4.6. Movement pattern snapshots: Mile End skatepark

4.6. Movement pattern snapshots: Mile End skatepark.

A study of the movement and the spatial experience of skaters in the most shared practice location (Figure 36), was essential to understanding the interaction of the skater community in skateparks. Mile End was nominated as the most shared location in skateboarding practice.

Interaction patterns, snapshot and movement traces were recorded for five minutes; the forty users that gathered in the skatepark were the characters of the snapshot. The snapshots and traces demonstrated that interaction happens spontaneously; skaters organise themselves harmonically without following any rules. Skaters tend to enjoy their ride, without troubles at the time of skating.

Figures 36, 37, 38 show how the movement patterns inside a skatepark follow a circuit logic which is been defined according to the placement of the infrastructure. Figure 36 shows that the perimeter or external infrastructure of the ring is used for resting, a second ring (from the outside to the inside) is used by beginners, such as S6 and S25, who use the flatland just to roll in the flat floor’s surface and an internal circuit for more experienced users such as S16, S19 and S21. The use of space according to the personal experience of each user has been defined as the main organiser of the user’s distribution in the skatepark. Additionally, the interaction usually happens at the infrastructure edges (Figure 36, users S16, S17, S18).

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Figure 36. Movement patterns - Snapshots. Minute 1. Author.

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Skaters interact while they are waiting to perform their tricks or after they have done them. Extraordinary support was seen among the skater community before or after their performance. Figure 37 shows the interaction of S2, S6, S30 and S31 after their performance.

Figure 37. Movement patterns - Snapshots. Minute 2. Author.

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Figures 36-41 shows the complete spatial function analysis of Mile End after five minutes of the skaters’ performance. Figure 41 overlaid the movement patterns and snapshots of the five minutes recorded. A confluence of interaction in the infrastructure network and the use of the infrastructure according to the degree of experience of the users was highlighted. Additionally, a particular finding was that there weren’t any females skating during the night of the observations, an interesting fact because Mile End represents a shared location of skateboarding practice according to the previous findings. This reinforces the information gathered during the surveys. Table 15 shows female’s skateparks nominations: from fourteen females interviewed, thirteen nominated other skateparks, but Mile End was mentioned by three of the females interviewed (21.24 %).

Table 15. Female-nominated skateparks. Author.

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Figure 38. Movement patterns - Snapshots. Minute 3. Author.

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Figure 39. Movement patterns - Snapshots. Minute 4. Author.

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Figure 40. Movement patterns - Snapshots. Minute 5. Author.

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Figure 41. Movement pattern snapshots. Overlaid after five minutes. Author.

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Gender distribution is not equal in London’s skateparks. However, there are important findings to highlight: community sense, flexible bonding and spontaneous interaction represent the main social patterns carried out in with the spatial function analysis.

The networks of practice of skaters in London provide a picture of the movement of this community in the city. Similarly, the popularity of a location because of the repeated nominations (the Undercroft) as the preferred shared practice location (Mile End) were found. These findings were tested correlating syntactical values of each skatepark with users’ travel distances. The longer trips were associated with the seed locations, while the shortest distances were correlated to skateparks close to the skaters’ houses. In both cases, the Undercroft was founded as a recurrent location; longer distances are travelled to visit it and users’ that live near the Undercroft nominated the location as a place that they frequently practiced the sport.

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5. Discussion

The use of SNA helped to provide evidence for the hypothesis of Undercroft as the core location of the skateboarding culture in London. Through empirical data gathering and analytical methods, two locations were found to be the most used in London. The Undercroft was the most popular, and Mile End was the preferred shared location of skateboarding practice. Additionally, the use of proximity as the second approach to collect facts in order to discuss how London’s skater community moves around the city overlaid with the previous findings of the SNA method helped to construct the final argument.

