CONTENTS Introduction
5
Architectural Design
13 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 30
Site Information
Site Summary, Zoning, FAR & Height Limits Site Photos Climate
47 48 50 54
Regenerating the Broadway Corridor
59
Initial Research & Planning
73 74 76 77 78 78 80 81 82 83 84 86 88
Process Work
93 95 105 117
Program Massing Ribbon of Light Wood Structure Form Generation Open Spaces Floor Plans Elevations
The Problem: Sex Trafficking in Portland Sex Trafficking in the US Lack of Shelters in Portland and the US The Role of Buyers in the Sex Trafficking Market Lack of Awareness Patterns Project Language Clients Program Funding Glossary of Terms Annotated Bibliography
Sketches Models Digital Imagery
4 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
Portland, Oregon has a problem. Hundreds of girls and women in the city have become victims in the sex trafficking industry. They often face problems such as homelessness and drug addiction, and have no shelter to find refuge in. The lack of shelter is largely due to funding shortages, inadequate public policies, and a lack of awareness. The Oregon Human Trafficking Task Force says that sex trafficking is the fastest growing type of crime in the world, and Portland is not immune to the issue. At least 469 children in Portland were victimized as commercial sex workers from 2009 - 2013. Half of these victimized children were connected to gangs in one form or another, and it is believed that there are many more victims than the study shows. A major issue with sex trafficking treatment facilities, funding, and overall organization of resources is that people are undecided and divided about what services must be made available. In Sacramento, government groups, non-profits, and faith-based groups are working together in a collaborative space called E49. This leads to better networking, knowledge sharing, and productivity. This project uses a similar model, bringing many groups fighting sex trafficking in Portland together in one shared facility. Additionally, a fully-functioning, urban church is part of the program. In thinking about what could really make the most difference in fighting sex trafficking, the incorporation of a Christian church (Bridgetown, a thriving urban church in Portland, is the hypothetical client) is an ideal co-tenant. The church has formed multiple groups that are working with other faith-based and governmental groups in the area, and the topic of sex trafficking is heavy on the heart of the church as it seeks to serve and better the city of Portland. Awareness has spread rapidly over the last year, but there is still a great need for collaboration and participation from more people. Law enforcement, DHS and other government and non-profit agencies have called upon faithbased organizations to partner with them. These agencies are in desperate need of help and can be aided by those already seeking to fight sex trafficking, which is where Bridgetown has an opportunity to make a difference. Additionally, the majority of the groups dealing with sex trafficking are faith-based, which is yet another reason why the program is sensible. There are two main groups, then, that make up the new Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center in Old Town/Chinatown in Portland, Oregon: Bridgetown and the group of anti-sex trafficking specialists similar to E49. What is now interesting and innovative is the “in-between� space, which is where the two groups come together in physical space. This is architecturally realized in a courtyard and an adjoining room of the building. If Bridgetown were next door to or in the same building as those fighting sex trafficking, even more Bridgetown members would join the cause, the neighborhood would be regenerated, and those who benefit from trafficking young girls would have more against them. Anti-sex trafficking organizations and Bridgetown Church situated at a close proximity will increase interaction between the organizations in a way that leads to the abolition of sex trafficking in Portland. A residential tower brings a necessary density to the area and helps in the financing of the project, and allows many people in the Bridgetown congregation to live in the central city in order to love and serve the city more.
Introduction // 5
TOTAL UNITED STATES MILITARY 6 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
SPENDING, 2010
FEDERAL DRUG CONTROL SPENDING, 2011
$638,000,000,000
$25,579,000,000
FEDERAL
SPENDING FIGHTING SEX TRAFFICKING
$60,000,000
Introduction // 7
469 VICTIMS
This diagram represents the number of confirmed sex trafficking victims in Portland from 2009-2013. It is estimated that there are ten times as many in reality.
8 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
2000 VICTIMS Currently, there is one shelter bed per 2000 victims in the U.S.
Introduction // 9
LACK OF
PEOPLE VICTIMIZED IN SEX TRAFFICKING
FEWER VICTIMS EXPLOITED MORE VICTIMS RESCUED
AWARENESS AND COORDINATION
Shelters built
Gradual change over extended time period
10 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
Fundraising shortages
STAGNANT
PUBLIC POLICY
ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING COLLABORATION CENTER OPENS
Little public action
NON-PROFITS WORK All Portlanders aware of the issue
TOGETHER
FUNDRAISING
Major funders pool resources to fund shelters, aid workers and non-profits
POLICY CHANGE Politicians and voters use their power to help end modern slavery
PEOPLE TAKE
ACTION
PREVENTION Parents, educators, and potential victims become educated
Introduction // 11
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN
residential
antis.t. offices
church
PROGRAM The three main program elements occupy their own areas of the building, as shown here.
14 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
! BRIDGETOWN CHURCH
ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING OFFICES
HIGH-DENSITY RESIDENTIAL The organizations can act completely independently, or work together, which creates a very interesting “in-between space”.
Architectural Design // 15
05
04 03 06 02
01
MASSING 01 // Respond to existing context building height 02 // Narrow south wing for solar access to courtyard 03 // Relate church entry to PNCA to the west 04 // Create south facing residential units 05 // Increase building height for greater density 06 // Take advantage of river views
16 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
VIEW OVER BROADWAY At the terminus of the Broadway Bridge, the project is at a very important place in Portland.
Architectural Design // 17
RIBBON OF LIGHT The ribbon of light that wraps the building is a symbol of hope. Every time trafficked girls are set free in this country, the ribbon will stay lit for five days. This tells pimps that our city won’t stand for this, and gives hope to those victimized by sex trafficking.
18 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
VIEW FROM BROADWAY
The ribbon of light also highlights the building form.
Architectural Design // 19
WOOD STRUCTURE Wood, instead of steel or concrete, is used to create an inviting atmosphere for the antisex trafficking and church programs. Wood finishing materials and structure create this environment, and it consists of glulams and CLTs. A large urban structure must also address issues of sustainability.
20 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
CHURCH LOBBY DIRECTED TOWARD SANCTUARY
Architectural Design // 21
FORM GENERATION
AMBIGUOUS IN-BETWEEN SPACE
DIRECTIONAL SPACE WITH A NATURAL ORIENTATION
22 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
BIRD’S EYE
There is a potential for green roofs throughout the building. As the tower steps down and dissolves into the podium, there are multiple opportunities for inhabitable spaces.
Architectural Design // 23
main courtyard
anti-s.t. courtyard area
OPEN SPACES The courtyard serves as the functional heart of the building, and is open to the anti-sex trafficking offices and the church. It is divided into two general zones, where one is more private (for the anti-sex trafficking offices) and the other is more public. Accessible rooftop open space
24 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
MER SOLS TICE 68 D EGRE ES
SUM
OX
UIN
EQ
44
S
EE
GR
DE
E LSTIC ER SO WINT S GREE 20 DE
SECTION
A major priority is that the courtyard receive an adequate amount of sunlight throughout the year. Also, it is important that individual residences have access to southern sun. Another notable element about this section is that the courtyard seems to extend to the common room (shown to the left) and to the church lobby (shown to the right).
