Analytical Exploration of the Built Environment, through the use of Space Syntax Methodology.

1

METHODOLOGY AND ANALYTICAL DESIGN GROUP 1 MSc SPACE SYNTAX: ARCHITECTURE AND CITIES 2017-2018

NATALIA SHAVKUNOVA MARIAM AMER ZIYAO YANG FANEL CONTRERAS GUEVARA ANA CRISTINA RODRIGUEZ BAUTISTA

MESO

MACRO LIVERPOOL STREET AREA, CITY OF LONDON

MICRO

ANALYTICAL EXPLORATION OF THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT FROM THE ‘MICRO’ TO THE ‘MACRO’ SCALE

PROPOSAL

LIVERPOOL STREET AREA

CONTENS SYNOPSIS INTRODUCTION INSIGHTS 1

MACRO SCALE 1.1

1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5

2

MESO SCALE 2.1

2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6

3

Research Question Methodology Spatial Network Spatial Morpholoy Findings

Research Question Methodology Comparitive Analysis Spatial and Social Dynamics Open Spaces Findings

MICRO SCALE 3.1

3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5

Research Question Methodology Spatial Network Open Spaces and Social Dynamics Findings

4 PROPOSALS 4.1

4.2 4.3

Macro Scale Proposal Meso Scale Proposal Micro Scale Proposal

BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDIX

2

SYNOPSIS

SSMAD 2017-2018- Project Synopsis

Mariam Amer Key Findings

This synopsis serves towards the fulfillment of the individual requirement for Space Syntax Methodology and Analytical Design Module (SSMAD). It offers a reflection on a group project carried out during term 1 of the MSc Space Syntax: Architecture and Cities Course 2017-2018.

Over the course of history, our area encompassed two major historical roman gates on the site of what is known today as Moorgate Street and Bishopsgate Road (“City of London Local Development Framework,” 2014). Bishopsgate arterial route was the only North-South connection across the Thames till the mid-16th century making it one of the most important gateways to the city of London in the past (“City of London Local Development Framework,” 2014). Our space syntax analysis of the present day street network also indicates that these roads remain two of the most integrated connections within the global street network of the city of London. From the Normalized Choice segment analysis we can conclude that Bishopsgate Rd, Moorgate St. along with London Wall in the South also have the potential to attract high level of throughmovement flow to the Liverpool Street Area. Meanwhile, our site observations and gate counts indicate that the highest flow of people exists primarily near Liverpool Station, thus allowing the station to become the new gateway to the area, a role which Bishopsgate Rd used to play in the past. In addition, comparing the values of normalized choice to the gate counts of pedestrian flows confirms our predication that Bishopsgate Rd spatial layout contribute to it having the highest pedestrian flow and congestion. However, the correlation between normalized choice and gate count of cars indicates that Bishopsgate Rd has fewer cars than its potential.

The discrepancies between the pedestrian and car flow in Bishopsgate road further confirms the growing importance of Liverpool stations as the prominent mode of commute. In the future, with the introduction of the new Cross rail Project in particular the Elizabeth line, Liverpool Street Area will be even more integrated in the East-West direction. This means more people will come to the area from different parts of London through Moorgate and Liverpool stations (Crossrail Ltd, 2018). Albeit, the strong global connections of the area, it is becoming spatially subdivided locally as result of its evolving global connections. In addition, historically, the area was characterized by a fine grained consolidated commercial and residential land uses until large scale developments were introduced in the 20th century, followed by the emergence of high rise buildings in the present day(“Area Enhancement Strategy”-City of London Website, 2018).

Today, the area is becoming a patchwork of fragmented large blocks of new developments and fine grained conservation area, each with its own degree of permeability.

Project Brief and Introduction: This research project is conducted on Liverpool Street Area, located in the North East side of the City of London. With important connection routes, transport hubs and one of London’s major railway and underground stations in its centre, Liverpool Street Area is a part of the dynamic heart of the City and its historic and contemporary status as one of the world’s leading financial and business communities (“Area Enhancement Strategy”-City of London Website, 2018). The area encompasses a diverse mixture of highrise offices and historic buildings. In addition, it is characterized by high pedestrian flows brought to it by Liverpool and Moorgate stations located in centre and the west side of the area respectively.

Objectives and Aims The aim of this project is to develop an evidence-based research and an analytical exploration of Liverpool Street Area. Through a comprehensive understanding of the history, existing spatial structure and morphology, findings on the area were compared to the Area Enhancement Strategy (AES). Further suggestions and strategic design proposals to enhance the built environment in the area were established accordingly.

Research Structure: Our analytical exploration of Liverpool street Area was formulated around three different scales (i.e.

Macro, Meso and Micro), allowing us to have a better understanding of the area dynamics in itself and how it works in the larger context of the city of London. The following questions, research methodologies and design proposal are a product of an iterative process constantly evaluating and developing our understanding of the potentials and challenges that the Liverpool Street Area faces.

Conclusion: As a result of its patchwork spatial and morphological subdivisions, Liverpool Street Area faces the challenge of sustainably accommodating the growing amount of people coming to the area due to the new developments and the Crossrail project.

MACRO SCALE

Design Proposal Our findings in the Macro scale complements the issues and visions raised by the Area Enhancement strategies with includes improving legibility, implementing diversified amenities, enhancing pedestrian, vehicular and cycling networks in areas around Liverpool Street and Moorfield (“Area Enhancement Strategy”-City of London Website, 2018). However, we also suggest that to accommodate the growing pedestrian flow, the fragmented pedestrian network can be addressed via the concept of shared street space and leveled up wider pedestrian crossings especially in Bishopsgate Road and Moorgate street next to station entrances.

Question How has Liverpool Street Area evolved historically and what kind of role does it play in the context of The City of London in terms of spatial network and morphology?

The reason for us primarily focusing on spatial network and morphology in the Macro Scale is due to what is known as ‘movement economies’ where the socio-economic status of an area within a city is reflected in the relationship between movement patterns, street networks structure and the urban grid (Hillier, 2007:p.113).

MESO SCALE

Research Methodology To have a better insight on Liverpool Street Area’s role within the larger context of the City of London in the past, the present and the future, the following research methodologies were carried out: A historical mapping and analysis of street networks, transportation links and urban morphology was carried out.

Similarly, mapping of today’s urban morphology and transportation hubs was done by the help of QGIS. Meanwhile, to study the present day spatial network, axial analysis of Global Integration along with segment analysis Integration and Normalized Choice for a vehicular distance of 5000m were established. Finally, empirical data was gathered through site observations and gate counting of pedestrians and vehicular flow then compared to the integration and normalized choice values.

Question How does the conservation area of Bishopsgate coexist in terms of social and spatial relationships with and the new developments?

In the Meso scale, our research interest is shifted towards the diverse patchworks within our site. To tackle the contrast between the conservation areas and the new developments, we picked Bishopsgate Conservation Area as our case study due to its proximity to the newly planned high-rise business cluster which further accentuate the existing dichotomy.

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SSMAD 2017-2018- Project Synopsis

Mariam Amer

Research Methodology

In the Micro scale, our focus is directed towards Devonshire Complex located in the middle between Bishopsgate conservation area and the new developments. Our analytical investigation in this scale tackles how the In-between open space found around Devonshire Complex can act as an interface bringing different user group together, thus promoting a more vital, socially dynamic and sustainable built environment. The concept of the ‘in-between space’ as a device for blurring the boundaries between different territorial claims has been tackled by Herman Hertzberger where he states that an intermediate space, even if belonging to a specific domain (i.e. public or private sector), can still be openly and equally accessible to both parties (2001).