Traditional syntax theory would suggest that a place’s popularity would be associated with proximity (Cohen et al., 2007). However, after testing this assumption, two diverse answers were found: in the case of the interview locations, users tend to travel higher distances to more accessible locations with higher NACH r: n values. Users travel an average distance of between 12.48 and 20.10 km to visit accessible locations, such as the House of Vans (NACH r: n 0.9313), the Rom (r: n 1.0907) and the Undercroft (NACH r:n 0.9618). On the other hand, in the case of the nominated locations, shorter distances <15km were travelled by users to accessible locations. The Undercroft was nominated nineteen times. Twelve of these nominations correspond to travel journeys of 3.87–11.26km (NACH r: n 0.9618). This finding suggests that the interviewed locations are skateparks with strong social ties and loyal communities, as in the cases of the Rom and Stockwell, and that the nominated skateparks are practice locations near the users’ residences.

Skatepark infrastructure has a relevant influence as well. Peripheral skateparks are characterised by ramps, whereas parks in the core are characterised by bowls. The flux of users from the periphery to city’s core skateparks can be associated with the spatial practices of skaters in skateparks.

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According to Beal, “skateboarding culture creates its own norms and relations that emphasise participant control of the physical activity and open participation rather than competition” (Beal, 1995, p. 254). In the Mile End mapping of social patterns of interaction, Beal’s assumption was confirmed: traces showed different rings of usage according to the users’ experience in a relaxed atmosphere. Likewise, the ring structure can be extrapolated to the metropolitan scale, from a beginner external ring (ramp skateparks), to an intermediate and a final experiment core (bowls skateparks). It was found that the interaction in skateparks is related to the distribution of infrastructure. Usually, interaction takes place around the edges of the skatepark’s infrastructure, when users have finished or started their performances.

Even though skating does not have a formal structure of rules, the power of community in these skateparks represents a reinforcement of the community sense. Hillier’s proposal of virtual community as the physical distribution of people in space (Hillier, 1996) helped the researcher understand the interaction of this social group. In some other sports, freedom in the community performance would mean chaos, whereas in skateboarding, the bonding among the users represents the natural rhythm of the practice. ‘The lack of a formal structure, led to a very flexible environment where the participants not only controlled their own activity but engaged in creativity endeavours’ (Beal, 1995, p. 264)

Furthermore, in terms of gender equality, London’s skateparks users were dominated by men (82.5%). The skateboarding phenomenon in the city is represented by men, however, the House of Vans skatepark and Bay Sixty 6 promote girls-only skating evenings to empower female skaters to increase their participation in the community.

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6. Conclusions

The case study of London’s skater community served to empirically analyse their traces around the city and in the skateparks. Space syntax theory, in combination with social network analysis (SNA), constituted the main framework of analysis for this research. This research addressed the networks of practice of this community from the metropolitan scale to the empirical observations in the most shared practice skateparks in London.

The complexities behind tracing the movement of a specific social group from the metropolitan scale to the final construction of their traces in their preferred locations was the challenge of this research. The skater community was tracked until the final mapping of their network of practice in the city and their favourite locations of skateboarding practice were found; the interactions at the time of the sport practice were mapped as well.

This research proved, with the use of space syntax and SNA methods, that the selection of the skateparks among the community members is a combination of social bonding, the accessibility of locations and travel distances from the user’s residences. The observations of human behaviour around the spatial practices of the sport can be influenced by the infrastructure. The metropolitan logic of the skatepark’s infrastructure distribution is congruent with its displacement in a specific skatepark.

The study was limited in that surveys were run only in eight of London’s 61 skateparks, additionally, of the 80 interviewed skateparks users not all them answered the complete questionnaire. Moreover, the movement traces were done only in one of the city’s skateparks. The findings, however, provided a snapshot of the current networks of practice of the skater community, their movement in the city and in a skatepark. Future research could consider comparing the traces of skaters in more than one location, to have a general

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overview of the users’ performances in accordance with the infrastructure provision.

The main contribution of this research is the methodological development towards the construction of the skater’s social network of practice to achieve the popularity ranking of London’s skatepark from skater’s opinions (the most popular location and shared practice location). The most powerful output of the research is the construction of the network by simply asking where users live and what other skateparks they visit. The adaption and combination of space syntax and SNA methods led to the determination of the most popular location, the preferred shared practice location and the interaction patterns among the skatepark users. This study thus provides a model for the rigorous evaluation of the popularity of any location frequented by a specified social group.

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APPENDIX 1

Pilot’s survey.

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APPENDIX 2

Final survey.