Architectural Design // 25
bud clark commons
future multnomah county health clinic
new urban plaza at old bus station
anti
pnca
CRY ROOM
GROUND FLOOR PLAN The main entrances to the church, the anti-sex trafficking offices, and the residences are shown in color above. Note how the two primary functions of the building have access to the shared courtyard. A coffee shop, a fresh foods micro-grocer, and a restaurant occupy the northwest corner, and attract PNCA students from accross the street.
26 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
LARGE MEETING ROOM
KIDS BATHROOMS
RESIDENTIAL DINING PRIVATE CONFERENCE ROOM PRIVATE CONFERENCE ROOM
KIDS KIDS
KIDS
ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING OFFICES
STORAGE
MULTIPURPOSE
SANCTUARY (OPEN TO BELOW)
3RD FLOOR PLAN
CLASSROOM BATHROOMS
SHOWERS
LARGE MEETING ROOM
RESIDENTIAL GYM
SHOWERS
CLASSROOM
CLASSROOM
ANTI-S.T. STORAGE
PRIVATE CONFERENCE ROOM PRIVATE CONFERENCE ROOM
ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING OFFICES
CLASSROOM
SANCTUARY (OPEN TO BELOW)
2ND FLOOR PLAN Architectural Design // 27
living
kitchen bedroom 2
bath
bedroom 1
bedroom 1 kitchen
bath
bedroom 1
bath bath kitchen kitchen stor stor
bedroom 2
3BR FAMILY UNIT
bath bath stor stor
bath stor
kitchen
bed
living
kitchen
bedroom/living bedroom/living living
bed
bed
living
kitchen bath
bedroom 2
bath
STUDIO UNITS
bedroom 3
OFFICE
living
1BR UNITS
stor
SHARED RESIDENTIAL outdoor space
kitchen
living
sanctuary (Open to below)
5TH FLOOR PLAN
BATHROOMS CHURCH OPEN OFFICE
OFFICE
LARGE MEETING ROOM
RESIDENTIAL DAYCARE PRIVATE CONFERENCE ROOM PRIVATE CONFERENCE ROOM
ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING OFFICES
OFFICE
PRIVATE CHURCH OUTDOOR SPACE
4TH FLOOR PLAN 28 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
SANCTUARY (OPEN TO BELOW)
2BR UNITS
BEDROOM BEDROOM bath
2BR UNITS
SHARED RESIDENTIAL OUTDOOR SPACE
BATH BATH
bath
bedroom bath
STOR
living/BEDROOM bed
STUDIO UNIT
bed
bed
1BR UNITS
8TH FLOOR PLAN (TYPICAL ABOVE)
living
kitchen bedroom 2
bath
bath bedroom 1 bedroom 2
bedroom 1
2BR UNITS kitchen
living
bedroom 1
bath kitchen
child’s bed
3BR FAMILY UNIT
kitchen
bath bath stor stor
bath stor
kitchen
bed
living
kitchen
bedroom/living living
bed
bed
living
kitchen bath
bedroom 2
living
STUDIO UNIT 1BR UNITS
7TH FLOOR PLAN
living
kitchen bedroom 2
bath
bath bedroom 1 bedroom 2
bedroom 1
2BR UNITS kitchen
living
child’s bed
3BR FAMILY UNIT
bedroom 1
bath kitchen
kitchen
bath bath stor stor
bath stor
kitchen
bed
living
kitchen
bedroom/living living
bed
bed
living
kitchen bath
bedroom 2
living
STUDIO UNIT private RESIDENTIAL outdoor space
1BR UNITS
6TH FLOOR PLAN Architectural Design // 29
SOUTH ELEVATION This view shows the church program in the foreground, with the exterior of the sanctuary, with its dramatic vertical windows, to the right.
30 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
WEST ELEVATION A vertical wood screen protects the building from harsh evening light while creating the illusion of a wood facade when viewed from the side. The church entry is seen to the right.
Architectural Design // 31
NORTH ELEVATION This side of the building faces Bud Clark Commons along Hoyt Street.
32 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
EAST ELEVATION The anti-sex trafficking spaces are shown in the bottom four floors here. Note the ground floor with a lot of glass that would allow for awareness campaigns and display spaces. This side of the building faces the bus station.
Architectural Design // 33
RESIDENTIAL ENTRY
34 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
RETAIL ENVIRONMENT ON BROADWAY (DETAIL OPPOSITE) The retail environment on Broadway features bioswales and a generous awning.
Architectural Design // 35
curtain wall panel 5 1/4”X18” GLULAM COLUMN 8” WOOD FLOORING 5-PLY CLT PANEL STEEL AWNING, BOLTED TO CLT W/THREE 1/2” BOLTS AT 12” O.C.
LED LIGHTING AT EDGE OF AWNING EXPOSED WOOD FINISH 5 1/4”X18” GLULAM BEAM RIGID SUB-FRAME WITH UTILITY CHASE 5 1/4”X18” GLULAM COLUMN STREET LIGHT BIOSWALE
GRAVEL FILL RIGID INSULATION #8 VERTICAL REBAR @ 8” O.C. #8 HORIZONTAL REBAR, STAGGERED perforated drain pipe
DETAIL
36 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
BIRD’S EYE SHOWING POST OFFICE REDEVELOPMENT New developments all around the project make for a new Broadway.
Architectural Design // 37
CHURCH ENTRY DIRECTED TOWARD COURTYARD It is extremely important that people are guided toward the courtyard. This entry to the church on the south side of the building is directly oriented toward the courtyard.
38 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
COMMUNITY SPACE AT TOP OF TOWER The top of the tower features an expansive community room that can hold community events, dinners, and parties.
Architectural Design // 39
COURTYARD The courtyard is perhaps the most important space in the building, and is treated as an outdoor room. People are drawn into the courtyard with wood finishes on the ground that can be seen on the previous page. The courtyard features a secondary, more private area, which is specifically designed for workers fighting sex trafficking. The goal of this “room� is to be comforting and healing for people that have highly stressful and emotional jobs.
40 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
COURTYARD
CHURCH ENTRY ON BROADWAY
This entry on Broadway guides patrons toward the sanctuary, which is accessed via the lobby shown on the right. There is ample room for people to gather informally at the exterior and in the lobby.