One way to comprehend how historical evolutions of urban configuration can impact urban vitality and social dynamics is through comparing the relationship between configurational changes, land uses and social data (Vaughn, 2015). In the Meso scale a comparative analysis between the conservation area and new developments of Bishopsgate area in terms of land uses distribution and the difference between day and night activity patterns was conducted. Likewise, an analysis of built density, amount of amenities and open space ratio was established. Social Network data was used to pinpoint locations with highest check-ins. Moreover, Integration and Normalised choice values for a walking distance of 800m were determined using depth map segment analysis. To further understand the variations within the social dynamics of the area tracing and snaps shots were used to examine where different users groups go during lunch time and what type of activities takes place in public spaces of the area.

Research Methodology The site observations including gate count, tracing and snap shots is extended to the micro scale, particularly to cover the in-between public spaces found within the conservation area of Bishopsgate and the privately managed office clusters. Segment analysis for a distance of 400m was carried out to measure the integration and normalised choice to find which pathways are most or least likely to be either a destination or thoroughfare for users to reach the nearest public space. A visibility graph analysis and field isovists, were also used to examine the effect of visibility on movement, interaction and encounter among the different user groups in our area. Finally, the vitally of public spaces is addressed in relation to the active frontages.

Key Findings While the new developments are predominately classified as office buildings, Bishopsgate conservation area is mostly mixed used with more than 60% of the ground floor area dedicated to retail and commercial activities. This contributes to a variation within the activity patterns of the conservation area and the new development, especially during the weekend, where the new development cluster is mostly vacant and the higher level of activity is concentrated within the boundaries of conservation area where the retail, amenities and cafes are located. Even though, a less percentage of open space is allocated within the surroundings of the conservation area, it is characterised by having a higher built density. The spatial analysis integration and normalised choice values indicates that the location of Bishopsgate conservation area in close proximity to the highly integrated Bishopsgate Rd attracts movement both vehicular and pedestrian to the periphery leaving the heart or the core of the area, which is made up of narrow pedestrian streets, as a less apparent destination. It also highlighted the weaker North-South spatial link between the conservation area and the new developments. Form the snap shots three distinct identifiable user groups i.e. workers, visitors and students were found to be less likely to encounter or to interact with one another.

The tracing also illustrates that most of the pedestrians flow from the Eastern clusters head towards Liverpool street station or old Spitalfields market in the North direction crossing Bishopsgate conservation area. Consequently, most of the public spaces in our site are used as transit zones and not a destination.

Key Findings The gate counts show that streets around Devonshire complex such as Devonshire square and Cutler Street have low vehicular flow even though they have a wide car lanes. In addition, while the normalised choice values shows that Devonshire Axis which includes (Devonshire Square, Devonshire Row and Cutler Street) have a high potential for attracting pedestrian flow, the site observations indicate that it mostly used as transit zone during lunch time on weekdays and that the public spaces around it are not functioning as intended. The reason that the potential of public spaces around Devonshire axis are not fully utilized can be contributed to the high level of blank and passive frontages surrounding the area, along with the low levels of visibility caused by the street clutter and the fragmented spatial Layout. Finally, the high level of surveillance around the privately managed public spaces results in less welcoming environment for users to explore or interact with one another.

Conclusion: One of the key findings is that Devonshire axis is situated in a strategic location between the conservation area of Bishopsgate and the new high-rise office clusters with a plenty of open spaces and Strong East West connections. However, due to its current spatial structure and organisation, it is less likely to act as an interface.

Conclusion: The conservation area in the North is weakly connected to the New Developments cluster in the South, However, the area is still highly permeable in the East West direction via the narrow alleys which link Bishopsgate Road, Middlesex Street and Devonshire complex.

Design Proposal Building on our proposal for the meso scale, the micro scale intervention presents Devonshire Axis as a potential interface between Bishopsgate Conservation Area and the new developments, linking different land uses, social groups and territorial zones together. Our plan for reducing the fragmentation within the open green spaces along the street improves the visibility as indicated by the visibility graph analysis and the isovist paths done on the proposed layout. Addressing the passive and blank frontages around Devonshire Complex also allows the street to attract increasing amount of people and social activities that the new Crossrail project will bring about to the area.

Design Proposal To enhance the link between the conservation area and the new developments we propose a new North South connection from Middlesex Street to Devonshire complex, taking advantage of the already existing public access, thus creating a network of diversified open spaces. A segment analysis of the proposed intervention shows a strong integration and choice values which highlighting a strong potential of a balanced pedestrian flow between the conservation area and the new developments. Another suggestion that works in alignment with the area enhancement strategy plan for enhanced public space and reduced congestion near Liverpool station, is to improve the visibility of the existing public space in Bishopsgate conservation area using signage and lighting systems, ultimately allowing the highly preamble alleyways in the area to divert the increasing flow of people away from the already congested Bishopsgate road.

Reflection and Recommendations: Our study of Bishopsgate Area could extend to examine how the new developments affects neighbouring boroughs especially the residential zones in the North East side. The impact of Petticoat Lane and Middlesex Street markets on the dynamics of the area and the challenge of accommodating both locals and visitors’ needs could be further investigated. Although selected criteria was determined on which user groups our sample for tracing and gate count will focus on (i.e. visitors, workers, tourists etc.), some of the comments on the group presentation suggested that a more objective and rigorous classification should be identified. In that case, adding qualitative data gathering methods like interviews could help us address the different user groups in our area more reliable way. Our proposal for Devonshire axis included the implementation of titled surfaces or slopes, yet further refinement is required to create a more comfortable and user friendly public space. Other recommendations includes representing the built density values presented in the meso scale on street segments to better reflect the relation between buildings and open space index ratio.

MICRO SCALE Question Can public space around Devonshire Complex work as an interface for the distinct spatial uses and social groups?

4

SSMAD 2017-2018- Project Synopsis

Mariam Amer Acknowledgements: Work produced in this project is done in collaboration with Ana Cristina Rodriguez Bautista , Fanel Contreras Guevara, Natalia Shavkunova, Ziyao Yang and under the supervision of Professor Kayvan Karimi.

References: “Area enhancement strategies,” (2018). City of London. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ services/ environment -and-planning/city-public-realm/Pages/strategies.aspx [Accessed 1st January, 2018].

“Bishopsgate Conservation Area: City of London Local Development Framework”, (2014). City of London. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/planning/heritageand-design/conservation-areas/Documents/bishopsgate-conservation-area-spd-sept-14.pdf aspx [Accessed 1st January, 2018].

Crossrail Ltd, (2018). City of London. Crossrail. URL http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/propertydevelopments-and-urban-realm/urban-realm-proposals/city-of-london [Accessed 1st January, 2018].

Hertzberger, H., (2001). Lessons for students in architecture, 4th ed. 010 Publishers, Rotterdam.

Hillier, B., 2007. Space is the Machine, electronic 3rd ed. Space Syntax, London. Available from: http://spaceisthemachine.com/ [Accessed 1st January, 2018].

Vaughn, L., 2015. Suburban Urbanities: Suburbs and the Life of the High Street, electronic. ed. UCL Press, London, UK. https://www.ucl.ac.uk/ucl-press/browse-books/suburban-urbanities [Accessed 1st January, 2018].

5

CITY OF LONDON

SOURCE: Photograph from Google Earth (colour added). December 16, 2017.

6

LIVERPOOL STREET AREA 7

SOURCE: Photograph from Google Earth (colour added). December 16, 2017.

1. INTRODUCTION

HEADLINE 1

SOURCE: Photograph from Google Earth (colour added). December 16, 2017.

8

INSIGHTS

SOURCE: Photograph from Google Earth. December 16, 2017.

BISHOPSGATE, LIVERPOOL STREET AREA

9

FINSBURY CIRCUS, LIVERPOOL STREET AREA

INSIGHTS

ST MARY AXE, LIVERPOOL STREET AREA

FRYING PAN ALLEY, LIVERPOOL STREET AREA 10

PROPOSAL

11

MICRO

MACRO MESO

MACRO

How has Liverpool Street Area evolved historically and what kind of role does it play in the context of The City of London in terms of spatial network and spatial morphology?

