Near East Peace Center by jacob gann

Published in North America by West Wing Studio Press Oklahoma State University 101 Architecture Building Stillwater, OK 74077 USA Text ÂŠ 2010 This book was designed and produced by gann///winkel///foster All rights reserved. No part of this publication my be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopy, recording or any information storage and retrieval system, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 3116-10-2010 ISBN: 0-10573-3116-001 Project managed by Jacob Gann Designed by gann///winkel///foster Printed in Stillwater USA

near east peace center jacob gann///chase winkle///carrie foster

moh bilbeisi: spencer williams*, sam stropes, laurissa gibson, haley sheddy, kelsey trepka

seung ra: colby williams*, charles snyder, josh clough, evan neal, allie white

suzanne bilbeisi: connor tapscott*, lance luke, bethany enerson, nick hudacko

suzanne bilbeisi: jordan gill*, chris huber, katy harlow

seung ra: dylan hames*, trevor labrosse, jerry lavarnway, christen belcheff

paolo sanza: zac mowery*, devard hanna, bonnie fentem,isabella velasco, nick forthman

paolo sanza: elizabeth hinkle*, jonathan chin, gonzalo narez,valeria di silvestri, ben clayton, ricardo montoya

moh bilbeisi: ryan rankin*, simon manning, min kim, mark davis, aaron guthridge, steven raynor

client site overall facility detailed facility atmosphere environmental materials precedence

07 25 41 59 81 103 135 169

08 10 12 14 16 20 bibliography

tourism

demographics

treaty of peace

time line

goals

client

moh bilbeisi: spencer williams*, sam stropes, laurissa gibson, haley sheddy, kelsey trepka

Client Goals

Design Goals

Establish a landmark of peace

Develop program

comprehensive

architectural

Opportunity for exchange, trade and prosperity Establishment of regional peace Symbolic place that commemorates the progress from conflict to peace A think tank that encourages the furtherance and expansion of peace Reminds people of the brutality of intolerance, hatred, and war Educate the public about the importance of peace, cultural coexistence, and religious tolerance Reflect the peaceful spirit of the center and project that image to the public Set an example for the need for all humans to be good stewards of the earth

Investigate and study architecture as a cultural phenomenon Study and generate complex architectural forms as they relate to the ultimate purpose of the architectural program Study and generate complex circulation systems, both horizontal and vertical Study the human behavior as users interact with the designed environment Further develop new problem solving and graphic communication techniques Understand the physicality of stone as an architectural element and how it interacts with the environment Develop an understanding of materials and materiality as it relates to the project program

Time Line

1, 4, 5, 6

44 BCE Caesar is assassinated and Jordan falls into anarchy.

1096 CE The crusades begin. The focus of the Christian forces were at Jerusalem, and Jordan reaped many benefits which include liberation from foreign control.

63-4 BCE King Herod rules Israel 66 - 73 CE In Israel the Jews revolt against Rome. Jerusalem and the first Jewish temple is destroyed.

614 CE Persians gain control of Jerusalem, but the Byzantines take it back 15 years later at which point they kill the Jews, those who can flee from the region.

70 CE The Nabataeans align themselves with Rome in order to halt a Jewish uprising. Jordan subsequently falls under direct Roman rule. 332 BCE Israel and Jordan are conquered by Alexander the Great and established Greek control of the region.

300 BCE

200

9 B.C-40 CE Jordan prospers under King Aretas

100

300 CE Emperor Constantine takes control and Christianity becomes Israel’s predominant religion. Jews are again banned from entering Jerusalem.

100 CE

106 CE The Nabataean Kingdom is reclaimed by Rome after the Nabataean monarch dies. Nabataean is renamed Arabia Petrea. Petra is redesigned with tradition Roman architecture.

638 CE Islam is founded and spreads North from the Arabian peninsula. Arabs take over Israel.

200

300

400

691 CE Dome of the Rock built in Jerusalem.

500

600

1187 CE Saladin re-conquered Jerusalem for the Muslims. 969 CE The Fatimids of Egypt take over Jordan but continually battle with the Syrians for the area.

700

300 CE Emperor Constantine takes control and Christianity becomes Jordan’s predominant religion. The population booms and the major cities flourish. The Nabataean withdrawal from their capitol city for unknown reasons.

636 CE The Arabs win the decisive battle against the Byzantines at the modern border of Jordan and Syria.

300-520 CE Churches (of bacilican architecture) are built across Jordan.

750 CE The capitol moves from Damascus to Baghdad which is further from Jordan, so the region suffers from neglect.

661 CE Jordan begins to flourish again since many Muslim pilgrims pass through on their way to Damascus.

110-300 CE Arabia Petra is prosperous.

500 CE The Map of the Holy Land mosaic is crafted.

135 CE The Bar Kochva Revolt restored Jewish control of Jerusalem for 3 years. Rome leveled the city and killed or deported the majority of Jews. Jews were not allowed to enter Jerusalem for 100 years. Judea was renamed Palaestina.

542 CE Plagues devastate Jordan’s Population.

1099 CE The pope organizes the Holy war with a mission to reclaim the Holy Land form the Muslims. Jerusalem is re-claimed by the Christians. Many Jews and Muslims died in the process. Battle continued to be waged for control of the land.

800

900

1000

1180 CE The Ayyubid dynasty is established and last for 80 years. They unite and rule Egypt, Syria, and Jordan. 1290 CE The Mameluks take over the Ayyubid’s Dynasty, but keep Jordan united with Syria and Egypt, making Jordan a major thoroughfare. Jordan prospered and began successfully growing sugar. Mongols periodically attempted to invade Jordan but were thwarted by the Mameluks. 1291 CE The Mameluks took control of the Holy Land and Israel’s population suffered since Jerusalem was no longer a major stronghold of the Near East.

1960-1967 CE The Arabs divide into factions based on varying ideas to unify the Arabs. Radicals develop and severely segements the group.

1880-1904 CE Jews from Europe emigrate to Israel due to persecution. Tel Aviv is founded. 1897 CE The Zionist Congress is founded to make Palestine the official home for Jews under international law.

1516 CE The Mameluks are defeated by the Ottoman Turks.

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

1900

1967 CE The Six day War. Israel gained the West Bank, East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. 1916 CE The Great Arab Revolt is launched in hopes of gaining a single Arab state. 1917 CE W.W.I. divides the Near East, England takes over Israel. 1917 CE W.W.I. England takes over Jordan. TransJordan is delegated to Arab control.

1910

1920

1947 CE the UN Petition Plan divides Israel into three sections. One for Jews, one for Arabs, and one as an international zone.

1930

1940

1967 CE Resolution 242 is proposed which sa if Israel gives back the land it won, the Arab nations will respect Israelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s borders and recognize its statehood, it failed. 1973 CE Yom Kippur War. Israel vs. Arabs, Israel won militarily, Arabs claim victory because they posed a threat.

1950

1920-1921 CE Trans-Jordan is divided into three regions with the new emporer, Emir, who establised the first central government.

1948 CE Britain withdraws from the entire situation. The Arab-Israeli war results with Israel having 20% more land than the UN originally awarded.

1923 CE The Emirate of Trans-Jordan is recognized as a state.

1948 CE Israel is recognized as an independent state. The Arab-Israeli War forces many Arabs in West Bank. Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Arab Legion maintained its Arab establishment.

1933 CE Jews flee to Israel from Germany.

1960

1950 CE Palestinian Arab leaders and Jordanian leaders hold a meeting and unanimously vote to combine into one state to protect the land from falling to Israel.

1970

1980

1987-1998 CE Palestinians cause violent riots in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

1993 CE The Washington Declaration was signed with Israel to end the 46 year war.

1994 CE The Jordan-Israel Peace Treaty is signed. It defines borders for both countries and gave specifics about future land negotiations.

1990

Treaty of Peace

Background Information Signed at Arava Border Crossing on October 26, 1994 Signed by: Mr. Yitzhak Rabin for the State of Israel (prime minister) and Dr. Abdul Salam Al-Majali for the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (prime minister) Witnessed by William J. Clinton president of the United States. Previously signed the Washington Declaration declaring the termination of the state belligerency between them on July 25th, 1994

Treaty Preamble Main achievement: Just, lasting and comprehensive peace in the Near East. Peace based on freedom, equality, justice and respect for fundamental human rights, promoting human dignity. Desiring to develop friendly and cooperating relationships while ensure a lasting security for both states.

Incorporate potential new water sources

the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan by the ratification of this treaty. Establishes the countries boundaries, and the permanence and respect for them. Security Establish the need for security and work at combating against terrorism. Prevents aggression and violence between the two parties. Establish Bilateral relations including economic and cultural relations. Water Recognize the scarcity of water. Notes the importance of maintaining the integrity of water sources and developing new sources.

Freedom of Passage Breaking down economic barriers to allow for more trade and economic growth while permitting free transportation, open and maintain roads, and borderInternational Boundary crossing. Peace is established between the State of Israel and Allow innocent passage and normal access to ports to

Incorporate potential new energy sources Provide a safe environment Provide an environment that is neutral and respectful to both parties and their cultures

Signing of the Peace Treaty

regional concept. Develop the Jordan Rift Valley area. Parties will cooperate in the area of health and agriculture. Agree to negotiate joint development of the towns of Aqaba and Eliat. Places of Historical and Religious Significance Respect and have freedom of access to places of Establish a claims commission to settle all financial claims. religious and historical significance. Take steps to abolish previous prejudice of other party. Refugees and Displaced Persons Help resolve and relocated refugees caused by both Legislation Within 3 months of ratification of this treaty both parties parties during the conflict. will begin. Normalization of Relations Ratified with agreement to their national procedures. Seek to foster mutual understanding and tolerance of Interim measures pending the conclusion of relevant other parties differences. agreements in agreement with this treaty. Recognize other parties rights, privileges, and obligations Disputes resolved by negotiations. from the aviation agreements. Negotiations on international air corridor to be completed no later 6 months. Mutual desire to promote cooperation between two parties. Cooperate in environmental matters, including conservation of nature and prevention of pollution. Develop energy resources as part of binational and other party. Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba are international waters.

Signing of the Peace Treaty

Hand shakes after the signing

Cultural Demographics

Jordan Population: 6,269,285 (July 2010 est.) Country comparison to the world: 104 Age structure: 0-14 years: 36% (male 1,161,484/female 1,096,441) 15-64 years: 59.4% (male 1,892,472/female 1,829,112) 65 years and over: 4.6% (male 143,058/female 146,718) (2010 est.) Median age: Total: 21.8 years Male: 21.6 years Female: 22.1 years (2010 est.) Since foreign countries have different demographics than the USA. It is important to acknowledge these differences to develop a better understanding of Jordan and Israel. Jordan 78% of the population lives in urban contexts 98% of the population are Arab. There are more Christians than even Shia Muslims

Urbanization: Urban population: 78% of total population (2008) Nationality: Noun: Jordanian(s) Adjective: Jordanian Ethnic groups: Arab 98%, Circassian 1%, Armenian 1% Languages: Arabic (official), English widely understood among upper and middle classes.

Religions: Sunni Muslim 92%, Christian 6% (majority Greek Orthodox, but some Greek and Roman Catholics, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, and Protestant denominations), other 2% (several small Shia Muslim and Druze populations) (2001 est.) Literacy: Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 89.9% Male: 95.1% Female: 84.7% (2003 est.) Government type: Constitutional monarchy Military service age and obligation: 17 years of age for voluntary military service Refugees and internally displaced persons: refugees (country of origin): 1,835,704 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA)); 500,000 (Iraq) IDPs: 160,000 (1967 Arab-Israeli War) (2007)

Cultural Demographics

Israel Population: 7,233,701 Country comparison to the world: 97

Religions: Jewish 75.5%, Muslim 16.8%, Christian 2.1%, Druze 1.7%, other 3.9% (2008)

Literacy: Definition: age 15 and over can read and write Total population: 97.1% Age structure: 0-14 years: 27.9% (male 1,031,629/female 984,230) Male: 98.5% 15-64 years: 62.3% (male 2,283,034/female Female: 95.9% (2004 est.) 2,221,301) 65 years and over: 9.9% (male 311,218/female Government type: parliamentary democracy 402,289) (2010 est.) Median age: Total: 29.3 years Male: 28.6 years Female: 30 years (2010 est.) Urbanization: Urban population: 92% of total population (2008) Nationality: Noun: Israeli(s) Adjective: Israeli Ethnic groups: Jewish 76.4% (of which Israel-born 67.1%, Europe/ America-born 22.6%, Africa-born 5.9%, Asia-born 4.2%), non-Jewish 23.6% (mostly Arab) (2004) Languages: Hebrew (official), Arabic used officially for Arab minority, English most commonly used foreign language.

Military service age and obligation: 18 years of age for compulsory (Jews, Druzes) and voluntary (Christians, Muslims, Circassians) military service Refugees and internally displaced persons: IDPs: 150,000-420,000 (Arab villagers displaced from homes in northern Israel) (2007)

Israel 76.4% of citizens are Jewish but many are not Israeli born English is the most common foreign language Women are drafted in addition to men and play a higher role in Israelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s politics

Tourism Aqaba, Jordan8

Mameluk Fort

Aqaba, a port city and resort destination, is situated at the southernmost part of Jordan and the northern tip of the Red Sea. On a clear day, one can see Israel, The castle was originally for the Crusaders and later Saudi Arabia and Egypt and from the town center, the rebuilt by the Mameluks in the 16th century. The borders are no more than a 30 minute drive. Ottomans occupied it until WWI when the British destroyed it.

Remains of oldest church Adjacent to the site are major tourist destinations, Aqaba and Madaba in Jordan and Bethlehem, Jerusalem, and Eilat in Israel, that will heavily impact the use of the Near East Peace Center. Diverse groups of people from all around the world will be attracted to the area because of popular monuments and sights that are in close proximity to the Peace Center.

The cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main source of income comes from tourism due to the abundance of beaches and coral reefs. 10% of the tourism income comes from water sports, diving, and scuba. Aqaba International Airport, in the The remains of some of the worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s earliest known northern part of the city, connects Alexandria , Sharm churches have been discovered in Aqaba. The mud el-Sheikh, Aqaba to Amman, and Dubai and several brick buildings date to the late 3rd century. European destinations.

Petra

80 miles north of Aqaba is the city of Petra. It is halfcarved, half-built into the surrounding mountains and housed tombs and spaces for the Nabataean Arab nomads. The Nabataean caravan-city was first established in the 6th century BCE and became the foundation for a commercial empire that was important for trade routes into India, China, and southern Arabia with Egypt, Syria, Rome, and Greece.

for its handcrafts like weaving, jewelry, ceramics and mosaics, the most famous of which is the Mosaic Map in St. Georgeâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Church (below).

Bethlehem, Israel9

Madaba, Jordan2

Madaba is also located in and around attractive natural Jerusalem has important Holy Places such as the features such as mountains, waterfalls, and canyons birthplace of Jesus (above), the Shrine of Rachel, the where camping and hiking are popular activities. Known road on which Muhammad prayed on the way to the

Tourism Rock, and the Church of the Nativity.

Jerusalem, Israel9

Jerusalem is the capitol of Israel and has maintained a Jewish presence for 3000 years.

There have been strong Jewish and Arab influences for centuries and was divided between the two about 50 years ago.

Important sites for Christians are the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (above), the site of Jesusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; tomb and resurrection, and the Garden of Gethesemane, where Jesus was arrested. Important sites in Islam are the Dome of the Rock (above), where Muhammad ascended, and Al-Aqsa,

what Muslims consider the third holiest place. An important site for Jews is the Western Wall (above), all that is left of the Second Temple.

a few international flights. Ovda International Airport, located in northern Eilat, has mainly international flights to Europe with just a few domestic flights.

King Solomonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Pillars

Five sandstone pillars adjacent to a concentration of copper-digging mines are believed to belong to King Solomon during Biblical times. This site attracts nature

Eilat, Israel7

Eilat is located at the southernmost part of Israel. It has become the ultimate resort city in Israel attracting people all over the world with its beaches and coral reserves.

lovers and bird watchers.

Timna Valley Park

A park devoted to hiking and driving tours through granite and limestone desert cliffs.

It is a popular destination for diving and scuba, making tourism the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main source of income. There are many museums, restaurants, hotels, and shops to accommodate the population of tourists. Eilat International Airport, located in the city center, has mainly domestic flights to Tel Aviv and Haifa with just

Bibliography 1. A Living Tribute to the Legacy of King Huissein I. http://www.kinghussein.gov.jo 2. Charl Al Twal, Madaba Tourism Association, www.visitmadaba.org, (26 October 2010) 3. CIA - The World Factbook. https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook. 4. History of Israel - A Chronological Presentation. http://history-of-israel.org 5. Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs. http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA 6. Israels story in Maps. Jerusalem. 2004. 7. Israel Wonders. http://www.goisrael.com 8. Jordan Tourism Board. http://na2.visitjordan.com/Default.aspx 9. Looking at Israel, Ahava Press Jerusalem, 2004 10. State of Israel. Ministry of foreign affairs, Jerusalem. Peace between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Arava border crossing, 1994.

bibliography

climate

vegetation

borfer

contours, slope and drainage

site dimensions

access and traffic patterns

site location

relationship to other monuments

24 26 28 30 31 32 33 36 38

site

seung ra: colby williams*, charles snyder, josh clough, evan neal, allie white

Relationship to Other Monuments What are the Holy Lands? The geographical region of land with no definite borders located at the eastern side of the Meditteranean Sea and the northeastern side of the Red Sea. It consists of Israel, the Palestinian territories, and multiple parts of Jordan and Lebanon. These places have been the major birthplaces of multiple religions, including, Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Kaaba:Peace-keeping monument that serves as a Focal point for daily prayer to all Muslims. Provide a view/path directed towards its location. Dome of the Rock: Unifying structure with a special item inside that encourages Jews to pray towards this structure.Provide a view/path directed towards its location. Church of the Holy Sepulcre: A focal point for Christians. Although the area is dominated by Islam, Christianity is a vital force. A view/ path may be directed towards Jerusalem.

Kaaba

Dome of the Rock

Church of the Holy Sepulchre

Location: Mecca, Saudi Arabia, 648.71 miles southeast from the site along the Red Sea. Description: Cube-shaped building with a masonry structure. Sits on top of a 10” base and stands 43’ tall. Covered in a black and gold curtain, known as, the Kiswah, which contains calligraphy with text from the Qur’an. According to the Qur’an, it was built by Adam to reflect the “house of heaven”. One of the five pillars of Islam requires every Muslim to perform the Hajj pilgrimage at least once in a lifetime. 16 Relationship to Program: The four corners of the Kaaba convey the cardinal directions of the compass and serves as a directional reference to many people. Throughout history, it has served as a peace-keeper between warring societies and creates a combat-free zone which allows it to thrive as both a pilgrimage center and a trading center. When designing your structure try to imitate this theory of peace in the conference center. Remember that it also serves as the focal point for prayer for all Muslims, no matter where they are. Reserve a direct view or path in your structure.

Location: Temple Mount, Jerusalem, 151.46 miles north from site near Mediterranean Sea. Description: Octagonal structure that was built in 691-692 A.D. to protect Muslims from the cold and heat. It also served as a space for pilgrims, not as a mosque for public worship. Covered in mosaic tiles and inscriptions from the Qur’an. It contains the Rock of Moriah, which marks the spot where Muhammad ascended to Heaven. 8 Relationship to Program: This is another holy site of Islam. The object inside encourages travel and unity within the structure. Think about placing a monumental, meaningful piece in the center of the conference building to unite the two nations of Jordan and Israel. Just as Muslims pray towards the Kaaba in Mecca, Jews pray towards the Fountain Stone at the Dome of the Rock. This should also reserve a direct view or path in your structure.

Location: Old City of Jerusalem, 152.17 miles north from the site near the Mediterranean Sea. Description: Originally built as two churches with a basilica, colonnaded atrium, and a rotunda, which contains the remains of a room identified as the burial site of Jesus. It also contains a court open to the sky with chapels attached to it. It has remained the place of Christian pilgrimage destination since the 4th century. Contains the Rock of Calgary, where the cross was raised. The church is also the home to six denominations: Roman Catholic, Greek Orthodox, Armenian Orthodox, Syrian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, and Ethiopian Orthodox. 6 Relationship to Program: the New Testament states this is the location where Jesus was crucified and buried. Like the Kaaba and the Dome of the Rock, an object located inside of the structure encourages Christians to visit it. The importance of the chapels indicate the devotion to the suffering of Christ. A direct view or path may be created in your structure.

The Treasury at Petra

City of Baalbek

City of Ayla

Location: Maâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;an, Jordan, 58.25 miles northeast of the site Description: This is the capital of the Nabateans. It is a historical city enclosed by towering rocks and other geography. It was a heavily fortified city that controlled trade routes. The city became well-known for its successful control of water from flash floods using dams, cisterns, and water conduits. It consists of elaborate facades, pylon-tomb, parapet ornament, and an amphitheater. The city was also known as the Rose-Red City because of the natural red color of the rocks. 15 Relationship to Program: This holy monument is very important because its location is very similar to ours and serves as a major tourism site. It is located in the same large valley stretching from the Dead Sea to the Gulf of Aqaba. It also experiences the same conditions as our site, such as flooding and vegetation. This city is one of the closest monuments to our location and received 209,000 visitors in the 1st quarter of 2010. This should cause you to determine an entrance for the northern part of the site since Highway 90 and 65 run along it.

Location: Baalbek, Lebanon, 312.26 miles northeast of site near the Mediterranean Sea. Description: A city full of temple ruins from Roman times that were used to worship the triad of Jupiter, Venus, and Bacchus. The city dates back about 9000 years and was known as Heliopolis. The city is full of remains due to erosion, earthquakes, and disassembling. The Temple to Jupiter was the greatest of the three. The site also consists of large stones, including the Stone of the Pregnant Woman, which weighs about 1200 tons. Their method of quarrying, transportation, and placement of these trilithons was beyond the ability of any ancient/modern architects which makes this Lebanonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s greatest Roman treasure. 4 Relationship to Program: Due to its immense, highly-decorated remains, the city of Baalbek is a huge tourist destination. It is also one of the most well preserved sites in Lebanon. Its presence encourages the southern movement to other holy monuments that lead to our site. Note the use of scale to emphasize different parts of the site.

Location: Aqaba, Jordan, 5 miles southeast from site. Description: An ancient Islamic city built during the Umayyad period( 650-750 A.D.) and the Ambassid period (750-970 A.D.). There was a mosque for teaching religious sciences in the center of the site. The Mosque was directed towards Mecca and most of the structures were made of stones and mud-clay brick. The site also consists of towers, storerooms, city walls, and residences. It was eventually ensured safety from a treaty by Prophet Muhammad in 630 A.D. It became a major sea port due to the accessibility of routes to East Africa and Asia. 3 Relationship to Program: This ancient city served as a springboard for further campaigns and territorial expansion around the Gulf of Aqaba. The city was also a station for travelers. In relation to our program, the city of Aqaba is a major tourist destination and welcomes many travelers, especially those travelling by sea. Since the site is so close to this monument, you can expect to receive visitors from not only the north, but from the southern sea port as well.

