How to Present Data

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Data Analysis for Research

1.7

Presenting Data

Presenting Data Presenting numerical data accurately is an important element of essays, reports, presentations and posters. The aim of the following section is to provide a few basic guidelines on how to incorporate graphs and tables effectively, and at the same time creatively, into your work.

1.7.1

Using Graphs and Charts Computer spreadsheets such as Excel, now allow you to produce a range of graphs and charts (bar charts, column charts, pie charts, graphs) quickly and easily. As such, graphs can be used effectively to enhance the quality of reports, essays, posters and presentations. Carefully thoughtout graphs can bring to life data from tables and allow comparisons to be made quickly. However, poorly designed graphs can easily fail and weaken a piece of work. It is very common for students to rush in and produce a whole plethora of charts and graphs without giving much thought to the data set they are using or what type of output would be most appropriate. Therefore is it important to take your time and give careful consideration to what you actually want to achieve. First, ask yourself the following questions: Is a graph or chart necessary? Students often use diagrams as a means of ‘padding out’ work and as a result graphs not referred to in the text become ‘window-dressing’. Therefore carefully consider whether the graph is actually needed - ask yourself whether the graph helps the reader understand a particular point or aspect of the data. If it does fine - but make sure that is it integrated and referred to fully in your dicussion. If not, provide a simple verbal description. What is the purpose/objective/outcome? Are you producing a graph for an essay/report, poster or presentation? While the basic guidelines and formatting options are generic, you need to consider the overall purpose and intended audience. For example graphs produced for a presentation will be different to those produced for inclusion in an essay or a PowerPoint presentation. Carefully consider the importance of visual impact and clarity, and the type of media you are using. What is the nature of the data set you are using? Graphs often fail because an incorrect chart type has been used or the graph is too complicated. Therefore before you start carefully consider the actual nature of the data set you are using. Above all you need to distinguish between ‘continuous’ data and ‘discrete’ quantities. A continuous quantity is that which can be chosen to any degree

© Dr Andrew Clegg

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