12

PROPOSAL

SOURCE: Photograph from Google Earth. ( Color modified).December 16, 2017.

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

1.1 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. SPATIAL NETWORK

2. SPATIAL MORPHOLOGY

I. HISTORICAL RESEARCH Historical Arterial Route

I. HISTORICAL RESEARCH Historical Reseach of Maps

II. SPATIAL ANALYSIS Axial Analysis Segment Analysis Normalized Choice

II. HISTORICAL MAPPING Mapping of the found information

PROPOSAL

III. OBSERVATIONS Gate Count

MICRO

MACRO

MESO

MACRO

1.2 METHODOLOGY

IV. STATISTICAL FORECAST Correlations of (Flow of people ) Flow of people (Tube and Crossrail)

13

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK - PAST - HISTORICAL ARTERIAL ROUTE

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

BISHOPSGATE HISTORICAL ARTERIAL ROUTE

LONDON BY NICHOLAS DE FER 1700

14

SOURCE: http://mapco.net/london/1700londonb.htm

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK - PRESENT - AXIAL ANALYSIS

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

POTENTIALITY AXIAL ANALYSIS: GLOBAL INTEGRATION R = n

15

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK - PRESENT - SEGMENT ANALYSIS

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

POTENTIALITY SEGMENT ANALYSIS : INTEGRATION 5000 m

16

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK - PRESENT - SEGMENT ANALYSIS

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MOOR GATE ST

REET

MACRO

POTENTIALITY SEGMENT ANALYSIS : NORMALIZED CHOICE 5000 m

17

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK -PRESENT - GATE COUNT MACRO

CURRENT SITUATION

MICRO

MESO

GATE COUNT : PEOPLE AND CARS

AVERAGE NUMBER OF CARS PROPOSAL

AVERAGE NUMBER OF PEOPLE

18

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK - PRESENT - CORRELATION CURRENT SITUATION

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CORRELATION FLOW OF PEOPLE - NORMALIZED CHOICE

19

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK - PRESENT - CORRELATION CURRENT SITUATION

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CORRELATION FLOW OF CARS - NORMALIZED CHOICE

20

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK - PRESENT - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CONNECTIVITY: TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM CITY OF LONDON

21

SOURCE:TfL Underground services performance. 2017. https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/publications-and-reports/underground-services-performance; ORR Estimates of Station sage. 2017. http:// orr.gov.uk/statistics/published-stats/station-usage-estimates

1.3 SPATIAL NETWORK - FUTURE - TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM MACRO

FLOW OF PEOPLE PRESENT

MESO

Average Annual Station Entry and Exit Figures for the City of London 80

73 70

58

50

40

30

26

20

11 10

17

16

14

6

8

7

0

Aldgate

Bank & Barbican Monument

Cannon Street

Chancery Lane

Stations

Liverpool Street

Mansion House

Moorgate

St. Paul's

PROPOSAL

PRESENT

Blackfriars

MICRO

Average Visitors in Millions

60

22

SOURCE:TfL Underground services performance. 2017. https://tfl.gov.uk/corporate/publications-and-reports/underground-services-performance; ORR Estimates of Station Usage. 2017. http://orr.gov.uk/statistics/published-stats/station-usage-estimates

1.4 SPATIAL MORPHOLOGY - HISTORY - 1877

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

LIVERPOOL STREET AREA MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION

SOURCE: http://mapco.net/parish/parish10.htm

PROPOSAL

1877: RAPID POPULATION GROWTH, LARGE SCALE DEVELOPMENTS, FINSBURY CIRCUS

23

1.4 SPATIAL MORPHOLOGY - HISTORY - 1875 - 1868

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

LIVERPOOL STREET AREA MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION

BROAD STREET STATION

1875

SOURCE: http://mapco.net/london.htm

NEW TRACING OF RAILWAYS CITY OF LONDON MOVEMENT OF BROAD STREET STATION AND CONSTRUCTION OF LIVERPOOL STREET STATION

24

Edward Weller1868

PROPOSAL

SOURCE: EDINA Historic Digimap Service digimap.edina.ac.uk

1.4 SPATIAL MORPHOLOGY - HISTORY - 1908

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

LIVERPOOL STREET AREA MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION

SOURCE: http://mapco.net/bart1908/bart24.htm

PROPOSAL

1908: LIVERPOOL STREET STATION

25

1.4 SPATIAL MORPHOLOGY - HISTORY - 2017

CURRENT SITUATION

CURRENT SITUATION

SOLID BLOCKS OF NEW DEVELOPMENTS FINE GRAIN CONSERVATION AREA

FRAGMENTED AREA DIFFERENT DEGREE OF PERMEABILITY PATCHES HIGHLIGHTED IN RED

26

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

LIVERPOOL STREET AREA MORPHOLOGY EVOLUTION

1.4 SPATIAL MORPHOLOGY - POLICY - CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

LIVERPOOL STREET AREA CONSERVATION AREA AND CONSTRUCTION SITES

SOURCE: Photograph from Google Earth. ( Color modified).December 16, 2017.

- CONFLUENCE OF CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS

- HEIGHTS REGULATION ACCORDING TO ST PAUL’S CATHEDRAL DOME

SOURCE: The Guardian https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2015/dec/11/city-of-london-skyline-of-tomorrow-interactive

27

PROPOSAL

- CONSERVATION AREA UNDER REGULATION

1.4 SPATIAL MORPHOLOGY - POLICY - BUILDING HEIGHTS

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

LIVERPOOL STREET AREA BUILDING HEIGHTS POLICY

28

SOURCE: EMU Statistics. London Building Heights. 2016. http://www.emu-analytics.com/products/datapacks.php

1.5 FINDINGS MACRO

LIVERPOOL STEET AREA IN RELATIONSHIP WITH THE CITY OF LONDON

THREE MAIN PARTS

29

DYCHOTOMY BETWEEN NEW DEVELOPMENTS AND CONSERVATION AREA

MICRO

TRANSPORTATION HUB

PROPOSAL

MESO

FURTHER SUBDIVIDED

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

1.5 FINDINGS

30

DEVONSHIRE COMPLEX

31

SOURCE: Photograph from Google Earth. (Color modified). December 16, 2017.

BISHOPSGATE

32

PROPOSAL

33

MICRO

MESO MESO

MACRO

How do the Conservation Area of Bishopsgate and the new developments coexist in terms of social and spatial relashionship?

34

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

2.1 RESEARCH QUESTION

1. COMPARISON OF THE AREAS I. LANDUSES ANALYSIS General and Ground Floor Day and Night Time Use II. COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS Built Density Amount of Amenities

2. SPATIAL AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS I. OBSERVATIONS Snapshots Snapshots - Open spaces Tracing - Open spaces

I. STATISTICAL FORECAST Potential of In-Between Spaces (Percentaje of Public Space)

PROPOSAL

III. FOURSQUARE CHECK-INS Social Network Analysis

3. OPEN SPACE

MICRO

MESO

MESO

MACRO

2.2 METHODOLOGY

IV. SPATIAL ANALYSIS Integration and Built

35

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - LANDUSES

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS LANDUSES

GROUND FLOOR LANDUSE

PROPOSAL

GENERAL LANDUSE

SOURCE: Liverpool Street Area Enhancement Strategy: Wider Area Survey. Land Use. 2013. https://www.cityoflondon.gov. uk/services/environment-and-planning/city-public-realm/Documents/strategies/3-part-2-wider-area-survey.pdf

36

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - WORKDAY AND WEEKEND USE

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS WORKDAY AND WEEKEND USE

WEEKEND

PROPOSAL

WORKDAY

SOURCE: Liverpool Street Area Enhancement Strategy: Wider Area Survey. Day, Evening, Night and Weekend Use. 2013. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/Documents/Part%202__4-uses.pdf

