HKIE 40th Anniversary Album

The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers

40th Anniversary Album

Contents

Cover Design Concept The cover design blends three images, showing parts of Hong Kong in the 1950s, 1970s and 2010s. It illustrates Hong Kong has evolved through the efforts of the engineering industry. The slogan "Celebrating 40 Years of Success, Your Dreams Our Goals" is also dynamic, stressing the contribution engineers have made to realising the dreams of Hong Kong people.

004 005 006 007 008 010 014 024 042 052 061 064 072 076 088 106 112 126 146 156

Foreword from the Chief Executive of the HKSAR

166 174 182 186 192 198

Materials Engineering

Foreword from the President of the HKIE Vision, Mission and Core Values Introduction of the HKIE Milestones Establishment of Divisions and Disciplines in the HKIE Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s Civil Works Water (Supply and Drainage) Railway Development New Town Development Housing Development Iconic Buildings Airport Core Programme 10 Major Infrastructure Projects Hong Kong Today Strategic Developments of Hong Kong Comfort, Safety and Sustainability Informtation Technology (IT) and Communications Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture, Chemical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineers’ Place in Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Biomedical Engineering Nuclear Engineering Engineering Education Acknowledgements

Foreword from the Chief Executive of the HKSAR

My congratulations to the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers（HKIE）on its 40th anniversary.

Over the years, the HKIE has been a major player in the building of Hong Kong's transportation network and other infrastructure projects, large and small – all, in their own way, central to Hong Kong's status as an international metropolis. The Institution has also collaborated with the local construction industry to participate in the Mainland of China's continuing urbanisation, contributing to the modernisation of our nation.

In signing reciprocal recognition agreements with counterparts in the Mainland, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada and other jurisdictions, the HKIE uplifts the standards of our engineers and expands their professional connections and horizons.

The age of 40 is often regarded as the prime of life. I say you are just getting going. I wish the HKIE every success in the coming year – and the next 40 years.

C Y LE LE U N G Chieff E Chie Exxecut cutive Hong ng Ko Kong Special Administrativ dministrative e Re Region

Hong Kong's transformation coincided with the establishment of the HKIE by Ordinance in 1975, providing a framework for upholding engineers' professional standards and the organised provision of continuous learning opportunities. The establishment of the HKIE has enabled us to move in step with the times, expanding the number of Divisions and Disciplines as well as membership in line with worldwide technological trends.

It is fair to say that the Hong Kong we see and experience today reflects the hard work of engineers. The city has benefited from high-profile projects such as the international airport and Tsing Ma Bridge as well as less visible but no less important structures such as the large-diameter stormwater drainage tunnels and the many hidden works that keep our slopes safe. Engineers have played a crucial role in providing the city with reliable water and electricity supplies as well as efficient railway and telecommunications networks.

Engineers have contributed to the development of the backbone essential to Hong Kong's development as well as the innovative spirit to further the city's economic growth. Unique structural systems have been developed to support our super-tall buildings, special ventilation and electrical and mechanical systems have been developed to improve energy efficiency and prevent the spread of infectious diseases; and increasingly sophisticated production lines have been designed to manufacture an increasingly diverse range of goods. The development of a single smart card to serve all modes of public transport as well as retail outlets is another example of the engineering profession's contribution over the past 40 years. And of course, when it comes to the information technology arena, we must not forget the contribution of the “Father of Fibre Optics” and Nobel Laureate, Ir Prof The Hon Sir Charles K Kao, whose work on the use of optical fibres for telecommunications kickstarted the broadband revolution.

The problem-solving spirit that underpins the work of every engineer continues to inspire our contribution in diverse fields. Labour shortages have spurred the design of new prefabrication components. An ageing population has led to the invention of better diagnostic equipment as well as prosthetics and rehabilitation tools. The lack of space has prompted our engineers to find new ways to go underground, building new railways and utilities as well as caverns for various purposes.

Major cities such as London and New York acquire their status in the course of more than a hundred years. Hong Kong has become a world-class city within a much shorter timeframe. This Album amply demonstrates that this is due in no small part to the hard work of engineers. Tackling climate change and committing to sustainable development in the 21st century will require the problem-solving skills of engineers more than ever before. I hope the celebration of the HKIE's 40th anniversary will inspire us all to continue dedicating ourselves to the betterment of the city that we call home.

Ir CHAN Chi Chiu President

The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers

005 Foreword

HKIE

004

Engineering plays a critical role in every city's transition into an advanced economy. As this Album demonstrates, there is no better example of the engineering profession's contribution than Hong Kong, which has been transformed from a basic manufacturing base into a global transport and financial hub in just 40 years.

HKIE

Foreword

With the gradual implementation of the Mainland of China's far-reaching “Belt and Road” initiative, l encourage our engineering profession to ride on Hong Kong's advantages as the “super-connector” between the rest of China and rest of the world. Working with the Hong Kong construction industry, you can play a significant role in the building of infrastructure along the Belt and Road countries, creating new development opportunities for both the mainland and Hong Kong.

Foreword from the President of the HKIE

VISION Sustained Excellence in the Engineering Profession

Introduction of the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers The Engineering Society of Hong Kong was founded in 1947 with the aim of bringing together engineers of different

1975. The HKIE is the only statutory professional engineering body in Hong Kong, currently with over 33,000 members, of

MISSION To promote the advancement of engineering and to facilitate the exchange of knowledge and ideas

which more than 14,000 are Corporate Members.

Committed to upholding the quality of membership, the Institution sets standards for the training and admission of engineers of 21 Engineering Disciplines. It also has strict rules governing its members’ conduct and is dedicated to raising

To provide a broad range of services to members, to assist them in developing their careers and to play their full role in contributing to society

the ethical standard of professional engineers in Hong Kong. As a learned society, the 19 Divisions under the Institution regularly organise activities to keep members abreast of the latest engineering developments and also provide opportunities for Continuing Professional Development.

To maintain a high standard of the profession, and to raise the standing and visibility of engineers We pride ourselves as being a proactive social citizen by not only nominating our members to serve on various external boards and committees of government departments and higher education institutions, but also providing timely and constructive comments and professional advice on the Government’s consultation papers. In addition, the profession has one seat representing the Engineering Functional Constituency in the Legislative Council through which views of the

CORE VALUES

profession can be expressed to the Government.

Sustainability

The HKIE has established close relationship with engineering institutions throughout the world and it has signed

Professionalism

agreements for reciprocal recognition of professional qualifications and agreements of co-operation with engineering

Integrity

authorities and other organisations worldwide.

Excellence Continuous Improvement

007 Introduction

HKIE

006

was incorporated under the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers Ordinance, Chapter 1105 of the Laws of Hong Kong in

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Vision, Mission and Core Values

Disciplines for their common good. The Society flourished and as a result the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (HKIE),

Milestones

1972

008

2007

1982

60th Anniversary of the Founding of Engineering Society of Hong Kong

Recognition of the HKIE Corporate Members by the Government for Civil Service Appointments

2010

1995

2003

Admitted to the Washington Accord

Admitted to the Engineering Technologists Mobility Forum (ETMF)

35th Anniversary of the HKIE Incorporation

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Milestones

Amalgamated with the independent Hong Kong Joint Group of the Institutions of Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineers of London

009

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Milestones

1947 Founding of Engineering Society of Hong Kong

1975

1997

Incorporated by Law as the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers

50th Anniversary of the Founding of Engineering Society of Hong Kong

2001 Admitted to the Sydney Accord and the Engineers Mobility Forum (EMF)

2005

2015

30th Anniversary of the HKIE Incorporation

40th Anniversary of the HKIE Incorporation

2009 Admitted to the Seoul Accord

Aircraft

1980s

1991 Building

1987

Building Services Control, Automation & Instrumentation Environmental Geotechnical Nuclear

2015

Information Technology

2010s

Materials

2012

2000s

Civil Electrical Electronics Manufacturing & Industrial (Previously named as Production & Industrial Engineering) Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture & Chemical (Previously named as Mechanical, Marine & Chemical) Structural

1990

1990s

1988

1970s

1978

1989

2014 2008

Biomedical Gas & Energy

Logistics & Transportation

Fire

010

011

Establishment of Disciplines in the HKIE

1994 Environmental

1997

2005

2010

Information (Replace Software)

Fire

Logistics & Transportation

2000s

Building Building Services Chemical Civil Electrical Electronics Manufacturing & Industrial Marine & Naval Architecture Mechanical Structural

1990s

1980s

1980s

1987

2010s

Control, Automation & Instrumentation Materials

2015

1992 - 1993

1989 Gas

1988 Software Geotechnical

2004 Biomedical

2009

2013

Aircraft

Energy

Establishment of Divisions and Disciplines in the HKIE

HKIE

HKIE

Establishment of Divisions and Disciplines in the HKIE

Establishment of Divisions in the HKIE

014 Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

024 Civil Works 042 Water (Supply and Drainage) 052 Railway Development 061 New Town Development 064 Housing Development 072 Iconic Buildings 076 Airport Core Programme 088 10 Major Infrastructure Projects

106 Hong Kong Today 112 Strategic Developments of Hong Kong

Plover Cove Reservoir

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015

Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

The 1960s was considered a turning point for Hong Kong’s economy, with a flourishing manufacturing industry, leading to a substantial improvement in the standard of living.

