FM 3-5

Index

Index-0