37

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - NIGHT TIME USE MACRO

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS NIGHT TIME USE

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

NIGHT

NIGHT TIME SOURCE: Liverpool Street Area Enhancement Strategy: Wider Area Survey. Day, Evening, Night and Weekend Use. 2013. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/Documents/Part%202__4-uses.pdf

38

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY CHART

39

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS BUILT DENSITY

MICRO

MESO

FLOOR SPACE INDEX

PROPOSAL

OPEN SPACE RATIO

MACRO

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - BUILT DENSITY

40

SOURCE: EMU Statistics. London Building Heights. 2016. http://www.emu-analytics.com/products/datapacks.php

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS POTENTIAL OF MOVEMENT

MICRO

MESO

NORMALIZED CHOICE

PROPOSAL

INTEGRATION

MACRO

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - POTENTIAL OF MOVEMENT

41

2. 3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - AMOUNT OF AMENITIES MACRO

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS AMOUNT OF AMENITIES

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

AMENITIES

42

SOURCE: Open Street Map. 2017. https://www.openstreetmap.org/#map=6/54.910/-3.432

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - SOCIAL NETWORK USAGE

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS SOCIAL NETWORK ACTIVITY PATTERNS FOURSQUARE

43

SOURCE: SPIN UNIT. 2017. http://www.spinunit.eu/

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - TEMPORAL USE PATTERNS

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS WEEKEND USE - AMOUNT OF AREA OPEN ON WEEKENDS

44

SOURCE: Liverpool Street Area Enhancement Strategy: Wider Area Survey. Day, Evening, Night and Weekend Use. 2013. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/environment-and-planning/Documents/Part%202__4-uses.pdf

CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS INTEGRATION AND BUILT

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

INTEGRATION r = 800 m

MACRO

2.3 COMPARISON OF THE AREAS - INTEGRATION AND BUILT

NO CONNECTION NORTH- SOUTH BETWEEN THE CONSERVATION AREA

45

2.4 SPATIAL AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - SNAPSHOTS WEAK SOCIAL LINK - USER GROUPS

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

LACK OF CONNECTION BETWEEN DISTINCT SOCIAL GROUPS

46

2.4 SPATIAL AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - TRACING - OPEN SPACES

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

TRANSIT MOVEMENT AND OPEN SPACES

NOT ENOUGH PUBLIC SPACES

47

2.4 SPATIAL AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - WEAK SPATIAL LINK

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

WEAK CONNECTION NORTH-SOUTH BETWEEN THE CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS

MACRO

WEAK SPATIAL LINK

48

2.5 OPEN SPACES - PRIVATE AND PUBLIC

MESO

MACRO

PUBLIC OPEN SPACE

PROPOSAL

MICRO

PRIVATE OPEN SPACE

49

WEAK SPATIAL AND SOCIAL CONNECTION

MICRO

LACK OF PUBLIC SPACES

MESO

MACRO

2.6 FINDINGS

PROPOSAL

DIFFERENT MORPHOLOGIES

50

51

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

TRANSITION

DEVONSHIRE ROW

52

SOURCE: Photograph from Google Earth. ( Color modified).December 16, 2017.

DEVONSHIRE ROW

53

PROPOSAL

54

MICRO

MESO

MICRO MACRO

Can public space in Devonshire Row work as an interface for the distinct spatial uses and social groups?

55

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

3.1 RESEARCH QUESTION

MICRO

MESO

1. SPATIAL NETWORK

1. OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS

MICRO

MACRO

3.2 METHODOLOGY

II. SPATIAL ANALYSIS Angular Step Depth VGA Isovist Path

I. OBSERVATIONS Snapshots and Tracing

III. ACTIVE FRONTAGES ANALYSIS Integration and Built

56

PROPOSAL

II. SPATIAL ANALYSIS Angular Step Depth VGA Isovist Path

- SEGMENT ANALYSIS

MICRO

MESO

COMPARISON OF GATE COUNTING AND INTEGRATON r = 400 m

MACRO

3.3 SPATIAL NETWORK

SEGMENT ANALYSIS : INTEGRATION r = 400

PROPOSAL

GATE COUNTING , SOURCE: SPACE SYNTAX LIMITED

57

- SEGMENT ANALYSIS

MICRO

MESO

COMPARISON OF GATE COUNTING AND NORMALIZED CHOICE r = 400 m

MACRO

3.3 SPATIAL NETWORK

SEGMENT ANALYSIS : NORMALIZED CHOICE r = 400

PROPOSAL

GATE COUNTING , SOURCE: SPACE SYNTAX LIMITED

58

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

- GATE COUNTING CARS

PROPOSAL

3.3 SPATIAL NETWORK

59

3.4 OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - SNAPSHOTS AND TRACING

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

OBSERVATIONS IN DEVONSHIRE AXIS AT LUNCH TIME

SNAPSHOT, DEVONSHIRE AXIS LUNCH TIME

TRACING, DEVONSHIRE AXIS LUNCH TIME PROPOSAL

- MOSTLY A TRANSIT AREA

60

3.4 OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - SNAPSHOTS AND TRACING

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

OBSERVATIONS IN DEVONSHIRE AXIS AT LUNCH TIME

TRACING, DEVONSHIRE AXIS LUNCH TIME PROPOSAL

SNAPSHOT, DEVONSHIRE AXIS LUNCH TIME

61

3.4 OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - ACTIVE AND PASIVE FRONTAGES

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CURRENT SITUATION ACTIVE FRONTAGES IN DEVONSHIRE ROW

62

SOURCE: Google Street View. 2017.

3.4 OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - ACTIVE AND PASIVE FRONTAGES

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CURRENT SITUATION ACTIVE FRONTAGES IN DEVONSHIRE ROW

TRACING, DEVONSHIRE SQUARE, COMPLEX LUNCH TIME

- ENTRANCE TO DEVONSHIRE COMPLEX , PRIVATE OWNED PUBLIC SPACE, SECURITY CONTROL ACCESS - DEVONSHIRE ROW AS A PASSING BY AREA

63

PROPOSAL

SNAPSHOT, DEVONSHIRE COMPLEX LUNCH TIME

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

3.4 OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - VGA

VGA R 400 64

3.4 OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - VGA

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CURRENT SITUATION LACK OF VISIBILITY

TRACING, DEVONSHIRE COMPLEX LUNCH TIME

- GARDENS AND ROUNDABOUND BLOCKING THE MAIN VISIBLE AREAS

65

PROPOSAL

SNAPSHOT, DEVONSHIRE COMPLEX LUNCH TIME

MESO

MACRO

3.4 OPEN SPACE AND SOCIAL DYNAMICS - ISOVIST PATH

PROPOSAL

MICRO

ISOVIST PATH 1

ISOVIST PATH 2

66

LACK OF VISIBILITY

MICRO

STREET AS A POTETIAL

MESO

MACRO

3.5 FINDINGS

PROPOSAL

UNWELCOMING OPEN SPACES

67

68

PROPOSAL

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

PROPOSALS

4. PROPOSAL 1. MACRO PROPOSAL

2. MESO PROPOSAL

3. MICRO PROPOSAL

DESIGN STRATEGY “CONNECTING THE FRAGMENTED PIECES”

DESIGN STRATEGY “FROM THE INSIDE TO THE OUTSIDE”

DESIGN STRATEGY “THE STREET AS AN INTERFACE”

PROPOSAL

BEFORE

AFTER 70

PROPOSAL MACRO

MICRO

1. MACRO PROPOSAL

DESIGN STRATEGY “CONNECTING THE FRAGMENTED PIECES”

MESO

MACRO

4.1 PROPOSAL - CONNECTING THE FRAGMENTED PIECES

4.1 PROPOSAL - MASTERPLAN - CONNECTING THE

FRAGMENTED PIECES - COMPARISON

BEFORE

AFTER

71

PROPOSAL MACRO

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

CURRENT SITUATION - LIVERPOOL STREET AREA

4.1 PROPOSAL - MASTERPLAN - CONNECTING THE FRAGMENTED PIECES - AFTER

PROPOSAL MACRO

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

PROPOSAL - LIVERPOOL STREET AREA

72

4.1 PROPOSAL - NEW PEDESTRIAN NETWORK - CONNECTING THE FRAGMENTED PIECES

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

MAIN DESTINATIONS IN RELATIONSHIP GATE COUNTING

MOORGATE STATION AND LIVERPOOL STREET STATION ARE THE PLACES WITH THE HIGHEST FLOW OF PEOPLE IN THE AREA.