The Treasury at Petra: Major tourism location near our conference center. Northern routes/entrance should be considered for convenient access. City of Baalbek: The start of major monuments in the Holy Lands begins here and will end at our site. Monumentality is key when relating to nearby cities. City of Ayla: One of the only monuments in the two cities near our site. Known as a major /historicalsea port so expect to provide access from the Gulf of Aqaba.

Site Location Monuments Cities Site

Lebanon

City of Baalbek

Beirut

Damascus

Syria

Wadi Araba The area is approximately 100 miles long and three to four miles wide. Further to the north and below sea level is the Dead Sea, fed by the River Jordan from the Sea of Galilee. Also to the north are the capital cities of the two countries; north-east to Jordan’s Amman and north-west to Israel’s Tel Aviv. Almost due north is Jerusalem, important to Christains, Jews and Muslims. To the east, hidden behind the wall of the Edomite Mountains, is the ancient city of Petra, the “Rose red city half as old as time.” Beyond the western mountain wall is the Negev Desert and Sinai - the cross roads of history where the armies of Solomon, Alexander, Rome, Byzantium and Islam have marched.

Mediterranean Sea

Tel Aviv Jerusalem

Dome of the Rock

Church of the Holy Sepulcre

Amman

Israel

Location within Jordan: > Southwest border of Jordan near Aqaba. Location within Israel: > Southeastern border of Israel near Israel. Close contact with the Gulf of Aqaba. Relationship to surrounding cites: > Eilat, Israel [5 miles] Aqaba, Jordan [8 miles] Amman, Jordan [177 miles] Jerusalem, Israel [155 miles] Tel Aviv, Israel [176 miles] Damascus, Syria [287 miles] Beirut, Lebanon [303 miles] 11

Treasury at Petra

Jordan

Eilat

Site

City of Ayla

Aqaba

Gulf of Aqaba

Veh icula r

Tra ffi

Traf fi

jor

F Latitude & Longitude

Min

or V ehic

ular

A: 29° 35’ 6.28” N 34° 58’ 43.02” E B: 29° 35’ 55.50” N 34° 58’ 42.25” E C: 29° 34’ 40.18” N 34° 58’ 35.58” E

D: 29° 34’ 35.23” N 34° 58’ 49.15” E D

E: 29° 35’ 51.50” N 34° 58’ 56.72” E F: 29° 35’ 1.05” N 34° 58’ 56.82” E

Access and Traffic Patterns

All of the current routes are located on Israelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side, west of the site, and none exist on Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s side, east of the site. The main access road consists of Highway 90, which runs parallel with the Israel - Jordan border. Access road 109 runs parallel with Highway 90 and is in between the site and Highway 90. Access road to the site runs off of road 109, which is located northwest of the site. Create more access roads to the site from road 109. Creat an access point on the Jordan side of the site. Keep in mind we are designing a structure to unite the two sides, therefore access from both sides must be equally developed in order to not show favoritism.

Site Perimeter Major Vehicular Traffic- Highway 90 Minor Vehicular Traffic- Highway 109 Access Road

Aqaba by Land The city of Aqaba is connected to the rest of Jordan by the Desert Highway and the Dead Sea Highway. Aqaba is connected to Eilat, Israel by the Wadi Araba crossing and to Haql, Saudi Arabia by the Durra Border Crossing. There are many bus services between Aqaba and Amman and the other major cities in Jordan. JETT and Trust International are the most common lines. These buses use the Desert Highway. Taxi services are also available between Aqaba and Eilat. The Aqaba railway system is only used for cargo transportation and no longer functions for travellers, with the exception of the route to Wadi Rum. Aqaba by Air King Hussein International Airport connects Aqaba to Amman, Sharm el-Sheikh, Dubai and Alexandria and several destinations in Europe. Aqaba by Sea The Arab Bridge Maritime company vessels connect Aqaba to the Egyptian ports of Taba and Nuweiba. More than one million passengers travelled between Aqaba and the ports of Nuweiba and Sharm el-Sheikh by ferrys. An Abu Dhabi consortium of companies called â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Al Maabarâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; has won the bid to relocate and manage the Aqaba Port for 30 years and expand the existing ferry terminal which receives about 1.3 million passengers and thousands of trucks and cars coming from across the shore in Egypt. 2

Eilat by Land Eilat has two main roads connecting it with the center of Israel. Egged, the national bus company, provides regular service to points north on an almost hourly basis as well as in-city on a half-hourly basis during daylight hours. A main border crossing is the Taba Border Crossing to Taba, Egypt and Wadi Araba crossing to Aqaba, Jordan, the Yitzhak Rabin Border Crossing . Eilat by Sea The Port of Eilat and Eilat Marina allow travel by sea. Near-term plans also call for a rail link to decrease travel times substantially from Eilat to Tel Aviv and Jerusalem, via the existing line at Beer Sheba; planning is underway. Eilat by Air The Eilat Airport is located in the center of the city and is used largely for domestic flights. International flights often use Ovda International Airport about 30 miles northwest of the city. 9

The site can be accessed through any of the previous traffic access points and through the Eilat Interchange.

Site Dimensions 132

9”

1016’-11”

6’-

Area: 42,206,498.01 sq ft

1016’-11”

Israel Area: 21580211.93 sq ft 51 % of the site

169

5’-

3”

Jordan Area: 20626286.06 sq ft 49% of the site

6”

Adjacent property uses: 169 0’-

North-west: Tree farm (harvesting Date Trees) North-east: Aqaba airport (Located in Jordan)

132

6’-

9”

East: Desert South: Border crossing (Israel and Jordan) South-west: Salt Ponds (Fill the ponds up with water from the sea and then they evaporate to harvest salt)

Site Description

mountains 400 - 500 feet high and precipitous. The terrain of the The site of the Near East Peace floor of Wadi Araba is rolling, rough, Center will symbollically straddle the rocky and sandy, semi-desert with border between the two countries, scattered low bushes. and will be approached from both The site itself is a flat plot of land the western and eastern sides. with a date tree farm immediately At this point Wadi Araba is 3.5 to the west of the site that will be miles across and the bounding donated to the center. Because of

its situation in the middle of Wadi Araba, visible from highways and mountains in both countries, the Near East Peace Center will have a powerful presence as an object in the landscape.

Contours, Slope and Drainage

Drainage Located on the southwestern side of the Arabah Valley. Receives flash flooding and acts as a drainage valley into the Gulf of Aqaba. and the Gulf of Aden. The eastern slope of this escarpment is relatively In the valley created by the fault, gentle, dropping to the exposed called the Great Rift, the Red Sea shield of the ancient landmass that was formed. The Great Rift runs existed before the faulting occurred. from the Mediterranean along both Two-thirds of the region is classified sides of the Red Sea south through as a barren or sparsely vegetated Ethiopia and the lake country of ecosystem. Most of this area is East Africa. On the peninsula, the made up of desert. The Sahara eastern line of the Great Rift fault is stretches from the Atlas Mountains visible in the steep and, in places, Morocco in the west to the Red high escarpment that parallels the Sea in the east. It covers roughly Red Sea between the Gulf of Aqaba 3.3 million square miles, which Fault Line and Site Conditions

is slightly smaller than the United States. Roughly two-thirds of the Sahara is stony plains and barren mountains. The region’s other main desert is the Arabian desert, on the southern Arabian peninsula. It is known as Rub al Khali, meaning “the empty quarter,” and is the largest continuous desert in the world, at more than 888,000 square miles. 17

Contours Elevations are shown in 10 meter intervals. The site is relatively flat with highest point on the west side, sloping gradually towards the east. Note Currently there appears to be a dirt road that runs through the site to service the northern part of the date tree farm.

Border

A. Israel Border: This is a view of the Israel - Jordan border located on the Jordan side just south of our site location. A B. View of the land: Notice the ground cover in this photo is composed of mostly sedimentary rock.

C. Jordan Border: This is a view of the Israel - Jordan border located on the Israel side just south of our site location.

D. View of Israel near the site: Located near the southwest edge of the proposed site.

Vegetation Land Conditions Wadi Araba is 100 miles in length and 3 to 4 miles wide. It is located in between the Negev Desert and the Edomite Mountains, on its west and east sides, respectively. The valley can then be subdivided into three regions: The Ghor of the Dead Sea in the North, the central Part, and the Aqaba Valley in the southern portion, which is where our site is located. Sand dunes and sand plains, formed from fragmented granite and Nubian sandstone, compose a quarter of the whole valley. The rolling plains of larger gravel areas, known as hammadas, are also very prevalent in the area. These are almost exclusively located in areas with very little rainfall, which creates a void of all plant life.

The southern portion of the Aqaba valley is known as the Aqaba Plain. This plain runs from watershed region known as Al Risha, which is 43.4 miles to the north of the city of Aqaba, to the Gulf of Aqaba. The drainage is in horrible condition in the southern region due to a slight slope and an abundance of shifting sand dunes. The soil in this region also tends to be very salty. Saline soil makes it more difficult for water to be absorbed by the plant root, a very bad soil characteristic for a site that already receives a very small amount of annual precipitation. For this reason, our site has an abundance of halophytic vegetation, which can grow in this salty soil. All of Wadi Araba is within the plant geographical territory known as the Saharo-Sindian Region. Normally an area that receives this little of precipitation would be a barren desert, but, because of a high water course in the area, a larger variety of vegetation is able to grow than would be expected.

Vegetation

The desert provides an abundance of light and heat, but a shortage of moisture. The plants here have to take measures to overcome this difficulty. The key is to survive, and sometimes creative methods are utilized to accomplish this. As a general rule, the leaves of the plants in this region are very small, so as to prevent moisture loss. The roots, on the other hand, are very long compared to the plant size. Some shrubs root systems extend 3050 feet. Some species drop their leaves during periods of drought; others store water in expandable succulent parts. Suggestion The vegetation should serve as an inspiration to us in the way they react innovatively to the constraints of the harsh environment in order to thrive.

Ficus Carica Fig Tree

Phoenix Dactylifera Date Palm

Punica Granatum Pomegranate Shrub

Height- 15-30 feet Width- Often as wide, or wider, than they are tall. Flowers are very small. 4in. long leaves with 3 or 5 lobes Fruit are small berries called figs, which can be harvested twice a year (in the spring and in the summer or fall) attractive landscape feature, but if not maintained or harvested regularly the figs will accumulate and eventually rot. 10

Height- 40 to 100 feet Width-20 to 40 feet Sun Exposure- Full sun to light shade. The date is a fundamental food for the people of North Africa, Arabia and Persia . Sweet, edible fruit. Suited for hot, dry, desert conditions. This tree is known as â&#x20AC;&#x153;the tree of lifeâ&#x20AC;? and is a holy symbol, mentioned in both the Bible and the Koran. It is often used as a landscaping element. Bloom Color- Pale Yellow Drought tolerant when established. Spacing- 20 to 30 feet. 13

Height- 6 to 15 feet tall Sun Exposure- Full sun to partial shade. Water- Prefers soil that is moist and well drained. Branches droop if not maintained Lifespan- 5 to 20 years. Leaves 3 inches long. Fruits- Reddish or yellowish green fruits when mature. Can grow in sandy or rocky scrub lands. Spacing- 4-6 feet apart. 14

Acacia Cyanophylla Mimosa

Calligonum Comosum Woody Bush

Olea Europaea L. Olive Tree

Height- 6 meters Width- 5 meters Evergreen Growth Rate- Fast Sun Exposure- Full sun Blooms yellow WaterNo watering once established. Used as windbreaks. Used to stabilize sand dunes from erosion. 1

Height- 2 to 3 meters tall Flowers in long clusters which are edible. Stemmed branches. Flowers March through April. Serves as a sand binder. Abundant in the area. 5

Height- 25 to 30 feet (7 to 9 meters) tall Sun exposure- Full sun Watering- Low in summer, none in winter; although if resources allow it, slightly more watering may be better for it. Soil- Deep well-drained, rich soil Flowers- Blooms in the spring with white fragrant flowers Maintenance- Relatively high; fruits become messy if they are allowed to accumulate under the tree. Spacing- anywhere from 3 x 12feet to 28 x 28 feet; A traditional way of spacing is 30 feet apart Used in landscape for its shade and beauty-Known as the symbol of peace, wisdom and victory. 12

From geological findings, the area used to be heavily vegetated. Human interference is thought to have changed this through agricultural exploitation and overgrazing. Because of this, it is our responsibility to create designs which are environmentally aware. Conserving scarce resources by planting vegetation that survives on very little water is a step in the right direction. Suggestion Taking measures to improve the land, such as planting vegetation that will grow on sand and poor soil in order to reclaim it would also be a good way to show respect for the environment.

Climate Temperature

Climate [wind, sun, temperature, snow and rain] The major characteristic of the climate is the contrast between a relatively rainy season from November to April and very dry weather for the rest of the year. Hot, dry, uniform summers and cool, variable winters during which practically all of the precipitation occurs, the Near East has a Mediterranean style climate.

The Near East’s long summer reaches a peak during August. January is usually the coolest month. Daytime temperatures during the summer months frequently exceed 96.8°F and average about 89.6°F. In contrast, the winter months bring moderately cool and sometimes cold weather, averaging about 55.4°F. And on site, in the rift depression, frost is fairly common during the winter.

Hot-dry climate type Highest Monthly Mean Temperature (July): 102.92˚ F Lowest Monthly Mean Temperature (January): 48.02˚ F Annual Precipitation: 30 mm (inches)

radic precipitation. On the site, where the ground rises In general, the farther inland from to form the highlands east of the the Mediterranean Sea, the greater Jordan Valley, precipitation increasare the seasonal contrasts in tem- es to around thirty centimeters. perature and the less rainfall. Atmospheric pressures during the sum- Wind mer months are relatively uniform, For a month or so before and after whereas the winter months bring the summer dry season, hot, dry a succession of marked low pres- air from the desert produces strong sure areas and accompanying cold winds from the south or southeast fronts. These cyclonic disturbances that sometimes reach gale force. generally move eastward from over This dry, sirocco-style wind is usuthe Mediterranean Sea several ally accompanied by great dust times a month and result in spo- clouds. Its onset is heralded by a hazy sky, a falling barometer, and a drop in relative humidity to about 10 percent. Within a few hours there may be a 50°F to 59°F rise in temperature. These windstorms ordinarily last a day or so, cause much discomfort, and destroy crops by desiccating them. 2 Precipitation

Summer Sunrise June 21 Wind

Winter Sunrise December 21

Prevailing Southwest Winds

Average wind speed: 11 mph Average air temperature: 80.6째 F Sun Average summer temperature: 81째 F Average winter temperature: 68째 F Average hours of sunshine: Winter: 10.5 hours Summer: 14 hours

Bibliography 1 Acacia Cyanophylla. 21 October 2010. <http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Acacia_cyanophylla.jpg>. 2 Aqaba Marketing and Tourism Directorate. “Aqaba, Jordan.” Wikipedia. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. <http://www. wikipedia.org/>. 3 Ayla (Aqaba). Ghazi Bisheh. 2010. Database. 21 October 2010 <http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=mnument;ISL;jo;Mon01;12;en>. 4 Baalbek, Lebanon. Martine Gray. 2009. Places of Peace and Power. 21 October 2010 < http://www. sacredsites.com/middleeast/lebanon/baalbek.htm>. 5 Calligonum Comosum. 22 October 2010. <http://www.fao.org/ag/AGP/doc/Gallery/pictures/callcom. htm>. 6 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem. Holly Hayes. 21 February 2010. Sacred Destinations. 21 October 2010 <http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-church-of-holy-sepulchre>. 7 Date Tree. 26 October 2010. <http://www.flickr.com/photos/jarodcarruthers/>. 8 Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem. Holly Hayes. 13 January 2010. Sacred Destinations. 21 October 2010 <http://www.sacred-destinations.com/israel/jerusalem-dome-of-the-rock>. 9 Eilat Today, a Magazine of Current Affairs. “Eilat, Israel.” Wikipedia. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. <http://www.wikipedia.org/>. 10 Ficus Carica. 21 October 2010. <http://www.floridata.com/ref/f/ficus_c.cfm>. 11 “Google Maps with Street View.” Google Maps. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://maps.google.com/help/ maps/streetview/>. 12 Olea Europaea L. 21 October 2010. <http://www.aegeandream.com.tr/history.html>. 13 Phoenix Dactylifera. 21 October 2010. <http://www.mccullagh.org/photo/1ds-4/palm-tree-in-sahara>. 14 Punica Granatum. 22 October 2010. <http://www.floridata.com/ref/P/puni_gra.cfm>. 15 The Ancient City of Petra- Voices in Time. Anne O’Connell. 7 May 2010. Suite 101. 21 October 2010 < http://www.suite101.com/content/the-ancient-city-of-petra---voices-in-time-a234789>. 16 The Ka’aba. Huda. 2010. The New York Times Company. 21 October 2010 <http://islam.about.com/od/ mecca/p/kaaba.htm> 17 Turkey, From Loc. “Climate of Turkey.” Ancient / Classical History - Ancient Greece & Rome & Classics Research Guide. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/aneplacesgeography/qt/climateturkey.htm>. 18 U.S. Congress. “Saudi Arabia - Topography and Natural Regions.” Country Studies. 1992. Web. 21 Oct. 2010. <http://countrystuies.us/saudi-arabia/15.htm>. 19 U.S. Library of Congress. “Jordan - Climate.” Country Studies. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://countrystudies.us/jordan/27.htm>.

service

residential

administration

research

memorial

public

zone to zone

42 44 46 48 50 54 56

overall facility suzanne bilbeisi: connor tapscott*, lance luke, bethany enerson, nick hudacko

Zone to Zone Relationship Diagram Near East Peace Center Memorial 10

Public Spaces

VIP Spaces

Hall of Peace 12

Hall of Remember. 11 Public Lobby 1

Administration Spaces

Conference Suites 21

Public Circulation VIP Circulation

west entry

Possible Relationship Entry To garden/ courtyard

Admin Suites 24

east entry

Conference Rooms 20 Admin Lobby 31

Residential Suites 41 Library 35

VIP Lobby 14

Auditorium 19

Near East Peace Ctr (area, sq. ft.)

Public lobby Hall of Remeberance Memorial Hall Hall of Peace VIP lobby Conference suites Conference rooms Auditorium Administration lobby Administration suites Residential suites Library

Net Square Footage

4150 3000 1800 6000 3000 6000 7200 4000 500 4600 4900 8850

63850

Further investigation of space-to-space relationship demonstrates a main concern of security. The entire complex will provide space for visitors to educate themselves about the history of the region, yet a sense of boundary must always stay intact. The peace center is divided into three main sections; public zone, VIP zone and administrative zone. The largest of the spaces will be connected mainly to the public lobby and will dominate the site. The Hall of Peace will be the only connected space that allows for public and private members to interact. It should connect the public lobby to the VIP lobby and should be a focal point throughout the entire complex. The VIP lobby is unique due to the necessity of two entry/exit points, an east and west entry. This lobby is closed to the public, but will gain a lot of attention so space, circulation, and security will be extremely important to acknowledge. Although more than half of the peace center will be closed to the general public for security reasons, creating a complex that is connected through gardens or courtyards may offer for a successful design strategy.

Public Zone Diagram Public Zone Public Spaces VIP Lobby Access

Memorial 10

Administration Space

Hall of Peace 12

Hall of Remember. 11

Public Circulation Administration Circulation

Public Lobby 1

Entry

Public

Public Zone

It is important to remember that the main public lobby must have access to the most public places (memorial spaces). The public spaces must be provided enough exits according to the IBC (~4%). There must be enough handicap parking spaces for the entire building according to the IBC (~2%). The building should follow other IBC requirements involving egress and accessibility (widths, heights, distances, and slopes).The various lobbies for the building must also contain security equipment to provide the appropriate level of safety.15

Public Lobby Diagram Public Lobby (area, sq. ft.)

Rec. off. 4

Display Gallery 2

Public lobby Display gallery Reception counter Reception office Restroom

1000 1500 200 300 500

Net Square Footage

3500

Rec. count. 3 r.r. m 5

Public Lobby 1

r.r. f 5

Public

Public Zone Diagram Memorial Public Spaces Memorial 10

Administration Space Public Circulation

Hall of Peace 12

Hall of Remember. 11

Possible connection

Public Lobby 1

Entry

VIP Lobby Access

To VIP lobby

Public

Memorial

The space to space relationship between all the memorial spaces is open for each designer to consider. The only necessary connection needs is that the public lobby needs to access all spaces in some way and that the Hall of Peace must have a connection to the VIP lobby. Given there is so much freedom there are many different layouts that one could conceive.

Memorial Diagram Memorial (area, sq. ft.)

Memorial hall Hall of Rememberance Hall of Peace Garden/courtyard

Garden 13

1800 3000 6000 1000 (min.)

Garden 13 Net Square Footage

Garden 13

10800

Memorial 10

Hall of Peace 12

Hall of Remembrance 11

Public Lobby 1 VIP

Public

Research Suite Zone Diagram Research Suite Administration

administration suites 24

Scholar

Semi-public Spaces

Semi-public Circulation

administration lobby 31

residential suites 40 library 35

Administration Circulation Scholar Circulation Entry from Administration Lobby Entry

Library The reading room is the main function of the research Library. Scholars will be using this space to study the records and documents of the peace process that led to the treaty of 1994. The reading room is accessible to the stacks/storage for the staff to access the records for the scholars. Stacks/storage is important space because it has to preserve the records and documents of the peace treaty. Conditions for preserving the material include having NO windows and to isolate the library away from conditions that might harm the record material, such as uv sunlight, moisture, humidity, etc. Library offices are to be separate from the other spaces of the library to use privately by library staff. Lounge/Break room may be connected to or part of the reading room but must be a barrier for the break area to act as a private area to other spaces. Restrooms will be separate from other spaces but should be accessible from the entrance of the research library.

Research Library Space to Space Diagram Research Suite (area, sq. ft.)

38 R.R. m

R.R. f

Reading room Stacks/storage Closed stack Librarianâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Office Lounge/breakroom Restrooms

1000 6000 1000 250 300 150

Net Square Footage

8700

Stacks/Storage 35 Reading Room 34

L:unge 37

Lib. Off. 36 Closed Stack 35

Administration Zone Diagram VIP Lobby Public Spaces

Hall of Peace 12

VIP Spaces

Conference Suites 21

Administration Spaces West Entry VIP Circulation

VIP Lobby 14

Administration Circulation

East Entry

Conference Rooms 20

Possible Relationship

Admin Lobby 31

Entry

Auditorium 19

To garden/ courtyard

VIP Lobby

VIP Lobby has direct access to East/West VIP Entry and Hall of Peace. Conference Rooms directly connect to VIP Lobby, while Conference Suites can be less readily accessable from the lobby and need direct access to private outdoor spaces and the gardens. Secure Weapon Storage directly connects to East/West VIP entry and acts as a security barrier before entering the Lobby.

VIP Zone Space to Space Diagram VIP Lobby (area, sq. ft.)

