WEEK 6: SPANNING & ENCLOSING SPACE Additions from Week 5 Activity
Column
Roof panel
This group focused on the roof structure of their allocated section. They constructed the timber beams and columns which were part of the skeletal system. However, the roof panel, which is being supported by the columns and beams, is part of the enclosing system. Our task was to create the structural systems only.
Beam
Like our model, their one was also unfinished. Figure 65: A group’s model (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
This model consists mainly of concrete walls and slabs. The walls are designed to be load-bearing and therefore, this model shows the structural system.
Slab
The cantilever, however, does not form part of any structural system as it cannot sufficiently support any loads.
Wall Figure 66: A group’s model (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
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OTHER GROUPS’ SITES
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WEEK 6 KNOWLEDGE MAPS
References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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WEEK 6 GLOSSARY
ALLOY: combinations of two or more metals (Newton, 2014)
CANTILEVER: a beam that is fixed at one end only
EAVE: the overhanging lower edge of a roof (Ching, 2008)
(Ching, 2008)
PORTAL FRAME: a structural frame consisting of columns and rafters, usually made from steel
PURLIN: a horizontal beam that supports the rafters of a roof
(JS Engineering Design, 2014)
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RAFTER: a parallel sloping beam that forms the framework of a roof (refer to diagram above)
SOFFIT: the underside of an overhanging roof eave (Ching, 2008)
TOP CHORD: the top beam in a truss
(Ching, 2008)
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WEEK 7: DETAILING STRATEGIES 1
References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
WEEK 7 KNOWLEDGE MAPS
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References:see seeReference Referencelist liston onpg. pg.69-72 69-72 References:
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References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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WEEK 7 GLOSSARY Gutter
DOWN PIPE: where collected water from the gutters runs through to the stormwater systems (Newton, 2014) Drip
Down pipe
(Ching, 2008)
DRIP: a projection from a gutter from which stormwater can drip (refer to diagram above)
FLASHING: thin continuous pieces of sheet metal installed to prevent the passage of water into a structure (Ching, 2008)
GUTTER: a structure along the roof which is where stormwater is collected (refer to diagram above)
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INSULATION: material used to prevent or reduce the transfer of heat or sound
PARAPET: a wall or railing along the edge of a balcony or roof
SEALANT: a way to seal an opening in order to avoid water penetration using materials such as silicon I(Newton, 2014)
VAPOUR BARRIER: a material of low permeance installed to prevent moisture from entering (Ching, 2008)
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WEEK 8: STRATEGIES FOR OPENINGS My section was the box gutter system in the roof of the Function Room of the Oval Pavilion.
Other members’ sections
My section
The predominant materials were aluminium, insulation, cement and plasterboard.
Figure 67: Box gutter system (Cox Architecture, 2012)
This structure had many nonpermeable features such as flashing and a sealant. This was due to the whole purpose of this section which is to collect stormwater runoff and dispose it.
Figure 68: Function Room Roof Section (Cox Architecture, 2012)
Other members’ sections
During our visit, my section wasn’t found during the allocated time. However, we did find the east part of the Function Room roof which was the other members’ sections. Furthermore, in a corridor, we saw the structure below our roof section. In Figure 70, the other members’ sections are situated right above the ceiling. Figure 69: Oval Pavilion, west side (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
Figure 70: Underneath the roof section (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
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Section-Function Room Roof North 03
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WEEK 8 KNOWLEDGE MAPS
References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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WEEK 8 GLOSSARY DEFLECTION: the bending of a member when placed under a load
DOOR FURNITURE: components required for a door such as locks, handles etc.
MOMENT OF INERTIA: a measure of an object’s resistance to rotational motion
SHEAR FORCE: a forced that pushes a structure in opposite but parallel directions
STRESS: a condition when a structure is under tension or strain
WINDOW SASH: the fixed or movable framework of a window in which pane of glass are set (Ching, 2008)
(Ching, 2008)
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WEEK 9: DETAILING STRATEGIES Draw a section through the site approximately identifying the following elements: External wall and internal wall All floors structure and footings structure
On the previous section, identify the materials and structural elements
Concrete slabs Concrete columns Concrete footings Steel reinforcement
Figure 71: Section drawing
Provide a photo of an external entrance threshold and identify the following:
All materials visible Discuss how water be kept out of the building
With a different colour, draw the Load Path Diagram
Figure 72: Load Paths
Draw a section through an internal wall and identify all elements visible
Provide 3 examples of managing safety on site
Concrete panels
Beam
Cladding
High visibility clothing is required to be worn by everybody Temporary scaffolding is placed along edges so that it acts as a barrier. Keeping the site tidy by using rubbish bins
Footing Figure 73: Entrance (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
Note that this does not show the threshold. It prevents water from entering as it covers the joint between the door and the ground.