However, a sweet dream proved short-lived. Droughts in 1963 and 1967 severely affected the territories’ water supply. The Government wish to expertise dredging and marine works, to implement the massive Plover Cove Reservoir construction in the New Territories.

Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

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Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

Plover Cove Reservoir

Tunnel blasting

Shatin was separated from Kowloon by rugged peaks

Lion Rock Tunnel

Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

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019

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Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

Sha Tin was separated from Kowloon by rugged peaks

Hong Kong’s rapid population growth, together with the booming economy, were the challenges during the 1960s. They led to a need for convenient transportation between the New Territories and the manufacturing core of Kowloon. The ďŹ rst road tunnel linking Kowloon and Sha Tin was built and completed in 1964. The tunnel was built by using a jumbo tunnelling machine along with 150 tonnes of explosives. This route promoted a closer connection between the New Territories and Kowloon.

Construction site of the Lion Rock Tunnel

Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

Launching of the Island Line

Kowloon Bay Station under construction

Road work development received attention during the 1970s. With the limited space available for road construction, Hong Kong engineers had to ease traffic problems by suggesting the use of bus-only lanes. These methods improved and provided smooth traffic flow within a short period of time. In the late 1970s, serious landslides

020

at Po Shan Road and a temporary housing estate at Sau Mau Ping raised awareness

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examination of slopes in order to prevent such tragedy in the future. Moreover, the Hong Kong public transport system became more consummate as the construction of MTR was implemented in the late 1970s, and the railway system continued to expand in the following decades.

Construction site of the Admiralty Station

Lok Fu Station

021 Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

of the necessity of slope safety works. The Government began to emphasise the

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separating vehicles and pedestrians, using computerised traffic control systems and

Shenzhen River at Lok Ma Chau

Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

MTR Lok Ma Chau Station

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023

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Hong Kong Development from 1960s to 1980s

After coordinating the local transport system, the Government intended to take a leap forward, planning for cross-boundary trafďŹ c. A New Territories Circular Road was built to connect the New Territories with the Mainland, while Lok Ma Chau Bridge, the ďŹ rst cross-boundary link, was built by the joint efforts of the Mainland and Hong Kong. These links enhanced the relationship between the Mainland and Hong Kong while facilitating further economic development between the two sides.

Civil Works There was a need to provide facilities to accommodate large amount of local residences and immigrants arriving since the 1950s, the blooming light industries in the 1960s, the founding of the container terminals in the 1970s to enhance Hong Kong as an international port and trading centre. In tandem with this, input to substantiate Hong Kong as an international ďŹ nancial centre and to support the developing economy was contributed. Providing affordable and better public housings for low-income citizens would be the next target in the 1980s... This is the story of Hong Kong, briey highlighting how she took off from the aftermath of World

Civil Works

The entire Kwai Chung Container Terminal Port facilities, as seen from Stonecutters Bridge

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025

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War II and positioned herself in the global era.

Civil Works

Route 3 in West Kowloon, part of the Airport Core Programme in the 1990s

Civil Works

Cross-Harbour Tunnel linking Causeway Bay and Hung Hom, the ďŹ rst harbour-crossing tunnel, opened in 1972

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Civil Works

The Island Eastern Corridor, constructed in the late 1970s

Ting Kau Bridge, viewed from the Ting Kau side towards Tsing Yi

The Kwun Tong Bypass, constructed in the late 1980s

The Hung Hom Bypass, constructed in the late 1990s

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Civil Works

Tsuen Wan Line crossing the Lai King Junction

A marvelous view of Stonecutters Bridge at its ďŹ nal stage of construction

030

031

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Civil Works

Construction site of the Chek Lap Kok Terminal Building in its ďŹ nal stage. At Tung Chung in the background a few public buildings had just been completed

The power plant of the Hongkong Electric Co Ltd on Lamma Island

One of the icons of Hong Kong, the Hong Kong Cultural Centre and Hong Kong Space Museum, located at the Tsim Sha Tsui harbourfront

Central Government Complex and the public green space in Admiralty

Throughout this period, spanning more than 40 years, a huge number of world-renowned projects were completed in Hong Kong. The airport at Chek Lap Kok, Tsing Ma Bridge, a number of new towns, the container port facilities, truck roads and railway networks, the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, International Finance Centre (IFC) and International Commerce Centre (ICC), Central Government Complex, as well as many high-quality public

Civil Works

and private housing estates are only some representives that benchmark Hong Kong as a world-class city.

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033

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Civil Works

The Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre as seen in 2000. An extension was added in 2010, using the space of the waterway, to enlarge the overall exhibition space to meet demand

HSBC Headquarters building

Hong Kong Central Library, serving as the gateways to knowledge, as the Government claimed during its design stage

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Civil Works

The ďŹ nal touch-up of the rail track of the Ma On Shan Line outside Hang On Estate

The Choi Wan site formation as seen in 2006

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Civil Works

Construction site of the tunnel of the Tseung Kwan O Line (approaching Hang Hau Station) using cut-and-cover method as seen in 2001

Early stage of the Tsuen Wan West reclamation to provide land for the running of the West Rail Line and accommodating the Tsuen Wan West Station as seen in 2000

Viewing at the platform level towards previous Choi Wan site formation in 2013

Civil Works

Taikoo Shing and Kornhill Garden in Quarry Bay

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precision is a demanding job that needs a high level of professionalism as well as multi-disciplinary inputs.

Engineers in various disciplines are part of the building teams who contributed their talent, effort, passion and time in this mighty development process. The engineering professional is for sure one of the foundation blocks of modern Hong Kong.

Civil Works

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To get these projects completed and delivered with

Many public houses were constructed since the 1980s

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039 Gradual development of a new zone, Ngau Tau Kok and Kowloon Bay. In the foreground, the previous Ngau Tau Kok Lower Estate was redeveloped in the late 2000s. In the background is Telford Garden, part of the development entrusted to the MTR Corporation Ltd for the Kwun Tong Line in the mid 1970s

Civil Works

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Civil Works

The rise of Hong Kong as an international ďŹ nancial centre, as reected in the development of Admiralty since the 1970s

Formation of the Tseung Kwan O New Town during the late 1990s

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041

Tung Chung in 2010

Following these developments was a wave of infrastructure development to enable all these targets to be integrated in a harmonious and workable way.

Forming new towns, improving the transportation networks including highways and railways, formation of lands by reclamation and slope cutting... Needless to mention other associated works such as providing the required public utilities and clean water, as well as a safe, convenient and pleasant living environment for everybody.

This process started in the early 1970s and has continued almost non-stop until today.

Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong as the ďŹ rst generation of new towns, as seen in the late 2000s

Civil Works

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Civil Works

Tsuen Wan and Kwun Tong as the ďŹ rst generation of satellite towns as seen in the early 2010s

The natural coastline is a unique and valuable asset for the sustainability of Hong Kong’s environment

People queuing for fresh water

Water (Supply and Drainage)

A city could not survive without a water supply; nor could a city population thrive and grow from four million to seven million without a reliable supply of water. Engineers have made it possible on this isolated peninsula and island. Nowadays, while water shortage seems to no longer haunt the city, the need for saving water still exists. It relies not only on changes in human

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Water (Supply and Drainage)

A Source of Life

behaviour, but also on improvements in engineering applications.

045 Shek Pik Reservoir

Water (Supply and Drainage)

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Water (Supply and Drainage)

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A new storm water outfall along the sea wall of Tsuen Wan West reclamation

046

047

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Water (Supply and Drainage)

Sha Tin Water Treatment Works

A Responsibility to Clean With an increase in population and water consumption, the amount of sewage generated also increases throughout the years.

To live healthily and happily in a clean environment, we have a responsibility to treat wastewaters before they are discharged.

An ambitious initiative is the Harbour Area Treatment Scheme, which has been implemented in stages starting from the 1990s to clean Victoria Harbour. To reserve land for other development purposes, engineers are also prepared to move the sewage treatment plants into caverns.

Water pipes for the Dongjiang River

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049

Happy Valley Underground Stormwater Storage Scheme

Stanley Sewage Treatment Works, the first sewage treatment works built in caverns in Hong Kong

Tai Hang Tung Stormwater Storage Tank

Water (Supply and Drainage)

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Water (Supply and Drainage)

Tunnelling works for Harbour Area Treatment Scheme Stage 2A

Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel - Eastern Tunnel

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051

Before: Tsuen Wan Drainage Tunnel

A Need to Protect During the urbanisation process, the need to drain more surface runoff in a more efficient manner increases. Engineers strive for a continuous improvement in the local drainage system to better prepare the city against extreme weather, which has been more frequently seen in recent years due to climate change. As with other infrastructure, it is always necessary to explore the possibility of utilising unseen space for the engineering solutions. In case of flood protection, engineers wisely designed underground storage tanks in places such as Tai Hang Tung and Happy Valley to mitigate flooding.