Architectural Design // 41
42 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
SANCTUARY EXTERIOR
Architectural Design // 43
44 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
SANCTUARY
Architectural Design // 45
SITE INFORMATION
WHY THE SITE BETWEEN GLISAN & HOYT ON BROADWAY? The site is in the central city at the corner of NW Hoyt Street and NW Broadway Street in Old Town/Chinatown. The site is also in close proximity to Bud Clark Commons, an apartment building for people that have experienced homelessness, the US Post Office branch, the US General Services Administration building (future home of the PNCA), and Union Station, a regional transit and rail hub. The site provides some interesting opportunities, as it is a major vehicular thoroughfare, is at a walkable distance from the Pearl District, and is close to Union Station. The proximity to the bus station and the train station is advantageous. If victims are brought to the site (through the anti-sex trafficking organizations), they can quickly be transported elsewhere via bus, train, or even MAX, which runs along the east side of the site. It is also a prime location for any awareness campaigns that take place, as there is a high amount of visibility with vehicle traffic coming down the hill on NW Broadway Street, and there are lots of people milling about at the train station and bus station. Northwest corner of site at NW Glisan & Broadway
ZONING = CXD HEIGHT LIMIT = 350 FEET MAXIMUM FAR = 6:1
SITE
ZONING
ALBINA COMMUNITY
50' 3:1
MAXIMUM FAR & HEIGHT LIMITS 100'
BZ
MARTIN
2:1
BZ BZ
BZ
45' 2:1
1:1BZ
BROADW
BZ
100'
100'
10 0 '*
4:1 100' 2:1
4:1
CENTRAL CITY
5:1
250'
75'
SITE
4:1
I-405
250
12:1
100'
4:1 75'
BZ
100'
100'
4:1
350'
6:1
6:1
100' 6:1 (9:1) 150' (325' 6:1 )
415' 405' 38 0 46 0 ' 39 5 ' 410' 300' ' 40 5 25 0 ' 220' 24 0 ' 27 0 350 '2 ' ' 55' 290'
100'*
BZ BZ 100' 6:1* 6:1
42 5 '
200'*
75'
9:1 9:1* 200'
9:1*
35'
100'*
460'
325'
275'
6:1*
6:1*
6:1 6:1* 100'
350'
125'
200'*
9:1
100'
6:1
16
200'
200'
9:1*
200'*
125'
300'
9:1
300'
6:1
9:1* 200'*
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' 36 5'
6:1 12:1
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9:1
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8:1250'
35'
235'
250 ' 150 '
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3 15 8 0 ' 395' 2500 ' ' 35 0 385'
'
8:1
175 185 2 ' ' 00 '
180' 6:1
75'
130
460'
250 150 ' '
BZ
250
75'
4:1 250'
45'
15:1
9:1250 '
310' 330' 300 ' 315' 320' 150'
'
40'
4:1 130'
9:1*
9:1*
(9:1)
100'
460'
130
250'
150'
9:1* 9:1 200'
300' 175'
125'
4TH
6:1
BZ
150
5'
150'
BR OA DW AY
5'
150'
9:1
9:1 6:1
350'
150'
6:1 100'
100' 225' 225 ' 100' 150' 100'
225'
75'
RONT
4:1
100'
6:1
BZ
4:1
AVE
250'
100'*
ORTHWEST
9:1
200'*
BZ
6:1
150'
100'*
75' 4:1
4:1
200'*
5:1100'
BZ BZ
100'*
19TH AVE
4:1
225'
45'
125'
4:1
35'
BZ
BZ
10
SITE PHOTOS
Looking east at NW Glisan & Broadway
50 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
SITE PHOTOS
Looking east mid-block from Broadway
Site Information // 51
SITE PHOTOS
Looking north on 6th Ave.
52 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
SITE PHOTOS
Looking north on Broadway
Site Information // 53
CLIMATE
54 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
CLIMATE
Site Information // 55
CLIMATE
56 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
CLIMATE
Site Information // 57
REGENERATING THE BROADWAY CORRIDOR URBAN DESIGN: MAKING A PLACE FOR PEDESTRIANS
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Broad-stroke ideas that influenced the urban design of this project
01
PRIORITIZE PEDESTRIANS
Encourage pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The pedestrian becomes a major consideration; the vehicle becomes secondary.
02
INCREASE DENSITY
As Portland becomes more sustainable, the city will densify. Infilling and densifying wherever possible in the central city along Broadway will help reduce energy consumption.
03
IMPROVE CYCLING INFRASTRUCTURE
Removing one vehicle travel lane allows for wider cycling lanes and reinforces Broadway’s identity as a main cycling route.
The urban design portion of this project encompasses the NW Broadway corridor, from the western end of the Broadway Bridge to West Burnside Street. Much of the focus is on encouraging pedestrian and bicycle traffic while retaining NW Broadway as a vehicular thoroughfare. An increased pedestrian presence is important to the architectural program of the thesis project that requires awareness and exposure. The urban design also aims to regenerate and densify NW Broadway where necessary, which includes demolishing of some smaller buildings (especially those that contribute directly or indirectly to the problem of sex trafficking) and infilling vacant lots. Opposite: 1 - Urban design plan showiing new infill in gold 2 - Figure ground of Portland metro area, with urban design area highlighted in gold
60 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
ge
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nw marshall st
b ay dw
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tech company hq
NA P ITO Y KW
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NW 11TH AVE
NW 12TH AVE
NW 13TH AVE
high density live/work area
neighborhood post office
office space
nw irving st
er riv
nw kearney st
nw irving st
grocery store
NW BROADWAY
ste
anti-sex trafficking collaboration center
ge
rid
el b
nw hoyt st
nw hoyt st
nw glisan st
nw glisan st
nw flanders st
nw flanders st
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nw everett st
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nw couch st
nw couch st
s (1/4 mile) ing radiu e Walk minut five-
w burnside st
er
nw davis st
NW 1ST AVE
nw davis st
NW 2ND AVE
NW 3RD AVE
NW 4TH AVE
NW 5TH AVE
NW BROADWAY
NW 8TH AVE
NW PARK AVE
NW 9TH AVE
NW 11TH AVE
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ette riv
NW 6TH AVE
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retail cluster
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1
2
GUIDING PRINCIPLES
Broad-stroke ideas that influenced the urban design of this project
01
PRIORITIZE PEDESTRIANS
Encourage pedestrian and bicycle traffic. The pedestrian becomes a major consideration; the vehicle becomes secondary.
02
INCREASE DENSITY
As Portland becomes more sustainable, the city will densify. Infilling and densifying wherever possible in the central city along Broadway will help reduce energy consumption.
03
IMPROVE CYCLING INFRASTRUCTURE
Removing one vehicle travel lane allows for wider cycling lanes and reinforces Broadway’s identity as a main cycling route.
Opposite: 3 - Bird’s eye looking north, showing extension of park blocks to the north, with densified area in the south. 4 - Urban street section with new infill in gold.