GATE COUNTING FINDINGS LOTS OF PEOPLE IN FRONT OF THE TUBE STATIONS (MOORGATE AND LIVERPOOL STREET STATION)

WITH THE CROSSRAIL PROJECT THIS FLOW WILL INCRESE.

SOURCE: Liverpool Street Area Enhancement Strategy: Wider Area Survey. 2013. https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/services/ environment-and-planning/city-public-realm/Documents/strategies/3-part-2-wider-area-survey.pdf

73

PROPOSAL MACRO

MAIN DESTINATIONS

Photograph from Google Street View. December 16, 2017.

CURRENT SITUTATION

PROPOSAL LEVEL UP PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS 74

PROPOSAL MACRO

MICRO

MESO

COMPARISON CURRENT CROSSINGS AND PROPOSAL - LEVEL UP PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS LIVERPOOL STREET ENTRANCE, FROM BISHOPSGATE

MACRO

4.1 PROPOSAL - NEW PEDESTRIAN NETWORK - CONNECTING THE FRAGMENTED PIECES

Photograph from Pacific Union LA, December 16, 2017.

CURRENT SITUTATION

PROPOSAL LEVEL UP PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS 75

PROPOSAL MACRO

MICRO

MESO

PROPOSED CROSSINGS - LEVEL UP PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS MORE CONGESTED POINTS IN BISHOPSGATE

MACRO

4.1 PROPOSAL - NEW PEDESTRIAN NETWORK - CONNECTING THE FRAGMENTED PIECES

PROPOSAL

BEFORE

AFTER 76

PROPOSAL MESO

MICRO

2. MESO PROPOSAL

DESIGN STRATEGY “OPEN SPACE NETWORK”

MESO

MACRO

4.2 PROPOSAL - OPEN SPACE NETWORK

PROPOSAL MESO

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

4.2 PROPOSAL - OPEN SPACE NETWORK - MASTERPLAN

OPEN SPACE NETWORK

77

4.2 PROPOSAL - OPEN SPACE NETWORK - TESTING THE INTERVENTION - NORMALIZED CHOICE

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

NORMALIZED CHOICE r = 800 m

AFTER

- AFTER THE INTERVENTION ACROSS DEVONSHIRE COMPLEX, THE CONNECTION NORTH-SOUTH BETWEEN MIDDLESEX STREET AND DEVONSHIRE ROW WILL BE STRONGER. - THE PUBLIC SPACE NETWORK WILL WORK AS THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS AS WELL AS WILL GATHER DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS. 78

PROPOSAL MESO

BEFORE

STREET

5.

4.

3.

2. MIDDLESEX STREET: SHARED

STREET

2.

MESO

1. MIDDLESEX STREET: SHARED

MACRO

- FLOOR PLAN INTERVENTIONS

3.

ALLEYS INTERVENTION FROM BISHOPSGATE ENTRANCE

1.

MICRO

OPEN SPACE NETWORK

4.

ALLEYS INTERVENTION FROM BISHOPSGATE ENTRANCE

5.

ALLEYS INTERVENTION FROM BISHOPSGATE ENTRANCE 79

PROPOSAL MESO

4.2 PROPOSAL -

4.2 PROPOSAL -

OPEN SPACE NETWORK

2.

MESO

MACRO

1.

- INTERVENTION VIEWS

Photograph from Google Street View. (modified).December 16, 2017.

1. SHARED STREET, VIEW FROM MIDDLESEX STREET

Photograph from Google Street View. December 16, 2017.

2. SHARED STREET, VIEW FROM MIDDLESEX STREET

80

PROPOSAL MESO

MICRO

1.

4.

5.

ALLEYS INTERVENTION

ALLEYS INTERVENTION

ALLEYS INTERVENTION

ENTRANCE FROM BISHOPSGATE STREET

ENTRANCE FROM BISHOPSGATE STREET

ENTRANCE FROM BISHOPSGATE STREET

- ENHANCEMENT OF SIGNAGE FROM BISHOPSGATE - LIGHTING OF THE INTERNAL ALLEYS - INTEGRATING DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS TO THE NETWORK 81

PROPOSAL MESO

MICRO

MESO

3.

MACRO

4.2 PROPOSAL - PEDESTRIAN STREET NETWORK - FROM THE INSIDE TO THE OUTSIDE

PROPOSAL

CURRENT VIEW

STREET AS AN INTERFACE 82

PROPOSAL MICRO

MICRO

3. MICRO PROPOSAL

DESIGN STRATEGY “DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE ”

MESO

MACRO

4.3PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE

MESO

MACRO

4.3 PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE - FLOOR PLAN

PROPOSAL FLOOR PLAN

THE STREET AS AN INTERFACE OF DISTINT SPATIAL USES AND SOCIAL GROUPS 83

PROPOSAL MICRO

MICRO

STREET SECTION

4.3 PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXISAS AN INTERFACE - INTEGRATION VALUE COMPARISON

AFTER

- AFTER THE INTERVENTION ACROSS DEVONSHIRE COMPLEX, THE CONNECTION NORTH SOUTH BETWEEN MIDDLESEX STREET AND DEVONSHIRE ROW WILL BE STRONGER. - THE PUBLIC SPACE NETWORK WILL WORK AS THE INTERFACE BETWEEN THE CONSERVATION AREA AND NEW DEVELOPMENTS AS WELL AS WILL GATHER DIFFERENT SOCIAL GROUPS .

84

PROPOSAL MICRO

MICRO

MESO

BEFORE

MACRO

INTEGRATION VALUE COMPARISON DEVONSHIRE ROW INTERVENTION

PATH COMPARISON

AFTER

ISOVIST PATH 1

TOTAL AREA VISIBLE Existing

Proposal

43% 57%

BEFORE

AFTER

ISOVIST PATH 2 85

PROPOSAL MICRO

BEFORE

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

4.3 PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE - ISOVIST

4.3 PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE - VGA COMPARISON

VGA CURRENT SITUATION

VGA PROPOSAL SITUATION

86

PROPOSAL MICRO

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

VGA r = 400 m

MACRO

4.3 PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE - FLOOR PLAN AND VISUALIZATION

Photograph from Google Street View. (modified).December 16, 2017.

PROPOSAL INTERNAL PERSPECTIVE 87

PROPOSAL MICRO

MICRO

MESO

PROPOSAL FLOOR PLAN

Photograph from Google Street View. December 16, 2017.

88

PROPOSAL MICRO

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

4.3 PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE - BIRDVIEWS - BEFORE

Photograph from Google Street View. (modified).December 16, 2017.

89

PROPOSAL MICRO

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

4.3 PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE - BIRDVIEWS - AFTER

PROPOSAL MICRO

MICRO

MESO

MACRO

4.3 PROPOSAL - DEVONSHIRE AXIS AS AN INTERFACE - URBAN SUTURE

90

Photograph from Google Street View. (modified).December 16, 2017.

BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Area enhancement strategies - City of London [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.cityoflondon.gov.uk/ services/environment-and-planning/city-public-realm/Pages/strategies.aspx (accessed 12.19.17).