After: Tsuen Wan Drainage Tunnel

Water (Supply and Drainage)

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Water (Supply and Drainage)

Lai Chi Kok Drainage Tunnel

Railway Development

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053

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Railway Development

EARLY 1960s, BEFORE THE

MTR

KCRC Tsim Sha Tsui Station closed in 1975;

at the same time, the new Hung Hom Station started operating

Railway Development Towards the end of 1975, the Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation (KCRC) moved its terminus from Tsim Sha Tsui to the new terminus at Hung Hom, adjacent to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel. It also marked the beginning of the construction of the MTR network to support the growing public transport needs. The development of Hong Kong has relied heavily on its convenient rapid transit railway system. At the time, building a new railway system in one of the most densely populated urban environments in the world posed enormous challenges to the engineers, including the tight programme schedules and the varied ground conditions. The ďŹ rst MTR Kwun Tong Line (between Kwun Tong and Shek Kip Mei) was completed and started operating on 1 October 1979. The following two decades saw the completion of the remaining phase of the Kwun Tong Line in 1980, the Tsuen Wan Line in 1982, the Island Line in 1985, the extension of the Kwun Tong Line to Quarry Bay via the Eastern Harbour Crossing in 1989, and the Airport

Hung Hom Station, the beginning of modern railway network of Hong Kong

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Railway Development

Express including the Tung Chung Line in 1998.

054 0 54

055

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Railway Development

Airport Express started operating in 1998

Depot of the West Rail Line at Kam Sheung Road

With the ďŹ rst Railway Development Strategy published in December 1994, railway development continued, including the Tseung Kwan O Line in 2002, the West Rail Line in 2003, the Tsim Sha Tsui Extension and the Ma On Shan Line in 2004, and the Disneyland Resort Line in 2005. In 2000, the Government published the Railway Development Strategy 2000. Now, the network continues to grow with the Hong Kong's population growth and connections with the Mainland.

2009 and the West Island Line in 2014, the construction of the Express Rail Link and the Sha Tin to Central Link, the 220 km urban railway network is now one of the most heavily utilised urban railway

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Railway Development

With the opening of the Kowloon Southern Link in

systems in the world, and carries more than ďŹ ve million passengers a day in Hong Kong.

Nam Cheong Station of the West Rail Line

056

057

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Railway Development

Tuen Mun Station before the opening of the West Rail Line as seen in 2001

MTR Operation Control Centre

Railway Development

Viaduct of the South Island Line

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059

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Railway Development

Building a railway network requires a large combination of efforts from various engineering disciplines. It includes trains, tracks, bridges and tunnels.

Behind the scenes, the electrical power systems, control systems and telecommunication systems all play a vital role in the everyday functioning of the railway system. Engineers continue to take up vibrant roles to maintain and operate the railway system, to ensure safe and effective transport for people.

The Ma On Shan Station of the Ma On Shan Line and the pedestrian footbridge before the opening in 2002

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Railway Development

Sha Tin New Town in the 1980s

Construction site of the Kennedy Town Station of the West Island Line as seen in 2012

060

061

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New Town Development

New Town Development Hong Kong's population in the 1960s was estimated to be around three million, half of whom were under the age of 25. This group thus contributed to the baby boom generation in the 1970s. With the Mass Migration Waves, Hong Kong was then facing rapid population growth.

To mitigate the stressed and overcrowded population in the urban area (which in the 1960s was restricted to the central and western parts of Kowloon Peninsula and the northern side of Hong Kong Island), the Government launched the "satellite town" programme to develop new town areas in Kwun Tong and Tsuen Wan to expand the urban district area. In the 1970s, whereas most at land in Kowloon and Hong Kong had already been developed, the "satellite town" programme was continued to expand, and nowadays more commonly known as the "New Town Development Programme".

Construction site of the Diamond Hill Station of Sha Tin to Central Link as seen in 2014

Building a new town is not easy. It takes years of effort by thousands of engineers to complete the convenient transportation or comfortable accommodation. Engineers take the pioneer role in "setting the table" before a neighbourhood is ready for people to move in. Infrastructure works include land formation, reclamation, road work, electricity supply network, plumbing and drainage system etc. Apart from the infrastructures, engineers also built the community through constructing buildings, including

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New Town Development

mission. No one is likely to live in a place without electricity supply, water supply, gas supply,

hospitals, clinics, schools, sports centres, public and private housing, markets, commercial shopping centres, central parks, city halls etc.

A temporary access way for the improvement of Tuen Mun Road Project at Ting Kau

062

063 An aerial view of the Tuen Mun New Town in the 1980s

With the growth of populations in new towns, such as, Tuen Mun, Tin Shui Wai and Yuen Long, there has been unceasing development of related infrastructure. Nowadays, there are MTR West Rail, Light Rail, Route 3, Tai Lam Tunnel, widening of Tuen Mun Road and Castle Peak Road etc which connect former rural areas to the entire Hong Kong city. Now, the new town development is mature, and has provided comfortable new homes to over a million Hong Kong people.

New Town Development

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Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works at the northern-edge of the Sha Tin New Town

Housing Development

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065

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In early years of Hong Kong, low-cost housing was only available on a small scale. Growing numbers of squatters and new influxes of immigrants were problems to be tackled. A disastrous fire swept through four hillside settlements on the Christmas Day in 1953 at Shek Kip Mei, and that helped prompt a massive housing programme by the Government to provide shelter for the homeless. Nowadays, over 40% of the population live in public housing and subsidised sale flats provided by the Hong Kong Housing Authority and Hong Kong Housing Society. In 2015, there are about 1.5 million units of private residential stock.

Converted Mark I flats at Shek Kip Mei Estate in 1964

Housing Development

Housing Development

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067

Wah Fu Estate in 1975 – the first public housing estate in Hong Kong where the “New Town” concept was applied - Block type: Twin Tower and Slab

Public Rental Housing Public Rental Housing blocks have been constructed since 1954 (Shek Kip Mei Estate) to assist low-income families who cannot afford private rental accommodation. In 1972, the Government announced a ten-year housing programme which later became the rolling Long Term Housing Strategy. This emphasised that new towns should be designed to include housing estates and ancillary commercial and service facilities required for entire community of people. Initially, new towns such as Tsuen Wan, Sha Tin and Tuen Mun were developed.

General view of Lok Wah Estate and East Kowloon in 1985 ­ Block type: Double H , Slab and Trident Overall view of Kwai Shing Districts of Years 1989-2008 Left: Kwai Shing East Estate - Block type: Harmony 1, Harmony 3A, Linear 1, Small Household Block; Right: Kwai Chung Estate - Block type: Harmony 1, New Harmony, Annex Block, Single Aspect

Housing Development

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Housing Development

Engineers at work

Housing Development

Fung Shing Court under construction in 1983 ­ - Block type: Trident 2

Subsidised Home Ownership Then, in the late 1970s, the Home Ownership Scheme, now known middle-income families to own their own homes at affordable terms.

068

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as Subsidised Sale Flats, was launched to allow lower to

069

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Housing Development

Po Nga Court in 1989 – Block type: Trident

General view of Tin Chung Court and Chung Fu Shopping Centre in 1999 – Block type: Concord

Housing Development

Yung Shing Court in 2000 - Block type: Harmony

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Housing Development

Use of solar plank at covered walkway of Lam Tin Estate

Sustainable Housing The provision of public housing, from design to operation, has been evolving since the 1950s. Advances in qualitative approach and in sustainability are now the key to the planning, design and delivery of public housing. Innovative ideas and new measures to improve the building quality are introduced, and have signiďŹ cant beneďŹ cial impacts not only on residents but on the environment and the construction industry as well.

International Commerce Centre

Nina Tower

Iconic Buildings

Two International Finance Centre

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073

Iconic Buildings There are more than 1,200 skyscrapers in Hong Kong, making it the world's vertical city.

Hong Kong may have the most skyscrapers (buildings taller than 150 m) of any city in the world. All these high-rise buildings, skyscrapers and iconic buildings alongside Victoria Harbour, together with the multi-coloured neon and LED lighting, are the major components forming this beautiful city skyline, and making Hong Kong well-known as the "Pearl of the Orient". Six of the world's 100 tallest buildings can be found in Hong Kong. They are International Commerce Centre (ICC) (484 m), Two International Finance Centre (IFC) (412 m), Central Plaza (374 m), Bank of China Tower (367 m), The Center (346 m) and Nina Tower (320 m).