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APPENDIX 3

Mapped skateparks

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Do you visit your neighbourhood's skateparks? Please specify

Are there any attractive skateparks in your neighbourhood? Please specify

Where do you live?

What is the purpose of your visit?

What is your profession?

ChelmsfordAPPENDIX 4 Raw data, questionnaires answers. Rom No No No No Rom No Borough Green Mile - End , Undercroft Yes Deptford Stockwell, Crystal Palace, Undercroft Yes No Deptford No Stockwell, Telegraph Hill, Folkestore Crystal Palace No No Hartham Bowl No Yes No Folkstone Park Yes No No Cantelouse Watford, Harrow Mile - end, Victoria Park Harrow Skatepark No Mile - end, Cantelowes No No Stockwell, Clapham Stockwell, Clapham Common Mile - End Mile - End Mile-End Mile- End Victoria Park City Park Finsbury No Barking Mile - End No No Bay Sixty 6 , Meanwhile Gardens Cantelowes

No Rom No Marnixstraat No No Rom Yes Yes No No Stockwell Stockwell, Crystal Palace, Undercroft Stockwell, Crystal Palace Clapham Stockwell Abandoned Bloblands Telegraph Hill Crystal Palace No No Hartham Bowl Yes Yes No Folkstone Park Clapham No No Cantelouse Watford Mile - end, Victoria Park Harrow Skatepark No No No Stockwell, Clapham Stockwell, Clapham Common Mile - End Mile - End Mile-End Mile- End No City Park Finsbury No Barking Mile - End No No Bay Sixty 6 , Meanwhile Gardens Cantelowes

CM2 RM16 SST Amsterdam 1G9 5QF RM154DG RM138BB Amsterdam TN158FN E63ES SE279LQ SE13 SW9 SE5 SM45JD SW11 SM52AT SE24 SE4 BR31RB SE5 SE1 SG13 HP12 SW15 SE5 SE8 SW11 TW12 KT6 N19 5PX WD17 Stratford Harrow, HA3 Leyton, E105Ps Barking NW8 Dartford, DA1 Brixton West Norwood E3 Limehouse Mile-End E65JG E9 5 RR British Columbia Canada, N8 Dagenham Heathway Barking Area Italy W11 W10 6EF NW1 3FF No

No Clapham, Stockwell Meanwhile Gardens , Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak River Brent, Mean While Gardens, Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak Meanwhile Gardens

Clapham, Stockwell Meanwhile Gardens , Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak River Brent, Mean While Gardens, Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak Meanwhile Gardens Meanwhile Gardens, Royal Oak Clapham No Lloyds Park Stockwell, Clapham Peckham Rye Clapham Cantelowes, Hemel Hempstead , Meanwhile Gardens, Pollard Hill Cantelowes, Hemel Hempstead , Meanwhile Gardens, Pollard Hill Clapham Common

Victoria Park No No Crystal Palace Bloblands

Meanwhile Gardens, Royal Oak Crystal Palace, Clapham, Stockwell, Bloblands Clapham Common Lloyds Park Stockwell, Clapham Peckham Rye Stockwell Pioneer (indoor park) No Crystal Palace No Crystal Palace Bloblands Mudchute

Charlton Wandsworth, Clapham, Stockwell Stockwell, Bloblands Yes Bloblands Crystal Palace No

Clapham , Stockwell Stockwell, Bloblands Bloblands, Crystal Palace, Stockwell Bloblands Crystal Palace Park No No

No

WA1 95D SE5 W12 W13 W10 W10 SE27 SW198LX E17 SW9 South East SW11 AL1SLM E16 (east) SW19 SW1 SE6 SW2 SE3 SW16 SW2 SE279RE SE27 SE20 SW4 SE6

Urban Art Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Urban Art Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Mural of Rom Skatepark Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Photography Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding General public General public Photography Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding General public Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding Practicing skateboarding

Professional Professional Professional Artist Retired Worker Professional Artist Worker Worker Professional Professional Worker Professional Professional Worker Worker Worker Professional Worker Professional Worker Worker Professional Worker Professional Worker High school student Professional Professional Professional Worker University student University student University student University student Professional Worker University student University student Worker High school student High school student University student University student Worker Professional High school student High school student University student University student Worker Professional Professional University student University student Professional Worker University student University student Worker Worker Worker Professional Worker Worker University student Worker Professional Worker Worker Worker Professional Worker University student Professional University student Professional Worker Worker

Gender

How old are you?