2. Draft Transport for London (TfL) Business Plan published [WWW Document], 2016. . London City Hall. URL https://www.london.gov.uk//what-we-do/transport/draft-transport-london-tfl-business-plan-published (accessed 12.19.17).

3. Matters, T. for L.| E.J., n.d. Elizabeth line [WWW Document]. Transport for London. URL https://www.tfl.gov.uk/ travel-information/improvements-and-projects/elizabeth-line (accessed 12.19.17).

4. OpenStreetMap [WWW Document], n.d. . OpenStreetMap. URL http://www.openstreetmap.org/ (accessed 12.19.17).

5. OS OpenSpace [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-and-government/ products/os-openspace/index.html (accessed 12.19.17).

6. OS VectorMap products [WWW Document], n.d. URL https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/business-andgovernment/products/vectormap-products.html (accessed 12.19.17).

7. The Tall Buildings of the City of London - City of London. Published by the City of London Corporation, Department of the Built Environment, February 2015 Gate Count at lunchtime in City of London by Space Syntax Limited. Transport and Streets. Local Plan Issues and Options. City Plan 2036. City of London. 2016.

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APPENDIX

SSMAD 2017-2018- Project Synopsis

Ana Cristina Rodriguez Bautista

ABSTRACT This project focuses in Liverpool Street Area; it is located in the north- east of the City of London where the confluence of an important transportation hub (Tube, Crossrail), highrise offices buildings, busy streets and historical buildings represent the main elements of the area. The study of the built environment and the further development of strategic design solutions will be done under an analytical exploration from the Macro to the Micro scale, using spatial modelling techniques and observation tools for collecting the evidence of the current performance of the area.

works as a mono use. In terms of build density, the conservation area has less open space in its surrounding than the new developments. Because of its location next to a highly integrated street Bishopsgate, the core of the area has less potential to become a destination, so we took this evidence as an opportunity to the further strategic design proposals.

The spatial and social dynamics in the area have been done using the snapshot and tracing techniques, which gave as a result the use of Bishopsgate area as passing zone, where people come from the eastern cluster and pass around the area heading north instead of staying. The identification of three main social groups whose use the area, students, workers and visitors and how they use the public space not as a destination, concentrating in the periphery of the area. Also the identification of a weak north-south connection of the public spaces, but at the same time a high permeability from Bishopsgate Street across the alleys generating a west-east connection. From the public space perspective, the identification of a private owned public space located between the conservation area and the new developments and the finding of the Devonshire Complex and the connector alleys from Bishopsgate Street as a potential public space network, which respond to the current lack of it in the area.

PROJECT From the Macro scale the approach was to understand the area in terms of its spatial network and morphology, the confluence of the previous mentioned situations made us proposed as research question: How has Liverpool Street Area evolved historically and what kind of role does it play in the context of The City of London in terms of spatial network and morphology? Historically, Moorgate and Bishopsgate were Roman Gates, Bishopsgate Street represented the only connection across the Thames in the 16th century, currently after running the axial analysis we can see that both streets represent a strong north-south connection within the global street network; also according to the segment analysis the west-east axis of London Wall Street appeared as an important destination. Finally through the normalized choice, we can conclude that these three streets potentially attract a high movement in the area.

As far as the Micro scale is concerned, focusing on Devonshire Row as the potential westeast connector made us wonder: Can Public space in Devonshire Row work as an interface for the district spatial uses and social groups? Currently it represents the strongest eastwest connection, also it has the potential to act as the interface between the different social groups and, but the lack of visibility, the high levels of security around it do not allow it to work like that. The visual graph analysis shows how the gardens and roundabout block the visibility and makes the road narrower, so we took this finding as an opportunity to the strategic design proposal.

Furthermore, the Liverpool Street Station inherited the gate role of Bishopsgate, after the collection of the gate counting evidence; the station entrances are the busiest places, and they will suit more people because of the Crossrail project, which will bring more users from outside London to the Area. On the other hand, according to the historical evolution research and current building heights, we can see how there is a confluence of conservation area and new developments, how the policies preserve a considerable proportion of them inside the area’s boundary. In general terms, the spatial network configuration shows the existence of three important streets (Bishopsgate Street, Moorgate, London Wall) as global connected axes, which segregate the Area in three main pieces further subdivided morphologically carrying on the dichotomy between the new developments and conservation area as well as, the potentiality of the Liverpool Street Area as an important transportation hub in the City of London.

The finding of the dichotomy between the conservation area and the new developments was picked as the topic for the analytic exploration of the Meso scale, where we chose Bishopsgate Area as the case of study, because of its proximity to the Easter Cluster of New Developments and an important piece of Conservation Area inside it. The aim is to understand the social and spatial relationship in Bishopsgate Area, answering the following question: How do the conservation area of Bishopsgate and the new developments coexist in terms of social and spatial relationship? The way of approaching was comparing both areas; understanding the spatial and social dynamics inside it and studying if there is enough public space in the area. In the first stage of comparing both areas, the ground floor land uses shows predominantly mix used in the conservation area where coffees and retails work, while in the new developments the offices buildings are the main characters, which made this area

After gathering all these evidence, the use of a specific strategy for each scale ease the development of three design proposals. For the Macro scale using connecting the fragmented pieces as strategy helped us to the aggrupation of the fragmented segregated pieces into bigger areas, enhancing the pedestrian flow around them, also the proposal of a shared street network which prioritize pedestrian and the widener of the busiest crossings in order to accommodate the future bigger flow of people because of the Crossrail project. For the Meso scale, the use of the strategy of an Open Space Network in order to create the link between the connected alleys from Bishopsgate Street and the Devonshire Complex. Finally, for the Micro scale the use of the strategy of the Devonshire Row Axis as an interface, that works as an urban suture which respond to distinct spatial use and social groups, linking the new developments with the conservation area, and becoming a part of the Open Street network of the Meso scale and a pedestrian road in the new street network proposed for the Macro Scale.

92

Through these strategic design proposals the enhancing of the built environment in Liverpool Street Area will integrate the different morphologies, diverse social groups, increase the percentage of public space, as well as suiting the area for a larger pedestrian flow due to the Crossrail project.

APPENDIX

SSMAD 2017-2018- Project Synopsis

Fanel Contreras Guevara

INTRODUCTION: This project is a result of the understanding and analysis of Liverpool street area, located in the North-East of the City of London, with the Liverpool Street Station at its centre, it gathers together historical and contemporary built areas with a high number of London’s financial and business communities.

It is not only the epicentre of a morphological clash between the historical existing area and the new developments, but also is a key point in the new Cross Rail transportation project.

For that purpose the analysis focused on the spatial network, open space and social dynamic explained by spatial analysis and observations. The analysis showed that Devonshire axis has potential to act as an interface for different social groups like students, professors, office workers, residents. Concentrates different open spaces and has a not a location potential but also a morphological potential to generate an integral public space. However the lack of visibility, integration and high levels of security do not permit that interaction that could be improved with a redesign of the area.

ANALYSIS: In order to have a deeper understanding of the area the study is developed in three different scales: macro, meso and micro scale. As a macro scale the analysis explains how Liverpool Street area evolved historically and what kind of role does it play in the context of The City of London in terms of spatial network and morphology. For that purpose the methodology combined a historical analysis and spatial analysis, in term of morphology and spatial network.

As a result it is possible to highlight three main characteristics of the area, the first one Liverpool street area is a transportation hub, not only due to the existing station and the future Crossrail, but also because main roads of City of London cross the area. Despite being highly connected globally and locally, on both north-south and east-west axis (Bishopsgate Street, Moorgate, London Wall, Crossrail Project), those axis spatially segregate them and divide the Liverpool Street Area in 3 disintegrated parts with weak pedestrian connections that are further subdivided morphologically. Finally as it was mention before the area gathers together historical conservation area and increasing new developments being mainly office and business buildings from the eastern cluster development area, as a result is not only the high contrast between the radical change of morphological the Liverpool Street Area faces the challenges to accommodate an increasing amount of people that the new Crossrail project and new developments bring.