Bank of China Tower

The Center Iconic Buildings

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Central Plaza

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Iconic Buildings

HSBC Headquarters building

The Peak Tower

The new extension to the Exchange Square with an eye-catching cyber­look design

074

075 Charles K Kao Auditorium, Hong Kong Science Park

Apart from tall buildings, we have built recognised buildings including the HSBC Headquarters building, Bank of China Tower with its sharp and angular facade, the triangular-topped Central Plaza with its pyramid-shaped spire, Central Government Complex with its large span bridge-over structure and "Door always open" (門常開) concept, Charles K Kao Auditorium with its oval and golden-coloured facade in the Hong Kong Science Park, the streamlined and irregularly shaped Jockey Club Innovation Tower for the School of Design of the Hong Kong Polytechnic University etc.

Iconic Buildings

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Jockey Club Innovation Tower, the Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Kai Tak Cruise Terminal

The recent look of the Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok

Airport Core Programme Project, was a complex development scheme which focused on the construction of the Hong Kong International Airport in the early 1990s.

The new airport was associated with nine other major infrastructure projects such as roadworks, tunnels, bridges and land reclamation.

The ACP was proposed by the Government in 1989. The programme

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Airport Core Programme

The Airport Core Programme (ACP), also known as the Rose Garden

lasted for eight years and cost HK$155 billion, was listed in the 078

Guinness World Records as the world's most expensive airport

079

The ACP comprised 10 major infrastructure projects: Hong Kong International Airport, Tung Chung New Town (Phase 1), the North Lantau Expressway, the Airport Railway, the Lantau Link, Route 3 (Kwai Tsing Section), the Western Harbour Crossing, West Kowloon Reclamation, the West Kowloon Highway and Central Reclamation (Phase 1).

Hong Kong International Airport The replacement of Kai Tak Airport was planned due to insufficient capacities for both passengers and cargo. The new airport was constructed on an artificial island formed by levelling Chek Lap Kok Island and Lam Chau Island, and reclamation at the adjacent seabed.

The new airport cost HK$65 billion, including HK$22 billion for the Airport Island and HK$15 billion for the construction of the Terminal Building.

In addition to meeting the future air traffic demand, the airport helps Hong Kong become an important transportation hub in East Asia.

Airport Core Programme

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project.

Tung Chung in 2014

The airport as seen from Tung Chung in 2015

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Airport Core Programme

Tung Chung in 1994

The coastline of Yam O (Penny Bay) in 1993

The 12.8 km North Lantau Expressway connects Tung Chung New Town,

080

081

Hong Kong International Airport, Lantau Island and the rest of the city.

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May 1997. The construction cost around HK$10 billion.

The coastline of Yam O (Penny Bay) in 1995

Tung Chung New Town (Phase 1) and North Lantau Expressway Tung Chung was formerly a rural area at Tung Chung Wan, that has been developed into a new town. Housing development is one of the important components for the new town development. Costing HK$6 billion, the Tung Chung New Town (Phase 1) was completed in 1997, and can accommodate up to 18,000 people.

Airport Core Programme

Construction began in 1993, and the expressway was commissioned in

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The main span of Tsing Ma Bridge

Airport Railway and Lantau Link

The Lantau Fixed Crossing as seen from Lantau towards Ma Wan

The Lantau Link includes the Tsing Ma Bridge, the Ma Wan Viaduct and the Kap Shui Mun Bridge. The Lantau Link connects Lantau

The Airport Express is an MTR rail line which connects Kowloon

Island to other parts of Hong Kong. The Link cost HK$12 billion to

Peninsula and Hong Kong Island to the Airport. The construction cost

build, including HK$7.2 billion for the Tsing Ma Bridge and HK$1.6

is HK$28 billion, and the length is 35.3 km between the Airport and

billion for the Kap Shui Mun Bridge.

the city. The travelling time from Hong Kong Island to the Airport by the Airport Express is around 24 minutes.

The Link provides land passageway connecting the Hong Kong International Airport and the Tung Chung New Town. It is fully incorporated into Hong Kong's transportation network and meets the huge trafďŹ c demand between Lantau Island and the rest of the city.

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Airport Core Programme

Hong Kong International Airport

Airport Core Programme

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Construction site of the viaduct for Route 3 and the Airport Express Rail at Lai King as seen in 1995

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Junction of Route 3 and Tuen Mun Highway at Ting Kau

Route 3 (Kwai Tsing Section) Route 3 (Kwai Tsing Section) is a highway which connects the Lantau Link and West Kowloon Expressway. It was opened in February 1997 and cost HK$10 billion to build. This highway section was combined with the Country Park Section to form the 30 km Route 3, which enables more traffic flow within the city.

The approach to the Western Harbour Crossing

Western Harbour Crossing

The Western Harbour Crossing contributes to a part of Route 3. The 1,975 m long tunnel links Sai Ying Pun on Hong Kong Island with Yau Ma Tei at Kowloon West. Construction commenced in August 1993 and the tunnel was completed in April 1997. The Western Harbour Crossing is the third cross harbour tunnel, in addition to the Cross-Harbour Tunnel and Eastern Harbour Crossing. It significantly relieves traffic congestion between Hong Kong Island and the Kowloon Peninsula.

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The newly completed West Kowloon Reclamation

Central Reclamation (Phase 1) as in 1994 with the Hong Kong Station at its early stage of construction

West Kowloon Reclamation and Highway

Central Reclamation (Phase 1)

Reclamation work was carried out at the west coast of the Kowloon Peninsula to provide land for the West Kowloon Highway from 1990

The Central Reclamation (Phase 1) involved the reclamation of 20 hectares of land along the waterfront of

to 2003. The land reclamation project provides 334 hectares of land between Yau Ma Tei and Lai Chi Kok, which corresponds to a 30%

Central. Six hectares of existing land are also planned to be redeveloped. The reclamation between Pedder

increase in area of the Kowloon Peninsula. The reclaimed land was developed into residential, leisure and commercial areas at a cost of

Street and Rumsey Street extended the existing shoreline by 350 m. The land was utilised for constructing

around HK$6 billion.

the Airport Express’s Hong Kong Station later. The project began in 1993 and was completed in 1998, at a cost of HK$2.7 billion. Central Reclamation was an important step to enhance the traffic network of Hong

West Kowloon Highway is a 4.2 km motorway along West Kowloon, connecting Tsing Kwai Highway and the Western Harbour Crossing.

Kong Island.

The construction cost is HK$8 billion. Construction of the elevated expressway utilised precast box girders by portal gantry.

The completion of the Airport Core Programme was an important milestone for Hong Kong. Tung Chung New Town is now home to over 300,000 residents. The new Hong Kong International Airport enables Hong Kong to enjoy an increased exposure to the world and enhance its economic and financial development.

10 Major Infrastructure Projects In the 2007-08 Policy Address, former Chief Executive The Honourable Donald Tsang Yam-Kuen announced the 10 Major Infrastructure Projects to promote economic and community development in Hong Kong. These projects can be classiďŹ ed into three categories: transportation infrastructures, cross-boundary infrastructure projects and new urban development areas.

Ma On Shan New Town with the MTR Ma On Shan Station at its town centre point

10 Major Infrastructure Projects

The approach tunnel at Hung Hom leading into the Cross-Harbour Tunnel

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An aerial view of the Hong Kong-Shenzhen Western Corridor

Transportation Infrastructures

Western Bypass, and Sha Tin to Central Link.

South Island Line Construction of South Island Line East (SILE) began in 2011, and it is planned to open at the end of 2016. SILE runs from Admiralty to South Horizons in only about 11 minutes. SILE includes the stations

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Transportation infrastructures include South Island Line, Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link and Tuen Mun

of Admiralty, Ocean Park, Wong Chuk Hang, Lei Tung and South Horizons; Admiralty will be an interchange station with existing MTR lines and the future Sha Tin to Central Link. The SILE project

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requires no reclamation. It enhances urban renewal and facilitates tourism development in the

The track leading to the Wong Chuk Hang Station (right) and the depot (left)

The Wong Chuk Hang Station and the depot of South Island Line as seen in 2014

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Southern District.

The Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link with the approaching viaduct heading to the coast of Tai Ho Wan

Sha Tin to Central Link The construction of Sha Tin to Central Link (SCL) commenced in 2012 and expected to be completed in 2021. SCL is divided into Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section and Hung Hom to Admiralty Section. The Tai Wai to Hung Hom Section will extend the existing Ma On Shan Line from Tai Wai to the West Rail Line via East Kowloon, while the Hung Hom to Admiralty Section will extend the existing East Rail Line across the harbour to Wan Chai North and Admiralty.

SILE and SCL share a common feature that most of the tunnels and stations will be constructed underground. The construction works include excavation of rail tunnels, pedestrian subways and underground stations. Construction methods

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The cut-and-cover tunnel for the Ma Tau Wai portion of the Sha Tin to Central Link

Tuen Mun Western Bypass and Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link The Tuen Mun Western Bypass (TMWB) is a dual two-lane tunnel of approximately 4.8 km long connecting the Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link (TM-CLKL) in the south and Tsing Tin Road in the north. The project includes the construction of a toll plaza and associated administration buildings in Tuen Mun Area 46.