R.R. f

Weapon

R.R. m

Conf. Suite 21

VIP lobby Cloak room Secure sidearm / weapon storage Storeage/catering Restrooms Auditorium Conference rooms

3000 300

Conference suites

500 1000 300 4000 450 (4) 900 (2) 1800 (2) 1500

Net Square Footage

17800

VIP Lobby 14

Storage/ Cater.

20 Conf. Room

cloak

Conf. Room

15 Auditorium 19

Conf. Room 20

Administration Zone Diagram Administration Suites Administration Administration Suites 24

Scholar

Administration Lobby 31

Semi-public Spaces

Semi-public Circulation

Residential Suites 40

Administration Circulation

Library 35

Scholar Circulation Entry from Administration Lobby Entry

Administration Suite

The administrative suite is a private zone for administration, staff and guests with appointments. It should be visually discreet to the public. The administrative lobby can be accessed from the VIP Lobby either directly or through an independent administrative lobby. Primary functional spaces include the Directorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office, Conference room, Meeting/Dining, and Security. The Directorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office should be awarded a sense of hierarchy. The security office should be discreetly located so that it does not become vulnerable. Accommodate surveillance views out and attempt to eliminate views in. Staff and administration offices should be accessed from the lobby.

Administration Suite Space to Space Diagram Administration Suites (area, sq. ft.)

NEPC Security Office 27

32 R.R. f

Work Room 26

30 Office

R.R. m

Directorâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s office Conference room Administration office Staff office Work room NEPC security office Meeting/dining room Lounge Office Administration lobby Restroom Break room

300 300 150 (4) 100 (4) 300 1000

Net Square Footage

4900

Office Administration Lobby 31 Staff

Conf. 23

Staff Meet/Dine 28

25 Staff

300 300 150 (2) 500 200 (2) 200

Staff

Director 22 Lounge 29 Admin

Admin

24 Admin

Admin

Administration Zone Diagram Residential Suites Administration

administration suites 24 administration lobby 31

Scholar

Semi-public Spaces residential suites 41

Semi-public Circulation

library 35

Administration Circulation Scholar Circulation Entry from Administration Lobby Entry

Residential Suite

The residential suite is a secure zone that will be accessed by the scholars. This space should be shielded from public view. The sleeping areas will serve as a place for the scholars to stay while doing their research. This space should include a bed, a study area, a kitchenette and a private bathroom. These space should be designed to have exterior views. Since the scholar might be staying here for a few days, it should be designed to serve as a space similar to a hotel room. The sleeping quarters should have a connection to the communal/recreational space. This area should serve as an area for the scholars to gather when not sleeping or researching. The space should contain places to sit with tables.

Residential Suite Space to Space Diagram Residential Suites (area, sq. ft.)

Secure communal recreational space Secure Sleeping Quarters

Secure Communal Recreational Space 40

Net Square Footage

Secure Sleeping Quarters 39

400 300 (15)

4900

Service Zone Mechanical/Support Service/support

Service

Support

Service Circulation Support Circulation Exterior access

Service and Support

All of the service and support areas are meant to adress the particular needs of the facility, and do not need to connect to one another. Many of the service areas require an exterior access point, it is very important to maintain security at these points. The three storage areas need not be connected, but should be distributed through the center. There should be a janitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; closet at every level of the facility. The trash holding, catering kitchen and loading dock all require an exterior access point, so it might be wise to design these spaces close to one another. Mechanical/electrical can be linked with individual zones: Public (820 sq. ft.) Memorial (2160 sq. ft.) Conference (452 sq. ft.) Research Suite (1170 sq. ft.) Residential Suite (980 sq.ft.) Administrative Suite (920 sq. ft.)

Service Space to Space Relationship Mechanical/Support (area, sq. ft.)

Storage Room 42

Mechanical/Electrical 20% of total square footage 6

Mech./Elec. (20%) Storage rooms Trash holding Catering kitchen Loading dock Janitor closet

Net Square Footage

~12080 1000 300 500 600 100

14580

Storage Room 42

Loading Dock 8

Service Access

Catering Kitchen 41

Service Access

Trash Holding 9

Service Access

Storage Room 42

jan 7

bibliography

sally ports

conference room equipment

required plumbing fixtures

egress code

vertical circulation

stacks and storage

furniture dimensions

residential suite layout

parking

60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74 77 78

detailed facility suzanne bilbeisi: jordan gill*, chris huber, katy harlow

Parking

The site requires a covered parking court for 40 cars and 3 tour buses The standard Parking space is 9’ by 20’ The standard parking space for a bus is 14’ by 40’ The parking spaces next to the structural column needs to be 2’ 8” wider on the side with the column. The parking lot needs to have 2 handicap spaces

Ramp Drive Regualtions

Turning Radius For Car: Inside turning radius: 12’ Outside turning radius: 22’ For bus: Inside turning radius: 32’ Outside turning radius: 54’

Residential Suite Layout

The designer may choose to have one open space that contains all of the requirements or to have all the spaces divided. It is beneficial in this climate to have windows on both sides of the building so that natural ventilation can flow through the room.

Residential Kitchen Layout

5,19

24”-48”

24”

22’

30”

19-40”

34”

24”

Dishwashers must have 3’6” clearance in front Ovens must have 3’6” clearance in front It is good to have the dishwasher and the sink next to each other. The oven, sink and refrigerator should be arranged in a triangle

Furniture Dimensions

2,11,12,13

Standard dimensions for furniture in the research suite consist of: Stacking Chairs large tables square tables & round tables Other possibilities: Chairs Seat heights: 15’’- 18’’ Total Height 29’’- 33’’ Large table L60’’-84’’ x W30’’- 48’’ x H29’’- 33’’ Square 20’’- 50’’ W 20’’- 60’’ L 14’’- 24’’ H Round Tables 30’’- 60’’ Diameter 20’’- 30’’ Height

Standard dimensions for furniture in an office space setting consisting of: Office Chair & Single pedestal desk Other possibilities Chair: Seat heights: 15’’- 22’’ Total Height 40’’- 50’’ Office Desk L4’- 6’ x W3’- 4’ x H29’’- 33’’’’ Standard dimensions for furniture an a loung/Break room setting consisting of: Sofa LoveSeat Chair Bench ottoman

Stacks and Storage

Height: Common heights of book shelves are 42”, 66”, 78”, 84” or 90” from the ground. Height is measured from the base to the top of the case. Each units hold from two to seven shelves per side for storing collections which may vary in height. Book Shelves height are 42”, 66”, 78”, 84” or 90” Minimum aisle width is 44” Cross aisle are a minimum of 36”

Main aisles are high traffic access routes which lead to cross, side and end aisles and must be a minimum of 44” wide. Side aisles

run in between the stacks and should be a minimum of 36” wide. Cross aisles are perpendicular to the book stacks and side aisles and provide easy access from stack to stack. These aisles, also known as range aisle, should be a minimum of 36” End aisles run perpendicular to side aisles and may have books on one side. These must also be a minimum of 36” wide; however, 44” is recommended.

are one of a kind and pertain to specific information that cannot be replaced if damaged. Since sunlight The Stacks/Storage’s purpose is to damages some documents, the store and maintain documents and designer may choose to provide records of the peace process that a high performance curtain wall led to the Treaty of Peace Between to reduce heat gain by use of the State of Israel and the Hashemite ceramic frit, or apply double-skin Kingdom of Jordan (or simply The technology and double glazed high performance inner assembly to Israel–Jordan Treaty of Peace). control UV ray. To reduce additional The environment of the space heat, an option is to use in-slab floor should protect artifacts such as, heating and cooling tubing. diaries, documents, tapes, films, and videos. Many of the artifacts Storing records and documents in an energy efficient way:

Examples from the Presidential Clinton Library: To protect documents the designer’s utilized locking compact shelves, locking compact shelving, locking compact book stack, compact book stack, compact shelving, high density storage shelving, and high density book shelving.17

Main purpose is to store the documents of the treaty between the State of Isreal and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. Needs to protect against UV sunlight and heat.

Vertical Circulation

Stairway width can not be less than 44” Treads must have a minimum depth of 11” Risers must have a minimum height of 4” and a maximum height of 7”

Stairway width. The width of stairways shall be determined as specified in Section 1005.1, but such width shall not be less than 44 inches (1118 mm). See Section 1007.3 for accessible means of egress stairways. The total width of means of egress in inches (mm) shall not be less than the total occupant load served by the means of egress multiplied by 0.3 inches (7.62 mm) per occupant for stairways (1005.1).

Exit Stairway Design Table

Floor-ToFloor Height (ft-in)

Number Of Riser Risers Height (in)

8-0 10-0 12-0

14 18 21

6.86 6.67 6.86

8 10 12 14 15 20 24

14 18 21 24 26 35 42

6.86 6.67 6.86 7.00 6.92 6.86 6.86

12 14 15 20 24

21 24 26 35 42

6.86 7.00 6.92 6.86 6.86

16 20 24

28 35 42

6.86 6.86 6.86

Tread Depth (in)

36” Wide

1 Flight 11 17-11 11 21-7 11 24-4 2 Flights 11 11-6 11 13-4 11 15-2 11 16-1 11 17-0 11 21-7 11 24-4 3 Flights 11 11-6 11 12-5 11 13-4 11 16-1 11 17-11 4 Flights 11 11-6 11 13-4 11 15-2

44” Wide

56” Wide

66” Wide

19-3 22-11 25-8

21-3 22-11 24-11 26-7 27-8 29-4

12-10 14-8 16-6 17-5 18-4 22-11 25-8

14-10 16-8 18-6 19-5 20-4 24-11 27-8

16-6 18-4 20-2 21-1 22-0 26-7 29-4

20-2 22-0 23-10 24-9 25-8 30-3 33-0

12-10 13-9 14-8 17-5 19-3

14-10 16-6 15-9 17-5 16-8 18-4 19-5 21-1 21-3 22-11

20-2 21-1 22-0 24-9 26-7

12-10 14-8 16-6

14-10 16-8 18-6

16-6 18-4 20-2

88” Wide

26-7 30-3 33-0

20-2 22-0 23-10 1

Egress Code

Ramps

The total width of means of egress in inches shall not be less than the total occupant load served by the means of egress multiplied by 0.3 inches (7.62 mm) per occupant for stairways and by 0.2 inches (5.08 mm) per occupant for other egress components. Multiple means of egress shall be sized such that the loss of any one means of egress shall not reduce the available capacity to less than 50 percent of the required capacity. The maximum capacity required from any story of a building shall be maintained to the termination of the means of egress.

Corridoors

Minimum width of corridor , stairs, and ramps is 44â&#x20AC;? unless occupancy is less than 50 then the width is allowed to be 36â&#x20AC;?. The total width of means of egress in inches (mm) shall not be less than the total occupant load served by the means of egress multiplied by 0.2 inches (5.08 mm) per occupant for other egress components.

Total Parking Spaces Provided

Required Minimum Number Of Accessible Spaces

1 to 25 26 to 50 Occupant Load (Persons Per Story) 1-500 501-1,000 More than 1,000

1 2 Minimum Number Of Exits (Per Story) 2 3 4

Accessible parking spaces 15

Without Sprinkler System (ft.)

Occupancy A, E, F-1, M, R, S-1 B

With Sprinkler System (ft.) 200 200

Capacity Of Seating In Assembly Areas 4 to 25 26 to 50 51 to 100 101 to 300 301 to 500 501 to 5,000 5,001 and over

Table 1106.1

250 300

Minimum Required Number Of Wheelchair Spaces 1 (Conference) 2 4 5 (Auditorium) 6 (Banquet) 6, plus 1 for each 150, or fraction thereof, between 501 through 5,000 (Lecture) 36 plus 1 for each 200, or fraction thereof, over 5,000

Table 1021.1 Minimum number of exits for occupant 15

Table 1016.1 Exit access travel distance15

Table 1108.2.2.1 Accessible wheelchair spaces15

Required Plumbing Fixtures

Classification

[P] Table 2902.1 Minimum number of required plumbing fixturesa (See sections 2902.2 And 2902.3)

Occupancy

Description

Assembly

A-1

Assembly

A-2

Assembly

A-3

Business

Mercantile

Residential

R-1

Theaters and other buildings for the performing arts and motion pictures Restaurants, banquet halls and food courts Auditoriums without permanent seating, art galleries, exhibition halls, museums, lecture halls, libraries, arcades and gymnasiums Buildings for the transaction of business, professional services, other services involving merchandise, office buildings, banks, light industrial and similar uses Retail stores, service stations, shops, salesrooms, markets and shopping centers Hotels, motels, boarding houses (transient)

Water Closets Male

1 per 125 1 per 75

1 per 125

1 per 25 for the first 50 and 1 per 50 for the remainder exceeding 50

1 per 500 1 per sleeping unit

Water Closets Female

Lavatories

Bathtubs Or Showers

Drinking Fountains

Other

1 per 65

1 per 200

1 per 500

1 service sink

1 per 75

1 per 200

1 per 500

1 service sink

1 per 65

1 per 200

1 per 500

1 service sink

1 per 25 for the first 1 per 40 for the first 80 50 and 1 per 50 and 1 per 80 for the for the remainder remainder exceeding 80 exceeding 50

1 per 100

1 service sink

1 per 500

1 per 750

1 per 1,000

1 service sink

1 per sleeping unit

1 service sink [P] Table 2902.1 Minimum number of required plumbing fixturesa (See sections 2902.2 And 2902.3)

Conference Room Equipment

Audio Visual Systemsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; Installation at the Command Conference Room, Pentagon. Features two video walls, a plasma monitor, and full matrix capability.

Y-shaped video Teleconference Table with barrel legs. Each leg has a door to allow easy access for service and wiring. Table shape allows all participants to be seen in a video conference.

Traditional Layout of Conference Room. Additional Electronics are located inside the credenza.

There are many different types of conference room tables. Some tables have the necessary electronics located inside the table.

AV Equipment

9,10

Custom Conference Rooms can hide most AV Equipment inside the table or in a Credenza. Tables can be sized according to room capacity and requirements.

AV Equipment Modern Conference rooms can hide necessary AV equipment inside furniture, such as the conference tables or a credenza. Tables can be custom fit to room specifications.

Hall of Peace Seating Configurations

Banquet style plan (w/ guests of honor)This table layout would be good for banquets that have guests of honor or distinguished hosts. Banquet style planThis layout provides more of a casual atmosphere with no head table. Mostly used just for a casual dinner or lunch

Banquet style plan (w/ guests of honor)

Canteen style plan

Cabaret Style planThis layout would be useful for both a banquet with guests of honor and/ or a presentation during the event. Banquet style plan Canteen Style PlanSimilar to the banquet style it provides a head table while allowing the guests more casual interaction by seating them all together at large tables.

Caberet style plan

Typical table spacing

Sally Ports

Fort Warren Georges Island at Boston Harbor4

Fort Castillio y San Marcos in Flordia4

Fort McHenry in Baltmore Maryland4

Fort Morgan in Alabama4

Sally ports are used primarily in highly sensitive areas to control vehicular entry. It consists of two doors. The first door allows vehicle entry into the sally port. After a vehicle has entered the sally port, both doors of the port are locked and a security check begins. Upon clearance, the second door opens to allows vehicles to pass to the site.

Bibliography 1. Allen, E., & Iano, J. (2007). The Architect’s Studio Companion: Rules of Thumb for Preliminary Design (Fourth Edition ed.). Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2. “Caper Stacking Chair with FlexNet Seat.” Smart Furniture. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.smartfurniture.com/products/Caper-Stacking-Chair-with-FlexNet-Seat.html?att=44&cid=95>. 3. Childs, Morgan. “The Perfect Table Layout.” Modern Living Hawaii. Blogspot.com, 11 Jul 2010. Web. 23 Oct 2010. <http://www.modernlivinghawaii.com/2010/07/perfect-table-layout.html> 4. Ching, F. D., & Winkle, S. R. (2007). Building Codes Illustrated (Second Edition ed.). Hoboken, Illinois: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 5. Ching, Frank. Building Construction Illustrated. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2008. Print. 6. Crosbie, Michael J., and Chiara Joseph De. Time-saver Standards for Building Types. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2001. Print. 7. “End Table Dimensions.” Herman Miller Nelson. Web. <http://www.csnchairs.com/Herman-Miller-%AE-545X-HML1149.html>. 8. Gompers, James. “SECURITY HOT SPOT: Control Rooms.” Access Control & Security Systems Integration 1 Nov. 2004. Print. 9. Harrison, Denise. “Furnishing The Conference Room For AV.” Audio, Video, AV Networking, Conferencing, Home Theater, News - AVTechnologyonline.com. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. <http://www.avtechnologyonline.com/article/30212.aspx>. 10. “HDTV Screen Size & Viewing Distance.” Best HDTV. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. <http://www.besthdtvscreen.com/guides/hdtv-screen-size-viewing-distance>. 11.“Herman Miller Aeron Basic Chair With Graphite Base.” CSN/Stores.com. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.csnstores.com/Herman-Miller-%AE-AE211PWxG-HML1014.html>. 12. “Herman Miller Celle Home Office Ergonomic Work Chair.” Vitalityweb Back and Neck Support Store - Massage Chairs, Zero Gravity Recliner Chairs, Stressless Lounge Chairs, Chiropractic Orthopedic Supports, Supplies, Pillows, Mattresses, Visco-elastic Memory Foam Cushions, Swedish Backcare System, Viscoelastic Seat Cushions, Shiatzu Massage Chairs, Mattresses for Better Sleep, Water Pillows and More. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. <http://vitalityweb.com/backstore/Celle.htm>. 13. “Herman Miller Eames 5 Piece Round Table with Molded Plastic Armchair.” Allmodern.com. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.allmodern.com/Herman-Miller-%AE-DAR-and-ET1-hml1186.html>. 14. “Homeplanner.com | Design Details, Critical Dimensions & Clearances.” Homeplanner.com | Home. Web. 27 Oct. 2010. <http://www.homeplanner.com/design_details/>.

15. International Code Council. (2009). International Building Code 2009. Country Club Hills, Illinois: International Code Council, Inc. 16. KONE Corporate. (2010). Escalators and Autowalks. (KONE India 2010) Retrieved October 28, 2010, from KONE: <http://www.kone.com/countries/SiteCollectionImages/products/escalators_autowalks/travelmaster_escalator/Travel Master_escalator_drawing_hires.jpg>. 17. “Library Stacks and Shelving.” Librisdesign. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <www.librisdesign.org/docs/ShelvingforLibraries.pdf>. 18. “Office Desk Dimensions.” Dimensions Guide. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. <http://www.dimensionsguide.com/office-desk-dimensions/>. 19. “Office Furniture - Conference Room Furniture - Meeting Tables, Conference Room Chair Products.” Furniture Systems Chicago | Conference Room Furniture | Chicago Business Office Furniture | Chicago Executive Desks | Chicago Space Planning. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. <http://www.boiinc.com/Products/show.asp?ID=8>. 20. “Restaurant Tables What Size Do You Need? #1 & #2.”restaurantinteriors.com. WordPress, 15 Jan 2009. Web. 23 Oct 2010. <http://restaurantinteriors.com/?tag=restaurant-table-layouts>. 21. “Sally Port.” Wikipedia, the Free Encyclopedia. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sally_port>. 22. “Seattle Public Library Uses Spacesaver High Density Compact Mobile Locking Shelving In The Bookstore.” Southwest Solutions Group. Web. 28 Oct. 2010. <http://blog.southwestsolutions.com/>. 23. “William Jefferson Clinton Library.” Wsp.Flack+Kurtz. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.wspgroup.com/en/Welcome-to-WSP-Flack--Kurtz/WSP-Flack-Kurtz/Silent-page-for-Think-Green/Case- Studies2/William-Jefferson-Clinton-Library/>.

82 83 86 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 98 armistice

peace

diplomacy

conclusion

symbology

bedouin hospitality

al muqadimmah

atmosphere of negotiation

secure building design

securituy master planning

balancing security

bibliography

99 100 ceremony

atmosphere

seung ra: dylan hames*, trevor labrosse, jerry lavarnway, christen belcheff

Balancing Security and Openness Top 10 security design considerations 1.

Site issues

Access control

3. Parking 4.

Building construction

5. Infrastructure 6.

Space planning

7. Operations

Balancing security and openness is important to represent a free society. Concrete barriers are the most visible and pervasive form of building security, but do nothing for the image of the building and its environment. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Architecture is inescapably a political art, and it reports faithfully for ages to come what the political values of a particular age were.â&#x20AC;? -Daniel Patrick Moynihan (NY senator) Public buildings need to remain part of the public domain. They must represent the positive attributes of their culture. They must welcome the people in an environment that enhances mutual respect. It should symbolize peace of an institution, cultural and government, for a lasting testimony of its time. Highly effective security can be transparent or invisible to the public eye. Building security does not mean building bunkers or converting cities and national monuments into fortresses surrounded by concrete barriers. The goal should be to achieve transparent security.1 Oklahoma City Federal Building overtly displays its security systems

Surveillance cameras provide transparent security

8. Technology 9. Cost

- Think outside the box, there are more ways to achieve security than concrete barriers - The best security is invisible

Security Master Planning This phase should identify threats, vulnerabilities, and recommendations to protect people, buildings and assets. Security master planning is most successful when balancing safety, function, and aesthetics. Access control includes elements like doors, shrubs, fences, and gates or anything to deny admission to a crime target. Surveillance utilizes design to increase visibility of a property or building by strategic location of windows, doors, corridors, paths, gates, lighting, and landscaping. Security planning establishes secure layers by applying security at site perimeters and building entrances, within entry lobbies, and at stairwells, elevators, and tenant entries. Each layer should act as a ring of consistently applied security measures.1

Security Master Planning Zone 1: Modify traffic conditions Controlling surrounding streets for heightened security Zone 2: Bollards Sculptural or seating barriers Establishing a hardened perimeter where warranted Zone 3: Inspection areas Guard booths Zone 4: Designate weather-protected space for queuing at entries Design security pavilions and other free standing buildings to blend with main building Zone 5: prevent access to vents/air intakes harden the building structure and envelope Zone 6: design for flexibility in building programming and space planning consider guards and alternative security operations when faced with site and cost constraints

Zone 1: Neighborhood2 The area that may include streetscape, public spaces, parking lots, and other facilities that visitors frequent Zone 2: Standoff Perimeter A security perimeter keeps vehicle-borne explosives at a distance, thus reducing major threats. Area may require secured or unsecured standoff

Zone 1

Zone 3: Site Access and Parking This zone can include the inspection of both vehicles and visitors

Zone 2

Zone 4: Site The site zoneâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s primary role would be to serve more as a welcoming public space

Zone 3

Zone 5: Building envelope Control of the HVAC systems, additional surveillance, and cameras Zone 6: Management and Building Operations Layout can be modified to increase security Additional security personnel can also be added to increase surveillance

Zone 4

Zone 5 Zone 6

Secure Building Design Lobby Design Lobbies provide visitors with their first impressions of an organization and facility. They are also the initial line of defense against violent acts. The lobby should convey professionalism, thoroughness and security. For security, building should generally provide a single public entrance. Security stations must be positioned to provide security personnel with clear views of the building entrance from their positions. Also, there should be a comfortable amount of standing and gathering space for visitors waiting to go through the security stations.1

Tips: Loading dock should not be located near: incoming utility lines, emergency generators, fuel storage tanks or pipelines, or building fire protection systems. Roofing design criteria should include: monitored access, blast protected skylights and protecting critical equipment. For building planning: isolate critical spaces from populated areas with interior walls.