Reinforcement
Figure 74: Section drawing
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What happens to rainwater that lands on the roof? The top concrete slab may be built on a slight slope. Hence, this causes the rainwater to fall to the gutters and eventually through the down pipes to the underground stormwater system.
Provide a photo of an external window and identify the following:  
All elements visible What type of window is it?
Head
WINDOW FRAME and SASH Jamb Sill
It is a metal window, either aluminium or steel. It is fixed with a stationary sash. Figure 75: External window (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
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WEEK 9 KNOWLEDGE MAPS
References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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WEEK 9 GLOSSARY
BENDING: the change in shape of a structure when placed under a load
COMPOSITE BEAM: a beam created with two or more different materials (Newton, 2014)
CORNICE: a moulded projection that crowns a wall or divides it horizontally (Ching, 2008)
(Ching, 2008)
SANDWICH PANEL: a panel consisting of one material enclosed between two thin sheets of another material
SHADOW LINE JOINT: a type of joint that leaves a slight shadow between the two connecting members
(Auskstone, 2014)
SKIRTING: a board that runs along the bottom the of a wall where it joins the floor
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WEEK 10: WHEN THINGS GO WRONG
Aluminium fascia
Figure 77: Metal deck roof
Figure 76: My section of the Function Room roof (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
On our second visit to the Oval Pavilion, we spotted my section of the Function Room roof. Only the aluminium fascia was seen due to the parapet covering the rest of the structure.
Figure 80: Flashing
Figure 81: Joint sealant
Figure 82: Vapour Barrier
These elements were used to prevent any water prevention into the building.
As an outdoor structure, this material was chosen for its durability, hardness and impermeability.
Figure 78: Cement cladding
Cement was chosen for both its durability and compressive strength.
Figure 79: Aluminium fascia
Aluminum was mainly chosen for its aesthetic qualities since it is exposed to the public as seen in Fig 76.
Since this structure is exposed to outdoor elements, some components may be susceptible to wear. For instance, the joint sealant is vulnerable as it is made out of silicon which is not very durable.
The corrosion or oxidisation of metal elements will be rather expensive to replace since it encompasses most of the section. Removing these sections for replacements will affect the other elements as well.
Furthermore, the metal deck roof, flashing and aluminium fascia may undergo corrosion or oxidisation.
Also, constant replacements due to weathering will prove to be economic issues as well. However, the materials used for this structure are generally cost effective and therefore, it won’t be such a great detriment to the budget.
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Section-Function Room Roof North 03: 3D drawing
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WEEK 10 KNOWLEDGE MAPS
References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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References: see Reference list on pg. 69-72
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WEEK 10 GLOSSARY
BRACED FRAME: a timber or steel frame with diagonal members which resist lateral forces in buildings (Ching, 2008)
CORROSION: the process by which materials are eaten away by chemical action
DEFECT: an imperfection or blemish; a point of weakness
FASCIA: a horizontal band, usually located under a roof edge
IEQ: indoor environment quality (Hes, 2014)
LIFE CYCLE: the development of building material from the extraction and processing of raw materials, the manufacturing, packaging, and transportation of the finished product to the point of use, maintaining the material in use, the possible recycling and reuse of the material, and its final disposal (Ching, 2008)
SHEAR WALL: a wood, concrete, or masonry wall capable of resisting changes in shape and transferring lateral loads to the ground foundation (Ching, 2008)
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SOFT STOREY: a floor that is significantly weaker or more flexible than those above and/or below it (Newton, 2014)
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CONSTRUCTION WORKSHOP REPORT Plywood
Screw
We were instructed to create a structure spanning 1000mm. Our group was given one plywood sheet and 3 pinewood timber beams.
Pinewood
During our construction, we used screws, nails, hammers, electric drill and saws.
We decided to attach two of the pinewood beam to the sheet of plywood. Screws were used as nails were too long. Some longer screws were used when there was a lack of shorter screws. The plywood was primarily a connecting member for the two pinewood timber beams. This structure was to be the span.
Figure 83: Beam structure, top view (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
Pinewood
Screw
Figure 84: Beam structure, bottom view (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
Figure 87: Connection between beam and supports (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
Figure 85: Supports (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
The remaining beam was cut into 10 equal pieces and two supports were created by using 5 pieces of timber each. This was done by using long nails.