62 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
3
4
Regenerating the Broadway Corridor // 63
nw overton st
nw northrup st NW 10TH AVE
r
b ay adw o r b
nw marshall st NW 15TH AVE
NW 16TH AVE
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NW NA
nw lovejoy st
nw love
ITO PKW Y
NW 14TH AVE
joy st
nw kearney st NW 11TH AVE
NW 12TH AVE
NW 13TH AVE nw johnson st
nw irving st
nw irving st NW 9TH AVE
nw hoyt st
nw hoyt s NW BROADWAY
nw glisan st
nw glisan
nw flanders st
nw flande NW 6TH AVE
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nw everett st NW 5TH AVE
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NW PARK AVE
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existing conditions
nw davis st NW BROADWAY
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Existing building w burnside st
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sw o ak s
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Existing building in urban design area
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ne davis st
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nw northrup st NW 10TH AVE
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PKW ITO NA NW
nw lovejoy st
nw love
Y
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nw kearney st NW 11TH AVE
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nw irving st
nw irving st NW 9TH AVE
nw hoyt st
nw hoyt s NW BROADWAY
nw glisan st
nw glisan
nw flanders st
nw flande NW 6TH AVE
NW 10TH AVE
NW 15TH AVE
NW 16TH AVE
nw everett st NW 5TH AVE
NW 8TH AVE
NW PARK AVE
NW 9TH AVE
NW 11TH AVE
NW 12TH AVE
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TRANSPORTATION
nw davis st NW BROADWAY
Max line Max stop
nw couch st
Bicycle route Bus Stop
w burnside st
TH A VE
w burnside st
sw o ak s
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sw o ak s
sW 4 th AV E
sW 5
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Project site
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burnside bridge
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se ankeny st
E ST AV
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se ash st
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ne martin luther king jr blvd
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nw overton st
nw northrup st NW 10TH AVE
b ay dw
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nw marshall st NW 15TH AVE
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P ITO NA NW
nw lovejoy st
nw love
Y KW
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joy st
nw kearney st NW 11TH AVE
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pearl district nw irving st
nw irving st NW 9TH AVE
nw hoyt st
nw hoyt s NW BROADWAY
nw glisan st
nw glisan
old
nw flanders st
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INITIAL RESEARCH & PLANNING UNDERSTANDING THE ISSUE OF SEX TRAFFICKING
THE PROBLEM: SEX TRAFFICKING IN PORTLAND
Portland, Oregon has a problem. Hundreds of girls and women in the city have become victims in the sex trafficking
industry. They often face problems such as homelessness and drug addiction, and have no shelter to find refuge in. The lack of shelter is largely due to funding shortages, inadequate public policies, and a lack of awareness. The Oregon Human Trafficking Task Force says that sex trafficking is the fastest growing type of crime in the world,1 and Portland is not immune to the issue. Federal agents and police have anecdotally spoken about sex trafficking in Portland, but now there are numbers back these claims up. A study published in 2013 by Portland State University, with data provided by the Portland-based Sexual Assault Resource Center (SARC) and state Department of Human Services child welfare section, has shown that at least 469 children in Portland were victimized as commercial sex workers from 2009 - 2013. Half of these victimized children were connected to gangs in one form or another, as human trafficking has proved to be more profitable than running drugs or guns. It is believed that there are many more victims than the study shows.2 SARC estimates for every victim they deal with there are 10 more being exploited (see figure 2).3
The study outlined many appalling statistics. The average age of the victims was 15.5 years old. 96% of the victims
were female, and 27% were african american, which is almost five times greater than the percentage of african americans in the Multnomah County population. Almost 66% of the victims assisted by SARC have addiction problems. One out of every five of these victims have a family history of exploitation, and eleven percent were exploited by their own family. Sixteen percent ended up having a baby.4 The study also helped to determine where in the city these problems occur. 82nd Avenue has had a reputation for prostitution, but in the past, there was little data to back up these claims.5
It would seem that Portland is a perfect location for sex trafficking. The city has grown a reputation as a hub for these
illegal activities, and many scholars think that the legal sex industry influences sex trafficking. Exacerbating the situation is the fact that the city has more strip clubs per capita than Las Vegas, and a tolerant attitude toward legal and illegal sexual activities. The legal sex industry in Portland is biggest per capita in the country, according to the Willamette Law School’s International Human Rights Clinic. Portland is in a category of its own, even compared to other cities that have a major sex trafficking problem. Seattle has four strip clubs and Dallas has three, while Portland has more than 50 all-nude strip clubs within city limits. Many of these places are fronts for prostitution.6 1 “Severe Shelter Beds Shortage for Survivors of Human Trafficking,” North Star Blog, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.blog. polarisproject.org/2012/10/29/severe-shelter-beds-shortage-for-survivors-of-human-trafficking/. 2 “Problem of Child Sex Trafficking in Portland Backed up by New Numbers, Authorities Say,” The Oregonian - OregonLive.com, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2013/08/portlands_role_as_hub_of_child.html. 3 “Portland’s Dark World of Child Sex Trafficking,” The Washingtion Times, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes. com/news/2010/jul/28/portlands-dark-world-of-child-sex-trafficking/. 4 “Problem of Child Sex Trafficking in Portland Backed up by New Numbers, Authorities Say,” The Oregonian - OregonLive.com, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2013/08/portlands_role_as_hub_of_child.html. 5 Ibid. 6 “Portland’s Dark World of Child Sex Trafficking,” The Washingtion Times, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes. com/news/2010/jul/28/portlands-dark-world-of-child-sex-trafficking/. 74 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
2
Initial Research & Planning // 75
The city’s layout provides easy access for sex traffickers, and access to two major highways and relatively lenient
laws makes it a hub along Interstate 5. Portland is a hub of underage trafficking, according to Linda Smith, president of Shared Hope International, a Vancouver based advocacy group. The FBI estimates that 300,000 domestic minors are trafficked every year in the US, and hundreds or thousands are being exploited in Portland. Most of these children are runaway or “throwaway” children. Portland’s legal commercial sex trade and lack of zoning laws could play a role in making the city a destination and origin for sex traffickers. Washington state has stronger laws that have forced many pimps from Seattle to Portland, and Portland only had two vice detectives as of 2010.1
SEX TRAFFICKING IN THE US
Human trafficking, including child sex trafficking, is a problem in the United States that has taken a back seat to many
other issues. Children are brought into the country from all over the world. A study conducted in various cities around the United States says that non-American victims came from over thirty other countries, and that they are treated no better than Africans who were shipped to the US centuries ago.2 An effort to combat these issues has been made on the national level by the FBI, which executed Operation Cross Country IV, which rescued 52 children in 36 cities.3 Efforts such as this exercise by the FBI are important, but many officials around the country are calling for more drastic measures to be taken.
When victims arrive in the US, many are forced into commercial sex acts. Asian massage parlors in Los Angeles,
for example, are often fronts for child sex trafficking, but this practice is not specific to Los Angeles. The number of human trafficking victims in North America is 0.9 percent of global total, and in Europe and Asia, sex trafficking accounts for 30 to 45 percent of total human trafficking. That percentage in the US is 15 to 20 percent, because enforcement is actually better in US than most other countries.4 A type of “zero tolerance” approach in terms of enforcement, however, is desired.
The Cadena family, from Veracruz, Mexico, was prosecuted in a major sex trafficking case by US district attorneys.
The Cadena family trafficked over twenty Mexican females into the US. They forced victims to sleep with customers by lying to them about the jobs they would get when they arrived (they were told that they would be waitresses or landscapers), then threatening their families, shooting at the ground near their feet, and raping them if they tried to leave. Some women were forced to sleep with up to thirty men each day. If any of the girls became pregnant they were forced to have abortions. Drugs, alcohol, isolation and violence were used to control every aspect of victims’ lives.5
1 “Portland’s Dark World of Child Sex Trafficking,” The Washingtion Times, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes. com/news/2010/jul/28/portlands-dark-world-of-child-sex-trafficking/. 2 Siddarth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 179. 3 “Portland’s Dark World of Child Sex Trafficking,” The Washingtion Times, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes. com/news/2010/jul/28/portlands-dark-world-of-child-sex-trafficking/. 4 Ibid., 179-183. 5 Siddarth Kara, Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery (New York: Columbia University Press, 2009), 186-187. 76 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
There are two main modes of entry for trafficking into the US: flights from Europe and East Asia or crossing the US-
Mexico border. Over 30% of trafficking victims (including those trafficked for other reasons than sex) in the US are discovered by individual citizens instead of the police.6 This highlights how important it is for citizens to be aware of sex trafficking.