Secure Building Systems Structure

Protection is generally achieved through a combination of standoff, redundancy and hardening. Standoff refers to a building being setback from public streets to avoid damage from a vehicle bombing which is 350ft or more recommended for suburban sites. Redundancy systems are necessary for preventing progressive collapse (highrise buildings mainly). Hardening and energy absorptive shields enhance critical structural elements, walls, stairs, loading docks and windows, where standoff fails. 1

Secure Building Systems Mechanical, Electrical, and Fire Protection

Fire pumps, elevators, smoke management systems, emergency egress lighting and fire alarm systems must continue to work during power loss or any disaster. Ventilation systems need to have intake louvers for fresh air to provide a high level of indoor air. If not, ventilation systems could distribute airborne contaminants or biochemical hazards, which would cause serious health issues.

Glazing and security glass applications

Glass should be selected based on potential threats and vulnerabilities. Blast windows are suitable for buildings considered terrorist targets. These windows can significantly reduce or eliminate the need for building reinforcement while meeting specific needs, such as energy conservation and sound reduction qualities. Other common types of security glass include: thermally tempered, annealed, heat strengthened, laminated, and poly carbonate.3

The type of glass chosen to be placed in windows is key to any high security building, which makes it a wise decision to use glass such as tempered glass.

A window that is shattering with normal glass in it. 3

A window that is shattering with tempered glass in it. 3

Safety Conclusion By integration design, technology, operations, and transparent security where appropriate, everyone involved in public safety will be better equipped to create secure buildings that enhance the built environment and promote good design. In security master planning, each element offers benefits and limitations to be carefully evaluated as standalone items and as an overall mitigation design strategy that work together.

Check lists

Perimeter security: 1. Adjacent properties and neighbors 2. Topography and vegetation 3. Surrounding roadways and vehicular entries 4. Parking 5. Fencing Vehicular access 6. 7. Pedestrian access 8. Existing structure 9. Sight line and visibility 10. Existing and proposed infrastructure 11. Site utility access 12. Existing physical and technical security Building security: 1. Activities and tenant mix 2. Circulation, life safety systems and egress requirements 3. Exterior envelope constructions and glazing systems 4. Structural systems 5. Infrastructure locations and distribution 6. Space planning and program adjacencies 7. Air intake and vents Roofs and accessibilities (mainly hospitals) 8. 9. Exterior doors and accessibility 10. Lobbies 11. Loading dock 12. Security operations and building control centers 13. System redundancies

Goals: 1. Prevent loss of life and minimize injury 2. Protect critical assets 3. Prevent loss of operation 4. Deter criminals and terrorists from acting 5. Enhancing long-term security for personnel and assets Maintaining Negotiation:

Atmosphere

Although heightened security measures will be necessary, there is a limit that must be acknowledged to lessen the gravity of the environment. Use discretion when designing the entrance and lobby space. Too many firearms, cameras, and guards can discomfit the diplomats visiting. The representatives seek an oasis of tranquility and understanding away from the hostilities.

Atmosphere of Negotiation Color It is imperative that the chromatic environment of the Peace Center be conducive to peaceable, sedate feelings. “The Elements of Color” (Itten)

I.) Yellow- the most luminous connotes knowledge and comprehension.4 Ideal for rendering sentiments of accord between two parties.

ii.) Blue- an intangible nothing.5 May be optimal for a neutral environment.

To forge an environment of negotiation, we must build a space sustainable for human interaction and understanding Colors have the capacity to influence moods. According to the analysis of Johannes Itten, yellow is suggested as the most conducive to comprehension.

iii.) Green- fruitfulness, joy, hope. Green embodies knowledge and displays a “vernal force6.”

When searching for an atmosphere of mutual agreement, yellow is a wise option. Green promotes optimism and promising futures.

Al Muqaddimah: “..when a tribe has achieved a certain measure of superiority with the help of its group feeling, it gains control over a corresponding amount of wealth and comes to share prosperity and abundance with those who have been in possession of these things. It shares in them to the degree of its power and usefulness to the ruling dynasty. If the ruling dynasty is so strong that no one thinks of depriving it of its power or of sharing with it, the tribe in question submits to its rule and is satisfied with whatever share in the dynasty’s wealth and tax revenue it is permitted to enjoy. ... Members of the tribe are merely concerned with prosperity, gain and a life of abundance. (They are satisfied) to lead an easy, restful life in the shadow of the ruling dynasty, and to adopt royal habits in building and dress, a matter they stress and in which they take more and more pride, the more luxuries and plenty they acquire, as well as all the other things that go with luxury and plenty. As a result the toughness of desert life is lost. Group feeling and courage weaken. Their children and offspring grow up too proud to look after themselves or to attend to their own needs. They have disdain also for all the other things that are necessary in connection with group feeling.... Their group feeling and courage decrease in the next generations. Eventually group feeling is altogether destroyed. ... It will be swallowed up by other nations.”7 Ibn Khaldun (1332-1395 CE)9

In his masterpiece, “Al Muqaddimah”, Ibn Khaldun zeroes in on psychological, economic, environmental and social facts that contribute to the advancement of human civilization and the currents of history8. To avoid greed and suspicion, each tribe from antiquity needed to bolster humility. The Near East Peace Center will annul past histories, abolish Israel and Jordan from money’s grasp, and be a beacon for religious and governmental equality.

Al Muqaddimah argues that two parties will find a common plane of arbitration if they maintain their humility. A humble Peace Center is key.

Bedouin Hospitality

12 Treating guests to the rababa (above) and tea are customary compliments of the Bedouin hosts.

10 A Bedouin tent provides hospitable shelter in the desert

Bedu, the Arabic word from which the name bedouin is derived, is a simple, straightforward tag. It means â&#x20AC;&#x153;inhabitant of the desert,â&#x20AC;? and refers generally to the desertdwelling nomads of Arabia, the Negev, and the Sinai.

The Bedouin culture in the Aqaba-Eilat area demonstrates the basic elements of hospitality: generosity, civility, nourishment. The Peace Center is a haven for all guests: Bedouin tent.

Most of the bedouin tribes of the Sinai are descended from peoples who migrated from the Arabian peninsula between the 14th and 18th centuries, making the bedouin themselves relatively recent arrivals in this ancient land. Bedouin culture still survives in the Sinai, where its value and fragility continue to increase with time.

In the vast silence and brooding solitude of the Sinai, simply encountering another person was a rather unusual and noteworthy event. A new face was cause for great interest, for happy generosity and careful etiquette, and for common civility, all values celebrated in Bedouin poetry, sayings, and songs. Having been welcomed into a Bedouin tent, guests are honored, respected, and nourished, frequently with copious amounts of fresh, cardamom-spiced coffee.10

Symbology

13 Symbols of the infinite (circle, etc.) suggest interconnectedness between all humans

14 Nature is an endless reminder that humanity is ephemeral

Architectural grammar: i.)

openness unqualified acceptance of othersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; ideas

ii.) circle

infinite, ouroboros, mutual accord

iii.) minimalism erase all artifice, vestiges of the past, vanity, prior glories, historical enmities iv.) transparency

clarity, no barriers in communication, views out to natural environment.

v.)

concomitant with transparency, lucidity

light

vi.) nature

not necessarily a symbol, more so a force that constantly reminds all humans of our modesty and miniscule time on this earth. There is no need for discord when this grand, green planet is the only life that prevails.

The most impressive symbols/ motifs that can be translated to architectural substance: openness, minimalism, transparency, and nature. We can achieve this with streamlined forms, more fenestrations, and a high integration of natural features on the site.

Conclusion To offer an atmosphere of negotiation in the Near East Peace Center, achieving a tranquil, nondescript atmosphere is indispensable. The history of conflict between Jordan and Israel is one that harkens images of greed, bias, and past glories. In order to neutralize these harsh sentiments, the beauty and statement of the Peace Center will highlight the accomplishments of humanity: the efficacy and purity of architecture. It is a Bedouin tent embracing its guests from the elements, a sanctum for flawless communication, a center for the dispersion of knowledge between Jordan, Israel, and the other nations of the Near East. To interact diplomatically on this earth, all humans must tear down every form of artifice and extend his or her heartfelt ideas to each other. Although some countries may never acknowledge the truth, every nation’s affairs are entwined with the other’s. Foreign policy determines charity, enmity, bloodshed, love, every conceivable human triumph or disaster. The Near East Peace Center promulgates complete selfessness. We are one world: the human civilization.

“No one is anyone; one single immortal man is all men. Like Cornelius Agrippa, I am god, I am hero, I am philosopher, I am demon and I am world, which is a tedious way of saying that I do not exist.” -Jorge Luis Borges

Image of Diplomacy Diplomacy refers to the ability or skill to negotiate between groups but is applied more specifically to negotiations on the international scene between nations or groups of nations. Diplomacy is engaged in by diplomats representing the views or interests of their nations. Its use predates recorded history.15,16 In the world today diplomacy is primarily conducted in the United Nations building in New York where representatives of all the nations of the world meet and decide on issues of mutual interest. Diplomats also include ambassadors and the staffs employed in foreign missions and consulates who represent the interest of their nations abroad. Their task is to use

the various forms of diplomacy to further the interests of their nations.15 Diplomacy is the chief instrument of foreign policy. Its methods include secret negotiation by accredited envoys, international agreements and laws, conducting relationships for gain without conflict, and tact and skill in dealing with people.15,16

Definition of Peace -The absence of war or other hostilities. -An agreement or a treaty to end hostilities. -Freedom from quarrels and disagreement, harmonious relations, roommates living in peace with each other. -Public security and order. -Inner contentment; serenity; peace of mind.15

17 Camp David Accords, 1978 Anwar Sadat, Egypt (left) Jimmy Carter, US mediator (center) Menachim Begin, Israel (right)

18 Both the Camp David Accords and the Treaty of Portsmouth are prime examples of international diplomacy supervised by a peaceful, third-party arbiter, the United States.

The goal of peaceful diplomacy is for both sides to come to an agreement that is mutually beneficial, not oppressive for one party. Only when both sides realize that there is more to be gained from peace than conflict can progress be made.

Peace

The dove and the olive first appeared together in the biblical story of Noah and the Ark. But how did this symbolize peace? If you’d been on that Ark for nearly a year, and saw the dove return with an olive leaf, would peace be the first word that comes to mind? In this case, peace must have a deeper meaning that includes profound emotions such a sight would trigger: forgiveness, gratitude, hope, love; not simply the absence of war.

The Torah, the Old Testament, and the Qur’an describe a story in which a dove was released by Noah after the Great Flood had receded. (Book of Genesis 8:11) In Greek tradition, olive branches represent peace. The plant was considered sacred to the ancient goddess of wisdom, Athena.19 The mythological origin of the olive tree’s association with peace goes back to a contest between Athena and Poseidon, the god of the sea. Whomever could produce the gift most useful to mortals would win. Poseidon offered the horse, useful in warfare. Athena’s gift was the olive tree, which the gods judged to be the most useful. Athena was awarded the city of Athens. The olive branch is a dynamic symbol of the desire for peace.19 Olives are naturally associated with peace because, practically speaking, one cannot cultivate an olive grove in a war zone. Many years of peace are necessary to grow olive trees, which take several years to produce their first fruit (and can live up 500 years). Farming itself is a peaceful occupation, but the olive has special qualities that can be associated with peace and harmony:

The olive branch is a universally recognized symbol of peace. In Judaism, Christianity, and Islam an olive branch is a sign for peace. The peace dove flying with an olive branch in its beak is one of the most commonly featured symbols for the day. The dove can also represent “hope for peace” or a peace offering from one person to another, hence the phrase “to extend an olive branch”. Often, the dove is represented as still in flight to remind people as a messenger. A person displaying these symbols wishes to let the viewer know that he/she is peaceful, non-aggressive, admires or wants peace or peacefulness, or desires serenity.19 The Great Seal of the United States illustrates a founding principle: “the power of peace is superior to the power of war”.19 At the time of the American Revolution, the olive branch had a stronger association with peace than did the dove. The dove did not symbolize peace. Instead it was “emblematical of Innocence and Virtue.”19

-Olives provide oil for lamps, so they bring light. -The cleansing power of olive oil brings purification. -The hardiness of the olive tree suggests fertility and vital energy.19 Defeated Roman armies displayed olive branches as a white flag to indicate surrender.19

20 Dove in Nazareth Hills, Israel

Peace Treaties A peace treaty is an agreement between two hostile parties, usually countries or governments, which formally ends an armed conflict. It is different from an armistice, which is an agreement to cease hostilities, or surrender, in which an army agrees to give up arms. Treaties are often ratified in territories deemed neutral in the previous conflict and delegates from these neutral territories act as witnesses to the signatories. In the case of the large conflicts between numerous parties there may be one international treaty covering all issues or separate treaties signed between each party.16 In modern times certain intractable conflict situations may first be brought to a cease-fire and then dealt with via a peace process where a number of discreet steps are taken on each side to eventually reach the mutually desired goal of peace and the signing of a treaty. A peace treaty is often not used to end

a civil war, especially in cases of a failed secession, as it implies mutual recognition of statehood. In cases such as the American Civil War, it usually ends when the armies of the losing side surrender and the government collapses. By contrast, a successful secession or declaration of independence is often formalized by means of a peace treaty.16 The use of treaties to inflict additional pain on surrendering parties can have devastating effects. Many experts in history say that WWII began because of the Treaty of Versailles. This treaty was an agreement between the Allies, the winning countries, mainly France, Italy, the United Kingdom, and the US. The treaty was created primarily so that the Allies could decide and agree upon what to do to the Central Powers, the losing countries, Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire.26 After agreeing to the armistice in No-

Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Wilson (left to right) at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919. The Treaty of Versailles shifted myriad territories belonging to the defeated, laying the foundation for future alliances and animosities.

vember 1918, the Germans had been convinced that they would be consulted by the Allies on the contents of the treaty. The first time that the German representatives saw the terms of the treaty was just weeks before they were due to sign it in the Hall of Mirrors at the Palace of Versailles on June 28th 1919.27 The Treaty of Versailles caused Germany to go through a depression. People who could not find jobs joined the Communist and National Socialist parties. The National Socialist Party leader, Adolf Hitler, was gaining more power because the government did little to help the German people and had agreed to the Treaty of Versailles.27

The intent of diplomacy is to the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s interests as dictated by geography, history, and economics. Safeguarding the stateâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s independence, security, and integrity is of primary importance: preserving the widest possible freedom of action for the state is nearly as important. Beyond that, diplomacy seeks maximum national advantage without using force and preferably without causing resentment. This the ultimate goal of peace treaties as well.16

Armistice

23 Soldiers celebrating the armistice of World War I

With armistices, there is a realization that there needs to be a change. Without comprimising more lives, a ceasefire can be achieved without surrendering. In a way, it allows both sides to maintain a sense of honor.

An armistice is a situation in a war where the warring parties agree to stop fighting. It is not necessarily the end of a war, but may be just a cessation of hostilities while an attempt is made to negotiate a lasting peace. It is derived from the Latin arma, meaning weapons and stadium, meaning a stopping.22 A truce or ceasefire usually refers to a temporary cessation of hostilities for an agreed limited time or within a limited area. A truce may be needed in order to negotiate an armistice. An armistice is not the same as a peace treaty, which may take months or even years to agree on. The 1953 Korean War armistice was a major example of an armistice which was not followed by a peace treaty.22 The United Nations Security Council often imposes or tries to impose ceasefire resolutions on parties in modern conflict. Armistices are always negotiated between tne parties themselves and are thus generally seen as more biding than-mandatory UN ceasefire resolutions in modern international law.22 The key aspect in an armistice is the fact that â&#x20AC;&#x153;all fighting ends with no one surrenderingâ&#x20AC;?. This is in contrast to an unconditional surrender, which is a surrender without conditions, except for those provided by international law.22

Ceremony

25 “From Hiroshima to Hope” Peace Event

Once hostilities end and time can begin to heal the people and the land, ceremonies often begin in order to honor the fallen and serve as a reminder of the futility of war. Ceremonies prove to be very poignant because they form a collective of individuals unifying to acknowledge a sobering event in their culture’s history. An example of a ceremony of remembrance is “From Hiroshima to Hope,” an annual peace event held in Seattle. This lantern floating ceremony is a Japanese Buddhist ritual in which lanterns representing the souls of the dead are floated out to sea. The ceremony is reenacted each year in Hiroshima and Nagasaki and other cities throughout the world in remembrance of the atomic bomb victims.25

To truly be at peace with others, there must be a forgetting of past transgressions. This often occurs with the arising of an event or purpose that unifies the hearts and minds of those involved. One such event that held the Earth’s attention was the landing on the moon. While it may not be associated with bringing peace, it did unite a planet in a sense of awe and wonderment. The power of peace is superior to the power of war.

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10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29

Nadel, Barbara A. Building Security: Handbook for Architectural Planning and Design. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2004. Print. “Effective Site Security Design | Whole Building Design Guide.” WBDG - The Whole Building Design Guide. Web. 22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.wbdg.org/resources/effective_sitesecurity. php>. “Threat/Vulnerability Assessments and Risk Analysis | Whole Building Design Guide.” WBDG - The Whole Building Design Guide.Web.22 Oct. 2010. <http://www.wbdg.org/resources/riskanalysis. php>. Itten, Johannes. The Elements of Color. Van Nostrand: New York, 1970. 84 Itten, Johannes. The Elements of Color. Van Nostrand: New York, 1970. 86 Itten, Johannes. The Elements of Color. Van Nostrand: New York, 1970. 88 http://www.angelfire.com/mac/egmatthews/worldinfo/glossary/ibn.html http://www.muslimphilosophy.com/ei2/KHALDUN.htm http://www.agonia.net/index.php/article/187624/Exhibition_”Ibn_Khaldun,_the_Mediterranean_ in_the_14th_century:_the_rise_and_fall_of_Empires” http://www.geographia.com/egypt/sinai/bedouin02.htm http://hea-www.harvard.edu/SSXG/egypt.html http://www.nilecommerce.net/en/Oriental_Musical_Instruments/Rebec.htm http://people.tribe.net/terran/photos/5e573753-55e7-4e3b-885f-33233676d94f http://forum.thecomatorium.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=32623&st=20 http://www.answers.com/topic/peace http://www.answers.com/topic/diplomacy http://www.thejc.com/galleries/news-galleries/middle-east-peace-talks-pictures http://portsmouthpeacetreaty.org/process/ http://www.greatseal.com/peace/dove.html http://pixdaus.com/single.php?id=190349 http://gmicksmithsocialstudies.blogspot.com/2010/03/wh-ii-honors-24-march-2010.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice http://webzoom.freewebs.com/nicolelessard/imagesrestauration/Armistice11nov1918-restored.jpg http://www.blurtit.com/q138614.html http://www.phinneywood.com/2009/08/05/hiroshima-commemoration-at-green-lake http://www.historylearingsite.co.uk/treaty_of_versailles.htm http://library.thinkquest.org/CR0215466/treaty_of_versailles.htm http://www.forum.skyscraperpage.com/showthread.php?t=181468 http://www.senspex.com/megapixel_cameras.php

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air quality and noise issues

water conservation itechniques

water conservation issues

water conservation systems

wind power

solar power

thermal mass

energy systems

daylighting

site

introduction

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bibliography

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jordan and israel environmental issues

environmental

paolo sanza: zac mowery*, devard hanna, bonnie fentem,isabella velasco, nick forthman

Introduction SUSTAINABILITY: Sustainability is the modern concept of the balance between the human footprint and ecosystem preservation. In order to understand this balance, we have to look at three basic conditions of sustainability. These conditions are as follows: 1. The use of renewable resources should be a priority rather than the use of nonrenewable ones. 2. The rate of regeneration of a renewable material must not be excede its capacity. 3. The capacity of absorption and transformation of pollution by the environment must not exceed its limits.

Based on these conditions, organizations were created that developed the idea for the fundamentals of green construction. Some of these organizations were established in the U.S., such as the U.S. Green Building Counseling (USGBC) and the Leadership in Environmental and Energy Design (LEED), and have been used as examples in several nations. Their priorities are saving energy, recycling material, maximizing life cycle time, and educating residents about sustainability. Just as in the U.S., the governments of Jordan and Israel have their own environmental movements that have contributed to the development of their nations.

For example, Israel has divided its ministry of environmental protection into seven categories. Some of them are the ministry of interior, the ministry of construction and housing, the ministry of agriculture, the ministry of infrastructure, and the ministry of welfare and social services. The Center for Local Sustainability (Life CBCSCIL) is another source of information that contributes to sustainability education in other countries. The concepts and beliefs that the ministries from Israel and the Life CBCSCIL practice are based on similar priorities of the environmental organizations established in the United States.

Sustainable development or green design â&#x20AC;&#x153;is the development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needsâ&#x20AC;? (United Nations, 1987)

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Priority list for Sustainable Building: Save energy 1. 2. Recycle buildings 3. Create community 4. Reduce material use 5. Protect and enhance the site 6. Select low-impact materials 7. Maximize longevity 8. Save water 9. Make the buildings healthy 10. Minimize construction and demolition waste

Schematic defenition of Sustainability

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Wind

Careful consideration must be given to the topic of building orientation. An east-west orientation may be preferable in order to take advvvvvvantage of wind harvesting or natural daylight opportunities. However, the issue of sandstorms and pollution must be kept in mind with respect to wind direction. A successful approach will keep all of these issues in mind and maximize the positive attributes while minimizing the negative.

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Northwest and northeast are the prevailing wind directions.1 Severe sand storms can occur in southern Wadi Araba which is where our site is located. Westerlies and dry eastern trade winds converge on the site during fall. King Hussein International Airport is located 2 miles north.

Daylighting Strategies Our site in Wadi Araba is 7 lateral degrees south of Stillwater.

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connection they provide with the outdoors. Daylight is also important for its quality, spectral composition, and variability. Working long-term in electric lighting is believed to be deleterious to health; working by daylight is believed to result in less stress and discomfort. Daylight provides high illuminance and permits excellent color discrimination and color rendering. These two properties mean that daylight provides the condition for good vision. However, daylight can also produce uncomfortable solar glare and very high- luminance reflections on display screens, both of which interfere with good vision. Thus, the effect of daylight on the performance of tasks depends on Importance of Daylighting Evidence that daylight is desirable how the daylight is delivered. All of can be found in research as well as these factors need to be considered in observations of human behavior in daylighting design for buildings.4 and the arrangement of office space. Windows that admit daylight in build- Why pursue daylighting ings are important for the view and Daylighting is the use of light from Daylighting Daylighting is a design strategy that involves making the best possible use of natural sunlight in the home or office environment. Most simply, daylighting is the practice of using natural light to illuminate building spaces. The idea behind daylighting is to decrease the dependency on electricity and other energy sources to produce the lighting needed for task in the workplace as well as around the house. Daylighting also connects people to the outdoors. And it provides pleasing illumination at a fraction of the cost of the most efficient electric lights.