The 9 km TM-CLKL is a dual two-lane highway between Tuen Mun and North Lantau. TMWB together with TM-CLKL provides the most direct route linking the northwest New Territories, Shenzhen Bay Bridge, Kong Sham Western Highway and Tuen Mun to Hong Kong International Airport and North Lantau. The TM-CLKL is proposed to be built by two 14 m diameter tunnel boring machines (TBMs), which saves the need for dredging and disposal of marine sediment. In addition, TBM saves the need to divert several existing power cables, minimising the impacts on the busy Urmston Road and the nearby marine habitat.

The cut-and-cover tunnel for the Sha Tin to Central Link heading towards Hung Hom Station

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like tunnel boring, drill-and-blast, cut-and-cover, open blast and immersed tube tunnel are used.

10 Major Infrastructure Projects

Hong Kong Section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link The approximate 26 km Hong Kong Section of the Express Rail Link (XRL) runs from the terminus in West Kowloon to the Shenzhen/Hong Kong Boundary, where it connects with the Mainland Section. Construction of the XRL commenced in late January 2010, and is expected to be completed in the third quarter of 2018. The estimated journey time will fall from 100 minutes to 48 minutes. The XRL will operate

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maximum operating speed is 200 km/h for the Hong Kong Section and the in tunnel, and is constructed by tunnel boring and drill-and-blast methods while using

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cut-and-cover method for the terminus construction. With such reduction in travel

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development and cultural exchanges with the Mainland. Besides, it also contributes to the sustainable development of Hong Kong as XRL is more environmentally friendly than aircraft in terms of energy conservation and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions.

The siding track leading to the servicing facilities of the XRL at Shek Kong

Construction site of the West Kowloon Terminus

Cross-boundary Infrastructure Projects Cross-boundary infrastructure projects include the Hong Kong Section of the Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link, Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge, railway between Hong Kong and Shenzhen airports, and Lok Ma Chau Loop.

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time from Hong Kong to the Mainland, the XRL will enhance the economic

Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge The Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge (HZMB) consists of a 29.6 km dual three-lane carriageway in the form of bridge-cum-tunnel structure that will connect Hong Kong, Macao and Zhuhai. The ongoing construction project began in December 2009 and is expected to complete in late 2016. The HZMB will be the first major cross-boundary infrastructure project which is jointly undertaken by Guangdong, Hong Kong and Macao. In order to reduce the environmental impact of reclamation, a non-dredging seawall construction method will be the first time to be used in Hong Kong. This innovative method can prevent large-scale dredging and disposal of marine deposits, which minimises the release of marine suspended

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The setting-up of the pier head for the carriageway of the Hong Kong Link Road along the coast of Lantau Island

An impression drawing showing the alignment of the link road above the coastline of North Lantau and Chek Lap Kok

Reclamation forming the required land for the link road to the Boundary Crossing Facilities

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solids and disruption to marine traffic.

Rail connection between the Hong Kong and Shenzhen airports and the Lok Ma Chau Loop The Hong Kong-Shenzhen Western Express Line promotes the development of Qianhai and the northwest New Territories, and a rail link between Hong Kong

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The Lok Ma Chau Loop and the Shenzhen River

International Airport and Shenzhen International Airport.

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The Lok Ma Chau Loop is another joint project between

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will meet the future development needs of both cities and consolidate the strategic position of Hong Kong and Shenzhen in the Pan-Pearl River Delta region.

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Hong Kong and Shenzhen. The development of the Loop

An aerial view of the site for the WKCD as in 2010.

The site will hand over to the WKCD project to carry out work in full scale after the completion of the terminus of the Express Rail Link

New urban development areas include West Kowloon Cultural District (WKCD), Kai Tak Development, New Development Areas (NDAs) and Hung Shui Kiu NDA.

West Kowloon Cultural District A mix of world-class arts and cultural facilities, talented artists, quality programmes and distinctive architectures can be found in WKCD. The development of such an integrated arts and cultural

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New Urban Development Areas

district promotes long-term development of arts and culture, supports Hong Kong’s creative economy and to be Asia’s world city.

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Construction site of the Xiqu Centre of WKCD showing its early construction layout as seen in 2015

Kai Tak Development Kai Tak Development is a large-scale urban development project in Hong Kong. Kai Tak was the location of the former Hong

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Kong International Airport, which was relocated to Chek Lap Kok in July 1998.

Kai Tak Airport landing area

The directory board at the arrival hall of Kai Tak Airport

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The relocation of the airport has left an expanse of undeveloped land in Kai Tak. Hence, the Government proposed using the

Kai Tak site for various infrastructure projects. Some of the projects such as the Trade and Industry Tower, Kai Ching Estate and Kai Tak Fire Station have been completed. A number of projects are still under construction, for example the Hong Kong Children’s Hospital, Route 6, Kai Tak Station of the MTR East West Corridor, a multi-purpose stadium, metro park and a district cooling system.

The airport at Chek Lap Kok as seen in 2014

The descending of an aircraft to the previous Kai Tak Ariport

Previous Kai Tak airďŹ eld as seen from Choi Hung in 2009

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Kai Tak Cruise Terminal

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View of the existing land use condition of Hung Shui Kiu

Kai Tak Development consists of three phases. Phase 1 was completed in 2013, comprises a public housing development, the first berth

for the cruise terminal, the runway part, waterfront promenade and ancillary infrastructure. Phase 2 includes second berth of Kai Tak Cruise

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Terminal (KTCT), Route 6, residential and commercial developments in the north apron and an underground street linking nearby Kowloon

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City and San Po Kong districts. The Phase 2 infrastructure projects are expected to complete after 2016. The final phase mainly focuses

on the construction of a 45,000-seat multi-purpose stadium and a 24 hectares metro park. These infrastructure developments will be fully opened to the public in 2021.

KTCT is one of the largest projects in Kai Tak. Situated on the southern tip of the old Kai Tak Airport runway, the KTCT is the key to develop Hong Kong into a leading cruise hub in the region and enrich our tourism portfolio. The commission of the KTCT has heightened the interest of international cruise lines and tourists in cruise tourism in Hong Kong.

New Development Areas (NDAs) and Hung Shui Kiu NDA NDAs are launched to ease pressure on highly congested developed areas, also to meet the rising demand for land due to population growth. The NDAs provide land for various uses such as housing, employment and non-polluting industries. Hung Shui Kiu is identified as a suitable NDA to cater long-term development needs in Hong Kong. The planning and engineering study for the Hung Shui Kiu NDA is anticipated to complete by the end of 2016.

The northwestern corner of Kai Tak as in 2010. When the Kai Tak Development finally completed, a number of major facilities including the public plaza and a “Sports City” will be located here

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AT WHAT TIME IS HONG KONG VIEWED AS "TODAY"?

ARE WE TALKING ABOUT 2015?

How about Hong Kong five years ago or five years in the future?

Standing at what location and using what yardstick

do we view Hong Kong in her present state?

The difference in 20 years Left: Previous Tai Kok Tsui along Cherry Street Right: Present look with the development of the Olympian City

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Victoria Harbour

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Without the groundwork done some years ago, we cannot achieve what we have today. Similarly, if we do not do anything in

To have a better look at Hong Kong today, we suggest one can stand on either side of Victoria Harbour. Viewing towards

advance, we cannot have a well-structured future. This is particularly valid in the ďŹ eld of engineering. Engineering is a form of

Central, Admiralty and Wan Chai from Tsim Sha Tsui, one can see a number of iconic buildings that may be recognised by

solid development, both on a soft side like information networking that keeps the whole city running, and on a hard side like all

most people in developed countries just by showing them a photo, not to mention the beautiful range of hills like Victoria Peak

kinds of infrastructure developments that enable all systems and activities in the city.

as the city backdrop. The view did not look that way 10 years ago, nor will it 10 years later. For example, the eye-catching Central Government Complex did not exist ďŹ ve years ago. The Central-Wan Chai Bypass is now under construction. The harbour-front will be completely revamped within the coming 10 years, when the bypass and the Sha Tin to Central Link are completed and the areas fully re-furnished to merge into the Wan Chai Development Phase II.

some of the new towns, in particular Yuen Long and Tseung Kwan O. Two major railway lines – the Tseung Kwan O Line and West Rail Line –

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Another way to appreciate more about Hong Kong today is to go to

were completed and began to operate since 2002 and 2003 respectively. After the opening of these lines, the new towns were

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gradually developed in a much more efficient way with improved urban look again at these areas in five years later, anyone would be astonished by these developments.

The promenade outside the Central Government Complex along Admiralty harbour-front

Tseung Kwan O in 2014

“Today” is a continuum in certain extent. Engineers are putting efforts in uplifting our city and shaping our way to a brighter future.

The land strip along the West Rail Line being recovered and upgraded in a pedestrian-friendly green belt

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layouts and quality. There is still a fast pace of change. Try to have a

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Strategic Developments of Hong Kong Hong Kong is an international ďŹ nancial centre. To support the

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in various sectors were completed in the past 30 years.