The US has spent an average of sixty million dollars per year on fighting trafficking industry, but that sum is three
hundred and thirty-three times less per year than the amount spent on the war on drugs.7 Addiction to drugs and the violence that so often comes with it are major issues, but there seems to be an imbalance of funding, especially when one considers sex trafficking a practice of modern-day slavery. Military spending dwarfs resources devoted to fighting sex trafficking as well, as the typical annual military budget exceeds 1000 times the amount for sex trafficking. It is clear that the topic of military spending can be debated at length, but what is important here is to note that if all Americans were aware of the prevelance of sex trafficking, perhaps there would be a push to move some funding elsewhere.
LACK OF SHELTERS IN PORTLAND AND THE US
Perhaps the greatest contributing factor to the situation is the lack of secure shelter, which is a lingering problem
even once victims’ cases are brought to court. This deficiency is not unique to Portland, and is a problem throughout the US. Appropriate shelter is needed because currently, victims often end up in juvenile detention or back to the home that they ran away from. There is a need for specialized care and safety, but the need is seldom met.8
There are less than 100 shelter beds are available in the country for trafficking victims.9 In 2010, the Washington
Times also reported a shortage of shelter beds in the US. According to Rep. Carolyn B. Maloney, New York democrat, there were 50 beds in the country for 100,000 victims. That adds up to one bed per 2,000 victims (see figure 3). She sponsored a bill giving block grants to help victims of sex trafficking.10
The nonprofit Janus Youth Programs has seven beds exclusive to human trafficking survivors at Athena House on
NW 6th & W Burnside St. in Portland, according to the Polaris Project, which provides data on the number of shelter beds specifically for youths victimized in the commercial sex industry.11 Athena House was Portland’s first shelter, established in 2011, and it is one of only a few that works specifically for commercially exploited children in the US.12 Athena House is
6 Ibid., 195. 7 Ibid., 196. 8 Linda Smith, Renting Lacy: a Story of America’s Prostituted Children, (Vancouver, WA: Shared Hope International, 2009), 148. 9 “Portland’s Dark World of Child Sex Trafficking,” The Washingtion Times, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes. com/news/2010/jul/28/portlands-dark-world-of-child-sex-trafficking/. 10 “Fed Money Eyed for Shelters for Sex-trafficking Victims,” The Washingtion Times, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/28/federal-money-shelters-sex-trafficking-victims/. 11 “Severe Shelter Beds Shortage for Survivors of Human Trafficking,” North Star Blog, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.blog. polarisproject.org/2012/10/29/severe-shelter-beds-shortage-for-survivors-of-human-trafficking/. 12 “Operation Cross Country VI,” FBI, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.fbi.gov/portland/news-and-outreach/stories/operationcross-country-vi. Initial Research & Planning // 77
a confidential, co-ed group home for seven youth between the ages of 14 to 17 that provides emergency and long-term stabilization for up to 18 months specifically for children that have been commercially sexually exploited. When staying there, all youth are involved in case management services. They also have access to highly specialized services provided by partner organizations including SARC, LifeWorks Northwest, and the Oregon Department of Human Services.13
THE ROLE OF BUYERS IN THE SEX TRAFFICKING MARKET
The arrest of buyers in the sex trafficking market must be made a priority, according to Linda Smith and Shared Hope
International.14 The role of pimps is obviously a major factor in the situation, but there is also a huge number of men who are buying trafficked children. Because of these purchases, sex trafficking has become a $9.6 billion/year business.15 There are organizations such as The Defenders USA that focus specifically on minimizing demand for sexually trafficked children and adults. The program invites men to take a pledge to do three things:
1. Not to purchase or participate in pornography, prostitution or any form of the commercial sex industry.
2. To hold their friends accountable for their actions toward women and children.
3. To take immediate action to protect those who they love from the destructive market. 16
Numerous other authors, organizations and experts on the subject say that combating demand for trafficked victims is key in making a major change.
LACK OF AWARENESS
As with any major social issue, awareness is key in implementing change. There is a deficit in understanding and
awareness in Portland, and in many other US cities, as the issue somehow becomes overshadowed. Elizabeth Hovde puts it this way: “Maybe if they were all first-graders or guns were primarily responsible for the innocence lost, tragedies involving these victims would spur actions needed to keep other kids safe.” She says that if people know about the problem, they are compelled to do something, and calls for awareness and a heart change.17 A legal framework with stronger laws will undoubtedly result.
13 “Programs for the Runaway Youth at Janus,” Janus Youth Programs, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://www.janusyouth.org/page. php/programs/runaway-youth. 14 Linda Smith, Renting Lacy: a Story of America’s Prostituted Children, (Vancouver, WA: Shared Hope International, 2009), 147. 15 Ibid., 95. 16 “The Defenders USA - Men’s Anti-Trafficking Activism Group,” Shared Hope International, Accessed September 25, 2013, http://sharedhope.org/join-the-cause/become-a-efender/. 17 “Elizabeth Hovde: What Does It Take to Get Our Attention on Sex Trafficking?” The Oregonian - OregonLive.com, Accessed October 4, 2013, http://www.oregonlive.com/hovde/index.ssf/2013/01/elizabeth_hovde_what_does_it_t.html. 78 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
Initial Research & Planning // 79
PATTERNS STREET VITALITY NW Broadway from the bridge to Burnside is largely car-dominated. Therefore: Create an environment that is healthy for pedestrians and design urban oases that draw people in.
Before
After
URBAN INFILL Multiple empty lots scar NW Broadway and create a non-continuous streetwall, discouraging pedestrian traffic. Therefore: Fill in the “missing teeth� with appropriate urban buildings.
URBAN NODE Pedestrians exiting Union Station and walking along Broadway are not welcomed to the area they are in; the area is disconnected. Therefore: Create an urban node at Broadway that welcomes travelers to Portland
SHELTERS FOR VICTIMS There are very few shelters set up specifically for victims of sex trafficking, and funding for new buildings or retrofits of existing buildings is difficult to obtain. Therefore: Use the Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center as a tool for generating more shelters.
80 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
?
PATTERNS SEX TRAFFICKING AWARENESS Awareness about sex trafficking is relatively low in the general population in Portland and the United States. Therefore: Create the Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
PUBLIC ACTION There is little public action that advocates for sex trafficking victims. Therefore: Create an environment that promotes public policy change and fundraising.
PROJECT LANGUAGE
The patterns Sex Trafficking Awareness, Street Vitality, Public Action, Urban Infill, Shelters for Victims, and Urban
Node all translate into built programmatic elements. The main pattern, which is the biggest issue and focus of the project is Sex Trafficking Awareness, or a lack of awareness. The majority of the program then revolves around and responds to the functions that will serve to make outsiders aware of sex trafficking. The event space, exterior public installations, and informational plaza are the resultant program elements. The idea of the project as an urban node, then, becomes very important outside of its initial purpose, which is to be a healthy urban destination that adds to the urbanity and health of the city. Its dual function is that the project becomes an urban node that has a goal in mind: to increase awareness of sex trafficking.