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the sun and sky to complement or replace electric light. Appropri- ate fenestration and lighting controls are used to modulate daylight admittance and to reduce electric lighting, while meeting the occupantsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; lighting quality and quantity requirements.3 Benefits of Daylighting Daylighting has the potential to significantly improve life-cycle cost, increase user productivity, reduce emissions, and reduce operating costs: Improved Life-Cycle Cost: At an estimated incremental first cost increase of from $0.50 to $0.75 per square foot of occupied space for dimmable ballasts, fixtures and controls, daylighting has been shown to save from $0.05 to $0.20 per square foot annually [in 1997 $].6

Increased User Productivity: Daylight enlivens spaces and has been shown to increase user satisfaction and visual comfort leading to improved performance.6 Reduced Emissions: By reducing the need for electric consumption for lighting and cooling, the use of daylight reduces greenhouse gases and slows fossil fuel depletion.6 Reduced Operating Costs: Electric lighting accounts for 35 to 50 percent of the total electrical energy consumption in commercial buildings. By generating waste heat, lighting also adds to the loads imposed on a buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mechanical cooling equipment. The energy savings from reduced electric lighting through the use of daylighting strategies can directly reduce building cooling energy usage an additional 10 to 20 per-

cent. Consequently, for many institutional and commercial buildings, total energy costs can be reduced by as much as one third through the optimal integration of daylighting strategies.6 Building Orientation Buildings oriented along an eastwest axis allow for maximum extposure to the north and south. Naturally diffused daylight solutions should be incorporated on the north side to help with intese morning direct sunlight. The south side will allow for direct daylight and heat later during the day.

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Importance of Sun Protection There are many different reasons to want to control the amount of sunlight that is admitted into a building. In warm, sunny climates excess solar gain may result in high cooling energy consumption; in cold and temperate climates winter sun entering south-facing windows can positively contribute to passive solar heating; and in nearly all climates controlling and diffusing natural illumination will improve daylighting. Well-designed sun control and shading devices can dramatically reduce building peak heat gain and cooling requirements and improve the natural lighting quality of building interiors. Depending on the amount and location of fenestration. Sun control and shading devices can also improve user visual comfort by controlling glare and reducing contrast ratios. This often leads to increased satisfaction and productivity. Lastly, the orientation of

Projecting Roof

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a building and the related choice of sun protection methods depend on the residents appraisal for solor light and heat. In hot climates like the location of our site, typical houses are often almost wholly secuded from the sun. Day-time activities tend to be confined to the cool interiors or shaded courtyard. This type of sun protection is based on sxperience. Types of Shading Devices Projecting Roofs: Provied sun protection for windows or other openings. Advantages of this solution are the unobstructed view and the unhindered entry of low winter sun. On the other hand, an upper limitation of the view and a permanent shading of the room must be accpeted.1 Projecting Floor Slabs:Multi-storey buildings can be fairly easily protected against the sun but this type of sun control is subject to economic,

structural and aesthetic limitations.1 Vertical and Horizonal Louvers: louvres may be regarded as a shade broken up into small components it offeres greater variety and avoids some important drawbacks of a solid shade . Vertical louvres are best on the east and east and west side of a building while horizonal louvres are better suited for the southern side of a building.1 Vegetation: A relatively simple and natural form of sunshade for singlestorey or two-storey buildings at least in morderate latitudes, is offered by individual trees or group of trees. During the summer, the foliage acts as a heat filter and glare protection whilst, during the winter the bare tree offers little or no obstruction to the entry of solar light and heat. The shade effect of a tree is determined by its size, by

Projecting Slabs

the shape, width and height of its crown and by its distance and position in relation to the building.1

Design Considerations: All of the shading devices mentioned are very useful however due to our desert/ mediterranean climate. The projecting roof , other overhangs, louvers and screens would work best. Vegetation would probably not be as effective as the others and the projecting floor slab has many design constraints.

Types of Local Vegetation: African doum palm Gingerbread tree Egyptian palm Screens:They prevents heat penetration and glare,and ensures privacy, yet still permits the entry of adequate daylight. The screen is mainly encountered in countries with long hours of intensive sunshine. Its application is mostly confined to a particularly exposed side of the building. Like any other sun protection device, the screen can only act satisfactorily if the airing of the zone between screen and window wall is ensured.

Horizontal Louvres

Vertical Louvres

Vegetation

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Energy Systems Passive Systems Passive systems collect and transfer energy without using any mechanical systems. The energy flows naturally by radiation, conduction, and natural convection. The building, in essence, is the system.2 Major types of Passive Systems2: -Thermal massing -Natural ventilation -Shading systems (see Photovoltaics)

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Thermal Mass

Benefits of Passive Systems2: Since there are mecanical systems involved, passive systems are much quieter. These systems are virtually invisible on the interior of buildings since they have no delivery components.

The life of a passive system lasts as long as the life of the building. The only additional cost is the cost of building material required for the system.

Natural Air Ventilation: Aldo Leopold Legacy Center

Natrual Ventilation

Shading System

Active Systems

(Environmentally Friendly):

Active systems are any mechancincal-based system that receives, stores, and distributes energy. These systems are inherently able to more closely control the thermal environment within a building. They can be added to just about any building with no other design constraints. Therefore, building orientation is not as vital as that in passive systems.2

-Solar power -Wind power

Traditional Heating and Cooling System

Types of Active Systems (Traditional): -Central heating and air conditioning -Lighting Types

Active

Systems

Lighting

Solar Panels

Wind Power

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Thermal Mass Thermal mass elements in buildings assists in the reduction of energy consumed in heating and cooling in most climate zones, can significantly reduce the ecological impacts of burning fossil fuels due to energy production, as well as reduce costs, improve comfort and reduce or eliminate the need for air conditioning. Introducing thermal mass into light weight structures is the only way to cool a structure down once the external temperatures exceed comfort levels and ventilation fail to provide comfort. Likewise, using thermal mass in lightweight structures is the only way winter daytime temperatures can be stored to keep buildings

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warm in winter evenings without introducing external energy sources. This is sometimes known as ‘Passive Solar Design’.3 The Role of Mass While the ‘greenhouse’ effect can trap large amounts of heat during the day, this heat can also be quickly lost unless materials with ‘thermal mass’ (which act as a storage medium for the heat) are used.3

Heat Storage and Mass Thermal mass is the ability of a material to store heat. Materials suitable for thermal mass are heavy (or dense) materials with the ability to store large amounts of heat energy to provide warmth in winter and cooler temperatures in summer, within a relatively small volume.3

Design Consideration: The most obvious energy efficiency benefits from the use of thermal mass accrue in low-rise buildings. Thermal mass, when used together with passive solar design techniques and natural ventilation, can effectively eliminate the requirement for air conditioning.3

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Solar Power Photovoltaics Photovoltaic (PV) solar cells convert sunlight energy into electricty. Solar energy is usually the most available renewable resource of energy we have. The PVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s are made up of silicon solar cells, which are made of a semiconductor crystal. Silicon produces high efficiency at affordable costs. Another cell used is the galliumarsenide cell. It is less efficient but cheaper than silicon. PVâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s were initally used by the NASA program in 1954.2

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NASA use

Solar Panel Field

Roof Solar Panels

Building Integrated Photovoltaic (BIPV) Systems

Environmental and Cost Benefits of PV’s

BIPV’s are becoming more popular. These systems are integrate the use of PV’s from the start of the design process and become part of the design and building as opposed to being tacked on after construction. These systems are usually utilized as exterior skins or roof elements. There are two commonly used commercial PV modules: Thick crystal (identical to previously mentioned material) and Thin-film. Thin-film products incorporate PV active material that is place on a glass superstrate or metal substrate.4

PV’s do not produce polution or carbon dioxide emissions, makeing this system very environmental friendly.

Facade PV’s: Scheidegger Building Bern, Switzerland

Roof PV’s: Grand Valley State University

There are three major ways of using photovoltaics and reducing a building’s cooling load: -Facade systems -Roof systems

After the inital purchase of the PV system, the cost of producing PV electricity stays constant throughout the life of the system.5

-Shading systems (Examples shown below)

Design Consideration: PVs offer enormous potential to building designers but, as an architect has said, “it has to be done right from the start” - they should not be an afterthought. PVs can influence the building’s orientation (PVs need to be oriented to true south), footprint, layout and form; they will affect the building fabric and will be an important element of the environmental and building systems. They need to be considered as an integral part of the energy strategy of the building and of its functioning. The integration of PVs with the other building elements is critical to success. Appearance and aesthetics are, as ever, especially important.6

Shading Systems: Simon Fraser Universtity Technology and Science Complex

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Wind Power Wind Turbines A wind turbine is a rotary device that takes energy from the wind. The motivations for installing wind turbines are2: -to minimize the environmental impact -to achieve energy independence -being a wind-power enthusiast

Horizontal axis means the rotating axis of the wind turbine is horizontal, or parallel with the ground. In big wind application, horizontal axis wind turbines are almost all you will ever see. The advantage of horizontal wind is that it is able to produce more

These machines are commonly mounted on high towers located some distance from buildings and not downwind of structures that would interfere with free wind patterns.7 Offshore Wind Farms

Once the location has been cho-

Horizontal Axis Turbine

Vertical Axis Turbine

-vertical axis -horizontal axis (most common)

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With vertical axis wind turbines the rotational axis of the turbine stands vertical or perpendicular to the ground. Vertical axis turbines are primarily used in small wind projects and residential applications. Vertical axis turbines are powered by wind coming from all 360 degrees. Because of this versatility, vertical axis wind turbines are thought to be ideal for installations where wind conditions are not consistent.

Geothermal energy, solar power and shore-side wind farms are becoming increasingly familiar to the public, and approval has recently been given for the first offshore wind farm to be constructed in the United States, off Cape Cod. This is a rapidly expanding new technology, but the requirements in terms of seabed surveying before a wind farm can be built are very close to the requirements for an oil and gas installation, and in fact for any offshore installation. AOA Geophysics has many years experience in site surveys for offshore installations which we can bring to bear on the new search for suitable sites to generate offshore wind power.

There are two major types of wind turbines:

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electricity from a given amount of wind. So if you are trying to produce as much wind as possible at all times, horizontal axis is likely the choice for you.

Innovations in wind turbine design designer Michael Jantzen

sen, and an approximate water depth is known, the turbine design is decided, which will lead to a plan for the turbine layout and a choice of support structure.8

Design Consideration: Wind speeds should average 9 mph (4 m/s) to produce efficient wind power. The annual average wind speed for the site is 7.6 m/s. Therefore, wind turbines could be considered for an alternate, environmental friendly resource to produce electricity. Offshore Wind Farm

Offshore Wind Farm Diagram

Innovations in Offshore Wind Power designer David Sharpe

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Water Systems

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Roof System

Wetted Wall

Court Yard Pond

There are many different types of roof pond systems to choose from. Some systems are more useful for our site than others given the hot arid climate. Because rain fall is scarce and there is a severe water shortage in the region of our site, a system that is resistant toa evaporation is preferable. A walkable pond with night circulation is an ideal choice for our conditions. The shallow pond is filled with pebbles and insulation is placed on top. Roof tiles cover the insulation, preserving the usability of the roof. Studies have shown that this system can actually keep the interior space below the daily low temperature.8

Wetted wall systems operate on the same evaporative cooling principle as a roof pond. This system can be applied to an impermeable wall with high thermal conductivity. Water flow over the surface produces the evaporative cooling of that surface. On the interior, the surface serves as a cooling elemtent for the space behind it. These systems have also been tested and shown to effectively cool both interior and exterior spaces.8

Small shallow streams or ponds located within courtyards can create an evaporative cooling effect. These small bodies of water create a microclimate which drops the temperature of the local surroundings. These types of systems require circulation and replenishing because of the evaporation that takes place. However, they are effective and have been utilized for centuries in climates similar to our own as a means of passive cooling.

Using water as a means of passive cooling can be an effective solution in our hot, arid environment. All three of the systems discussed could be feasible at our site. There are however, some issues to consider when selecting a system. The mean annual temperature, which affects the rate of evaporation is 78 degrees farenheit. Rainfall in our region of Wadi Araba is 2.2 inches.2 With this in mind it is recommended to shade any body of water to be used as an evaporative cooling source.

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Water Conservation Issues

Ancient civilizations were able to thrive in these harsh conditions. Modern technologies also alow us to thrive in the same conditions. We must remember the techniques that our ancestors used to improve our modern techniques.

The Nabateans Nabateans are an ancient nomadic group who settled in southern Jordan. This group emerged gradually from Arabia. Abandoning their nomatic ways the Nabateans settled and formed cities, the most revered being Petra. Grand buildings, temples and tombs were carved out of the surrounding sandstone. Creating a thriving Nabatean Agricultural Terrace city in the middle of the desert required the Nabateans Agriculture Cisterns, damns, irrigation channels, pools, terraces, to be experts in the art of water conservation.1 and terra-cotta pipelines were all use by the Nabateans to create thriving agricultural cities. Ancient Nabatenans used new and inventive techniques to create a sustainable environment. These peoples developed advanced agriculture techniques. One technique required the land to be carved into shallow funnels and a single fig tree would be planted in the center. When the rain came it would funnel down and collect around the tree.

Symbology can be just as important to a culture as practicality. A nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s beliefs will be an important deciding factor when designing. How you convey your systems can affect peopleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s attitudes toward the system and in turn the building.

Daily Life in Jordan Here in America water is supplied straight to our houses. This is not how it works in other countries, Jordan, for instance. Those who live in Jordan know what it is like to go without water. Every house has water storage containers that are filled with as low as 22 gallons a day, and once they are out of water the only source for more is to buy it at high prices.

Historical context is another issue to keep in mind. Responding to the history of either Israel or Jordanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s heiritage can help direct design. It will be important to know how other cultures will view you design choices positivley or negativly.

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County Conflicts Water is a serious subject in the near east. It is one that starts wars. The governments of these countries have been implored to implement water conservation programs. Though it can start wars, water may Cistern

also prevent them if the problem is dealt with soon enough. Water from the Jordan River brought about the 1967 war. Wars that were fought over crude oil are quickly becoming wars fought over fresh water. Lebanon is considered to have good sources for water, one of which is the Litani River. Lebanon accuses Israel of pirating water from this river.1 Israel and Jordan lack the fresh water that other countries like Turkey, Iraq and Egypt have. The lack of wealth prevents them from building desalination plants to make use of the abundant amounts of saltwater. Rainwater is one of the major renewable sources of freshwater for these countries. This is why every ounce of it needs to be captured and used.

Israelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Long Term Renewable Water Sources Percentage Source mcm/year Sea of Galilee

700

38%

Coastal Auquifer

320

17%

Mountain Aquifer

370

20%

Other Resources

410

25%

Total Average

1,800

mcm: million cubic meters

Water is a crucial amenity in the near east. It is necessary for agriculture, manufacturing, and human survival. Many countries in the east are hard pressed to provide water. As it becomes scarcer it will create more conflict. Israel and Jordan are both countries that struggle to provide water. Israel gets 38% of its water from the Sea of Galilee, which lies near the border of Israel, Jordan and Syria. Israel tries to keep a tight hold of the shores which will create tension between the countries. Another 50% of Israelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s water is either captured or diverted from its neighboring countries.

Sea of Galilee

Israel

Syria

Jordan Sea of Galilee

Need for water causes rising tensions between countries. If these countries can become more aware and implement water conservation strategies then future conflicts may be avoided.

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Water Conservation Techniques Landscaping The site immediately surrounding the building can play a crucial role in water run-off, and water collection. Average landscaping can account for nearly 20% of the buildings water usage. Using plants that suit the area and reducing the amount of irrigation required will not only save on water usage but maintenance as well. Design of the landscape can create conducive water drainage for the site and water collection, which can be used for irrigation or gray water services.

naturally cool ground water then is pumped through a cooling tower system to cool equipment. This system also pumps water atop the building to allow for evaporative cooling at night and recollects the water in the cistern and repeats the cycle.

Water Collection Many buildings utilize a roof structure that collects rain water and drains it to a centralized area where a holding tank stores the rainwater. Land surface catchments are a less complex way to collect rain water and possibly Cooling Towers provides a larger area to catch runoff. This water needs Single pass cooling equipment circulates water once to be treated and filtered before reuse.2 through the equipment to cool it. The water is then passed out as gray water depending on itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s quality, or it is passed out in a sewer line. Cooling towers can utilize collected water to cool a/c or other hot units. This water needs to be treated and changed out every so often. The tanks that hold this water need to be protected from evaporation. The cooling system shown below captures rainwater in an underground cistern. The

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Heifer International Headquarters3

Water Storage Storage tanks may be held either above ground or below. Tanks must be provided adequate closure to prevent contamination from humans, animals, and other environmental sources. Ferrocenment tanks are recommended for water storage. These tanks consists of a reinforced concrete base and wrapped with wire mesh to create the sides. The storage capacity should reflect the amount of rainfall in the specified area. The capacity also should take in account for dry spells and water consumption rates. Many times chemicals are added to a storage tank to prevent algae and bacteria growth, however the use of the water needs to be factored for suitable chemicals.5

An important consideration is how effective a system will be in a given environment. The rainfall in an area may not be enough to constitute an expensive water collection system. The resources must meet the requirements of the system. Not only environmental issues such as rainfall controll the design of a system. Sun exposure, temperature, surrounding context, humidity, soil and air and water quality all are factors that may infulence your design of systems. Viisibility of systems may be of concern. In some examples the system is incorporated into the aesthetics of the building. If creating a visible system the areaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s culture can be taken into consideration to either appeal to or contrast.

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Air Quality and Noise Issues

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Intense sandstorms caused by the powerful â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Shamalâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; winds from the north are not uncommon in southern Wadi Araba and our site.1

King Hussein International Airport is located 2 miles north east and in 2003 handled around 32 flights per day.2

Route 90 in Israel passes west of our site but is buffered by the date tree farm.

The growing population of the nearby cities of Eilat, Israel and Aqaba, Jordan will contribute to pollution at our site.2

There are 4 large concerns related to air and noise pollution at our site. King Hussein International Airport is possibly the biggest concern. It is a contributor to both noise and air pollution. Sandstorms are also a topic of critical concern. Very special attention must be given when exploring wind harvesting strategies such as wind towers. The growing populations of Aqaba and Eilat should also be given consideration with respect to air quality. Terminal at King Hussein International Airport outside Aqaba.

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Environmental Issues Global Environmental Issues and their Significance on the Near East Pollution is a global concern that has touched everyone in the world no matter the location. This problematic issue has affected the economy, agriculture, and health of most nations.For the Jordanians and Israelis, the environmental issue has played a great topic in their administrations in the past decades. These two nations share a concentrated awareness about the conservation of natural resources and the design of sustainable civic environments; however, their governments administrations have not yet reached an optimal status in ecofriendly planning.

By studying the different environmental issues present in the world and applying it to the site, it would be possible to collaborate with the goals of the Jordan and Israel governments. It is important to understand the general causes and consequences of the issues such as water, air, soil, noise, and radioactive pollution. These five environmental issues are commonly found in the two nations where the site is located and they are defined as follow:

Water Pollution Genaral Causes: _Release of waste products on rivers, lakes, oceans, and ground water. _Bad domestic sewage system. _Concentration of industrial waste and toxic chemicals in watercourses from industries. _Contact with pesticides and fertilizers from farms. Consequences: _No drinkable water. _Increase of diseases on citizens and animals. _Decrease in the quality and growth of agricultural products.

[Israel water]

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Air Pollution Factors to consider about this issue in the Near East: _Jordan and Israel have history of contaminated rivers. _The closest natural water source is the Gulf of Aqaba, which is connected to the Red Sea. In order to make it drinkable, the water has to pass thru filtration process. _The Gulf of Aqba is a touristic attraction; there is often concern about people leaving trash on the coast. _There was a Military base nearby that had frequent oil leaks. _ Non-biodegradable spills from ferry traffic. _Other frequent solid waste.

Jordan and Israel are in the first top 10 countries that have more tons per cubic kilometers of fresh water pollution. (Source Nation Master)

Genaral Causes: _Introduction of chemicals that can affect the quality of living species and the atmosphere. _Burning of fuel. _Fumes from paint, hair spray, and solvents. _Dust from areas that have solid waste. _Methane from animals.

issue in the Near East: _There is some traffic, by air and land, because it is the frontier between the two nations and present of the airport. _Frequent dust storms.

Consequences: _Variations of the air quality. _Increase risk of asthma, and other respiratory diseases. _Great risk of lung cancer. _Discoloration of builidng faรงades. _Could be a source of water contamination. Factors to consider about this

[Current view of a city in Israel]

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SOIL POLLUTION: Genaral Causes: _Accumulation of trash or waste on the surface and underground space. _Rupture of underground storage tanks. _Use of pesticides. _Waste of oil, solvents, and heavy metals.

NOISE POLLUTION: Factors to consider about this issue in the Near East: _There is not much agricultural activity. _The military base that used to be nearby the site might be a concern.

Consequences: _Cause annoyance and aggression. _Contributes to hearing problems. _Raises blood pressure and stress. _Reduction of usable habitat.

Consequences: _Affects the quality of agricultural products. _Decrease in the health quality of the citizens and animals. _Increase the degradation of soil which might affect the foundation of existing structures. _Could be a source of water contamination.

[Soil remedation case in Israel]

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Genaral Causes: _Environmental noise. _Construction sites. _Transportation media, such as, cars, buses, airplanes, etc. _Poor urban planning design. _Fireworks.

One of the most common soil contamination causes in Jordan and Israel is the waste of construction materials from factories and oil spread.

[Soldiers crossing from Jordan to Israel]

Factors to consider about this issue in the Near East: _There is some air traffic and electrical equipments noise from the airport. _There is some noise from the two touristic cities near the site.

NUCLEAR POLLUTION: Genaral Causes: _Poor control of industries that work with radioactive elements. _Waste from nuclear medicine. _Production of nuclear energy. _Fabrication of nuclear weapons.

Conclusions: Factors to consider about this issue in the Near East: _There is a nuclear power plant in Aqaba since 2009.

Consequences: _Contributes to water, soil, and air pollution. _Increase the risk of poison of food and air. _There are risk of mutation in people, animals, and vegetation.

[Entry to Jordan]

[Nuclear plant in Aqaba]

By understanding the existing problems on the site, it is possible to come out with efficient solutions. These solutions not only would offer examples of environmental friendly designs but they would make a statement on the environmental issue awareness. It is recommended to focus at least on two of these types of pollutions and to try making it part of the design. Architecture could be a factor of equilibrium in the ecosystem and a mediator of peace between the two nations. An idea could be how to cognizance the citizens of Jordan and Israel on the importance of the needs of a healthy environment with the use of architecture as a source.

Jordan is planning to have its nuclear plant built by 2015.