Figure 86: Butt joint (Ching, 2008)
Only the butt joint system was used in our structures.
The beam and the supports were simply nailed together, with the supports placed lengthwise.
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We actually turned the beam around with the plywood on the underside. This was because we believed that the sheet would hold the two pinewood beams together during deflection.
SPAN
Figure 89: Load paths Figure 88: Finished product (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
From Fig 89, it is evident that major deflection would occur when the structure is placed under a load. This is because there is a lack of support in the middle of the span length.
It should also be noted that some the timber began to crack because we had secured nails against its grain direction. However, unlike the scale modelmaking during studio sessions, the materials were more manageable and reliable.
As expected, our structure experienced a major deflection of 100mm.
Figure 90: In the testing cradle (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
It was also able to sustain a large load of 80kg. The weakness point was located in middle of the span where it cracked.
Point of weakness
Figure 92, 93: Other team’s beams (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
Other teams’ beams were varied in their structure. However, none of them proved to be stable beams. Figure 91: Point of weakness (Picture: Achini Attanayake)
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REFERENCES Ashford, P. (2014). Collapses and failures, when things go wrong. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yNEl-fYRi_I&feature=youtu.be Auskstone. (2014). Things to consider. Retrieved from http://www.auskstone.com.au/Sydney-Kitchen-Benchtop/SydneyKitchen-Stones-Factory-services Ching, F.D.K. (2008). Building construction illustrated (4th ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Cox Architecture Pty Ltd. (2012). Oval pavilion construction drawings. Grose, M. (2014). Walking the constructed city. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CGMA71_3H6o&feature=youtu.be Hes, D. (2014). Heroes and Villans-a framework for selecting materials. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FhdfwGNp_6g&feature=youtu.be Huston, A. (2014). The Pantheon: An example of early Roman concrete. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9aL6EJaLXFY&feature=youtu.be JS Engineering Design Ltd. (2014). Roof structures. Retrieved from http://www.jsengineeringdesign.co.uk/roofs.htm Newton, C. (2014). A tale of corrosion: The Statue of Liberty. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2IqhvAeDjlg&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Bricks. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4lYlQhkMYmE&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Composite materials. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Uem1_fBpjVQ&feature=youtu.be
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Newton, C. (2014). Concrete. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c1M19C25MLU&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Concrete blocks. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geJv5wZQtRQ&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Concrete detailing. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yqVwAV7yJCI&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Construction systems. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8zTarEeGXOo&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Detailing for heat and moisture. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Lhwm8m5R_Co&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Engineered timber products. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0YrYOGSwtVc&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). ESD and collecting materials. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=luxirHHxjIY&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Ferrous metals. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SQy3IyJy-is&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Floor systems. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=otKffehOWaw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Footings and foundations. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PAcuwrecIz8&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). From wood to timber. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJL0vCwM0zg&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Glass. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I0Jqcrfcyk&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). In situ concrete. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c3zW_TBGjfE&feature=youtu.be
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Newton, C. (2014). Introduction to mass construction. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Au2upE9JN8&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Introduction to masonry. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DC8Hv8AKQ8A&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Introduction to materials. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s4CJ8o_lJbg&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Introduction to metals. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RttS_wgXGbI&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Lateral Supports. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BodoWgcQapA Newton, C. (2014). Load path diagrams. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y__V15j3IX4&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Non ferrous metals. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EDtxb7Pgcrw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Openings: Doors and windows. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g7QQIue58xY&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Paints. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WrydR4LA5e0&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Plastics. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5pfnCtUOfy4&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Pre cast concrete. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=scYYMMezI0&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Roof systems. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=q5ms8vmhs50&feature=youtu.be
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Newton, C. (2014). Rubber. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OPhjDijdf6I&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Stone. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2Vn5_dk4RtQ&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Structural concepts: geometry and equilibrium. Newton, C. (2014). Structural elements. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wQIa1O6fp98&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Structural joints. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kxRdY0jSoJo&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Structural systems. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l--JtPpI8uw&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Timber properties and considerations. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ul0r9OGkA9c&feature=youtu.be Newton, C. (2014). Walls, grids and columns. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vq41q6gUIjI&feature=youtu.be Selenitsch, A. (2014). Column and Wall; Point and Plane. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KJ97Whk1kGU&feature=youtu.be Walls. (2014). Retrieved from http://prointeriordesigner.com/construction/walls/
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