Initial Research & Planning // 81
CLIENTS CHURCH
Bridgetown, part of A Jesus Church
ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING ORGANIZATIONS
Abolition Now Adorned in Grace Ambassador’s Football PNW AWARE CARES Northwest Children’s Center Compassion First Compassion2one ECPAT Faith Alliance Against Slavery and Trafficking Freedom’s Breath Girls Educational and Mentoring Services GirlStrength/WomenStrength Hope Ranch Ministries House of Engedi International Justice Mission LifeWorks Northwest Operation 61 OAASIS Oregon Center for Christian Voices Oregonians Against the Trafficking of Humans Outreach and Support to Special Immigrants Population Catholic Charities of Oregon Polaris Project Portland’s Human Trafficking Task Force Shared Hope International Shoe Revolt Stop Child Trafficking Now (SCTNow) The Defenders USA Transformation Network Truckers Against Trafficking Union Gospel Mission Youth Ending Slavery
RETAIL
Startup non-profit coffee shop Fresh foods micro-grocer Vegan restaurant
82 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
PROGRAM PROGRAM ELEMENT APPROX. AREA (IN SQUARE FEET) Anti-Sex Trafficking Building
Entry/Reception 1,000 Office space (200 employees, 150 s.f. ea.) 30,000 Conference Rooms (6), 250 s.f. ea. 1,500 File Rooms 800 Storage 600 Lunch/break Room 500 Restrooms 300
Bridgetown
Sanctuary 10,000 Pre-function/lobby 4,000 Open office space 4,000 Pastors’ offices 1,000 Conference Rooms (2), 250 s.f. ea. 500 Prayer/Cry Room 400 Classrooms (5), 500 s.f. ea. 2,500 File Room 200 Storage 2,000 Lunch/break Room 500 Restrooms 2,000
In-between Space
Courtyard 10,000 Event space/common eating area 3,000
Residential
65 residential units 56,000 Community spaces 6,000
Nonprofit income generating program
Restaurant 2,000 Retail 1,000 Cafe 1,000
Miscellaneous
Mechanical 1,000
Underground Parking 40,000
TOTAL - ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING COLLABORATION CENTER 181,800
Initial Research & Planning // 83
FUNDING The Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center will be a unique building type. In this way, it will potentially be difficult to obtain funding for construction in a situation that already faces financial struggles. Non-traditional means of funding the building project, then, will be explored.
GOVERNMENT
Government funding will provide a large part of the initial construction cost for the anti-sex trafficking offices.
DONATIONS
General donations from the public as a whole would result from creating public interest in the project.
CHURCHES
There are multiple large churches in Portland that already contribute time, money and other resources towards fighting sex trafficking. Different groups could come together and donate money.
COFFEE
Everyone drinks coffee! A non-profit coffee shop as part of the project will provide funding, especially for ongoing costs.
RETAIL
Non-profit retail as part of the project will provide funding, especially for ongoing costs.
RESTAURANT
A non-profit restaurant as part of the project will provide funding, especially for ongoing costs.
84 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
FINANCIAL BURDEN DIVIDED
FINANCIAL RESOURCES COMBINED
ANTI-SEX TRAFFICKING COLLABORATION CENTER FUNDED
Initial Research & Planning // 85
GLOSSARY OF TERMS (VIA SHAREDHOPE.ORG) Automatic: The victim’s routine when her pimp is out of town, in jail, or otherwise not in direct contact with those he is prostituting. Victims are expected to be “on automatic,” and they generally comply either out of fear of punishment of because they have been psychologically manipulated into a sense of loyalty or love. All money generated “on automatic” is turned over to the pimp when he returns. Bottom Bitch: One girl, among several controlled by a single pimp, appointed by him to supervise the others, report rule violations, and sometimes even help inflict punishment on them. Brothel, Bordello, Cathouse, Whorehouse: A large apartment or a house where sex is sold; in some cases, a facility specifically designed for selling sex on the premises. Such a site often features extreme security measures intended to prevent attacks by other criminals seeking the large amount of cash and drugs kept there and to keep the women and children in. The facilities often are guarded (and open) 24 hours a day, but some have closing times in which they victims are locked in from the outside. Buyer : Anyone who pays for or trades something of value for sex. This can be a family member, teacher, baseball coach, and member of the clergy anyone, male or female. Caught a Case: A pimp or prostituted person has been arrested and charged with a crime. Choosing Up: The process by which a different pimp takes “ownership” of a victim. Choosing up actually occurs simply by making eye contact with another pimp (which is why eye contact with other pimps is strictly prohibited). If the original pimp wants the victim back, he must pay a fee to the new pimp. It’s the victim, however, who is then required to “work” to pay restitution to her original pimp. And usually the debt is increased as a penalty for the disrespect of the original pimp that “choosing up” represents. Circuit (or Track): A set area known for prostitution activity. This can be a local term: the area around a group of strip clubs and pornography stores, or a particular stretch of street. Or it can be a series of cities among which prostituted people are moved one example would be the West Coast circuit of San Diego, Las Vegas, Vancouver (British Columbia), and the cities between. The term can also refer to a chain of states, such as the “Minnesota pipeline” by which victims are moved through a series of locations from Minnesota to markets in New York. Daddy: What pimps require their victims to call them. (See Family or Folk.) Date : The exchange when prostitution takes place, or the activity of prostitution. A victim is said to be “with a date” or “dating.” Escort Service: An organization, operating chiefly via cell phone and increasingly the Internet, which sends a victim to a buyer’s location (an “outcall”) or arranges for the buyer to come to a house or apartment (an “in-call”); this may be the workplace of a single woman or actually a small brothel. Some escort services are networked with others and can assemble large numbers of women for parties and conventions. Some serve those with fetishes, such as sex with children or sadomasochism. Exit Free: Money a pimp demands from a victim who is thinking about leaving. This is routinely an exorbitant sum intended to discourage her departure. (Victims usually don’t have money, other than what the pimp gives to them to supply their needs.) Most pimps never let their victims leave freely. Facilitator: Any business or person allowing a trafficker/pimp to carry out exploitation. These facilitators taxi drivers, hotel owners, newspapers where girls are advertised work in direct and indirect partnership with pimps and enable the commercial sexual exploitation of children. Family or Folk: A group of people under the control of one pimp; he plays the role of father or “Daddy.” This idea can be extremely complicated psychologically for a victim who has never had a supportive family. Finesse Pimp: One who prides himself in controlling others primarily through psychological manipulation. Even in such 86 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