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Bibliography Wind 1. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V93-4C82C45-1&_user=152108&_ coverDate=09/06/2004&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_origin=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_ searchStrId=1511786367&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000012538&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=152108&md5=c6 45dea37ef678252633074a4c549e09&searchtype=a Daylighting Strategies 1. Danz, E. (1967). Sun protection. an international architectural survey . New York, New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. 2. http://www.daylighting.org/what.php 3. http://btech.lbl.gov/pub/designguide/dlg.pdf 4. http://www.iea-shc.org/task21/publications/source/daylighting-c1.pdf 5. http://www.sunearthtools.com/dp/tools/pos_sun.php 6. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/suncontrol.php 7. solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html

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Energy Systems 1. http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi Images Searched: -Natural Ventilation -Thermal Mass -Shading Systems -Active Systems -Lighting -Solar Panels -Wind Power -Roof Pond -Evaporative Cooling -Water Wall 2. Bradshaw, Vaughn. The Building Environment: Active and Passive Systems. Third Edition. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2006. 3.http://www.ecospecifier.org/knowledge_base/technical_guides/thermal_mass_building_comfort_energy_efficiency 4. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/bipv.php 5. http://www.toolbase.org/Technology-Inventory/Electrical-Electronics/pv-systems 6. http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http://www.berr.gov.uk/files/file16811.pdf 7. http://www.smallwindtips.com/tag/horizontal-axis-wind-turbine/ 8. http://www.aoageophysics.com/offshore-site-investigation/offshore-wind-farms/ 9.Givoni, Baruch. Climate Considerations in Building and Urban Design. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, 1998 10.Eilat Climate, http://www.climatetemp.info/israel/eilat.html Water Conservation 1. http://seifandbeirut.com/2010/10/15/water-the-real-oil-of-the-middle-east/ 2. http://www.wbdg.org/resources/water_conservation.php

3. http://www.heifer.org/ 4. http://pediaview.com/openpedia/Nabateans 5. http://www.gdrc.org/uem/water/rainwater/introduction.html Air Quality and Noise Issues 1. http://www.bing.com/maps/explore/?FORM=MLOMAP&PUBL=GOOGLE&crea=userid1743go6a1c1270db6e7f374a897e01 2428c985e#5003/s=w/5872/style=auto&lat=36.365175&lon=-95.772894&z=10&pid=5874 2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Hussein_International_Airport

Environmental Issues ISRAEL ENVIRONMENT BULLETIN - vol.36. (2010, September). Retrieved October 2010, from Ministry of environmental protection - State of Israel: http://www.sviva.gov.il/Enviroment/Static/Binaries/Articals/bulletin36-local-sustainability_2.pdf Pollution. (2010, October). Retrieved October 2010, from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution Environmental Issues in Israel. (n.d.). Retrieved October 2010, from The Schwartz Collection on Judaism, Vegetarianism, and Animal Rights: http://jewishveg.com/schwartz/envirois.html Hadadin, N. A. (2007). Environmental Issues in Jordan, solutions and recommendations. American Journal of Enviromental Sciences 3 , 30-36. Lechner, N. (2001). Sustainable Design. In Heating, cooling, and lighting design methods for architects. NY: John Wiley and Sons. Mansy, D. K. (2010). In ARCH 3134: Environmental control I: Thermal systems and life safety - [Lectures]. Oklahoma State University. Images Search words: Sustainability, water pollution in Israel, air pollution in Israel, soil contamination in Israel, Jordan and Israel border, nuclear plant in Aqaba. http://www.google.com/imghp?hl=en&tab=wi http://www.envplanning.com/professionalservices/sustainability.html https://thebrightestman.wikispaces.com/Your+World+Final+Project+2009+B+Jenny+P. http://www.bloggingbeirut.com/archives/562-Air-Pollution-Israeli-Environmental-Destruction.html http://www.environmentalleverage.com/Soil_Remediation_Case_histories.htm http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Middle-East/2009/0128/p06s01-wome.html http://www.travelpod.com/travel-photo/journeyer/1/1212345540/israel-x-jordan-border-crossing.jpg/tpod.html http://3.bp.blogspot.com/_EQyqN-adRPo/R39aHqEb5EI/AAAAAAAAANg/BVixyAFjWFM/s1600-h/nuclearpower-plant.jpg

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136 144 146 148 150 152 154 156 158 160 162 ceilings

floors

interior materials

structural design graphs

rammed earth

masonry

glass

steel

stone

concrete

precedence

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paolo sanza: elizabeth hinkle*, jonathan chin, gonzalo narez,valeria di silvestri, ben clayton, ricardo montoya

Building: Ancient temple of Petra Location: Petra, Jordan

stone

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The ancient temples in Petra were built around 6th century BCE by the Nabataeans. Later additions were added to the temple in the 1st century A.D. by the Romans. They are carved directly from the stone faces of the mountains. Although they have been through countless storms they are still in relatively good condition which shows the durability of stone when used in the desert.

Building: Al-Hussien cultural center Location: Amman, Jordan

masonry

The heavy masonry helps keep hot air out and cool air in because of its ability to retain heat. The masonry also is very durable in the harsh desert climate.

The glass on the building is polarized to keep heat-gain and unwanted glares in the building to a minimum.

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Building: King Abdullah II House of Culture Location: Amman, Jordan glass

The architectural expression for the new Performing Arts Centre has been inspired by the uniquely beautiful monument of Petra.

The front facade is about 50% glass which is polarized so that it reflects unwanted sunlight away from the building. Some kind of polarization or tinting should always be used on windows when designing a building in the desert.

The reinforced concrete is â&#x20AC;&#x153;carved awayâ&#x20AC;? reflecting the temples in Petra.

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Building: Bibliotheca Alexandrina Location: Shatby, Egypt

steel Steel works well in hot climates; however if it does not have some kind of protective coat it can become discolored and look unappealing aesthetically. Although glass is not the not the most sustainable material to use in the desert, it is an option. With proper polarizing, heat gain can be minimized.

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Building: Anantra Spa Location: Aqaba, Jordan

wood

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Wood is almost exclusively used on the interior of in the Jordan/Israel area. It is very resilient to the hot, buildings in Jordan/Israel because of the hot, dry dry climate and is used on the interiors and exteriors of climate which deteriorates the wood when exposed. buildings. Almost all wood used in the Jordan/Israel area is imported from other countries. Concrete is one of the most common materials used

Building: The childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s museum Location: Amman, Jordan

tensile structure Reinforced concrete columns support the roof of the shading structure with tension cables.

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Building: Sanaya Amman Location: Amman, Jordan

stone

The design incorperates green features including wind turbines, water recycling systems, energy-efficient glass, and sensor lights.

An open-mesh stone facade shields the interior from heat and sunlight. The mesh is designed to change color at sunrise and sunset, and to form a silhouetted pattern against the illuminated windows at night.

The twin towers of this building are bound together by large links, including a bridge at the 40th floor with a glass-bottomed swimming pool overlooking the chasm below.

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Building:Aqaba Residence Energy Efficiency (AREE) Location: Aqaba, Jordan AREE was constructed using the most common construction methods in Jordan which is plastered blockwork and stone cladding.The cavity walls are insulated by blocks with volcanic and perlite aggregate and insulation materials such as rockwool and polystyrene. The Interior wall finish is natural stone. AREE is not only a residential complex but also an information centre for sustainable building design and construction.

masonry

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HISTORY The first known use of concrete dates back to the age of Egyptian Pyramids [1]. Although, the first civilization to employ this material in a conscious and systematic way is Ancient Rome [2]. Romans created a material (Opus caementicium) made of quicklime, pozzolana and pumice. The first simultaneous uses of both materials in the same artifact date back at 18th century, even if the first application in construction is commonly considered the basement of the main building realized by Francois Coignet for world exposition in Paris, 1867. The success of the composed material â&#x20AC;&#x153;reinforced concreteâ&#x20AC;? comes from the perfect collaboration of the two components in terms of structural properties (steel improves the compressive strength of concrete and provides tensile resistance) and technology (e.g. they have the same thermal linear expansion coefficient).

Rome, Pantheon. The largest unreinforced concrete dome in the world.

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Concrete Concrete is a material composed of cement, aggregate, water and chemical admixtures. If dosed in the right proportions, these elements will create a fluid mixture which can be placed in forms of almost any shape. Once dried, concrete will assume the mechanical properties of a natural stone. CAST IN PLACE It is possible to create almost any shape, Rigid connections.

STRUCTURAL FRAME Vertical loads (weights) acting on roofs are transferred, by beams, columns and foundations to ground. Horizontal actions (wind, earthquakes) can be countered by massive upwind elements (walls, crosses, V or K shapes) concentrated along the perimeter of the building (external walls) or in the centre (stairways, elevators).

CONCRETE BLOCKS Usually used for external walls in buildings with concrete/steel frame structure. They perform an excellent compressive strength but are lighter, cheaper and easier than a solid concrete wall. The quality of the aggregate used influences mechanical/thermal/acoustic behavior.

PRECAST Speed assembly, Dry connections (due to friction strength), Highest precision in mix design and shapes, Reduction of injury risk, Prestress.

CONCRETE FOR UNDERLAY Its excellent compressive performance makes this material ideal for pavements underlay. It is generally used with a steel welded mesh to redistribuite loads acting on roofs. The choice of an appropriate aggregate can influence weight, thermal and acoustical performance.

concrete applications in design

floor decorations

sink

light-transmitting concrete

ARCHITECTURAL CONCRETE A good waterproofing behaviour allows concrete to be used also as architectural material for internal/external walls and pavements, without coatings or painting. In this case the mix design must provide a tiny aggregate, and forms for high aesthetic performance must be used.

HEAVY CONSTRUCTION One of the main applications of this material is for big-size civil engineering works, such as bridges, roads, sidewalks, silos. Variety of clinker’s types and admixtures makes it possible now to build reinforced concrete works in every environmental exposition.

FIBER-REINFORCED CONCRETE To remedy some of deficiencies of concrete, is it always more usual to add fibrous materials such as glass, polypropylene, rocks. The principal aim of this technique is to control cracking due to both plastic and drying shrinkage, but it also improves tensile performance, impermeability, fire resistance, flexural strength.

Cement industry is the second world source of carbon dioxide production. Even if now some cement industries are investing funds in research to create new qualities of ‘green’ cement, the best way to contrast environmental impact is choosing a long-lifetime mix design and recycling. Aggregate can be used in new concrete artifacts without any problem. Concrete is usually crashed and used as gravel, aggregate or the base layer for roads. Steel can be easily extracted from structures by using magnets and melted to create new products.

The two countries are rich in iron, and produce good annual quantities of steel. The ground is also rich in sandstone, which is widely used as concrete aggregate. There are many cement plants, too, so they don’t need to import any material. This makes concrete construction more economically feasible than other technologies.

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Stone Stone and mud are the most basic natural building materials. People all over the world have used them together to create homes to suit their local weather conditions. In general stones are used as basic structural components in buildings, while mud is used to fill in the space between, acting as a type of concrete and insulation. There are many types of stones throughout the world all with differing attributes that make them better or worse for particular uses. Stone is a very dense material so it gives a lot of protection too, its main draw-back as a material is its weight and awkwardness. Its energy effectiveness is also considered a big draw-back, as stone is hard to keep warm without using large amounts of heating resources. _Limestone: A rock that is formed chiefly by the accumulation of organic remains (shells or coral), consist mainly of calcium carbonate. _Marble: Crystallized limestone, ranges from granular to compact in texture. _Granite: A very hard igneous rock formation of visibly crystalline texture formed essentially of quartz and orthoclase or microcline. _Sandstone: A sedimentary rock consisting usually of quartz sand combined with some binding elements such as silica or calcium carbonate. _Flagstone: A hard, evenly stratified stone that splits into flat pieces suitable for paving. _Fieldstone: Stone in unaltered form as taken from the field.

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Stone structures have existed for as long as history can recall. It is the longest lasting building material available, and is usually readily available. It is believed that for derelict buildings, concrete or timber structures are the first to run down, followed by brick structures, and stone structures may last for thousands of years.

LOAD BEARING Stone Masonry always has stood for permanence. Anything properly made of stone outlasts the same thing made of any other material, even concrete with steel mesh imbedded. But one must be certain of one’s work. It can take weeks to repair a mistake. Stone masonry differs entirely from brick or block masonry, where every layer must lie in a straight line, where there must be square and level units and mortar joints that are uniform. The main reasons for building with stone are its beauty, endurance, strength, and mass.

RETAINING WALLS The great virtue of stone retaining walls that are mortar-less is that your “drainage system” comes built-in: water will usually seep through the cracks between the stones. When damage from water pressure does occur, it can be repaired easily enough. Another advantage in building terraces of this sort is that you do not have to sink a “footing” beneath the frost line, as you do when using concrete or stone and mortar.

FACADES Stone Venner facades are the most common type of stone use on the exterior. A stone veneer wall is constructed by first putting up a structural wall made of concrete or cinderblocks. Then stone veneer (flat, thin stones) is applied to the face of the wall using mortar. It looks like a real stone wall, but it takes less time and money to put up.

stone connection details Stone veneers are probably the going to be the most used building materials. If you want to get honed panels of a number of stones as well construction documentations would still look similar.

VAULTS/ARCHES Stone arches are generally used in both stone and brick structures, over door and window openings, for porches, etc. They are also erected over streams and roads for highway and railway bridges and aqueducts. Stone arches of long span are not as frequently built now as formerly, iron and steel haying been very largely substituted for stone. Being composed of a few large pieces, instead of many small ones, the bond is not so perfect; and consequently, the stone arch is somewhat more liable to settle and crack.

MAINATANCE FACTORS When properly constructed, stone wall systems require relatively little maintenance as compared to other wall systems. Typically the only maintenance required is replacement of sealant in joints between panels; the time frame for this activity depends on the sealant used but usually ranges from every 7 to 20 years. However, it should also be noted that periodic review and evaluation of thin stone veneers may be desirable in order to determine if any evidence of structural distress exists in the panels due to strength loss at anchor points.

BUILDING CODES When installing thin masonry veneer as an adhered veneer application, building codes offer guidance. For standards on weather resistant barriers, metal lath and fasteners, mortar and stone dimensions and area, the 2006 International Building Code (IBC) (Section 1405.9) should be consulted. As building codes vary by region, it is important to check local building codes for proper installation guidelines. Particularly in areas with frequent seismic activity, code requirements may be more stringent.

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Steel The production of iron objects by humans began probably sometime after 2000 BCE in the Caucasus region. Its first structural employment in architecture dates back probably to 15th century, when it was used as reinforcement chain for walls. Steel was first realized in England at the beginning of 19th century. Nevertheless, it was too expensive to be produced and it did not find success until the industrial revolution, when a systematic and efficient productive process was developed for the first time. After that, steel has been used increasingly in construction revolutionizing the traditional way of building and allowing the creation of new typeologies such as skyscrapers. The first

H. Labrouste, Biblioteque de St. Genevieve, Paris

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Steel is an alloy of iron, carbon and small amounts of other metals, such as nickel or chrome. The content of carbon, in weight, has to be inferior to 2.11%, otherwise the alloy is called cast iron. Its excellent resistant properties make it an optimal construction material.

STRUCTURAL FRAME The same pattern of loads distribution analyzed for concrete is valid for steel. It is a material with elastic symmetrical behavior (same performance in compression and tension). Its great resistance allows tinier sections and an optimal use of spaces. Steel frame is easier and faster to be built, but more expensive than concrete. It also offer a very bad fire performance, but it can be emproved by fireproof coatings or gypsum paneling. Steel structural members are produced in many shapes and dimensions.

REINFORCEMENT The second main structural application of this material is as reinforcement in concrete/masonry structures. Its excellent mechanical properties make up for the low tensile strength of concrete. Reinforcement bars are usually round-sectioned and rough on the external surface, to improve adherence with concrete. The operating principle with masonry is the same (also bricks perform a better behavior in compression). Some standard masonry units like blocks and bricks are made with strategically placed voids to accommodate rebar.

TECHNICAL SYSTEMS Steel is also widely employed for silos, piping, pumps for water, gas, air and other technological systems. In fact, it ensures good resistance, durability and hygiene. Besides, metal piping can easily be inspected and maintened. The main problem is again the large amount of deformation that accumulates with thermal shock, and this phenomenon is particularly problematic in the case of hot/cold fluids like in air conditioning/heating systems.

element connections

Steel production plants often contain processes which require the employment of pollutant substances/ machines. Nevertheless, scrap metal coming from old constructions, cars, machinery can be melted and reused in a high percentage, usually more than 90%. This process, also known as ‘Secondary Siderurgy’ makes steel the most recycled material in the world.

Metallic elements can be jointed in many different ways. It is possible to identify two main categories of connections: the welded and the mechanical ones. Welding can be made with or without injecton of metallic material. A problem could be a reduction of local resistance around the welded area. In general, mechanical connection, if properly executed, are stronger.

WINDOW FRAME Aluminium and steel are the two main materials employed as window frames. Altough heavier, steel offers a higher resistance and then tinier uprights. A problem is its high value of thermal conductivity, which often creates thermal bridges. A solution could be reducing as much as possible frame section or inserting inside spray thermal insulating materials, such as cellulose, mineral wool or polyurethane.

SUBSTRUCTURES In addition to the main structure, it is frequently found in some parts of the building (especially roof and facades) a substructure bearing lower loads, usually finishes. It is the case of curtain walls, in which the panes of glass (or any other material) are often supported by a substructure composed of vertical and horizontal aluminum or steel elements. These metallic uprights are usually connected to the principal structure.

HEAVY CONSTRUCTION Since industrialization has led to a massive production of steel at favorable prices, it has been massively used in large civil engineering projects. Principal advantages are the optimal structural performance, and the speed in assemlying pieces. Main problems are related to the environmental exposition (steel is susceptible to corrosion ad it has to be carefully protected from aggressive agents, the bad fire comportment and the large deformation due to thermal shock, for which it is necessary to design appropriate expansion joints.

The soil of the two countries is very rich in metals, especially copper and iron. They produce good annual quantities of steel, and in particular Israel’s plants are equipped with advanced machinery and technologies. In costruction, steel is used mostly as reinforcement for concrete structures.

Norman Foster & Part., Living Wall, Amman

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Glass History of glass is very old, since Stone Age population used natural volcanic glass (obsidian) to make small objects. However, the first artificial glass was created in Mesopotamia, to create beads. The first appearance of glass in windows probably occurred in Gothic Cathedrals, where it allowed light to pass through it but it was seldom smooth enough to provide a clear view. What those colored glass plates did was to represent bible stories in a new ‘illuminated’ way. The glass as we know it now needs to be treated with a continuous mechanized process, which was developed during the industrial revolution. The first plate of inexpensive translucent rolled glass was available only in the first 1800s. It was the first material to be completely transparent, and it offered other important properties such as lightness and cheapness: it soon became an indispensable material in architecture. One of the first appearance of the new material in a building is the Crystal Palace by Joseph Paxton for the world exposition of London in 1851, completely precast and made of glass and iron.

J. Paxton, Crystal Palace, London 1851

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Glass is a material made of amorphous silica (fused quartz) and small quantities of other substances. Its main characteristic is transparency, which made it one of the most important materials in architecture, especially for windows. Despite its brittleness, it is recently being employed for structural purposes, too.

WINDOWS The principal application of glass in architecture is window. It creates a ‘bridge’ between the indoor and the outdoor environment, and it is indispensable for daylighting and air circulating. The main problem related to windows is the differential thermal and acoustical performance behaved by them and the surrounding wall. Anyway, new technical solutions are available on the market to respond effectively to the problem of environmental sustainability.

CURTAIN WALLS With curtain wall it is intended that kind of external wall with the mere purpose to protect the building from weather. The structural function of the wall is limited just to transfer the wind horizontal loads to the main structure through connections at roofs or columns. A tiny metal structure with glass panels is the most common technology employed for curtain walls, because it is lightweight and consents an optimal daylight use.

TREATMENTS A weakness of this material is to be heavily brittle, because of the atomic structure of amorphous solids. To contrast the potentially dangerous effects of this property, glass can be treated in order to improve its mechanical performance. The most common processes are thermal tempering and heat strengthening, also known as partial thermal tempering. Stratified glass consists in the overlaying of two or three glass plates held together by a tiny layer of strong transparent polymeric glue, usually PVB.

Thermal Performance Of Windows In order to maintain the energy requirements of a building within reasonable limits it is necessary to prevent escapes through the openings. Windows are a sensitive part of the building. Double or triple glass plates are usually employed to reduce conductivity by creating a succession of layers with different transmittance values (glass, air, sometimes heavy gases like argon).

STRUCTURAL GLASS One of the latest technologies developed about glass allows its use even as structural material. The principle is simple, and it is based on the theory of cracking mechanics, which demonstrates that the crisis of a glass element is caused by its cracking. If the element works with a compressive stress state, the breaking risk will be significantly reduced. For this reason, the most suitable structural member is the column, because it mainly works by compression. It is important, though, to design appropriate hinged connections at the ends of the elements, to avoid the occurrence of parasitic bending moments that could affect the proper functioning of the system.

STAIRS AND PARAPETS It is increasingly common to find, in contemporary buildings, stairs and parapets made of glass. This application in considered to belong to category â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;structural glassâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;, because the loads are most of times applied directly on glass, which must perform a good strength. The steps can be sustained by an external structure (mostly steel) or can be cantilevered. It is always recommended the use of stratified or high performance glass.

PAVEMENT Another application of structural glass is creating completely transparent pavements. The problem connected to this usage comes from the bending moments which generate on a horizontal element with a vertical load: these moments can create excessive tensile stresses for a material with such a fragile behavior. The structural elements which sustain the glass panels need to be designed with very close distances, unless a high performance glass is employed.

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Masonry Brick is one of the oldest manufactured building materials. Ancient records and excavations show that brick construction dates back more than 5000 years. Brick making was a highly respected skill in early civilizations. Many old masonry walls bore evidence of royal support for the craftsman who made the bricks. Royal seals and the names of kings were stamped in some of the bricks.

Through civilization, architects and builders have chosen masonry for its beauty, versatility, and durability. Masonry is resistant to fire, earthquakes, and sound. Artistic and durable, masonry structures can withstand the normal wear and tear of centuries.

One of the earliest types of brick was adobe brick. These brick contained straw for greater strength, just as reinforcing wire is used in concrete to give it strength in modern construction. After the adobe brick were molded into shape, they were placed in the sun to dry. Adobe brick are still used in a few countries today. Masonry is chosen due to its attributes: _Attractive appearance and versatility _Minimal maintenance _Long life and resistance to damage from moisture, weathering, and vandalism _Resistance to fire, wind, and earthquake _Economic installation _Sound attenuation _Energy savings due to thermal mass 12

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LOAD BEARING Cavity walls were developed to reduce the problems associated with water penetration. Water that would seep inside the outer wall would then run down that wall, while the inside wall would remain dry. Cavity walls soon became recognized as the best way to build, not only because they helped reduce problems with water penetration, but because they could support a heavy load such as a roof or floor.

RETAINING WALLS Brick retaining walls protect your property while enhancing its appearance. When a cut is made in a hillside, escaping moisture will eventually erode it into a slope. A brick Retaining walls prevent this erosion by holding moisture in the ground.