On a meso scale the analysis explains in what way the conservation area of Bishopsgate and the new developments coexist in terms of social and spatial relationship, for that purpose the areas were compared by the overlapping of social dynamic on the footprint of the built areas, taking into account also the land uses and the spatial analysis as well. Bishopsgate area was chosen as our case study, because is the place where this contrast will be the most radical due to the location of the new high-rise business cluster nearby.

Bishopsgate Conservation Area is a protected cell in the global network of the Liverpool Street Area. The narrow pedestrian streets are the main pattern in the core of OUR area, while the highest vehicular flow is concentrated on the borders. Even though at peak hours it concentrates a huge amount of people due to the new developments and the diversity of the land uses around it that are physical segregated because weak connections north-south, an unclear pedestrian street network and lack of public space.

Devonshire was chosen as a micro scale case study because it has a strategic location, its located between the conservation area and the new developments. Finally on a micro scale the study explains in what way public space in Devonshire Row could work as an interface for the distinct spatial uses and social groups in the area.

PROPOSAL: In the same way as the analysis the proposal was developed in the three scale and we can resume each scale in the following concepts: Macro Scale – Pedestrian internal networks, Meso scale – open space network and micro scale – The Devonshire axis as an interface.

As a Macro scale is focused on the aggrupation of the fragmented areas by vehicular roads in bigger areas by prioritising the pedestrian flow in the inside and vehicular in the surroundings. The purpose is to generate an uninterrupted pedestrian network, and in order to distribute better the increasing flow of people (Crossrail and existing transportation systems), we suggest to change the punctual existing pedestrian crossings for an extended wider and levelled up one in the main streets next to Liverpool Street and Moorgate stations with levelled up area crossings.

Hillier and Janson (1984) affirm that because architecture is a system of space that we live and move, has a direct relation to social live since provides the material precognitions as patterns of movement which are the generators of social relations. It is for this reason and the identified potentialities as a result of the analysis that on the meso scale the proposal focuses on the improvement in the connection between the conservation areas and the new developments by the linking of the existing open spaces as a network in order to generate a diversified offer of spaces taking advantage of Devonshire complex and the public axis.

For that purpose we redesign the Devonshire axis relocating the green areas and generating a primary and secondary public spaces linked to the private ones in the complex as well the opening of a connection from Middlesex Street to it. The purpose is to generate a diversity of open spaces between privates and publics that may allowed different activities as a whole but also independently. This may allow higher interactions between the different social groups on working days due to stronger connections between the new developments with the historical areas, but also will give a public space for residents’ social activities on weekends.

On the micro scale it is proposed to developed the Devonshire axis as an interface because could not only gather together different social groups, is well connected and has a potentiality inherit from the existing dynamics, the rising new developments, Crossrail on working days and the market on weekends. It is the natural interface between the conservation area and the new developments, and as part of a spatial network may accommodate the increasing amount of people and social activities that the new Crossrail project and new developments will bring.

Hillier B., Hanson J. (1984). In The Social Logic of Space, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

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APPENDIX

SSMAD 2017-2018- Project Synopsis

Ziyao Yang

ABSTRACT This project is focused on the Liverpool Street area which is located in the north east of the City, with the Liverpool Street station at its centre. This station acts as a major transport hub with Underground, National Rail and bus services, as well as airport coaches and taxis ranks. The strategy area is highly impacted by the construction works associated with Crossrail and the planned Crossrail stations.

The Liverpool Street area forms part of the dynamic heart of the City of London, key to its historic and contemporary status as home of a number of London’s financial and business communities.

A thriving commercial centre, it is an internationally recognised financial and business services centre. The project is based on the understanding of the built environment of this area, and further development of the strategic design solutions to enhance how the built environment performs at the present time. For this purpose, analytical techniques of spatial modelling and observing human behaviour will be carried out so as to construct an evidence based understanding of the area under a multi-scale approach.

Devonshire has a strategic location, its located between the conservation area and the new developments, it is also the key to connecting two segmented areas in the meso-scale. Therefore as far as the micro-scale is concerned, one question arises: Can public space in Devonshire Row work as an interface for the distinct spatial uses and social groups? In the aspect of space network, we used some spatial analysis of visual, such as Angular Step Depth, VGA and Isovist Path, and found these open spaces hidden or obscured is the main reason that these spaces are not well utilized. But snapshot and tracing showed that the connection between open spaces are not close, which also led to the use groups of people being distinguished in completely different areas. Finally through spatial analysis, we conclude that the Devonshire axis has potential to act as an interface for different social groups like students, professors, office workers, residents. Concentrates different open spaces and has not a location potential but also a morphological potential to generate an integral public space. However, lack of visibility, integration and high levels of security do not permit that interaction, which could be improved with a redesign of the area.

The study site, due to important transport and commercial attractors, currently functions as a local centre which has become increasingly important in a global scale. However, the historical factors and the impact of new commercial development have caused great difference within the area. The first impression is that it is a diverse area with a clash of high-rise offices and historical buildings.

The station brings a large flow of people to the streets, some of which inherited historical narrow proportions. So the main focus of this project is whether the complex area works as a whole from a morphological point of view. For this, a series of Space Syntax techniques and evidence-based observation methods were used in order to analyse the site, this analytical process is divided into three scales, from a macro scale to a micro- scale.

PROPOSAL Following this evidence-based analysis, one question arises: How to connect the fragmented pieces? In response to this question, the proposal seeks to reconstruct a coherent network to balance vehicles and pedestrians. For this purpose, two main strategies are put forward. Firstly, integrating the fragmented pieces in bigger areas. Prioritising the pedestrian flow in the inside and vehicular in the surroundings as an answer of the rising flow of people. Thus we designed a series of shared streets to generate a pedestrian network in the bigger areas. Secondly, to increase the connectivity of large areas separated by main roads. In the crowded point, we utilize crossing area which is wider and more integrate to replace current crossings which fragment roads and cause conflict between vehicles and pedestrians. This measure can connect several major destinations and collude with the pedestrian network to make the transport network within the area to be a coherent system.

FINDINGS Regarding macro-scale, the main question is: How has Liverpool Street Area evolved historically and what kind of role brings it play in the context of The City of London in terms of spatial network and spatial morphology? In the aspect of space network, firstly, through historical analysis found that in the past, Moorgate and Bishopsgate were historical gates from Roman times. Then through spatial analysis of Global Choice and Global Integration, we found it still has great potential to be a principal gate of the city. However, comparing with observation date, we found in face, the number of vehicles of Bishopsgate Street is greatly affected by the huge flow of people brought by the station. Therefore we draw the conclusion that currently, this area is still a main gate of the city, but the station inherited the meaning of gate to some extent. Finally, through statistical forecast, we found in the future, the Liverpool Street Area will be even more integrated in the East-West axis into the London transportation network due to the new Crossrail project, which will bring people from outside of London to the area. In the aspect of spatial morphology, through the analysis of morphology evolution and policy, it is found that because of historical and policy reasons, within the area, main street spatially segregate them and divide the Liverpool Street Area in three disintegrated parts, that are further subdivided morphologically.

On the basis of this contrast between the conservation area and new developments in Liverpool Street Area in terms of spatial configuration and its impact on the social dynamics, therefore in the analysis of the meso- scale, the following question is proposed: How do the Conservation Area of Bishopsgate and the new developments coexist in terms of social and spatial relationship?

We chose Bishopsgate area as our case study, as the place where this contract will be the most radical due to the location of the new high-rise business cluster nearby. Through land uses analysis and comparative analysis, we found that various factors make the area divided into two parts. On the other hand, through the analysis of data and spatial analysis, there is the absence of spatial and social connection between the two parts, and human activities also show these two parts are separated. We also found that this area lacks public spaces, which leads to our micro-scale question.