GLOSSARY OF TERMS (VIA SHAREDHOPE.ORG) cases, however, the threat of violence is always present. Gorilla (or Guerilla) Pimp: One who controls his victims almost entirely through violence. Ho Line: A loose network of inter-city or interstate communications between pimps, chiefly by phone, used to trade, buy, and sell prostituted women and children. A ho line uses frequently changing slang and code words to confound law enforcement. John or Buyer: A person paying another for sexual gratification, control, and/or domination. The term “john” comes from the alias often used by customers in order to remain anonymous. The john drives the entire system. Without buyer, there would not be a seller and there would not be a victim. The demand for commercial sexual services fuels the problem of domestic minor sex trafficking. Victims of domestic minor sex trafficking are forced to sell their bodies to meet this demand. Kiddie Stroll (or Runway): An area featuring prostituted children under 16, often much younger. Lot Lizard: A derogatory term for a person who is prostituted at truck stops. Madam: An older woman who manages a brothel. The madam has usually been prostituted in her earlier years; she may be a pimp herself, perhaps a career criminal. Quota: A set amount of money that a trafficked girl must make each night before she cam come “home.” Quotas are often set between $300 and $2,000. If the child returns without meeting the quota, she is typically beaten or sent back out. Reckless Eyeballing: Same as Choosing Up. Renegade : A prostituted person not under the control of pimp. Renegades are usually vulnerable to threats, harassment, and violence intended to make them “choose” a pimp. The term also sometimes refers to a victim who violates a pimp’s rules. Seasoning: A combination of psychological manipulation; intimidation; gang rape; sodomy; beating; deprivation of food or sleep; isolation from family, friends, and other sources of support; and threatening of holding hostage of a victim’s children. Seasoning is designed to totally break down a victim’s resistance and ensure that she will do anything she is told. Stabl: A group of victims under the control of a single pimp. (The choice of a farming word is worse than ironic, in that pimps indeed treat their victims like animals.) Survival Sex: A situation involving a homeless youth who trades a sex act with an adult in exchange for basic needs such as shelter, food, etc. Knowing that homeless youth are unable to work legally and provide for themselves, sexual predators commonly target them, taking advantage of their vulnerability. The Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) defines a “victim” of sex trafficking as any child under the age of 18 and involved in a commercial sex act where money or something of value is given to or received by any person. Accordingly, “survival sex” actually qualifies as domestic minor sex trafficking. The Game: The subculture of prostitution. “The game” functions as a fully formed subculture, complete with established rules, hierarchy, and language. People who do not actively participate in “the game” are viewed as not understanding how it works nor understanding the people involved in it. The Life: The experience of being used as a victim in prostitution. Trade Up, Trade Down, Buy and Sell: To move a victim like merchandise. Pimps are quick to get rid of victims who cause problems, or who no longer match the profile sought by the clientele that the pimp serves. A pimp may trade straight across, or trade with some exchange of money, or trade one victim in return for two or more other victims. The sale price for a victim is usually $2,500 to $3,500. The victims can be moved long distances rapidly with a guard, overnight, and/or by air. Trafficker/Pimp: Anyone who receives money or something of value for the sexual exploitation of another person. Trick: The act of prostitution; also the person buying it. A victim is said to be “turning a trick” or “with a trick. Turn out: To be forced into prostitution; also a person newly involved in prostitution. Initial Research & Planning // 87
ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY Carey, Christopher, and Lena Teplitsky. “Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children (CSEC) in the Portland Metro Area,” August 5, 2013. http://www.justice.gov/usao/or/downloads/the_csec_report.pdf.
This government-issued report gives a well-rounded view of the sex trafficking issue in Portland.
Childs, Mark C. Urban Composition: Developing Community through Design. 1st ed. Architecture Briefs. New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2012.
This crucial book about urban design that describes major urban design ideas and practices, as well as small scale
practices that can be implimented in a more detailed manner.
“Common Sex Trafficking Language.” Shared Hope International. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://sharedhope.org/learn/ traffickingterms/.
This glossary of sex trafficking language is crucial in understanding how abusers and sex traffickers talk. These words
and knowledge have great value for aid workers and people at non-profits.
Dannatt, Adrian. Twentieth Century Museums. Vol. II. United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Phaidon, 1999.
This book is a summary of the architectural means and methods used in the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum in
Washington, D.C. and will provide help in my designing an architecture that has to do with tragic events.
“END IT :: Shine a Light on Slavery.” END IT. Accessed January 2, 2014. http://enditmovement.com/.
The END IT movement is an awareness-focused group that has organized multiple mass-participation events and
created a video and live demonstration that features actresses that appear to be sex trafficking victims in the back of
a truck.
“Elizabeth Hovde: What Does It Take to Get Our Attention on Sex Trafficking?” The Oregonian - OregonLive.com. Accessed October 4, 2013. http://www.oregonlive.com/hovde/index.ssf/2013/01/elizabeth_hovde_what_does_it_t.html.
This is an online article that describes the sex trafficking situation in Portland. The author is appalled that
issue has not gained more attention and urges readers to act.
“Fed Money Eyed for Shelters for Sex-trafficking Victims.” The Washingtion Times. Accessed September 25, 2013. http:// www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/28/federal-money-shelters-sex-trafficking-victims/. 88 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
This online article explains the funding situation for new sex-trafficking victim shelters on a nation-wide
scale.
“Human Sex Trafficking.” FBI. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/lawenforcement-bulletin/march_2011/human_sex_trafficking.
This FBI document gives statistics that shed light on the sex trafficking situation in the U.S.
“Human Trafficking Industry Thrives in Portland Metro Area.” The Oregonian - OregonLive.com. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2010/01/human_trafficking_industry_thr.html.
The Oregonian published an article describing why sex trafficking flourishes in the Portland Metro area specifically.
Kara, Siddharth. Sex Trafficking: Inside the Business of Modern Slavery. New York: Columbia University Press, 2009.
This book written by a Harvard graduate is a detailed study of the problem from domestic and international
viewpoints.
Mikhaylova, Nataliya. Interview with Nataliya Mikhaylova, Portland, October 3, 2013.
Ms. Mikhaylova is a former intern at Shared Hope International; her expertise is on the inner workings of
the organization and she is knowledgeable about the things that victims go through.
Multnomah County. “Governor Kitzhaber Strengthens Oregon’s Response to Human Trafficking with Multiple Bills,” August 25, 2011. https://web.multco.us/news/governor-kitzhaber-strengthens-oregons-response-human-trafficking-multiple-bills.
Public policy efforts to combat sex trafficking in Oregon are outlined on this website.
“Multnomah County DA, Despite Funding Cut by City of Portland, Expands Sex-trafficking Prosecutions.” The Oregonian - OregonLive.com. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.=ssf/2013/07/multnomah_ county_da_despite_fu.html.
This article describes how increased efforts against sex trafficking have made positive impacts.
“The National Drug Control Budget: FY 2013 Funding Highlights | The White House.” Accessed January 3, 2014. http://www. whitehouse.gov/ondcp/the-national-drug-control-budget-fy-2013-funding-highlights. Initial Research & Planning // 89
The White House website provides financial information about where public money has been spent.
“Operation Cross Country VI.” FBI. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://www.fbi.gov/portland/news-and-outreach/stories/ operation-cross-country-vi.
This FBI-issued web article explains one of six cross-country sweeps executed by government officials.
Oregon Abuse Advocates & Survivors in Service. “Oregon Abuse Advocates & Survivors in Service (OAASIS).” Accessed September 25, 2013. http://oaasisoregon.org/.
The home page for OAASIS describes goals of the organization, and provides contact info, statistics, and
-1-1-1-1 inspiration for those seeking to positively impact sex trafficking problems.
“Portland’s Dark World of Child Sex Trafficking.” The Washingtion Times. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://www. washingtontimes.com/news/2010/jul/28/portlands-dark-world-of-child-sex-trafficking/.