FACADES Brick is one of the best choice for siding material due to its strong and durable nature. The benefit is that there is no painting required. This type of siding has a big plus as it will never fade and is exposed to the weather or environment without any problem. This type of siding is usually applied to a wood framed wall over building paper. A mixture of cement, sand, lime and water is used to hold the bricks in place. Another alternative to solid brick siding is brick veneer siding which has a manmade material that is often much lighter.

brick connection details 1. Brick - 24 cm; 2. Heat isolation /pressed mineral wadding/; 3. Brace /coupling between the two walls/; 4. Air-space for ventilation of the facade; 5. Exterior facade brick -12 cm; 6. Vent for leading the condensation and ventilation. 13

VAULTS/ARCHES Many arch forms have been developed during the centuries of use, ranging from the jack arch through the circular, elliptical and parabolic to the Gothic arch. An arch is normally classified by the curve of its intrados and by its function, shape or architectural style. Jack, segmental, semicircular and multicentered arches are the most common types used for building arches. For very long spans and for bridges, semicircular arches are often used because of their structural efficiency.

MAINATANCE FACTORS Although brick gives the sense of permanence, it doesn’t mean that it is maintenance free. A periodic cleaning is necessary because of the porous nature of the materials used. After several years dirt and grime manages to seep into the pores of the brick and mortar. A facade that stays in the shade or in a damp location will also obtain a coating of mildew that discolors the exterior.

Masonry and brick are energyefficient materials with insulating values and high thermal mass, which may allow a reduction in the size of the building’s HVAC system. Brick and masonry are among the most salvageable building materials, thus diverting waste from landfills.15

BUILDING CODES All face brick used for wall construction should conform to ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) C216. ASTM is the governing body that sets the minimum standards a clay brick has to meet in order to be considered adequate for building walls. Any designer interested in building with brick should have a copy of ASTM C216 and use it to properly choose the type of brick needed.14

Adobe and Mud Bricks are the most common brick-type masonry units in the Middle East. Whereas these materials are readily available, cheap, and durable, these bricks may not be suitable for heavier construction. They are seen mostly at the residential level. It doesn’t mean you cannot import red clay bricks or other types, but it would be an added cost. It does not also mean that adobe bricks should be thrown out of consideration. A combination of these bricks along with natual stone may be particularly rewarding.

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Rammed Earth Rammed earth construction, is also known as “pisé de terre” or “pisé”, is an ancient building technique that has been recently revived by people looking for low-cost, environmentally friendly construction materials and more natural building techniques.

The many advantages of building with rammed earth include superior insulation, strength and durability, low maintenance, fire proofing, load bearing and pest deterrence. To say nothing of its beauty and the pleasure of building with a natural environmentally sound material.

Rammed earth buildings essentially compress a dampened mix of soil, gravel, cement, sand and clay, into a supported shutter frame structure this in turn forms a sturdy earthen wall when the shutter frames are removed. _Rammed earth has around 300-psi compressive strength rating. _Walls can be plastered, painted, sealed or left exposed for beautiful and distinct appearance. _Rammed earth could be used in virtually all styles of domestic building design with any kind of roofing. _Rammed earth buildings are amazingly well insulated keeping the home cool in summer and warm in winter (saving on energy costs). _Natural and readily available resources local soils can be used in many cases.16

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LOAD BEARING Engineers recognize rammed earth as load bearing, so you are unlikely to need other structural framing for your home, cutting costs, fire and pest susceptibility. Rammed earth also provides substantial bracing to buildings — usually well in excess of the minimum requirement achieved by most timber framed homes. It provides a feeling of stability and security in even the worst weather conditions.

RETAINING WALLS Non-Load Bearing Rammed earth walls are generally 10-14 inches thick. They tend not to be as great as retaining walls as stone because it is less porous. However it can create massive retaining walls if there was a need.

FACADES The external walls of our rammed earth buildings are a minimum of 300mm (1 ft) thick, providing excellent protection from extremes in climate. The thickness and density of the material means that heat (or cold) penetration of the wall is very slow and the internal temperature of the building remains relatively stable, with the end result of it feeling warmer in winter and cooler in summer than the outside temperature. Rammed earth is a popular choice for buildings where temperature fluctuations need to be kept to a minimum.

rammed earth construction Rammed earth walls are fast to go up. The walls of an average home can be up and ready for the roof framing in as little as a week.

The required building materials are often very cheap, free and are recyclable. This makes it a very viable building option within low-income groups with an large availability of skilled and unskilled labor.

Unlike most types of masonry, rammed earth walls donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need core filling or reinforcing. Nor do they need gyprocking, plastering, painting or wallpapering. This saves money and energy when you build â&#x20AC;&#x201D; and goes on saving them for years.16

VAULTS/ARCHES Rammed Earth is rather difficult to mold arches and vaults around. Instead rammed earth is better a making solid walls with few or no windows. It can follow curvature but you cannot take out big openings without compromising its structural stability.8

MAINATANCE FACTORS Rammed earth walls are constructed by ramming a mixture of selected aggregates, including gravel, sand, silt and clay, into a structural arrangement called a form. One problem encountered with rammed earth construction has occered when the earth is not mixed in the proper proportions, and when to much water is added causing cracking and decreased longevity.

BUILDING CODES There has been no code written yet for rammed earth so what is needed is the stamped approval of an engineer. After that you apply for a building permit and follow the same rules that others do when dealing with the building inspector. In an earthquake zone rammed earth walls are engineered to withstand a major earthquake. Steel re-bar inside the walls and foundation and small amounts of cement are added stabilization.

The availability of rammed earth is high in the Jordanian region. More recent trends have led to successful rammed earth projects throughout various parts of the middle east. It is highly valuable considering its self-sufficient energy system, inexpensive construction, and limited need for skilled labor. Rammed earth constrution is Jordan is a very good idea, and is especially fitting for our project from a contextual and environmental point of view.

155

Structural Design Graphs

_Normal heigth’ is considered a maximum heigth of 12 ft between floors. _‘Total tributary area’ is the summed area of the roof and all floors supported by the column. _‘Total tributary width’ is one-half the span of one floor supported by wall multiplied by the number of floors and roof above. _Total depth of beam or girder is measured from the bottom of the beam to the top of the slab. 17

156

_Normal heigth’ is considered a maximum heigth of 12 ft between floors. _‘Total tributary area’ is the summed area of the roof and all floors supported by the column. _‘Total tributary width’ is one-half the span of one floor supported by wall multiplied by the number of floors and roof above. _Normal heigth’ is considered a maximum heigth of 12 ft between floors. _‘Total tributary area’ is the summed area of the roof and all floors supported by the column.17

157

Interior Materials The previous information has the possibility of being very instructive in the design process. Materials are an intrinsic part of a design and can either enhance or detract from the architectural statement. Though structure is vital to the function of the building, visitors’ initial reactions are to the spaces and materials in them. Keep in mind the texture, temperature, color, sound and light reflectivity, and scale of material. For example, a material might provide most everything desired but have a propensity for retaining heat. Certain adjustments would need to be made to accommodate any rooms where bare feet might be touching a hot floor. Design band-aids to solve these problems could be avoided by careful material selection. The appropriateness of designing a visually “heavy” or “light” space is up to you, the designer, but the facts provided will help to achieve the desired idea. The following are general rules of thumb, not hard and fast facts true throughout the end of time. Wood in this area is very scarce and does not weather well on the exterior. Traditional applications usually are devoted to interior decorations. Masonry and concrete are generally used to provide visual weight to a scheme. These materials are extremely prevalent in Jordan and Israel. They lend both timelessness and cultural meaning to a design. Reinforced concrete is also the most economic structure available in this region while stone is increasingly being used as a veneer.

158

Specialty

OLIVE WOOD Trees in this area are very scarce. Use of wood is restricted to mainly interior ornamental applications. The olive tree is very symbolic to both Israel and Jordan. Olive branches are symbolic of peace and the grain of this wood is very pronounced and beautiful.

FOUNTAINS Creating microclimates with fountains is a common practice in near east architecture. The splashing water not only provides white noise, but the evaporation humidifies the surrounding dry air and reduces the overall temperature near the fountain.

LIGHTING Oftentimes the difference between and pleasant space and an uncomfortable one is the quality of the light. Though natural light is usually preferred, lamp fixtures have their place as well. It is important that a space is to

159

Interior Floor

BIO-LUMINUMTM TILES Made from retired airplanes. The tiles are made of 100% recycled aircraft aluminium. Material Sensorial Bio−LuminumTM is a sustainable closes yet Plasticsdesign solution which Glossiness another loop. The strength of aircraft Translucence Country of origin aluminum makes this durable tile Structure suitable for high−traffic flooring as United States well as high−end Texture wall treatments. This future friendlyHardness product may Product code help contribute toTemperature LEED credits PLA471with USGBC project certification. Acoustics Available in 3 standard sizes.

ECOWORX TILE CARPET, Sant’Agostino Fully sustainable, non−PVC carpet Made of through body coloured tile backing. It is 100% PVC−free, porcelain and the finishing surface contains Technical 40% recycled content, is matt. The eight colour versions and has a Silver Cradle to Cradle are from sand to beige, copper, (C2C) Certification. The product Fire resistance Unknownbrown, gray. Carpet is available in Satin is completely recyclable into different sizes:45x45cm, 30x60cm, UV Resistance Good 0% more nylon fiber and backing. 60x60cm and 45x90cm. The Weather resistance Poor Closed Shaw Industries even pays for edges are rectified−finish and the Moderatetiles can be used for as well floor Medium transportationScratch from resistance any international port back toWeight the U.S. for recycling Moderateas wall covering. CARPET tiles are Resilient on any EcoWorx product. based on inspiration from traditional Chemical resistance Good Medium It weighs 40% less than traditional materials and ‘translating’ them Renewable No Good carpet tile backing for easier according to modern design. Odeur None installation andTechnical more efficient Material Sensorial Technical Material shipping. The Sensorial tile size of 24” x 24” The flooring requirements in this resistance Metals Glossiness allowsGlossy for large Fire design elements Strong Fire resistance Strong Ceramics Glossiness Satin building type vary. Durability rang- No rights can be claimed on the basis of this installation efficiency. document.and Materia and the manufacturers will not acceptGood any UV Resistance Translucence 0% es from low to high traffic. Visual responsibillity UV Resistance Good Translucence 0 % and andindoor on the website www.materialexplorer.com Countryfor ofinformation origin presented in this documentFor use only. Country of origin www.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, e.g. texts, images, software, or information of any other Weather resistance Moderate Structure Closed beauty ranges from basic to luxuWeather resistance Moderate kind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you encounter an image Structure that you believe belongsClosed to you, United States ry. As traditional flooring in Israel or you Scratch resistance Good Texture Medium own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its Italy Scratch resistance Good Texture or information of any other kind, may not be altered, Smooth and Jordan is mainly composed appearance, such as texts, images, software, Weight Moderate Hardness Hard reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia. Product code Weight Moderate Hardness Hard of stone and dust floors, using Product code Cool Chemical resistance Moderate Temperature other materials throughout design Chemical resistance Moderate Temperature Cool MET163 Renewable No Acoustics Poor will help to signal general rank and CER051 Renewable No Acoustics Poor use of spaces. Odeur None

160

Odeur

None

OUTDOOR CARPET TILES CRISTALLINO TOUCH Designed by Dutch designer Josta A type of terrazzoa. The slabs A linoleum−based floor covering, Technical Material Sensorial Visser consist of eight cast concrete are obtained by grinding grit of made from 100% natural, renewable Fire resistance Unknown naturals Glossiness tiles which form together a pattern in Other transparent tempered glass with Glossy materials such as cork and linoleum. the pavement. The pattern is made a pigmented binderTranslucence that colours 0−50 Touch interesting which Resistance design Moderate % has aUV Country of origin from two moulds. The size of the tiles them. TransparentStructure grit, when Closed is based onWeather the trend to moreModerate tactile resistance Technical The Netherlands is the same size of a sidewalk which screened and selected and natural Scratch materials in architecture resistance Good Textureaccording Smooth is 30 x 30 x 6 cm. Standard colour to calibrated sizes, gives an and interior design. The Touch Fire resistance Strong Matt Weight Moderate Hardness Hard Product code is grey, other colours are available unmistakable identityTemperature to the series Cool collection consists of two different Chemical resistance Good UV Resistance Good 0% on request. Because the tiles have ONA122 of Cristallino slabs. This line of tiles product types with surfaces that Renewable Yes Acoustics Poor Weather resistance Closed only two different patterns, it is easyGood is especially adapted to floor and None each provide a tactile and natural Odeur to place them in the pavement orModerate counter installation, available in large experience that stimulates the Scratch resistance Medium garden. sheets as well as normal sized senses: “Touch duet” and “Touch Weight Heavy Hard This range onfocuses onthissingle Touch duet is characterized No tiles. rights can be claimed the basis of document.solo”. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any responsibillity for information presented including in this document and onrandom the websitesurface www.materialexplorer.com dominant colour fuses, by a pattern with and Chemical resistance Good Cool www.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, e.g. texts, images, software, or information of any other laced glass. Mosaic sizes are a colour spectre that belongs changes kind, belongs to Materia, and / or tile her suppliers. If you encounter an image that you believe to you, Renewable No Poor or you own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its Technical Material Sensorial not currently according tokind,the appearance, such asavailable. texts, images, software, or information of any other may direction not be altered,from reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia. which the floor is viewed. This is None Firelayer resistance Natural stones Glossiness Glossy achieved by the three build up Unknown of Touch Duet: linoleum; cork and Good UV Resistance Translucence 0−50 % Country of origin linoleum. Touch duet is both shiny Weather resistance Moderate Structure Closed ment. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any and matt.

Italy ument and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and e.g. texts, images, software, or information of any other you encounter an image that you believe belongs tocode you, Product @materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its nformation of any other kind, may not be altered, NST034 risation from Materia.

Texture

Smooth

Scratch resistance

Good

Hardness

Hard

Weight

Moderate

Temperature

Cool

Chemical resistance

Moderate

Acoustics

Poor

Renewable

Odeur

None

161

Ceiling

ROMAN STEEL Tile made of organic coated steel with roman tile aspect, developed for aesthetical roofing applications. The coating will remain intact even when the material is bend. The advantages of the material are an aesthetical steel solution able to compete with ceramic roman tile. Two different products with different aesthetical aspects: Terracotta Material Sensorial (beige) and Anticato (dark brown) Metals Glossiness Offering a durable and aesthetical Translucence answer to the architectural needs of Country of origin today Giving hight resistance Structure to the United Kingdom roofing against time ageing Texture Product code

Hardness Temperature

MET129

The covering to a space is very important. Ceiling choices can let in light, reflect it, absorb sound, deflect it back into the space, and create visual cues in an area.

162

Acoustics Odeur

GLASS ‘COPPO’ GLASS TILES FLEXENE Solution for lighter, transparent roofs. A composite material combining Technical Material Sensorial The Coppo tile is meant to blend lightweight and energy efficient Fire resistance Unknown Glass in with regular roof Glossiness tiles allowing Matt materials. The core is a laminate of UV Resistance Good Translucence 50−100 % the passage of light to underlying fire retarded, closed cell expanded Country of origin Weather resistance Structure locations. With a gently curved Closed insulating polystyrene with Good a high Italy Scratch resistance Good Texture Smooth form, the “coppo” is characterised strength alkali resistant fibreglass Weight Moderate by a smooth transparent at Hard interlayer mesh. Both surfaces Product code surface, Hardness resistance Moderate the centre, containedTemperature between two Cool are groovedChemical to allow bending and GLA162 Renewable No into Acoustics milled lateral bands that improve the Moderate twisting. It can be bent or twisted adherence between Odeur one element None almost any shape or configuration Technical and the other, obtaining a non−slip to go beyond plain flat surfaces to Technical Material Sensorial resistance Matt effect. The Fire curved tile is a Strong solution form simple or complex shapes. No rights can be claimed on the basis of this document. will not accept any Firemanufacturers resistance Strong Plastics Glossiness MattMateria and the UV Resistance Good 0 % the roofs for of public buildings, responsibillity for information presented in this document and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and UV Resistance Translucence % www.materia.nl. Allspaces, copyright on this information, images, software, or informationModerate of any other community areas Weather resistance Good fore.g.0texts, Closed of origin Country kind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you encounter an image that you believe belongs to you, Weather resistance Moderate Structure Closed relaxation sport, but Good also or you own theand copy for right please contact us at for info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its Scratch resistance Medium appearance, such as texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, may not be altered, Australia Scratch resistance Poor Texture Medium spaces which are more permeable Weight Heavy Hard reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia. to the surrounding environment. Weight Light Hardness Resilient Cool Product codeChemical resistance Moderate The glass pan tile is available with a Medium Chemical resistance Poor Temperature Renewable No Poor PLA399 transparent finishing and in different Renewable No Acoustics Good None colours. Odeur None

No rights can be claimed on the basis of this document. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any responsibillity for information presented in this document and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and rights can besoftware, claimed on the basis of of thisany document. www.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, e.g. No texts, images, or information other Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any information in this document kind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you responsibillity encounter an for image that youpresented believe belongs to you, and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and www.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, or you own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its e.g. texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, belongs Materia, appearance, such as texts, images, software, or information of any to other kind, and may/ or nother besuppliers. altered, If you encounter an image that you believe belongs to you, or you own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia. appearance, such as texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, may not be altered, reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia.

Eco-C1 CALME The material is made of an An all−metal, highly porous sintered aluminium sound absorption material, agglomerate of rubber foam and providing broad−band sound absorption. Calme is available in several polyurethane glue. It has excellent attractive surface designs. An exotic feature is that this material provides sound absorption, sound proofing electro magnetic shielding. Calme achieves its high level of sound and thermal insulation features. The absorption in conjunction with an air gap and hard baking surface by setting Technical Sensorial aterial panels can be used to fill spaces up resonations, which force air behind the Calme to oscillate into and out between walls of bricks or plaster of the gap. Calme acts by essentially creating a virtually infinite number Fire resistance etalsor on false ceilings. The material ofGlossiness Mattchannels with a continuously individual resonant sound absorbing is resistant to parasites, weather variable range of channel sizes, thereby allowing for extremely broadband Resistance Translucence 0 % may be adjusted byUV and ozone. These characteristics absorption. Peak frequencies of absorption changing ountry of origin are identical to first−rate materials, the size of the air gap. The addition of honeycomb or fibre filling to the Weather resistance Structure Closed Technical Material Sensorial even if restricted laws define them air gap increases absorption in almost all frequencies. The acoustical elgium as “trash”. In some cases, as with performance ofFire Calme is only guaranteed when factory painted.Scratch Standard resistance resistance Unknown Plastics Glossiness Matt Texture Medium agglomeration it is possible to obtain colour is silver/grey/gold. Clear coat acrylic may be applied to make colour UV Resistance Good Translucence 0% Country of origin products with better characteristics uniform and to protect against marring and fingerprints. Weight Hardness Hard Weather resistance Good Structure Closed roduct code than the originals made from “virgin” Italy Scratch resistance Moderate Texture Coarse Chemical resistance Temperature Cool materials. Sandwich or three layered Weight Light Hardness Resilient Product drywalls,code have plaster board on one ET025 Renewable Acoustics Chemical resistance Good Good Warm side or in the middle , andTemperature act as self− PLA342 Renewable No Acoustics Good supporting soundproofing panels. Odeur None Odeur

Strong Good Good Good Light Good No

Moderate

No rights can be claimed on the basis of this document. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any responsibillity for information presented in this document and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and o rights can be claimed on the ofsoftware, this ordocument. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any www.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, e.g. basis texts, images, information of any other kind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you encounter an image that you believe belongs to sponsibillity for information presented in this documentyou, and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and or you own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its ww.materia.nl. All images, copyright thisof information, e.g. appearance, such as texts, software, or on information any other kind, may not be altered,texts, images, software, or information of any other

163

Wall

ARMOURCAST A composition of crushed limestone, marble and gypsum used to create threeâ&#x2C6;&#x2019;dimensional cast designs that look and feel like stone. The material and manufacture process are suited to creating shapes and designs that are too complex for a hand applied finish of plaster. Armourcast is available in a wide range of natural stone colours. Crushed marble powders are combined in varying proportions to create completely natural stone colours without the addition of pigment. The material is hand crafted from entirely natural minerals and slight variation in colour and texture within and between panels should be expected. Panels are finished with an acrylic sealer to reduce surface absorbency and to provide resistance against dirt.

Material

Natural stones

Country of origin

Technical

Sensorial

Glossiness

Matt

Fire resistance

Strong

Translucence

UV Resistance

Good

Structure

Closed

Weather resistance

Good

United Kingdom

Texture

Medium

Scratch resistance

Moderate

Product code

Hardness

Hard

Weight

Heavy

Temperature

Medium

Chemical resistance

Moderate

Acoustics

Poor

Renewable

Odeur

None

NST032

No rights can be claimed on the basis of this document. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any responsibillity for information presented in this document and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and www.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, e.g. texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you encounter an image that you believe belongs to you, or you own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its appearance, such as texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, may not be altered, reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia.

Walls are more than the structure behind them. Applications to walls are equally as important and serve many purposes such as: dampening/amplifying sound, reflecting light, and establishing the character of a space.

164

Amur ART FERRO These natural limestone tiles come A gloss plaster with the colour and Material Sensorial in 4 different sizes, each tile is in a texture of sheet metal, and is availGlossiness square pattern with an off centered Coatings able in steel, silver, gold, bronze or Gloss rectangular base. The rectangu- colour mixtures. The plaster can 0 % Translucence Country of origin lar patterns have an off centered be applied without seams Structureor trowel Close Netherlands square base. These details, along The marks to materials including Texture plaster- Smoo with the repeated pattern assembly board and wood panels for interior Hard Hardness Product code to facilitate the laying, allows to cre- uses such as walls, ceilings and fur- Mediu Temperature ate a wall of a diversified scheme COA019 niture (e.g. desks). Acoustics Poor Technical Material Sensorial placing each tile randomly or with Odeur None Fire resistance Unknown Natural the offstones centered baseGlossiness in different Matt UV Resistance Good positions. This unique Translucence collaboration 0 % Country of origin Weather resistance Good Structure Closed of dark and light shades in this pat- No rights can be claimed on the basis of this document. Ma Italy Scratch resistance Texture Medium tern is intended to form more than responsibillity for information presented inModerate this document an AllWeight copyright on this information, Heavy e.g. texts, Hardness Hard a standard wall. Upon www.materia.nl. Product codenatural stone kind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you encou Chemical resistance Poor Temperature Coolown the copy right please contact us at info@materia request, other patterns with the or you NST058 appearance, such as texts, images, software, or information Renewable No Acoustics Poor same technique can be produced. reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation fr Odeur None They can substitute the three dimensional panels made of wood or similar in high humidity zones so No rights can be claimed on the basis of this document. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any they can be used forpresented exteriorin appliresponsibillity for information this document and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and www.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, e.g. texts, images, software, or information of any other cation. kind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you encounter an image that you believe belongs to you, or you own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its appearance, such as texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, may not be altered, reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia.