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core economic activities of the city, many development projects

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Hong Kong International Airport

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Global and Regional Logistics Hub Hong Kong is one of the world’s leading logistic hubs. Hong Kong International Airport is the busiest airport for air cargo.

Ranking number three in container ports worldwide, we have nine container terminals now. To further consolidate our position as a regional logistics hub, three infrastructure mega projects are underway – Hong Kong–Zhuhai–Macao Bridge, Container Terminal 10 and the Third Runway.

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Hong Kong International Airport

Two International Finance Centre

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Financial Services Hong Kong is one of the Asia’s leading

international business centres, with 3,580

regional offices and regional headquarters.

International Commerce Centre (ICC),

Two International Finance Centre (IFC),

HSBC Headquarters building and the like

provide prestigious office facilities for the

financial institutions.

HSBC Headquarters building Strategic Developments of Hong Kong

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Strategic Developments of Hong Kong

International Commerce Centre

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talents to excel in technological innovation and communication. At the

same time, Cyberport seeks to accelerate IT integration and adoption in order to build a more technologically savvy society and grow a wider base of information and communications technology talents.

Cyberport Strategic Developments of Hong Kong

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Ocean Park

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Hong Kong Disneyland at her ďŹ nal stage of work before opening

There are diversiďŹ ed tourist attractions in Hong Kong, such as Ocean Park, Hong Kong Disneyland, Hong Kong Wetland Park, Ngong Ping 360 and the Big Buddha.

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Hong Kong Wetland Park

Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre

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AsiaWorld-Expo

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Convention and Exhibition Industry In 2014, over 100 exhibitions were hosted, with more than 1.8 million foreign overnight MICE (meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions) visitors. Three of the world’s largest trade exhibitions and 10 of the Asia’s largest trade exhibitions were hosted. The main venues for exhibitions include the Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, AsiaWorld-Expo and the Kowloonbay International Trade & Exhibition Centre.

Award winning photos of the "Technology for Quality Living" Photo Competition 2011 and "Engineering and You" Photo Competition 2015

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156 Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture, Chemical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineers’ Place in Hong Kong 166 Materials Engineering

One major hazard in squatter area

Housing estates in the late 1950s

Comfort homes in satellite new town

Comfort, Safety and Sustainability

Memories of squatter areas remind us of Hong Kong's improvements in the past few decades. Good hygiene, uninterrupted utility supplies, high level of fire safety – in short, comfortable and safe living areas. Yet a considerable portion of the Hong Kong population lived in that type of area before the mid 1990s.

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environments – were only a remote dream to inhabitants of squatter

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Fire in squatter area

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Comfort, Safety and Sustainability

Castle Peak Power Station, the largest coal-ďŹ red power station in Hong Kong, was commissioned in 1982

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Along with the emergence of skyscrapers, highways, tunnels and bridges, substantial energy related infrastructures were constructed to bring comfort and safety to the community. Three major Power Stations and over 14,000 km of transmission lines were erected in the past 40 years. A Towngas Plant was built in Tai Po to increase production and reduce risks to the public.

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Development since the 1970s has been phenomenal.

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Training of transmission overhead line work

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Overhead transmission lines

Transmission cable laying

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Tai Po Gas Production Plant first came to operation in 1986

The readily available energy has introduced substantial changes to the living of Hong Kong citizens.

Interruption of electricity supply is probably less encountered in Hong Kong than any other part of the world. The once widely used fuel kerosene has been replaced by clean, safe and efficient town gas.

The comprehensive use of up-to-date appliances in offices, commercial complexes, public areas and households is the envy of the world, even among developed countries. Lighting, heating, ventilation, air-conditioning, water, drainage, plumbing, escalators and lifts, fire detection and protection, communication lines, telephones and Wi-Fi, all have adopted world-class standards.

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Tai Po Gas Production Plant under construction

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Testing of fire fighting equipment

Testing of fire fighting system

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Hot smoke test for Atrium

Cooking fuelled by kerosene

Modern kitchen

Modern kitchen

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Emergency support to ventilation system in public hospitals during SARS

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Top: Behind comfortable environment Middle and bottom: Behind comfortable environment - Water cooled chiller

Modern kitchen

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Flue Gas Desulphurisation Plant at Lamma Power Station

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Electrified train provides a more comfortable ride to the public with higher energy efficiency than the previous diesel engine train

Sustainable development is always a challenge and also a never forgotten responsibility of every engineer. Innovative

Flue Gas Desulphurisation (FGD) Plant at Lamma Power Station – first

design to care for the environment can be found in every corner of the community. Sensors to control light intensity and

commissioned in 1993 to reduce sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions

variable speed drives to reduce energy consumed in motors are examples of carbon footprint reduction around us.

during power generation. The FGD process selected by the Hongkong

Electrification of the railway in the 1980s was the beginning of major initiatives to reduce emissions to improve air quality.

Electric Co Ltd is the “limestone-gypsum wet scrubbing system", which

One recent contributor to the improvement of local air quality is the emission control facilities installed in the power

is capable of removing over 90% of SO2 in the flue gas.

stations, namely, Selective Catalytic Reduction for nitrogen oxides reduction and Limestone Flue Gas Desulphurisation for the reduction of sulphur dioxide. Another masterpiece in the commitment to sustainable living is the completion of Zero Carbon Building.

The 800 kW wind turbine on Lamma Island – since 2006; it can generate about 800,000 to one million units of electricity every year

Zero Carbon Building at Kowloon Bay

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Solar panel

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Power grid by entire renewable energy sources at Town Island

Information Technology (IT) and Communications Imagine your life without the internet and smart mobile devices. You will be going back in time 40 years. You will be looking for a public telephone booth or, if you are lucky, borrow a phone in a shop to make a call while on the road. In organising a gathering, time and venue need to be confirmed in advance and cannot be changed. Making an Information Technology (IT) and Communications

overseas call for three minutes will cost you about HK$30, about a day’s hard work. In the past 40 years, the advances in computers, fibre optics and mobile communications have changed our lifestyles completely. We are now connected with family and friends all the time, if we choose to, and can access whatever information needed instantaneously, anywhere, anytime through a small, pocketable smartphone.

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Sitting on a bus or a train, you can see at least half of the passengers using their smartphones to watch videos and interact with friends using Facebook or other social networks. We can now conduct business on the run, change appointments or a social event’s venue and time if needed.

The convenience to our lifestyles and the savings brought through the contributions of engineers in the advancement of micro-electronics, communications and IT in 40 years are immeasurable.

LOOKING DOWN – NEW LIFESTYLE?

Different generations of mobile phones

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The Shanghai born Hong Kong Electrical Engineer and Physicist, Ir Prof The Hon Sir Charles K Kao, also known as the "Father of Fibre Optic Communications" received the Information Technology (IT) and Communications

Nobel Prize in Physics 2009 for his ground breaking work in the transmission of light in fibres for optical communications, the enabling technology for today's broadband communication systems and hence the low cost, high speed internet of today.

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The changes also extend to every aspect of society. Factories are run with considerable or even complete automation; trades are conducted and goods are delivered with the aid of computers and the internet. Banks are moving towards paperless transactions, even education is changing with student learning through apps and the internet.

These changes are made possible by the hard work of millions of engineers through research Ir Prof The Hon Sir Charles K Kao, the Honorary Fellow of the HKIE, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics 2009.

He is known as the “Father of Fibre Optic Communications”

and development, and system integration.

The changes will continue…

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Ir Prof The Hon Sir Charles K Kao and his wife Lady Gwen Kao

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First generation PC

Apple II

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PDP-11 model 40, an early member of DEC’s 16 bit minicomputer family

Macintosh Plus

Computers From the 1970s to the present, the continuing advances in very-large-scale integration design and micro-electronics enabled computers to become smaller, more efficient and affordable. Minicomputers replaced mainframes in the 1970s and 1980s and in turn were replaced by personal computers (PCs) in the 1990s. Since the 1990s, it became normal for each person to have a computer in the office and also one for each member of a family. With the advances of the internet and mobile technologies since the 1990s, many new doors were opened. Computers and smartphones would basically change our ways of life.

If you were born in the 1970s, you belong to the last generation that grew up playing in the streets. You are a member of the first generation to see cartoons in colour and play video games. You recorded music and video on cassettes and loved your Walkman and video cassettle recorder (VCR).

New generation PCs

PCs and Tablets

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Cloud Computing Cloud Computing is the recent development in Information Technology (IT) and Communications

IT. It offers a convenient, on-demand access to shared computing resources. Together with data centres, it provides users with various capabilities to store and process their data.