How often do you come to skate?

Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Female Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Female Male Female Female Male Female Male Female Female Female Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Female Female Male Male Male Male Male Male Male Female Male Male Female Male Male Female Female Male Male Male Male Male Male

41 - 45 46 + 46 + 41 - 45 46 + 41 - 45 46 + 41 - 45 46 + 41 - 45 26 - 30 21 - 25 21 - 25 26 - 30 21 - 25 26 - 30 16 - 20 26 - 30 26 - 30 31 - 35 26 - 30 16 - 20 26 - 30 21 - 25 16 - 20 26 - 30 26 - 30 16 - 20 16 - 20 21 - 25 21 - 25 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 16 - 20 21 - 25 21 - 25 21 - 25 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 16 - 20 16 - 20 21 - 25 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 41 - 45 16 - 20 21 - 25 26 - 30 21 - 25 21 - 25 21 - 25 21 - 25 21 - 25 21 - 25 41 - 45 21 - 25 16 - 20 26 - 30 26 - 30 21 - 25 21 - 25 16 - 20 21 - 25 21 - 25 21 - 25 16 - 20 31 - 35 16 - 20 41 - 45 16 - 20 21 - 25

2 times per week 1 time per week 2 times per week Never 2 times per week 3 times per week 3 times per week Never 2 times per week 3 times per week 3 times per week 3 times per week Everyday Everyday 1 time per week 3 times per week 1 time per week 3 times per week 3 times per week 2 times per week 1 time per week 1 time per week Everyday 1 time per week 1 time per week 1 time per month 2 times per week 1 time per week 1 time per week 3 times per week 1 time per week Everyday 2 times per week 2 times per week 1 time per week 1 time per week 1 time per week 1 time per week 2 times per week 1 time per week 4 - 7 times per week 3 times per week 3 times per week 6 times per week 6 times per week 6 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 3 times per week 2 times per week 3 times per week 2 times per week 4 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 7 times per week 3 times per week 3 times per week twice a month 2 times per week 2 times per week 3 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 2 times per week 1 time per week 2 times per week 4, 5 days a week 3 times per week 7 days a week 1 time per week 1 time per week 3 times per week

ROM STOCKWELL UNDERCROFT HOUSE OF VANS MILE -END BAY SIXTY 6 CLAPHAM COMMON CRYSTAL PALACE

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APPENDIX 4

Raw data, questionnaires answers.

Do you participate in any organisation that promotes skateboarding? Could you please specify

Would you say you have good friends here among the other users?

No No No Rom No No No No No Rom Friends of Stockwell skatepark Blast Skates No Sidewalk Magazine Yes Yes No No skateparks.co.uk No No No No No No No No No No No No No Harrow Collective , Wodri Harrow Collective Word No No No No No Skate Lessons at Bay Sixty 6 No No No No Bachelor Suite BC Pushing Boarders No No No No No No No Worker and Organiser at Bay Sixty 6 No No No No No No No No No No No No No Royal Oak No No No No No No No Yes Palace Skateboards No Yes

Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes

Are you normally coming alone or with your friends?

Do you visit more skateparks in London?

Do you visit your neighbourhood's skateparks? Please specify

Are there any attractive skateparks in your neighbourhood? Please specify

Friends Friends Friends Alone Friends Friends Friends Alone Alone Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Alone Friends Friends Alone Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Alone Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Alone Friends Friends Friends Alone Friends Alone Friends Friends Alone Alone Alone Friends Alone Friends Friends Alone Alone Alone Friends Friends Alone Friends Alone Friends Friends Alone Friends Alone Friends Friends Friends Friends Alone Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends Friends

Barking No Yes No No Yes No No No Mile - End , Undercroft Yes Crystal Palace No Yes Clapham Yes Undercroft No Mile - end Yes Royal Oak Crystal Palace Clissold Park, Victoria Park No Bay 66, Mile - End No Undercroft Clapham No