DOT99 A light transmitting concrete, translucent concrete. An interesting kind of translucent concrete with a defined pattern layout of the light transmitting fibres. The optical fibres are placed to custom design in a negative form in which a fine concrete is casted. Together a translucent concrete material is formed. From this individual light transmitting concrete wall panels and floor tiles can be made. Design with Logos, ornaments, functional figures and even Material Sensorial writings are possible. It is available in the standard size of 0,5x0,5 m Concretes Glossiness and three standard colours (white, Translucence grey and black). Individual sizes up Country of origin to 1,0 x 1,0 m andStructure individual colours are possible on request. All Germany translucent concrete Texture elements are Hardness provided with a water−repellent imProduct code pregnation. The wallTemperature installation of DOT99−panels can be made with CON062 Acoustics facade anchors. For the installation Odeur

as floor tiles a bearing substructure has to be provided for, which leaves enough free space for the placement of the light sources underneath the tiles. A freestanding installation requires a frame−like fixing of the panels.

Technical Glossy

Fire resistance

Unknown

0−50 %

UV Resistance

Good

Closed

Weather resistance

Good

Smooth

Scratch resistance

Good

Hard

Weight

Heavy

Cool

Chemical resistance Moderate

Poor

Renewable

None

STONE PANELS 15x60 cm, without any additions Material Sensorial stacked and as a rough natural wall. Whether not with ceNatural stonescombined orGlossiness ramic tiles, it can give aTranslucence robust charCountry of origin acter in various areas inStructure and outside theNetherlands modern house. Also The Textureavailable are corner pieces, with which exHardness Product code ternal angles, plant pots and colTemperature umns can easily be created. ApNST041 Acoustics plications include: walls, stairways, Odeur bathrooms, living rooms, entrance, restaurants, etc.

Technical Satin

Fire resistance

Strong

UV Resistance

Good

Closed

Weather resistance

Good

Coarse

Scratch resistance

Moderate

Hard

Weight

Heavy

Cool

Chemical resistance

Good

Moderate

Renewable

None

No rights can be claimed on the basis of this document. Materia and the manufacturers will not accept any responsibillity for information presented in this document and on the website www.materialexplorer.com and www.materia.nl. All copyright on this information, e.g. texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, belongs to Materia, and / or her suppliers. If you encounter an image that you believe belongs to you, or you own the copy right please contact us at info@materia.nl. Information from Materia, despite its appearance, such as texts, images, software, or information of any other kind, may not be altered, reproduced or linked to without prior written authorisation from Materia.

165

Bibliography 1. Francis D.K. Ching. Building Construction Illustrated, 4th ed. John Wiley & Sons, 2008 2. Francis D.K. Ching, Steven R. Winkel. Building Codes Illustrated. John Wiley & Sons, 2007 3. Edward Allen. Fundamental of Building Contruction - Materials and Methods, 3rd ed. John Wiley & Sons, 1999 4. LiTraCon. <http://www.litracon.hu/>. 5. Trendir - Home Decorating Trends Magazine. <http://www.trendir.com/>. 6. Rexco Mold Release Agents, Mold Release Wax, PVA and Buffing Compounds for Fiberglass FRP GRC GRP Composites. <http://www.rexco-usa.com/>. 7. Materia: Home. <http://www.materia.nl/>. 8. “Earth Materials.” Sustainable Sources. <http://earth.sustainablesources.com/#Stone>. 9. “Stone and Masonry-Construction Rocks.” Science Encyclopedia. Web. < http://science.jrank.org/ pages/6524/Stone-Masonry-Construction-rocks.html>. 10. Scheffler, Michael J. “Building Envelope Design Guide - Thin Stone Wall Systems.” The Whole Building Design Guide. <http://www.wbdg.org/design/env_wall_thin_stone.php>. 11. “Stone Details & Patterns.” Volstone. Web. <http://volcanicstone.com/stone-patterns>. 12. “History of Brick Masonry.” Brick Repair and Restoration. <http://www.mastermasonry.com/history. htm>. 13. Vrachv. “Facing System with Facade Bricks.” Construction and Investments. <http://vrachev.eu/ vrachev_eng/stat_01_oblicovka_e.html>. 14. ”The Basics of Bricks.” The Brick Site - Practical and Technical Info on Brick Masonry Construction. <http://www.thebricksite.com/>. 15. “Versatile Block Construction.” Green Building, Energy Efficient Home and Buildings, Sustainable Architecture and Development with Concrete. <http://www.concretethinker.com/applications/ Masonry-Versatile-Block-Construction.aspx>. 16. aHealthy Organic. “Rammed Earth Construction — Healthy and Organic.” Healthy, Natural and Organic Food, Fitness and Lifestyle. <http://healthyorganic.co.za/rammed-earth/>. 17. Edward Allen, Joseph Iano, The Architect’s Studio Companion: Rule of thumb for preliminary Design, 4th Edition, 2007 18. http://www.farisandfaris.com/main.html 19. http://www.greatbuildings.com/buildings/Bibliotheca_Alexandrina.html 20. http://www.bilalhammad.com/projects/project_details.aspx 21. http://spa.anantara.com/deadsea/gallery.aspx 22. http://limitless.indemajtech.net/sanaya-amman/sanaya-amman 23. http://www.zaha-hadid.com/cultural/king-abdullah-ii-house-of-culture-art

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24. http://www.designboom.com/contest/view.php?contest_pk=28&item_pk=33818&p=1 25. http://www.archined.nl/en/features/aqabaresidenceenergyefficiencyinjordan/ 26. http://www.emporis.com/application/?nav=building&id=338365&lng=3 27. http://stonescreen.com/http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1751&search... 28. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1086&search=1&cHash=9f546b4cfd 29. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1744&search=1&cHash=b50122b8d5 30. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1199&search=1&cHash=95f5fa2eb8 31. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1385&search=1&cHash=2ec1400b53 32. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1565&search=1&cHash=bda6e16fb4 33. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1544&search=1&cHash=d8dc9311ac 34. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1331&search=1&cHash=a6c00d304f 35. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=750&search=1&cHash=36339419a8 36. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1162&search=1&cHash=177a20c6f0 37. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=2085&search=1&cHash=f86ba90b3a 38. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=44&search=1&cHash=918e43302d 39. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1390&search=1&cHash=87ce85ca82 40. http://materia.nl/575.0.html?&user_material[material_uid]=1416&search=1&cHash=30a487a02a

167

171 174 180 184 186 189 192 bibliography

embassies

convention centers

cultural centers

think tanks

architects

memorials

precedence

moh bilbeisi: ryan rankin*, simon manning, min kim, mark davis, aaron guthridge, steven raynor

The building type for the Near East Peace Center is unique. There is a need to combine several different types to effectively achieve the goals set forth. Therefore memorials, think tanks, convention centers, cultural centers, and embassies were chosen for study. The regional and foreign architects practicing in the area were also selected to research common trends and design philosophies in the current field of practice.

170

King Hussein Memorial

Amman, Jordan 2009 Faris and Faris Architects The materials used are metal pillars, stone for the seats and walkways, canopy trees, and water dents. The simplicity of a repeating pillar in a wavelike manner allows for information to be revealed as a time line. The access of the site suggests a common gathering area approachable on all sides, metaphorically treating all people as equal.

Southeast Perspective

A common factor in memorials is water. The ability to allow for reflection and contemplation is crucial. However, due to the climate in Jordan small amounts of water were used very strategically. 1 Northeast Perspective

Site Plan

Another common factor is symbolism: Memorials rely heavily on emotional connections.

171

Washington, D.C. 2009 James Ingo Freed, of Pei Cobb Freed & Partners

Hall of Remembrance The Hall of Remembrance is 6000 sqft with 6 sides to represent the 6 million Jews that were murdered during the Holocaust and as well as the 6 pointed Star of David.

The contrast between the black marble and limestone walls establishes a focal point directed at the eternal flame. Light is brought into the space directly through a 6-sided skylight and indirectly through corner light wells. Freed intended to engage the visitor and stir the emotions.

Eternal Flame

The benefit of this space is the emphasis on the use of vertical lighting that fills the three story volume with soft natural light. This creates a humbling emotional environment that allows for personal and global reflection.

172

2 Hall of Remembrance

Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe

Berlin, Germany 1998-2005 Peter Eisenman, of Eisenman Architects

The original goal of the project was to create an overwhelming emotional impact through the repetitive use of concrete pillars to represent the murdered Jews of the holocaust and to the German guilt. The site consists of 2711 undulating concrete stele. This created a labyrinth of pathways and an opportunity to interact with the stele at different heights. View showing Steleâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s varying heights

Stele corridor

Once built there was an enormous amount of controversy surrounding the success of the project. Some say the project did not address the German involvement. It was seen as too abstract and left people with too many questions. During the opening ceremony, there were many that didnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t know what was being dedicated.

3, 4 Detail of Stele material

While the number of stele conjure an emotional impact, their careful placement creates an interactive experience that forces users to navigate the labyrinthine site. This precedence shows us the need to effectively communicate our design intent.

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Tel Aviv, Israel

Knafo Klimor Architects Maalot Music Conservatory Maalot Tarshiha, Israel Recital hall, classrooms & administration. Client: The Sakta - Rashi Fund Area: 16,000 sq. ft. Status: Completed 2004

Knafo Klimor Architects was founded by David Knafo and Tagit Klimor in 1980. The firm operates from two locations (Haifa and Tel Aviv, Israel) staffed with architects, urban planners and designers. The firm deals with a wide arrange of scales when it comes to projects. The firm designs buildings starting from residential buildings to large scale commercial building.

Fureidis Community Center Fureidis, Israel Concert hall , library, workshops, classrooms & administration. Client : Fureidis Municipality Area: 32,000 sq. ft. Status: Phase 1 - completed 2006

Knafo Klimor Architects take a humanistic approach to architecture by designing for the individual. They also use the idea of utopia as a strong generator for change.

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A. Lerman Architects Ltd

Tel Aviv, Israel

The Israel Museum Jerusalem, Israel With Efrat Kowalsky Architects + James Carpenter design associates as chief architects. Area: 269,000 sq. ft. of new or renovated built space. Status: Complete

The A. Lerman Architects was founded by Asaf Lerman and is currently being run jointly with Tammy Yaniv. The office is a combination of 15 architects and planners that have been brought together by Lerman since 2000. The firm approached design from a complex disciplined perspective that considers the financial, legal and cultural aspects of the design project.

Hi-Tech Center Katzrin, Israel Hi-tech Green house made of concrete Status: Complete 2009

A. Lerman Architects largely focus on designing buildings that are contemporary. They strive to redesign the landscape of Israel with their architecture. They hope that in turn this will help redefine the region.

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Tel Aviv, Israel

Axelrod Grobman Architects Ben-Guren University, Social Services Faculty and Social Involvement Building Negev, Israel Raquel Vert Design (LA) in collaboration with Axelrod-Grobman Architects Area: 23,680 sq. ft. Status: Complete 2008

Ben-Guren Heritage Institute Dondish, Israel Area: 10,760 sq. ft. Status: Complete 2003

Axelrod Grobman Architects focus on designing the interior of the building as much as they design the exterior space. The design of their buildings have influences from all around since the members of their staff have a broad set of experiences.

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Axelrod Grobman Architects is a collaboration of Axelrod Architects (headed by Irit Axelrod) and Grobman Architects (headed by Dr. Yasha J. Grobman), founded in 2003. They are a leading architecture firm that designs with innovative ideas that take social, economic and environmental factors into account. They also run a US based practice in SanFrancisco, CA.

Safdie Architects

Boston, Massachusetts USA Safdie Architects was founded by Moshe Safdie in 1964. They have 4 Offices (Boston, Jerusalem, Toronto and Singapore) the Jerusalem office was established in 1970. The offices design based on 6 key principals; Shaping the Public Realm, Architecture with a Purpose, Responding to the Essence of Place, Architecture that is Buildable, Building Responsibly and Humanizing the Mega scale.

Yitzhak Rabin Center Tel Aviv, Israel Memorial to the slain Israel leader Rabin Museum, Auditorium, Research Institute, Library, etc. Size: 129,000 sq. ft. Status: Complete 2010

Hebrew Union College Jerusalem, Israel Size: 213,000 sq. ft. Status: Complete 1988

Safdie Architects lead by Moshe Safdie have been around as a firm for a very long time. They have experiences in designing buildings in many regions around the world. Safdie himself has been educated overseas and has a broad spectrum. They have designed many different types of buildings starting from residential buildings to colleges.

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Amman. Jordan

Faris and Faris Architects Faris and Faris architects were founded by Faris I. Abdul Rahman and Faris N. Zaru in 1996. The firm is located in Amman, Jordan and has slowly grown into a respectable firm in Jordan. The firm focuses on creating spacial environments that are distinctive in design, environmentally and culturally responsible.

The Childrenâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Museum Amman, Jordan Status: Complete 2007

Birzeit University Science Museum Birzeit, Palestine Status: Conceptual design 2007

Faris and Faris architects design their building after thorough analysis and research of their building site and anything related to it. They do site analysis and contextual study but they also conduct interviews and use personal interactions as a basis for research.

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Bilal Hammad Architects

Amman. Jordan

Al-Hussein Cultural Center Amman, Jordan Size: 134,500 sq. ft.

Bilal Hammad Architects was founded in 1977 by Bilal Hammad. The firm is a multidiscipline office located in Amman, Jordan. The firm aims to produce building that reflect on the site that it is built on. They strive to design buildings that strike a balance between new modern design ideas and cultural context.

Amman Municipal Building Amman, Jordan Size: 215,200 sq. ft. Status: Complete 1997

Bilal Hammad Architects focus on designing buildings that are able to relate to the site. They try to relate to the site as much as possible to create a space that doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t take too much away from its surroundings.

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Washington, D.C. 1993 HOK Architects

CATO Institute Headquarters

Main facade: night

Since interaction is important for this type of facility , lobby areas which link multiple functions could provide areas of cross-circulation promoting incidences of â&#x20AC;&#x153;run-insâ&#x20AC;? amongst users. The Near East Peace center must combine the functionality of a think tank with the emotional attributes of a chapel...quiet reflection should influence the thought processes taking place in the meeting areas.

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A think tank can be defined as a group or institution organized for intensive research and solving of problems, especially in the areas of technology, and social or political strategy. The Cato institute is a political think tank, one of the few with its own building. The seven story structure houses offices, and meeting rooms of various sizes to accommodate interaction and communication needed by such an organization. This example of a think tank is very similar to an office building. essentially it is an office building with a more direct purpose.

Main facade: dawn

11 Rendering of lecture hall

US Institute of Peace Headquarters

Washington, D.C. 2011 Moshe Safdie and Associates

This new building will be a headquarters for the Institute and a national center for advancing the study and practice of peace building. The site moves away from the Lincoln, World War II, Korean, and Vietnam Veterans memorials will house a Public Education Center, a research library and archives, classrooms, and a conference center. this project is similar to ours in terms of goals for peace, but does not deal directly with two countries and their tensions.

Main floor plan

12 Main facade

Atrium rendering

Similar to our program, the Global Peace building Center is dedicated to enlarging public understanding especially among students and teachers of international conflicts and nonviolent approaches that can be used to resolve them. This allows this think tank to communicate directly with the public.

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Lincolonshire England 2009 Marks Barfield Architects

Lincoln Think Tank

Exterior perspective

Lincoln Think Tank has been developed as an Innovation Centre where businesses can rent space and facilities from which to operate, as well as easily access support and business development advice if required.

and welcome conference arrivals with ease and the large outdoor courtyard and landscaped grounds will be a welcome addition to the conference day, as places to take coffee or simply take some air between sessions.

Two large, light and airy meeting/conference rooms are both over 915sqft and can be combined with a substantial â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;break-outâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; area and open roof terrace to accommodate up to 220 people. All furniture is versatile and can be utilized in many different configurations.

This building promotes thinking through tranquility. The architect achieved this through simple forms and neutral interior tones.

The large, well equipped reception area is able to host Louvered facade

A think tank as a building is a combination of multiple uses directed toward one purpose: peace between rivals. As a formal strategy, the overall shape of our project should not directly emphasize one side or the other. Neutrality is important in terms of form but also the quality of space.

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View from approach

Exterior view of colored facade

L’Institut du Monde Arabe

Paris, France 1988 Jean Nouvel Jean Nouvel’s Arab World Institute is set along the famous Seine river in Paris. It is the Emirates’ outstretched hand of peace to the western world and so it must represent all the technological and cultural bounty they have to offer. The shutters that make up the southern facade closely resemble the geometric tapestry present in all Islamic architecture, however they also form a complex kinetic facade that shows off their ingenuity as a people.

14 View of entry

Shutter detail

The World Institute shows us that one can express ancient traditions and ideals with state-ofthe-art technology and a modern aesthetic. The materials and construction methods may change, but the core idea remains.

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Muscat, Oman 2015 Architecture-Studio

Muscat Cultural Center The Cultural Center of Muscat will be a research and information hub of Oman as well as an important icon for future growth. It houses the National Archives, Library, and Omani Theater. The entire structure is blanketed by an ornate screening roof system not unlike a musharabieh. It filters the harsh sunlight of the region to regulate heat gain. The Center acts as an oasis: using flora and fountains to generate a comfortable microclimate. The Peace Center Site has a similar climate and could benefit from a similar system.

Render showing roof screen

Creative, but economical use of water to cool spaces is common practice in arid parts of the world. Screens and canopies can be used to create indoor/outdoor interstitial spaces.

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15 Roof plan

Main floor plan

South African Freedom Park

Pretoria, South Africa 2008 GAPP Architects The South African Freedom Park is a complex and diverse project, encompassing many of the same issues as the Jordan/Israel Peace Center. The park uses material selection to draw patrons through it while also denoting sites with cultural significance. Interplay between the different spaces is elevated beyond superficial aesthetics, to cultural and spiritual references important to the country. The project uses long and contemplative circulation patterns to emphasize the journey, not the destination.

Dual site plan

16 Perspective showing material variety

Perspective showing regional material use

Freedom Park draws its material choice and construction from regional palettes, both historical and contemporary. The building practices and cultural climate should be carefully considered when designing.

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Tokyo, Japan 1996 Rafael Vinoly

The TIF has all required meeting and media spaces as well as a layout that could be quite informative for our purpose. Some issues of security are addressed by having multiple lobbies. Creating checkpoints that monitor access to certain locations. Security is a major issue for our design. High profile user must feel safe at all times

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Tokyo International Forum

View of naturally lit corridors

Main auditorium

Structural detailing of columns

View of sunlit atrium

The Tokyo International Forum is a conference center complex that is composed of one glass hall with four blocks attached. A plaza between the block series and main glass building funnels traffic into the spaces. Each block has a specialized hall attached, with smaller conference rooms attached to the larger â&#x20AC;&#x153;glass buildingâ&#x20AC;?. Shown are photos of the VIP lounge, auditorium, and atrium. Relative to the center for peace, the TIF is a out of scale. It does, however exhibit all the characteristics that are necessary for the conference center of this project.

17 Aerial view of main facade

David L. Lawrence Convention Center. The Davis L. Lawrence Convention center is one of the United states most progressive convention centers. The center boast a multi-layer pedestrian nexus that connects functions space, with public, to city. The roof structure is a sweeping tensile structure set on a series of masts, technology generally seen in bridge building. This was mean to be a nod to the engineering tradition of Pittsburgh. The north side is cantilevered over the roadway below When built, it was the largest LEED gold building at 1.5 million square feet. 75% of its lighting come from natural sources. Because of its green qualities, this site was home to the G20 summit. Shown are photos of a lounge set for foreign dignitaries at the G20 convention, and a typical conference room.

Interior view of lighting fixtures

Typical conference space

Section

Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 2003 Rafael Vinoly

The use of green technology and smart design come together to produce something that not only creates a richer riverfront area for Pittsburgh, but also sets the bar for world class buildings. It takes a traditionally closed, divided building type and transforms it into a collection of spaces that can breathe. Its underlying philosophy of design, using less with a lower environmental impact, takes on the outlook of a worldwide relation of nations.

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United Arab Emirates Ras Al Khaimah 2006Rem Koolhaas

RAK Convention and Exhibition Centre The Ras al Khaimah Convention and Exhibition Centre is unlike the traditional high-rise building. The design accommodates all primary functions, such as the convention centre, hotel rooms, apartments, offices and retail space in a giant sphere. The center is composed of the sphere and a long low rise that appears to float. The Centre is to sit on the corner of a new island development in Dubai, also designed by Rem Koolhaas. Pictured are renders of the exterior and one of the interior. Perspective showing relation to city

The RAK convention and Exhibition Centre is a striking iconic building. The basic disruption of a typical urban building type makes the structure stand resolute. Something that will reflect a shift in relations between nations by externally showing a shift in surroundings.

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19 View from approach

Rendering of internal void

US Embassy in Berlin

Berlin, Germany 1996 Moore Ruble Yudell Unlike many embassy proposals that tend to be starchitectural in nature by bringing a forceful and overly dramatic statement to a host country, the US embassy in Berlin focuses on being a good neighbor with a subtle identity. Its walls form a spiritualy contextual corner to its location at Pariser Platz. The design features differing zonal qualities; general public in some areas, visitors with focused purpose in others, regular inhaibtants and visitors of state in others.

Floor plan with site developement

Site plan

Due to the multitude of attacks on US embassies, security measures were raised. This was done so through restriction of access points and recessed functional spaces allowing for a blast barrier.

Main lobby

20 View showing embassyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s contextual camouflage

Conference room

Surrounding context provides useful constraints. Matching context is less of an issue than overpowering it. There is a difference between iconic and garish.

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London, England 2015 Kieran Timberlake

US Embassy in London The complex is designed to LEED platinum standards and also measures up to the State Departmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s security requirements. Kieranâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s firm sought to blend iconic design with the State Departmentâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s demand for a highly secure and sustainable facility. The chancery sits on a large park setting that features long pedestrian paths that create natural barriers. The moat that surrounds the building acts in the same way. The chancery was proposed as a transparent, crystal-like cube set on top of a grande colonade and was to be skinned with photovoltaic cells that will help to reduce solar gain while also transformnig it into energy.

View from approach

The U.S. Embassy melds its security with landscaping and water features, making it effectively invisible. This allows for a more inviting environment without sacrificing the safety of its inhabitants.

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Aerial view

Exterior perspective

Interior shot of lobby

Rendering of approach

21 Rendering of interior light quality

Canadian Embassy in South Korea

Corner exterior perspective

Site plan

The new Canadian Chancery relates equally as well to the surrounding context of Soul as well as it does to the identities of Canadian country. Developed under the DFAIT, the project did not have the stringent security restricitons placed on it like so many have after the 9/11 attacks. Therefore, it was able to develop wonderful groundlevel public spaces that relate to the historical aspects of the Jeong-Dong district in which it is situated.

Exterior garden space

Overall zoning features a chancery tower and subsequent living quaters housed in a cantilevering over the public spaces and adjacent to the main chancery. The architects strived to create an outwardly contextual experience due in part to the site restricitons placed on the design as well as the ever present need to create architecture that plays well with the host country.

Outdoor breakout space

22 Street perspective

Plaza

Seoul, South Korea 2007 Zeidler Partnership Architects

The buildings facades reflect the historical essence of Seoul architecture while the interior retained a close relationship with Canadian culture and values. This displays how one might achieve a sense of identity while also achieving a contextual relationship.

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