A data centre being built in Hong Kong will consume up to 100 MW of power.

the global village of tomorrow

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The Internet is becoming the town square for – Bill Gates

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are using GPS and you can monitor your irrigation systems over the internet – Debbie Stabenow The new information technology… Internet and email… Have practically eliminated the physical costs of communications – Peter Drucker

A corner inside the data centre

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Agriculture looks different today - our farmers

Satellite station at Chung Hom Kok HKIE

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Operations centre for paging service in the 1990s

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Electromechanical telephone switches in use up to the 1980s

Antenna is located in every corner

A telephone switching centre in the 1970s

Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture, Chemical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineers’ Place in Hong Kong

Steel bar rolling mill at Shiu Wing Steel Ltd in Tuen Mun

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Whampoa Dock in the 1960s

HAECO in the 1950s

Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture, Chemical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineers’ Place in Hong Kong Plastics machinery from Chen Hsong Holdings Ltd

Plastics machinery from Chen Hsong Holdings Ltd

Are mechanical engineers just mechanics? Rather just fixing the machines, engineers actually build them. Hong Kong story is more or less a version of the Industrial Revolution, which of course involves machines. Engineers are relevant to that story, and it is a rather long one – almost

But perhaps our light industries are better remembered, from the time when, as

two centuries long.

part of the commonwealth, we conveniently exported to the whole world.

Remember the workers in "home factories", making plastic flowers and toys to

Hong Kong had heavy industries. Rather than just being an entrepôt, we used to build ships! Did you ever realise the Star Ferries still cruising

garment, watches and electronics: we made everything. From the 1950s to the

across Victoria Harbour today were all made at Whampoa Dock? Coolies may be the vivid image of old Hong Kong, but do not forget Hong

1980s, Hong Kong rapidly moved from labour-intensive manufacturing to

Kong was an important base for ship building, supported by whole array of marine and naval architecture engineers. Even today, Hong Kong is

automation in the assembly line. Even offices talked about automation –

still one of the busiest ports in the world. Other than ships, there are also many engineers working at the airport.

computers, intercom phone systems and printers. It is all about machines, which are of course supported by engineers.

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People earn their living from labour-intensive manufacturing

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Another corner of factory in the 1960s

Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture, Chemical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineers’ Place in Hong Kong

Textile and garment industries in the 1970s to 1980s

As the society prospered, people demanded better Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture, Chemical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineers’ Place in Hong Kong

quality of life. Car ownership was then a symbol of middle class. Tunnels formed part of the highway system. Buildings became taller, with high-speed lifts installed and the development of Hong Kong’s metro system. More power plants were built for rising electricity needs.

Who keeps the city up and running? The engineers.

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Sha Tin Sewage Treatment Works

Nam Wan Tunnel ventilation system

Air ventilation inside tunnel

200 kW tunnel impulse fan

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Top and bottom: Checking and testing of semi-conductors for use of computers and consumer products Water resistance tests in watch manufacturing

Today, most of our assembly lines had been shifted north across the boundary. Hong Kong engineers now use computers to design machines in a much smarter way. The move to hi-tech industries can be seen, as an example, in the Hong Kong Science Park where engineers are working on many innovative products.

Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture, Chemical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineers’ Place in Hong Kong

HKIE

Mechanical, Marine, Naval Architecture, Chemical, Manufacturing and Industrial Engineers’ Place in Hong Kong

Pager manufacturing in the 1990s

Hong Kong Science Park

Materials Engineering Engineers are not conďŹ ned to building something new; they are also experts in extending the lifespans of existing structures and beautifying them.

Engineers use paint to seal up the substrate in order to prevent carbonation to bring out the attractiveness of a building.

Left: Before renovation Right: After renovation

Materials Engineering

Kowloonbay International Trade & Exhibition Centre

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and entry of moisture. Wide ranges of colours and textures are also applied

Materials Engineering

Hong Kong Gold Coast Hotel

Materials Engineering

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Left: Before renovation Right: After renovation

Materials Engineering

Materials Engineering

Texture paint - Sandstone-liked

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Materials Engineering

Different materials may project different effects. Choices of materials and formulations of method statements result in various outcomes.

Texture paint - Granite-liked

Prefabricated materials are used to reduce waste and may sometimes shorten project period.

Top: Before renovation Bottom: After renovation

Texture paint - Granite-liked

Engineering graduates - our professional human resources

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Aircraft Engineering

182 Biomedical Engineering 186 Nuclear Engineering 192 Engineering Education

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Aircraft Engineering

Routine Boeing 777 Departure from Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok

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includes a number of the world’s biggest airlines and leading aircraft maintenance organisations. A sustainable supply of competent aircraft engineers and technologists is crucial for maintaining the status of Hong Kong as a centre of international and regional aviation, as per Article 128 of the Basic Law of the HKSAR.

Aircraft Engineering

HKIE

Hong Kong’s aviation industry is well-respected around the world, and

Aircraft Engineering HKIE

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Top, bottom and right: Various aircraft engineering activities in the 1970s

Statistics from the International Civil Aviation Organisation, International Air Transport Association and major aircraft manufacturers, support the prediction of rapid growth in air traffic movements and aircraft fleet distributions in the Asia Pacific region, particularly in the Mainland, in in Hong Kong, operating over 300 aircraft. In Hong Kong and the region, there are more than 20 maintenance organisations holding approvals issued by the Civil Aviation Department of the HKSAR Government. The overall economic output of Hong Kong’s aviation

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Aircraft Engineering

the next two decades. As of January 2015, there were 10 local airlines

industry is about 5% of gross domestic product (GDP) (HK$80 billion).

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Aircraft Engineering

Top, bottom and right: The 21st century - new processes, practices and aircraft types to contend with

Aircraft Engineering

Pre-departure potable water servicing

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Aircraft Engineering

Boeing 747 Freighter - scheduled structural inspection

Biomedical Engineering Kong is bringing bright prospects in medical technology innovations to local society, addressing the increasing needs arising from health consciousness and an ageing population through collaboration with professionals from different

HKIE

Biomedical Engineering

The recent development of biomedical engineering in Hong

backgrounds. By bridging knowledge in engineering, biology and healthcare, biomedical engineers work with doctors,

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therapists and researchers to develop and enhance medical

devices, equipment and systems in order to solve clinical

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problems. The work of biomedical engineers, together with fellow professionals in the medical industry, has enabled scientiďŹ c research studies for novel medical technology, inventing and advancing medical equipment. Biomedical engineers have further contributed to the improvements in quality of life, life expectancy and continuous advances in the safety and effectiveness of medical devices.

By the united efforts of biomedical engineers, breakthroughs have been made in the development of medical equipment.

Common macro-scale diagnostic devices are miniaturised to nano-scale, enabling their use at the point of care and at home by patients as preventive healthcare. Less invasive therapeutic technologies reduce the number of surgical openings and hence facilitate faster recovery, for the ultimate goal of improving patient outcomes. And to reduce the workload of physicians and therapists, biomedical engineers have also developed automated devices such as robotic systems for rehabilitation and surgery.

Robot hand for stroke patients

Present: A transfemoral amputee fitted with the most advanced

Past: An adjustable above-knee prosthesis

microprocessor controlled prosthesis The prosthetics and orthotics research area aims to improve the condition and/or function of people with disabilities, and to enhance rehabilitation.

Prosthetics and Orthotics

Biomedical Engineering

Past: Frontal plane and media longitudinal arch focused biomechanics

This thematic research area encompasses all relevant clinical and engineering sciences related to the neuromusculoskeletal system, from health protection against diseases and disability all the way to assistive technologies for rehabilitation and enablement.

Biomechanics and Biomaterials

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185 Biomedical Engineering

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Present: Biomechanical modelling and analysis

Past: Dorsal Bar Cone Splint

Present: Rehabilitation Sleeve

A dorsal bar cone splint was simple and

An electromyography (EMG)-driven electromechanical robotic system

inexpensive and could maintain the wrist and hand in a comfortable functional

a

position.

integrated with neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) was developed for multi-joint upper limb rehabilitation after stroke. This hybrid system successfully combines the advantages of EMG-driven robot and NMES and in pilot clinical trials can achieve much more signiďŹ cant

Rehabilitation Engineering

recovery than using either technology alone. The training device is b

equipped with a novel bracing system with moisture and pressure management function to improve wearing comfort, especially for long-term usage.

c

Nuclear Engineering Efforts of engineers in the field of nuclear engineering have led to tremendous advancements in livelihood-related areas, including medical imaging, engineering testing and electricity generation.

In medical imaging, medical professionals inject a tiny amount of radioactive element into patient’s body, for the targeted organ to pick up the radioactive element, enabling a special camera to take a detailed picture of how that organ is functioning. Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan is one of the common tomographic imaging techniques, producing a

These kinds of diagnostic procedures involve very small amount of radioisotopes. In higher doses, radioisotopes can also help treat disease. For example, the widespread use of radioactive iodine in therapy for thyroid cancer results in a lower recurrence rate than drug therapy. It can also avoid potentially fatal side effects, such as the destruction of bone marrow.

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Engineering professionals conducting non-destructive testing

In engineering, radiography is one of the popular methods of non-destructive testing, which can help identify defects in objects or structures without destroying the original specimens. Radiography uses X-rays and gamma-rays to produce an image of a specimen on film, enabling engineers to identify any variances in thickness, internal defects or assembly details to ensure high quality of work and public safety.