Chelmsford Rom No No No No Rom No Borough Green Mile - End , Undercroft Yes Deptford Stockwell, Crystal Palace, Undercroft Yes No Deptford No Stockwell, Telegraph Hill, Folkestore Crystal Palace No No Hartham Bowl No Yes No Folkstone Park Yes No

No Rom No Marnixstraat No No Rom Yes Yes No No Stockwell Stockwell, Crystal Palace, Undercroft Stockwell, Crystal Palace Clapham Stockwell Abandoned Bloblands Telegraph Hill Crystal Palace No No Hartham Bowl Yes Yes No Folkstone Park Clapham No No Southbank Mile - end Yes Mile - end, Bay 6e, Southbank Southbank Mile - end, Cantelowes Southbank Southbank, Mile- end Stockwell, Clapham, Southbank Stockwell, Clapham Common, Bay 66, Southbank Victoria Park , Bay Sixty 6, Clapham Mile - End Mile-End , Undercroft Stockwell Victoria Park No Mile - End Mile - End Victoria Park, Undercroft, Barking Mile - End, Southbank No No Bay Sixty 6 , Meanwhile Gardens Victoria Park

No Cantelouse Watford, Harrow Mile - end, Victoria Park Harrow Skatepark No Mile - end, Cantelowes No No Stockwell, Clapham Stockwell, Clapham Common Mile - End Mile - End Mile-End Mile- End Victoria Park City Park Finsbury No Barking Mile - End No No Bay Sixty 6 , Meanwhile Gardens Cantelowes

No Cantelouse Watford Mile - end, Victoria Park Harrow Skatepark No No No Stockwell, Clapham Stockwell, Clapham Common Mile - End Mile - End Mile-End Mile- End No City Park Finsbury No Barking Mile - End No No Bay Sixty 6 , Meanwhile Gardens Cantelowes

KT6 N19 5PX WD17 Stratford Harrow, HA3 Leyton, E105Ps Barking NW8 Dartford, DA1 Brixton West Norwood E3 Limehouse Mile-End E65JG E9 5 RR British Columbia Canada, N8 Dagenham Heathway Barking Area Italy W11 W10 6EF NW1 3FF No

No

No Clapham, Stockwell, Undercroft, House of Vans Undercroft River Brent, Mean While Gardens, Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak Meanwhile Gardens, Mile - end

Clapham, Stockwell Meanwhile Gardens , Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak River Brent, Mean While Gardens, Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak Meanwhile Gardens

Clapham, Stockwell Meanwhile Gardens , Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak River Brent, Mean While Gardens, Bay Sixty 6, Royal Oak Meanwhile Gardens Meanwhile Gardens, Royal Oak House of vans Street skating Southbank and Stockwell

Meanwhile Gardens, Royal Oak Clapham No Mile -end Stockwell, Clapham

Lloyds Park Stockwell, Clapham Peckham Rye Undercroft, Mile - end

Peckham Rye Clapham Cantelowes, Hemel Hempstead , Meanwhile Gardens, Pollard Hill Cantelowes, Hemel Hempstead , Meanwhile Gardens, Pollard Hill Clapham Common Crystal Palace Folkestone Park, Clapham Common Crystal Palace

Victoria Park No No Crystal Palace Bloblands

Bloblands

Meanwhile Gardens, Royal Oak Crystal Palace, Clapham, Stockwell, Bloblands Clapham Common Lloyds Park Stockwell, Clapham Peckham Rye Stockwell Pioneer (indoor park) No Crystal Palace No Crystal Palace Bloblands Mile - End

Mudchute

Charlton Mudchute Stockwell, Bloblands Bay Sixty 6 - Victoria Park Most in South East Mile End , Stockwell No New Cross, Telegraph Hill

Wandsworth, Clapham, Stockwell Stockwell, Bloblands Yes Bloblands Crystal Palace No No

Clapham , Stockwell Stockwell, Bloblands Bloblands, Crystal Palace, Stockwell Bloblands Crystal Palace Park No No

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APPENDIX 5

One - mode network scheme.

97

APPENDIX 6

Two - mode network scheme.

98

APPENDIX 7

Interviews sites and nominations

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APPENDIX 7

Interviews sites and nominations

100