A national newspaper highlighted sex trafficking in Portland. This is important because the national media
-1-1-1-1 recognizes Portland as a hub for sex trafficking.
“Problem of Child Sex Trafficking in Portland Backed up by New Numbers, Authorities Say.” The Oregonian - OregonLive. com. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2013/08/portlands_role_as_hub_of_ child.html.
A new study conducted over multiple years provides important statistical data for my research and solidifies the fact
that there is a sex trafficking problem in Portland.
“Programs for the Runaway Youth at Janus.” Janus Youth Programs. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://www.janusyouth. org/page.php/programs/runaway-youth.
Janus Youth is a non-profit in Portland that fights sex trafficking on a more broad spectrum, focusing on issues such
as runaway youth in general.
“Severe Shelter Beds Shortage for Survivors of Human Trafficking.” North Star Blog. Accessed September 25, 2013. http:// www.blog.polarisproject.org/2012/10/29/severe-shelter-beds-shortage-for-survivors-of-human-trafficking/.
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This is one of many articles that brought to my attention the lack of shelter for victims that are able to get out of the
sex trade.
“Sexual Assault Resource Center.” Accessed September 25, 2013. http://sarcoregon.org/.
SARC is another Portland-based non-profit focused on sexual crimes. Non-profit websites such as this one help me
to understand how organazations like this work, giving me inspiration and architectural insight for the eventual
architectural design.
Smith, Linda Tuhiwai, and Cindy Coloma. Renting Lacy: a Story of America’s Prostituted Children. Vancouver, WA: Shared Hope International, 2009.
This is a fictional novel that is told from a sexually trafficked girl’s point of view. Linda Smith, the author, is the founder
of Shared Hope International and helps to personify the problem with her realistic fiction.
“Shelter for Portland Sex Trafficking Survivors Prepares to Open.” Kgw.com. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://www. kgw.com/lifestyle/health/Shelter-for-sex-trafficking-survivors-prepares-to-open-132749623.html.
This Kgw-published online article describes the sex trafficking victim shelter to be opened in Portland.
“The Defenders USA - Men’s Anti-Trafficking Activism Group.” Shared Hope International. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://sharedhope.org/join-the-cause/become-a-efender/.
The Defenders USA is a group that focuses on eliminating demand for sexually trafficked girls. Non-profit websites
such as this one help me to understand how organazations like this work, giving me inspiration and architectural
insight.
Vealitzek, Jessica. “Interview with Rachel Durchslag.” PDXX Collective. Accessed September 25, 2013. http://pdxxcollective. com/2013/07/27/interview-with-rachel-durchslag/.
A women-run blog site sheds light on sex trafficking through an interview.
Portland, City of. “PortlandMaps.” PortlandMaps. City of Portland, n.d. Web. 11 Oct. 2013.
PortlandMaps has interactive maps that provide a plethora of information.
Initial Research & Planning // 91
PROCESS WORK SKETCHES, PHYSICAL MODELS, AND DIGITAL IMAGERY
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SKETCHES Hand drawing is preferred over digital modeling for the actual process of designing. Digital modeling and rendering is helpful in the process of representation and visualization, but in the stage of creation, only sketches were used.
Process Work // 95
Geometric and volumetric explorations
Site design and context consideration 96 // Anti-Sex Trafficking Collaboration Center
Geometric and volumetric explorations
Site design and context consideration Process Work // 97
Sanctuary explorations
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Sanctuary explorations
Process Work // 99
Sanctuary explorations
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Detailing and finishing schemes
Process Work // 101
Massing ideas
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Design in plan
Process Work // 103
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PHYSICAL MODELS Physical models are another great tool in representation and creation, and forces the designer to make decisions about the entire building, rather than focusing on a few distinct moments.
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Process building model
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Process building model
Process Work // 107
Process building model
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Final urban model
Process Work // 109
Final tectonic model
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Final building model
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Final building model
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Final building model
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Final building model
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Final building model
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DIGITAL IMAGERY At the end of the design process, digital imagery through BIM modeling and rendering processes were used to get a sense of materiality and space, and digital line drawings provide great clarity.
Process Work // 117
nw northrup st NW 10TH AVE
ge
rid
b ay adw bro
bridgehead residential tower
nw marshall st NW 15TH AVE
ne multnomah st
ne
NW PKW
st
NW 11TH AVE
NW 12TH AVE
ne hollady st
office space
nw irving st
nw irving st NW 9TH AVE
dge
grocery store
nw hoyt st
l bri
stee
nw hoyt st NW BROADWAY
anti-sex trafficking collaboration center
nw glisan st
nw everett st
nw davis st
nw davis st
NW 1ST AVE
NW BROADWAY
ne davis st
nw couch st
w burnside st
w burnside st
E
Existing building in urban design area
ne 3rd ave
ne 2nd ave
nw couch st
Existing building
TH AV
r
NW 3RD AVE
NW 4TH AVE
NW 5TH AVE
NW 8TH AVE
NW PARK AVE
NW 9TH AVE
NW 11TH AVE
NW 12TH AVE
NW 13TH AVE
NW 14TH AVE
te rive
NW 6TH AVE
retail cluster
ne lloyd blvd
et willam
NW 10TH AVE
NW 15TH AVE
NW 16TH AVE
nw everett st
nw flanders st
te inu e-m fiv
nw flanders st
five-min ute Wa lking radi us (1 /4 m ile) NW 2ND AVE
e) /4 mil us (1 radi king Wal
nw glisan st
burnside bridge
sw oa
k st
sw pi
ne st
NW NAITO PKWY
se ankeny st
T AVE
d AV
E
sW 3r
E
sW 5t
h AV
h AV
E
h AV
E
d AV
E
h st
sW 2n
RK AV
st
sw oa
sW 4t
gton
sw as
se ash st
sW 1S
st
sW 6t
shin
OADW AY
H AV
E
SW 10 der
SW PA
E
E
TH AV SW 11
E
TH AV
E
TH AV
TH AV
sw wa
sw al
st
SW BR
Scale = 1:2,500
ped. street
sw st ark
SW 9T
New on st
rris
SW 12
New street
sw mo
SW 13
SW 15
TH AV
E
SW 14
New building/ extensive remodel
E
TH AV
E
k st
Early urban figure ground
APARTMENTS CHURCH COLLABORATION OFFICES RETAIL COMMON SPACE
Program diagram
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ne couch st
ne martin luther king jr blvd
NW 13TH AVE
neighborhood post office
SW 16
ave
high density live/work area
nw johnson st
w burnside st
rsta te
r ive er ett lam
Y
nw kearney st
revitalizing the broadway corridor
inte
wil
ITO
tech company hq
NA
NW 14TH AVE
nw lovejoy
ne 1st ave
NW 16TH AVE
NW 17TH AVE
five-minute Walking radius (1/4 mile) nw lovejoy st
es
Street section
king car par
bicycle
vel lan car tra
parking bicycle
Early bird’s eye
Process Work // 119
Massing scheme 1
Massing scheme 2
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Massing scheme 3
Massing scheme 4
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Residential entry
Snowpocalypse scenario over broadway
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Sanctuary at night
Sanctuary
Process Work // 123