In order to improve the connection between the conservation areas and the new developments, in the meso-scale, we propose linking the existing open spaces as a network in order to generate a diversified offer of spaces taking advantage of Devonshire complex and the public axis. For that purpose, we redesign the Devonshire axis relocating the green areas and generating a primary and secondary public spaces linked to the private ones in the complex. At the same time, we propose to open a connection from Middlesex Street to the complex. At the same time, we designed a material change in the narrow streets to attract pedestrians to enter the open spaces network in different ways.

Finally, in the meso-scale, we focus on the improvement of the Devonshire axis which is the most important part of open spaces network. We improved its visibility and reduced vehicle. The Devonshire axis not only gathers together different social groups, is well connected and has a potentiality inherit from the existing dynamics, the rising new developments, Crossrail on working days and the market on weekends. It's the natural interface between the conservation area and the new developments, and as part of a spatial network may accommodate the increasing amount of people and social activities that the new Crossrail project and new developments will bring.

94

APPENDIX

SSMAD 2017-2018- Project Synopsis

Ziyao Yang

In order to improve the connection between the conservation areas and the new developments, in the meso-scale, we propose linking the existing open spaces as a network in order to generate a diversified offer of spaces taking advantage of Devonshire complex and the public axis. For that purpose, we redesign the Devonshire axis relocating the green areas and generating a primary and secondary public spaces linked to the private ones in the complex. At the same time, we propose to open a connection from Middlesex Street to the complex. At the same time, we designed a material change in the narrow streets to attract pedestrians to enter the open spaces network in different ways.

Finally, in the meso-scale, we focus on the improvement of the Devonshire axis which is the most important part of open spaces network. We improved its visibility and reduced vehicle. The Devonshire axis not only gathers together different social groups, is well connected and has a potentiality inherit from the existing dynamics, the rising new developments, Crossrail on working days and the market on weekends. It's the natural interface between the conservation area and the new developments, and as part of a spatial network may accommodate the increasing amount of people and social activities that the new Crossrail project and new developments will bring.

95

APPENDIX

SSMAD 2017-2018- Project Synopsis

Natalia Shavkunova

ABSTRACT This project is focused on the Liverpool Street area which is located in the north east of the City, with the Liverpool Street station at its centre. This station acts as a major transport hub with Underground, National Rail and bus services, as well as airport coaches and taxis ranks. The strategy area is highly impacted by the construction works associated with Crossrail and the planned Crossrail stations.

The Liverpool Street area forms part of the dynamic heart of the City of London, key to its historic and contemporary status as home of a number of London’s financial and business communities.

A thriving commercial centre, it is an internationally recognised financial and business services centre. The project is based on the understanding of the built environment of this area, and further development of the strategic design solutions to enhance how the built environment performs at the present time. For this purpose, analytical techniques of spatial modelling and observing human behaviour will be carried out so as to construct an evidence based understanding of the area under a multi-scale approach.

Devonshire has a strategic location, its located between the conservation area and the new developments, it is also the key to connecting two segmented areas in the meso-scale. Therefore as far as the micro-scale is concerned, one question arises: Can public space in Devonshire Row work as an interface for the distinct spatial uses and social groups? In the aspect of space network, we used some spatial analysis of visual, such as Angular Step Depth, VGA and Isovist Path, and found these open spaces hidden or obscured is the main reason that these spaces are not well utilized. But snapshot and tracing showed that the connection between open spaces are not close, which also led to the use groups of people being distinguished in completely different areas. Finally through spatial analysis, we conclude that the Devonshire axis has potential to act as an interface for different social groups like students, professors, office workers, residents. Concentrates different open spaces and has not a location potential but also a morphological potential to generate an integral public space. However, lack of visibility, integration and high levels of security do not permit that interaction, which could be improved with a redesign of the area.

The study site, due to important transport and commercial attractors, currently functions as a local centre which has become increasingly important in a global scale. However, the historical factors and the impact of new commercial development have caused great difference within the area. The first impression is that it is a diverse area with a clash of high-rise offices and historical buildings.

The station brings a large flow of people to the streets, some of which inherited historical narrow proportions. So the main focus of this project is whether the complex area works as a whole from a morphological point of view. For this, a series of Space Syntax techniques and evidence-based observation methods were used in order to analyse the site, this analytical process is divided into three scales, from a macro scale to a micro- scale.

PROPOSAL Following this evidence-based analysis, one question arises: How to connect the fragmented pieces? In response to this question, the proposal seeks to reconstruct a coherent network to balance vehicles and pedestrians. For this purpose, two main strategies are put forward. Firstly, integrating the fragmented pieces in bigger areas. Prioritising the pedestrian flow in the inside and vehicular in the surroundings as an answer of the rising flow of people. Thus we designed a series of shared streets to generate a pedestrian network in the bigger areas. Secondly, to increase the connectivity of large areas separated by main roads. In the crowded point, we utilize crossing area which is wider and more integrate to replace current crossings which fragment roads and cause conflict between vehicles and pedestrians. This measure can connect several major destinations and collude with the pedestrian network to make the transport network within the area to be a coherent system.

FINDINGS Regarding macro-scale, the main question is: How has Liverpool Street Area evolved historically and what kind of role brings it play in the context of The City of London in terms of spatial network and spatial morphology? In the aspect of space network, firstly, through historical analysis found that in the past, Moorgate and Bishopsgate were historical gates from Roman times. Then through spatial analysis of Global Choice and Global Integration, we found it still has great potential to be a principal gate of the city. However, comparing with observation date, we found in face, the number of vehicles of Bishopsgate Street is greatly affected by the huge flow of people brought by the station. Therefore we draw the conclusion that currently, this area is still a main gate of the city, but the station inherited the meaning of gate to some extent. Finally, through statistical forecast, we found in the future, the Liverpool Street Area will be even more integrated in the East-West axis into the London transportation network due to the new Crossrail project, which will bring people from outside of London to the area. In the aspect of spatial morphology, through the analysis of morphology evolution and policy, it is found that because of historical and policy reasons, within the area, main street spatially segregate them and divide the Liverpool Street Area in three disintegrated parts, that are further subdivided morphologically.

On the basis of this contrast between the conservation area and new developments in Liverpool Street Area in terms of spatial configuration and its impact on the social dynamics, therefore in the analysis of the meso- scale, the following question is proposed: How do the Conservation Area of Bishopsgate and the new developments coexist in terms of social and spatial relationship?

We chose Bishopsgate area as our case study, as the place where this contract will be the most radical due to the location of the new high-rise business cluster nearby. Through land uses analysis and comparative analysis, we found that various factors make the area divided into two parts. On the other hand, through the analysis of data and spatial analysis, there is the absence of spatial and social connection between the two parts, and human activities also show these two parts are separated. We also found that this area lacks public spaces, which leads to our micro-scale question.

In order to improve the connection between the conservation areas and the new developments, in the meso-scale, we propose linking the existing open spaces as a network in order to generate a diversified offer of spaces taking advantage of Devonshire complex and the public axis. For that purpose, we redesign the Devonshire axis relocating the green areas and generating a primary and secondary public spaces linked to the private ones in the complex. At the same time, we propose to open a connection from Middlesex Street to the complex. At the same time, we designed a material change in the narrow streets to attract pedestrians to enter the open spaces network in different ways.

Finally, in the meso-scale, we focus on the improvement of the Devonshire axis which is the most important part of open spaces network. We improved its visibility and reduced vehicle. The Devonshire axis not only gathers together different social groups, is well connected and has a potentiality inherit from the existing dynamics, the rising new developments, Crossrail on working days and the market on weekends. It's the natural interface between the conservation area and the new developments, and as part of a spatial network may accommodate the increasing amount of people and social activities that the new Crossrail project and new developments will bring.

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