A medical professional performing PET scan

Medical professionals performing Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scan.

Nuclear Engineering

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used for cancer detection.

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Nuclear Engineering

three-dimensional image or map of functional processes in the body. PET scans can also be

The Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station has provided a reliable electricity to Hong Kong since 1994

Nuclear Engineering

The construction site of the Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station in the 1980s

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Nuclear Engineering

Before the introduction of nuclear power, electricity generation for Hong Kong mainly relied on coal. The completion of Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station signifies Hong Kong’s first step towards low carbon-footprint electricity generation. As of today, nuclear power accounts for about 25% of Hong Kong's annual electricity consumption. Importing nuclear power to Hong Kong not only helps cut carbon dioxide emissions significantly in the city, by over 100 million tonnes, but also realises a diversified fuel mix strategy for electricity generation in Hong Kong, reducing reliance on a single fuel source. This essentially enhances Hong Kong’s energy security, and ensures the reliability of supply for continued social and economic development.

Aligning with the global trend of sourcing cleaner energy sources than conventional fossil fuels to combat climate change, the first nuclear power plant providing electricity to Hong Kong was commissioned in 1994 in Guangdong Daya Bay.

Nuclear Engineering

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Nuclear Engineering

Operating personnel in the central control room of the Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station

The structure inside the containment building of the Guangdong Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station

Engineering Education

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Visiting a showroom to demonstrate the development of a project

Student orientation and mentoring are part of the programme

Engineering Education There were quite a number of ways to enter the engineering profession even in the early 1970s or before.

The best route was using a good matriculation result (Form 7) to directly enter the Engineering Faculty of the University of Hong Kong (HKU). There were only a few engineering degree courses by that time: mainly in civil, structural, mechanical, electrical engineering and so forth.

The second way for those with a somewhat lower examination result was through Hong Kong Technical College (TC), which later became the Hong Kong Polytechnic. They offered three-year Higher Diploma courses in engineering. Besides those courses offered by the HKU, TC also offered other courses including production, nautical, textile and suchlike. Basically, their admission requirement was an acceptable Hong Kong Certificate of Education Examination (HKCEE) result. Due to keen competition, many Form 6 or even Form 7 graduates could only be admitted into those courses.

Briefing inBriefing office before before site site visit visit

Engineering Education

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Site visit to a highway improvement project

The third way was through the Technical Institutes (TI). They offered two-year Diploma courses similar to TC. Their admission requirement was only five subjects passed in the HKCEE. Graduates could join the Higher Diploma courses in TC for further studies.

The easiest ways to get engineering training was through the evening or part-time day release Ordinary Certificate (O-Cert) courses. The admission requirement was the completion of Form 5, even without any subject passed. However, candidates had to take part in a relevant day-time Certificate courses offered by TC or the Polytechnic.

And of course, some youngsters with better financial background could choose to study overseas.

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Engineering Education

job, as part of the on-job training. After graduation, candidates could apply for the Higher

Graduates completing a relevant degree, higher diploma or sometime higher certificate plus 194

certain experience were eligible for a graduate engineer post in Government Departments or

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qualification, which was mainly UK-based by that time, such as various disciplines in the Institute of Civil Engineers, and become a qualified engineer.

Explaining the works operation during a site visit by the resident engineer

Engineering Education

HKIE

other utility companies. During the training period, a candidate needed to acquire professional

Engineering Education

Visit to the venue for the 16th Asian Games in Guangzhou in 2010

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Engineering Education

The HKIE was established in 1975. In 1982, Corporate Members of the HKIE was recognised by the Government for civil service appointments, in addition to the UK qualiďŹ cation.

In the recent decades, especially after the 1990s, higher education has become very popular. In this time, Hong Kong has gradually developed her strong professional backbone that forms this big family called the engineering profession. We strive to develop Hong Kong into a safe, convenient, comfort and sustainable place for everyone to live and work in.

Acknowledgements

AECOM Airport Authority Hong Kong Arup

Ir Prof NG Tung Sang

Mr CHAN Chun Keung Jack

Ir WONG Wai Man Raymond

Mr Jimmy CHAN

Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation

Mr CHAN Kin Ming Byrd

Mrs Gwen KAO

Cathay Pacific Airways Limited

MTR Corporation Limited

Chinachem Group

NTT Com Asia Limited

Chun Wo Development Holdings Limited

Shinryo (Hong Kong) Limited

Civil Engineering and Development Department

The HKIE Biomedical Division

CLP Power Hong Kong Limited

The HKIE Building Division

Construction Industry Council

The HKIE Control, Automation & Instrumentation Division

Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Dr HO Ka Leung Dragages Hong Kong Limited Drainage Services Department Electrical and Mechanical Services Department Gammon Construction Limited Highways Department Hip Hing Construction Company Limited Hong Kong Aircraft Engineering Company Limited Hong Kong Wetland Park Hongkong United Dockyards Limited Housing Department Hyder Consulting Limited

Awardees of the “Technology for Quality Living” Photo Competition 2011

Awardees of the “Engineering and You” Photo Competition 2015

Individual Category

Member Category

Ir Alex T H FU

Mr CHAU Chung Yin

Ir CHAN Tsz Kin Ken

Ir Andrew C W IP

Ir CHIM Yui Ming

Mr CHEUNG Yu Tang Stanley

Mr LEUNG Kai Chiu

Ir FONG Hon Ming Benny

Ir CHIU Ying Della

Mr LIT Chun Kit

Mr HAU Ho Chau

Ir HO Sau Chiu

Ir Desmond M S SZE

Ir LEE Yiu Kit Leslie

Mr HON Ru Jiunn Alex

Mr Brian Y TAN

Ir LEUNG Chat Min

Miss KO Yik Yan

Ir Perry H W WONG

Ir LEUNG Kin Yu Greg

Mr WU Kim

Mr LUI King Piu

Miss KOU Wai Chu Annie Ir Prof LAM Cheuk Fung

Ir NG Mei Ling Company Category

Mr PUNG Chun Nok

CLP Engineering Limited

Ir TSANG Chiu Ming

David S K Au & Associates Limited

Ir TSO Chi Fai Patrick

Meinhardt Consulting Engineers

Miss WONG Ching Yiu

The HKIE Gas & Energy Division

Ir LEUNG Chi To Vincent

The HKIE Geotechnical Division

Mr LEUNG Kar Chun Ryan

The HKIE Materials Division

Mr MAK Chun Hei

The HKSAR Government

Mr NG Kai Cheung Jacky

Ove Arup & Partners Hong Kong Limited

The Hong Kong and China Gas Company Limited

Ir NG Kar Wai Gordon

URS / Scott Wilson

The Hong Kong Heritage Project

Miss SIU Chung Man Joanne

Water Supplies Department

The Hong Kong Jockey Club The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The Hongkong Electric Company, Limited

Mr SIU Hiu Fai Stanley Ir SUNG Yee Ling Elaine Ir TSE Kam Kwong

“Most Popular Engineering Photo” Award Mr Damon C F YUEN

Public Category Mr Emmanuel DUOLE Mr Gordon KWAN Mr LAU Lai Kang Mr LAU Pui Sum

Miss WANG Shanshan

Mr LEE Kam Pui Jonathan

Mr WONG Chun Yin Anson

Mr LEUNG Wai Yum

Miss WONG Lee Man

Ms LIU Lai Shan Lisa

Ir Dr WONG Yiu Man

Mr LUI Man Wui Julius

Water Supplies Department

Mr YEUNG Kai Yuen Dennis

Ms TSE Kin Ling

Zero Carbon Building Limited

Ir YIP Mau Shing Michael

© The Nobel Foundation Tourism Commission Tsz Shan Monastery Limited

Mr YUEN Ka Hing

Mr WAN Chi Lung Mr WONG Chi Keung Ms YUEN Mei Ha

199 Acknowledgements

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Biomedical, Optical & Precision Engineering Unit, Automation Service Division, Hong Kong Productivity Council

Members of the HKIE providing the graduation photos on p.172-173

HKIE

Acknowledgements

ASTAR NDT Consultants Ltd

Interdisciplinary Division of Biomedical Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University

Task Force on the Production of the 40th Anniversary Album

Copyright Copyrights of text and images in this Album belong to the Hong Kong Institution of Engineers and their respective owners and the text and the images may not be reproduced, duplicated or reprinted without express written permission.

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Task Force on the Production of

the 40th Anniversary Album

Chairman

Ir Prof NG Tung Sang

Adviser

Ir CHAN Chi Chiu

Members

Ir Ken CHAN Tsz Kin Ir Kenneth CHEUNG Kwan Wing Ir Stephen CHIK Wai Keung Ir Prof Adam CHOY Siu Chung Ir Clement CHUNG Hung Wai Ir Gary KO Chi Wai Ir Eva MAK Yee Wa Ir David TONG Chi Leung Miss WANG Shanshan Ir Raymond WONG Wai Man

Š 2015 The Hong Kong Institution of Engineers ISBN: 978-962-7619-67-3 Printed and designed by Edge Media Limited